+---
+title: Computer Room Air Conditioning Units
+category: Mechanical / Air Distribution
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: Precision / close-control cooling units serving data centers, server rooms, network and telecommunications equipment rooms, and other spaces with a high, year-round sensible heat load and tight environmental tolerances. Covers direct-expansion units (CRAC) rejecting heat to a remote air-cooled condenser, a water-cooled condenser on a condenser-water or cooling-tower loop, or a glycol drycooler with a pump package, and chilled-water units (CRAH) served by a central plant, in downflow (raised-floor), upflow, perimeter, in-row, and overhead arrangements.
+
+ Not intended for: Comfort cooling of occupied space (see [[syncs/split-system-air-conditioners]], [[syncs/packaged-rooftop-units]], [[syncs/fan-coil-units]]); the central chilled-water plant itself (see [[syncs/chillers]]); rear-door heat exchangers and direct-to-chip / immersion liquid cooling, which are governed by separate equipment standards.
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers the performance, configuration, construction, testing, installation, and commissioning of factory-fabricated precision (close-control) air conditioning units that maintain a controlled temperature and humidity envelope for a data center, server room, network closet, or other equipment room. {note}
+
+## Equipment covered includes direct-expansion (CRAC) units rejecting heat to a remote air-cooled condenser, a water-cooled condenser, or a glycol drycooler, and chilled-water (CRAH) units served by a central chilled-water plant, in downflow, upflow, perimeter, in-row, and overhead arrangements. {note}
+
+## A precision cooling unit differs from comfort equipment in that it is selected for a high sensible heat ratio, runs continuously year-round, and controls a tight environmental envelope around heat-dense electronic equipment rather than human occupants; its selection determines the room's thermal stability, the energy spent moving and conditioning air, and the resilience of the cooling system to a single unit failure. {note}
+
+## A precision cooling unit conditions recirculated room air and, unless equipped with a dedicated outdoor-air connection, provides no ventilation air; where the served space requires outdoor air for occupant ventilation or positive pressurization, that air shall be furnished by separate means and this standard does not by itself satisfy any ASHRAE 62.1 ventilation-rate requirement. {note}
+
+## Units covered by this standard shall be rated in accordance with ANSI/AHRI 1360 (I-P) so that net sensible cooling capacity, total cooling capacity, airflow, and sensible coefficient of performance can be compared on a consistent basis across manufacturers.
+
+## The data center or equipment room served by this equipment shall comply with the energy provisions of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.4 where 90.4 is the applicable energy standard, and otherwise with ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1.
+
+## Coordinate chilled-water, condenser-water, and glycol piping connections, isolation, and balancing with [[syncs/hydronic-piping]].
+
+## Coordinate refrigerant piping between DX units and remote condensers or drycoolers with [[syncs/refrigerant-piping]].
+
+## Coordinate unit controllers, group lead-lag and teamwork sequences, and integration to the facility monitoring system with [[syncs/building-automation-system]].
+
+## Coordinate variable-speed fan and compressor drives with [[syncs/hvac-variable-frequency-drives]].
+
+## Coordinate condenser-water and cooling-tower heat rejection for water-cooled units with [[syncs/cooling-towers]].
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each standard below unless a specific edition is referenced by the contract documents or by the local building code. {note}
+
+## Where conflicts exist between referenced standards, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+## Referenced standards list {toc}
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ANSI/AHRI 1360 (I-P) | Performance Rating of Computer and Data Processing Room Air Conditioners |
+| ANSI/AHRI 1361 (SI) | Performance Rating of Computer and Data Processing Room Air Conditioners (SI units) |
+| ANSI/AHRI 410 | Performance Rating of Forced-Circulation Air-Cooling and Air-Heating Coils |
+| ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.4 | Energy Standard for Data Centers |
+| ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 | Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |
+| ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1 | Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality |
+| ANSI/ASHRAE 15 | Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems |
+| ANSI/ASHRAE 34 | Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants |
+| ANSI/ASHRAE 52.2 | Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size (MERV) |
+| ASHRAE TC 9.9 | Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments (recommended and allowable environmental envelopes; equipment classes A1 through A4) |
+| NFPA 70 (NEC) | National Electrical Code (branch circuits, disconnects, Article 645 information technology equipment rooms) |
+| NFPA 75 | Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment |
+| NFPA 90A | Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems |
+| UL 60335-2-40 | Safety of Household and Similar Electrical Appliances — Particular Requirements for Electrically Operated Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioners, and Dehumidifiers (A2L refrigerant equipment) |
+| UL 1995 | Heating and Cooling Equipment (where the AHJ continues to accept legacy listings) |
+| AMCA 210 | Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Certified Aerodynamic Performance Rating |
+| AMCA 300 | Reverberant Room Method for Sound Testing of Fans |
+| ASTM A653 | Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) by the Hot-Dip Process |
+| U.S. EPA AIM Act regulations | Refrigerant global-warming-potential limits applicable to new equipment |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer's review and return prior to fabrication or procurement of the precision cooling units, and no fabrication or shipment shall proceed until the associated submittal has been reviewed and returned with no outstanding engineering questions.
+
+- Product data and configuration schedule for each unit tag, including unit type (DX or chilled water), heat-rejection method, airflow arrangement (downflow, upflow, in-row, overhead), net sensible and total cooling capacity, nominal airflow, sensible heat ratio at design, fan type, electrical characteristics, and operating weight
+- AHRI 1360 certified performance data for each unit configuration, including net sensible cooling capacity, total cooling capacity, airflow, external static pressure, and sensible coefficient of performance (SCOP) at the rated conditions
+- Coil capacity and selection data showing entering and leaving air conditions, entering and leaving water temperatures and flow (chilled-water and water/glycol-cooled units) or refrigerant data (DX units), and waterside or airside pressure drop at design flow
+- Fan data including fan type (EC plug fan or direct-drive centrifugal), motor power, efficiency, and the variable-airflow control range, developed by methods consistent with AMCA 210 and AMCA 300
+- Heat-rejection equipment data for the matched remote air-cooled condenser, water-cooled condenser, or glycol drycooler, including capacity at design ambient or design entering fluid temperature, fan or pump data, and refrigerant or glycol charge
+- Humidification and reheat data where provided, including humidifier type, humidification capacity, reheat type and capacity, and the rationale for any reheat or humidification on the project
+- Filter data including filter type, MERV rating per ASHRAE 52.2, and filter access arrangement
+- Refrigerant data for DX units, including refrigerant designation, ASHRAE 34 safety class, factory and field charge, and the A2L charge-limit calculation and leak-detection and mitigation provisions where the refrigerant is A2L
+- Control sequence data including the unit control method (supply-air or return-air control), group lead-lag and teamwork sequence, redundancy logic, communication protocol, and the monitored and controlled points
+- Condensate and humidifier-water management data including drain pan material, condensate pump where provided, and humidifier supply and drain provisions
+- Leak-detection data including under-floor and unit leak detection where provided
+- Energy-compliance documentation demonstrating that the unit selection supports the project's ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.4 annualized mechanical load component (or ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 compliance where 90.4 does not apply), including any required economizer provisions
+- Seismic anchorage and restraint data and calculations where required by the building code
+- Shop drawings showing each unit and its matched heat-rejection equipment in plan and section with field connection points dimensioned (supply and return water or glycol, refrigerant, condensate, humidifier water, electrical, control wiring), required service clearances, raised-floor cutout and downflow plenum interface, and access-panel locations
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Product data and configuration schedule per tag"
+ - "AHRI 1360 certified performance data (net sensible capacity and SCOP)"
+ - "Coil capacity and selection data"
+ - "Fan data (EC plug fan, variable-airflow range, AMCA methods)"
+ - "Heat-rejection equipment data (condenser / drycooler)"
+ - "Humidification and reheat data"
+ - "Filter data (type and MERV per ASHRAE 52.2)"
+ - "Refrigerant data and A2L charge-limit calculation (DX units)"
+ - "Control sequence, lead-lag / teamwork, and redundancy logic"
+ - "Condensate and humidifier-water management data"
+ - "Leak-detection data"
+ - "Energy-compliance documentation (90.4 MLC or 90.1)"
+ - "Seismic anchorage and restraint data"
+ - "Shop drawings with clearances and field connections"
+default: "Product data and configuration schedule per tag"
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### At substantial completion the Contractor shall provide the following closeout submittals:
+
+- Operation and maintenance (O&M) manuals including the manufacturer's installation, operation, and maintenance instructions; filter replacement schedule and part numbers; controller programming reference; humidifier maintenance reference; and recommended preventive maintenance schedule
+- As-built configuration drawings reflecting any field modifications to the submitted configuration
+- Factory test reports for each unit configuration, including coil pressure-test certification and run test results
+- Field commissioning records, including airflow verification, capacity verification at the design environmental envelope, group lead-lag and redundancy (N+1) failover demonstration, economizer changeover verification, leak-detection alarm verification, and monitoring-point verification for each unit
+- Refrigerant charge and A2L leak-detection commissioning documentation for DX units
+- Warranty documentation from the unit manufacturer and from any separately warranted sub-supplier components (compressor, EC fan, controller, humidifier, condensate pump)
+
+```datasheet
+label: Required Closeout Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Operation and maintenance manuals
+ - As-built configuration drawings
+ - Factory test reports for each unit configuration
+ - Field commissioning records
+ - Refrigerant charge and A2L leak-detection commissioning documentation
+ - Warranty documentation
+default: [Operation and maintenance manuals, As-built configuration drawings, Factory test reports for each unit configuration, Field commissioning records, Warranty documentation]
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Manufacturer Qualifications {toc}
+
+### Precision cooling units shall be the product of a single manufacturer with a minimum of ten years of continuous experience designing and producing factory-fabricated close-control units for data center and equipment-room service.
+
+### The manufacturer shall maintain an ISO 9001 certified quality management system.
+
+### The manufacturer shall be capable of providing replacement parts and field service support for a minimum of fifteen years after the date of manufacture.
+
+## AHRI 1360 Certification {toc}
+
+### Each precision cooling unit configuration furnished on the project shall be rated under the AHRI Certification Program per ANSI/AHRI 1360 (I-P).
+
+### Published net sensible cooling capacity, total cooling capacity, airflow, and sensible coefficient of performance shall reflect AHRI-certified values.
+
+### The certification mark shall appear on the product data submitted with the unit schedule.
+
+### AHRI 1360 was developed specifically for computer and data processing room air conditioners so that engineers can compare net sensible capacity and efficiency on a consistent basis; a unit rated only to a comfort-cooling standard reports total capacity and SEER-class metrics that do not describe its sensible performance and shall not be substituted. {note}
+
+### AHRI certification datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: AHRI 1360 Certification
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "AHRI 1360 certified — all unit configurations on project"
+ - "AHRI 1360 certified — manufacturer participates and configuration is within certified range"
+default: "AHRI 1360 certified — all unit configurations on project"
+```
+
+## NRTL Listing {toc}
+
+### Each precision cooling unit shall be listed and labeled by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) to UL 60335-2-40, or to UL 1995 where the AHJ continues to accept legacy listings for equipment manufactured prior to the transition date.
+
+### DX units charged with an A2L refrigerant shall be listed to UL 60335-2-40 including the standard's A2L provisions for charge-limit calculation, leak detection, mitigation, and ignition-source control.
+
+### Listed assemblies shall bear the NRTL label affixed to the cabinet in a visible location.
+
+## Pre-Installation Conference {toc}
+
+### Before installation begins, the Contractor shall hold a pre-installation conference attended by the mechanical sub-contractor, the controls sub-contractor, the electrical sub-contractor, the commissioning agent, and the Owner's data center operations representative.
+
+### The pre-installation conference agenda shall include unit service-clearance requirements, raised-floor and plenum coordination, piping and refrigerant connection sequencing, group control and redundancy commissioning, leak-detection coordination, and the schedule for airflow setting and capacity verification.
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## Precision cooling units shall be selected and rated to maintain the project's environmental envelope at the served equipment air intakes, and to deliver scheduled net sensible capacity at the design entering air condition and the design entering fluid or refrigerant condition of the heat-rejection system. {note}
+
+## ASHRAE TC 9.9 Environmental Envelope {toc}
+
+### The unit shall maintain the served equipment air intakes within the environmental class and envelope established for the project by ASHRAE TC 9.9 Thermal Guidelines.
+
+### The project shall define the ASHRAE TC 9.9 equipment class (A1 through A4) and whether the units control to the recommended envelope or to a wider allowable envelope; a wider envelope reduces cooling energy and increases economizer hours but shall be confirmed against the installed IT equipment's specifications. {note}
+
+### Environmental envelope datasheets {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: ASHRAE TC 9.9 Equipment Class
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Class A1 (tightest — legacy / mission-critical IT)"
+ - "Class A2 (general enterprise IT)"
+ - "Class A3 (wider allowable range)"
+ - "Class A4 (widest allowable range)"
+default: "Class A2 (general enterprise IT)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Control Envelope
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Recommended envelope (18-27 °C / 64.4-80.6 °F)"
+ - "Allowable envelope for the selected class (wider range, lower energy)"
+default: "Recommended envelope (18-27 °C / 64.4-80.6 °F)"
+```
+
+## Design Conditions {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+element: design-conditions
+type: group
+fields:
+ - key: supply_air_temp
+ label: Design supply-air temperature
+ type: number
+ unit: °F
+ default: 72
+ - key: return_air_temp
+ label: Design return-air temperature
+ type: number
+ unit: °F
+ default: 95
+ - key: chw_entering_temp
+ label: Chilled water entering temperature (CRAH)
+ type: number
+ unit: °F
+ default: 45
+ - key: condenser_water_entering_temp
+ label: Condenser / glycol entering temperature (water/glycol-cooled DX)
+ type: number
+ unit: °F
+ default: 85
+ - key: outdoor_design_db
+ label: Summer outdoor design dry-bulb (air-cooled / drycooler)
+ type: number
+ unit: °F
+ default: 95
+```
+
+### Design conditions shall be taken from the project basis-of-design and the unit schedule.
+
+### Modern data centers increasingly raise the supply-air temperature and the chilled-water temperature to expand economizer hours and reduce cooling energy; a unit and a coil selected for a 45 °F chilled-water plant will not deliver scheduled sensible capacity on a plant operating at a higher temperature, and the entering fluid condition shall be confirmed against the actual plant. {note}
+
+## Sensible Heat Ratio {toc}
+
+### Precision cooling units shall be selected for a high sensible heat ratio because the data center load is almost entirely sensible; the scheduled net sensible cooling capacity, not the total cooling capacity, shall govern the unit selection.
+
+### Close-control units typically operate at a sensible heat ratio between 0.85 and 1.0; selecting a unit on its total cooling capacity rather than its net sensible capacity oversizes the latent capacity, wastes coil surface, and invites unnecessary dehumidification and the humidifier energy needed to replace the moisture removed. {note}
+
+## Installation Environment {toc}
+
+### Precision cooling units shall be suitable for continuous, year-round operation in an indoor equipment room and shall not be installed outdoors or in any location subject to driving rain, condensation on the cabinet exterior, or freezing temperatures.
+
+### Units installed in a fire-protected information technology equipment room shall be coordinated with the requirements of NFPA 75 and NFPA 70 Article 645, including any required automatic shutdown on activation of fire suppression.
+
+# Unit Type and Heat Rejection {toc}
+
+## Unit type and heat-rejection method are the first selection for a precision cooling system, set by whether a central chilled-water plant is available, by the availability of a condenser-water or cooling-tower loop, and by the site's ability to reject heat to outdoor air at the design ambient. {note}
+
+## Unit Type {toc}
+
+### A direct-expansion (CRAC) unit contains one or more compressors and rejects heat through a remote condenser or drycooler; it operates independently of a central plant and is selected for smaller rooms or where no chilled-water plant exists. {note}
+
+### A chilled-water (CRAH) unit contains a chilled-water coil with no compressor and rejects heat to a central chilled-water plant; it is the standard selection for large data centers because removing the on-board compressor lowers unit energy and allows the plant to be optimized centrally. {note}
+
+### Unit type datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Unit Type
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Direct expansion (CRAC) — on-board compressor"
+ - "Chilled water (CRAH) — central plant, no compressor"
+default: "Chilled water (CRAH) — central plant, no compressor"
+```
+
+## DX Heat-Rejection Method {toc}
+
+### An air-cooled DX unit rejects condenser heat to a remote air-cooled condenser; it requires no water but its capacity falls and its energy use rises at high outdoor ambient. {note}
+
+### A water-cooled DX unit rejects condenser heat through a water-cooled condenser served by a condenser-water loop and cooling tower; it maintains capacity at high ambient but requires a tower, condenser-water pumps, and water treatment. {note}
+
+### A glycol-cooled DX unit rejects condenser heat through a fluid coil served by an outdoor drycooler and a glycol pump package; it avoids a cooling tower and freezes safely, and can support a fluid-economizer coil. {note}
+
+### DX heat-rejection datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: DX Heat-Rejection Method
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Air-cooled — remote air-cooled condenser"
+ - "Water-cooled — water-cooled condenser on condenser-water / tower loop"
+ - "Glycol-cooled — outdoor drycooler with glycol pump package"
+default: "Air-cooled — remote air-cooled condenser"
+```
+
+## Compressor Capacity Control (DX) {toc}
+
+### DX unit compressors shall provide capacity modulation appropriate to the part-load profile of a continuously operating data center, so that the unit can track a varying IT load without short-cycling.
+
+### Variable-capacity (inverter or digital scroll) compressors run longer at reduced capacity and match the data center's part-load operation far better than fixed-stage compressors, improving efficiency and environmental stability; fixed-stage compressors are acceptable only on small units or where redundancy provides the part-load turndown. {note}
+
+### Compressor capacity control datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Compressor Capacity Control (DX)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Variable speed (inverter scroll)"
+ - "Digital scroll (modulating)"
+ - "Multiple fixed-stage scroll compressors"
+ - "Single fixed-stage scroll compressor"
+default: "Variable speed (inverter scroll)"
+```
+
+# Airflow Arrangement {toc}
+
+## Airflow arrangement determines how conditioned air reaches the equipment intakes and how warm return air reaches the unit, and shall match the room's air-management scheme (raised floor, hot-aisle or cold-aisle containment, or room-level mixing). {note}
+
+## Air Discharge and Return {toc}
+
+### A downflow unit discharges conditioned air downward into a raised-floor supply plenum and draws warm return air from the top; it is the standard perimeter arrangement for a raised-floor data center. {note}
+
+### An upflow unit discharges conditioned air upward into the room or an overhead supply plenum and draws return air from the bottom or front; it is used where there is no raised floor. {note}
+
+### An in-row unit sits within a row of equipment cabinets and supplies cold-aisle air directly to the adjacent cabinets, shortening the air path and supporting high-density and contained-aisle layouts. {note}
+
+### An overhead unit is suspended above the equipment and supplies and returns air at the ceiling or through an overhead plenum, freeing floor space. {note}
+
+### Airflow arrangement datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Airflow Arrangement
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Downflow — perimeter, raised-floor supply plenum"
+ - "Upflow — perimeter, room or overhead supply"
+ - "In-row — between equipment cabinets"
+ - "Overhead — ceiling-suspended"
+default: "Downflow — perimeter, raised-floor supply plenum"
+```
+
+## Nominal Airflow {toc}
+
+### Nominal airflow shall be selected to deliver scheduled net sensible capacity at the design supply-air temperature and the room's air-management arrangement, without exceeding the static pressure the fan can develop against the raised-floor plenum, filters, and any containment.
+
+### Nominal airflow datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Nominal Airflow
+type: range
+unit: CFM
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ min: 2000
+ max: 40000
+ step: 500
+default: 15000
+```
+
+## External Static Pressure {toc}
+
+### The unit fan shall be selected to deliver design airflow against the actual external static pressure of the raised-floor plenum, supply and return paths, filters, and any containment, so that the unit delivers design airflow in the installed condition.
+
+### Selecting a downflow unit at its free-discharge airflow rather than against the actual raised-floor plenum static pressure is a frequent cause of units that fail to deliver design airflow and rooms that develop hot spots; the plenum depth and floor-tile open area shall be accounted for in the fan selection. {note}
+
+### External static pressure datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: External Static Pressure at Design Airflow
+type: range
+unit: in. w.g.
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ min: 0.1
+ max: 1.5
+ setpoints: [0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5]
+default: 0.5
+```
+
+# Fans {toc}
+
+## Fan Type {toc}
+
+### Electronically commutated (EC) plug fans shall be the standard fan selection for new precision cooling units.
+
+### EC plug fans provide continuously variable airflow, achieve substantially higher efficiency than belt-driven or PSC fans across the operating range, and allow the airflow to be trimmed at commissioning and modulated continuously to track the IT load; placing the fans in the supply plenum (under-floor fan array) further improves plenum pressure uniformity. {note}
+
+### Belt-driven centrifugal fans are acceptable only on legacy replacements or where the contract documents specifically permit, and shall not be the default for new construction.
+
+### Fan type datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Fan Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "EC plug fans — variable speed, high efficiency (standard)"
+ - "EC plug fans located in under-floor supply plenum (fan array)"
+ - "Belt-driven centrifugal (legacy replacement only)"
+default: "EC plug fans — variable speed, high efficiency (standard)"
+```
+
+## Variable Airflow Control {toc}
+
+### EC fans shall be commanded continuously by the unit controller to maintain the controlled air condition over the unit's operating range.
+
+### Fan airflow shall be modulated on under-floor or supply-air plenum pressure, or on the served equipment delta-T, rather than held at a fixed speed, so that fan energy falls as the IT load falls; fan power varies approximately with the cube of airflow, so a modest airflow reduction yields a large fan-energy saving. {note}
+
+### Variable airflow control datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Fan Airflow Control
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Modulate to maintain supply / under-floor plenum pressure setpoint"
+ - "Modulate to maintain supply-air temperature setpoint"
+ - "Modulate to maintain rack / aisle differential"
+ - "Fixed airflow (constant volume)"
+default: "Modulate to maintain supply / under-floor plenum pressure setpoint"
+```
+
+# Cooling Coil and Capacity {toc}
+
+## Net Sensible Cooling Capacity {toc}
+
+### Net sensible cooling capacity defines the unit's sensible cooling output, net of fan heat, at the design entering air condition and the design entering fluid or refrigerant condition. {note}
+
+### The unit shall be selected so that net sensible cooling capacity meets the room sensible load at design conditions with the project's redundancy margin applied.
+
+### Net sensible cooling capacity datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Net Sensible Cooling Capacity
+type: range
+unit: kW
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ min: 10
+ max: 250
+ step: 5
+default: 80
+```
+
+## Total Cooling Capacity {toc}
+
+### Total cooling capacity defines the unit's combined sensible and latent cooling output at design conditions and shall be reported with the net sensible capacity so that the sensible heat ratio is documented. {note}
+
+### Total cooling capacity datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Total Cooling Capacity
+type: range
+unit: kW
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ min: 10
+ max: 280
+ step: 5
+default: 90
+```
+
+## Chilled-Water Coil (CRAH) {toc}
+
+### Chilled-water coils shall have seamless copper tubes mechanically expanded into aluminum or copper plate fins and shall be circuited for the design entering and leaving water temperature and the design waterside pressure drop.
+
+### Coil row count shall be selected to deliver scheduled net sensible capacity at the design entering water temperature, because a higher entering water temperature requires more coil surface to reach the same supply-air temperature. {note}
+
+### Each chilled-water coil shall be served by a control valve sized for the coil flow and the available differential pressure; a two-way modulating or pressure-independent control valve shall be used on variable-flow distribution, and a three-way valve only on a constant-flow plant.
+
+### Chilled-water coil datasheets {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Chilled-Water Coil Rows
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "3 rows (low entering water temperature / high delta-T plant)"
+ - "4 rows (standard)"
+ - "6 rows (elevated entering water temperature)"
+default: "4 rows (standard)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Chilled-Water Control Valve
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Two-way modulating valve (variable-flow distribution)"
+ - "Pressure-independent control valve (PICV) — variable flow"
+ - "Three-way modulating valve (constant-flow plant only)"
+default: "Pressure-independent control valve (PICV) — variable flow"
+```
+
+## DX Cooling Coil {toc}
+
+### DX cooling coils shall be factory-leak-tested and shipped with a holding charge of dry nitrogen, and shall be matched to the unit compressors and the remote heat-rejection equipment for the certified combination.
+
+### DX coil and circuiting shall be selected so that net sensible capacity is met at the design entering air condition and the design condensing condition produced by the matched heat-rejection equipment at the design ambient or entering fluid temperature.
+
+# Heat-Rejection Equipment {toc}
+
+## Heat-rejection equipment shall be the manufacturer-matched remote condenser, water-cooled condenser, or glycol drycooler for the DX unit, selected so that the unit reaches its scheduled net sensible capacity at the design ambient or design entering fluid temperature. {note}
+
+## Air-Cooled Condenser {toc}
+
+### Remote air-cooled condensers shall be selected for the design summer outdoor dry-bulb so that the condensing temperature stays within the compressor envelope at the design ambient.
+
+### Air-cooled condensers shall include variable-speed (EC) condenser fans with head-pressure control so that the unit can operate stably across the full outdoor temperature range and reduce condenser-fan energy at low ambient. {note}
+
+## Water-Cooled Condenser {toc}
+
+### Water-cooled condensers shall be selected for the design entering condenser-water temperature delivered by the cooling tower per [[syncs/cooling-towers]], and the condenser-water flow and pressure drop shall be coordinated with [[syncs/hydronic-piping]].
+
+## Glycol Drycooler and Pump Package {toc}
+
+### Glycol-cooled units shall be served by an outdoor drycooler and a glycol pump package selected for the design entering fluid temperature, the glycol concentration required for the site's lowest ambient, and the design fluid flow.
+
+### Glycol concentration shall be selected for freeze protection at the lowest expected ambient at the drycooler; an under-concentrated loop will freeze and split the drycooler coil in winter. {note}
+
+## Fluid Economizer {toc}
+
+### Where the project energy analysis or ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.4 requires economizer operation, glycol-cooled and water-cooled units shall include a fluid-economizer coil that provides free cooling from the loop when the outdoor condition is cold enough, with controls to transition between economizer, mixed, and mechanical cooling without destabilizing the room.
+
+### Fluid economizer datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Fluid Economizer (water/glycol-cooled units)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "No economizer coil"
+ - "Integrated fluid-economizer coil (free cooling when loop is cold)"
+default: "Integrated fluid-economizer coil (free cooling when loop is cold)"
+```
+
+# Humidity Control and Reheat {toc}
+
+## Humidity control and reheat are the largest avoidable energy waste in precision cooling, and shall be provided only where the room's environmental envelope and the installed equipment genuinely require them. {note}
+
+## Humidification {toc}
+
+### Where humidification is provided, the humidifier type shall be selected for low energy use and the project water quality.
+
+### Electrode (immersed-electrode) steam humidifiers are simple and self-contained but consume an order of magnitude more energy than adiabatic humidification and require periodic cylinder replacement; ultrasonic and other adiabatic humidifiers are far more efficient and additionally provide some evaporative cooling, and should be preferred where humidification is required at scale. {note}
+
+### Humidification datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Humidification
+type: select
+options:
+ - "None — humidity controlled at room level by dedicated units only"
+ - "Ultrasonic / adiabatic (high efficiency)"
+ - "Electrode steam (self-contained, higher energy)"
+ - "Infrared steam"
+default: "None — humidity controlled at room level by dedicated units only"
+```
+
+## Reheat {toc}
+
+### Reheat shall not be provided unless a specific room condition requires raising the temperature of dehumidified air, because reheat consumes energy to add back heat that the cooling coil has just removed and is unnecessary in a continuously loaded data center.
+
+### Providing reheat and humidification on every unit, then allowing dehumidification and humidification to run simultaneously, is a classic data center energy fault; on most projects these functions shall be disabled or omitted on the majority of units. {note}
+
+### Reheat datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Reheat
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "No reheat"
+ - "Reheat provided (specific dehumidification-control requirement only)"
+default: "No reheat"
+```
+
+## Humidity Control Coordination {toc}
+
+### Humidity control across multiple units shall be coordinated by the group controller so that units do not fight — one unit humidifying while an adjacent unit dehumidifies — which wastes both the cooling and the humidifier energy and destabilizes the room.
+
+### Humidity shall be sensed and controlled on a common basis (a shared room or supply reference, or a single dewpoint setpoint band) so that all units in a room act on the same target; per-unit return-air humidity control with tight deadbands is the configuration that produces fighting. {note}
+
+# Control Method and Redundancy {toc}
+
+## Supply-Air vs Return-Air Control {toc}
+
+### The unit and group controls shall control to the supply-air condition rather than the return-air condition.
+
+### Controlling on return air lets the supply-air temperature drift with the IT load and is the single most common precision cooling control error; supply-air (or cold-aisle) control holds the temperature actually delivered to the equipment intakes constant, which is what ASHRAE TC 9.9 specifies and what allows the supply temperature to be raised safely for energy savings. {note}
+
+### Control method datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Temperature Control Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Supply-air control (cold-aisle / discharge)"
+ - "Return-air control (legacy — not recommended)"
+default: "Supply-air control (cold-aisle / discharge)"
+```
+
+## Group Control and Teamwork {toc}
+
+### Where multiple units serve a common room, the units shall be networked under a group (teamwork) control that coordinates staging, airflow, humidity, and lead-lag rotation across the units.
+
+### Group teamwork control prevents units from working against each other, rotates the lead unit to equalize runtime, and brings standby units online on a unit failure; without it, independently controlled units fight on humidity and stage inefficiently. {note}
+
+## Redundancy {toc}
+
+### The cooling units serving a room shall be configured for the project's redundancy level (such as N+1 or N+2) so that the loss of one unit does not allow the room to exceed its environmental envelope.
+
+### Standby (redundant) units shall participate in lead-lag rotation rather than sit idle, so that all units share runtime and a standby unit is proven operational before it is needed; a standby unit that has never run is a latent failure. {note}
+
+### Redundancy datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cooling Redundancy
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "N (no redundancy)"
+ - "N+1 (one standby unit per room / group)"
+ - "N+2 (two standby units per room / group)"
+ - "2N (fully redundant)"
+default: "N+1 (one standby unit per room / group)"
+```
+
+## Communication Protocol {toc}
+
+### Each unit controller shall report status, alarms, and key points to the facility monitoring or building automation system per [[syncs/building-automation-system]] over an open protocol.
+
+### Communication protocol datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Controller Communication Protocol
+type: select
+options:
+ - "BACnet IP (Ethernet)"
+ - "BACnet MS/TP (RS-485)"
+ - "Modbus TCP"
+ - "SNMP (to data center management system)"
+default: "BACnet IP (Ethernet)"
+```
+
+# Filtration {toc}
+
+## Filter Type and Rating {toc}
+
+### Each unit shall include a return-air filter located so that all air entering the coil passes through the filter, rated per ASHRAE 52.2 and expressed as a MERV value.
+
+### MERV 8 is the typical selection for a clean data center; a higher MERV is selected only where the room cleanliness requires it and the fan can deliver design airflow against the added pressure drop, because data center filtration is steady-state and the priority is low pressure drop. {note}
+
+### Filter rating datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Filter MERV Rating
+type: select
+options:
+ - "MERV 8 (standard data center)"
+ - "MERV 11 (improved)"
+ - "MERV 13 (enhanced — confirm fan capacity)"
+default: "MERV 8 (standard data center)"
+```
+
+## Filter Access {toc}
+
+### The filter shall be accessible for replacement from the front or service side without removing the unit from its installed position, and filter-change-out clearance shall be confirmed in the service-clearance coordination.
+
+# Refrigerant (DX Units) {toc}
+
+## Refrigerant Selection {toc}
+
+### The refrigerant for a DX unit shall be the type for which the unit is factory-charged and listed, and shall meet the EPA AIM Act global-warming-potential limit applicable to its equipment class.
+
+### The industry is transitioning from R-410A (ASHRAE 34 class A1, high GWP) to lower-GWP A2L refrigerants such as R-32 and R-454B, which are mildly flammable and require A2L-rated safety provisions; refrigerants of different safety classes shall never be interchanged or mixed. {note}
+
+### Refrigerant datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Refrigerant (DX units)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "R-454B (A2L)"
+ - "R-32 (A2L)"
+ - "R-410A (A1 — legacy, subject to GWP phasedown)"
+default: "R-454B (A2L)"
+```
+
+## A2L Safety Provisions {toc}
+
+### Where an A2L refrigerant is used, the maximum allowable charge for the served space shall be calculated per UL 60335-2-40 and ANSI/ASHRAE 15 based on the room geometry, and where the system charge exceeds the limit the unit's factory leak-detection and mitigation provisions shall be applied.
+
+### A2L units shall include a factory-installed refrigerant leak detector that, on detection, initiates the mitigation airflow and alarm sequence required by UL 60335-2-40.
+
+### A2L refrigerant detection and mitigation is a listed safety function, not an option to be value-engineered out; where the charge exceeds the room limit the mitigation airflow and ignition-source controls are required for the listing to remain valid. {note}
+
+## Refrigerant Piping {toc}
+
+### Refrigerant piping between a DX unit and its remote condenser or drycooler shall be fabricated, brazed under inert-gas purge, pressure-tested, and evacuated per [[syncs/refrigerant-piping]] and the matched-equipment requirements.
+
+# Condensate and Humidifier Water {toc}
+
+## Condensate Drainage {toc}
+
+### Each unit with a cooling coil shall include a corrosion-resistant primary drain pan sloped to a trapped drain connection so that the pan drains completely with no standing water.
+
+### Condensate shall drain by gravity to a piped condensate system where the geometry permits; where the drain point is above the unit pan, a condensate pump with an integral high-level safety switch shall be provided.
+
+### A condensate or humidifier-water leak under a raised floor can reach energized equipment and power distribution; condensate routing and leak protection shall be confirmed for every unit over or near a raised-floor power path. {note}
+
+### Condensate drainage datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Condensate Drainage Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Gravity drain to piped condensate system"
+ - "Condensate pump with integral high-level safety switch"
+default: "Gravity drain to piped condensate system"
+```
+
+## Humidifier Water {toc}
+
+### Where a humidifier is provided, the humidifier supply water and drain shall be coordinated with the plumbing work, and the supply water quality shall meet the humidifier manufacturer's requirement for the selected humidifier type.
+
+# Leak Detection {toc}
+
+## Each room served by precision cooling units shall be provided with water leak detection beneath the raised floor and at each unit's drain pan and piping connections, so that a coil, valve, condensate, or humidifier-water leak is detected and alarmed before it reaches energized equipment.
+
+## Leak-detection alarms shall report to the facility monitoring system per [[syncs/building-automation-system]] and, where required by the sequence, shall close the unit's cooling and humidifier-water valves on a detected leak.
+
+## Leak detection datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Water Leak Detection
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Spot leak detection at each unit drain pan and connections"
+ - "Zone leak-detection cable under raised floor plus spot at each unit"
+ - "Leak detection with automatic valve shutoff on detection"
+default: "Zone leak-detection cable under raised floor plus spot at each unit"
+```
+
+# Cabinet and Construction {toc}
+
+## Cabinet {toc}
+
+### Unit cabinets shall be fabricated from galvanized steel sheet conforming to ASTM A653 of gauge sufficient to resist deflection and drumming at the design fan speed, with interior insulation that limits thermal transmission and attenuates fan noise.
+
+### Cabinet interior insulation shall have a flame-spread and smoke-developed index acceptable under NFPA 90A and shall be protected against erosion into the airstream at the design face velocity.
+
+### Service access to the fans, coil, filters, compressors (DX), humidifier, and controls shall be from the front or designated service side, consistent with the tight aisle spacing typical of an equipment room.
+
+# Electrical {toc}
+
+## Each precision cooling unit shall be connected to a branch circuit sized and protected per NFPA 70 using the minimum circuit ampacity (MCA) and maximum overcurrent protection (MOCP) marked on the unit nameplate.
+
+## A disconnecting means shall be provided within sight of each unit, or a lockable means at the branch panelboard where permitted by the NEC.
+
+## Units installed in an information technology equipment room shall be coordinated with NFPA 70 Article 645, including the remote disconnecting controls required by that article where it is invoked for the room.
+
+## Where the data center provides redundant or backup power, the assignment of each unit to a normal or backup power source shall be coordinated so that the redundancy scheme survives the loss of one power source.
+
+## Unit electrical service datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Unit Electrical Service
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "208V / 3Φ"
+ - "480V / 3Φ"
+ - "415V / 3Φ"
+ - "208V / 1Φ (small units)"
+default: "480V / 3Φ"
+```
+
+# Seismic Anchorage {toc}
+
+## Where required by the building code for the site's seismic design category, each unit and its remote heat-rejection equipment shall be anchored and restrained for the design seismic forces.
+
+## Seismic anchorage shall be designed by a qualified engineer and the anchorage shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the seismic restraint detail drawings]].
+
+## Vibration isolation, where provided, shall be of a type compatible with the required seismic restraint so that the unit is both isolated and restrained.
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Service Clearances {toc}
+
+### Before fabricating the equipment-room layout, the Contractor shall verify that each unit can be installed with the manufacturer's required service clearances for fan, coil, compressor, filter, humidifier, and controls service.
+
+### Unit placement and clearances shall be [[drawing: per the equipment room layout drawings]].
+
+## Raised-Floor and Plenum Interface {toc}
+
+### Downflow units shall be set on the structural floor with a downflow turning plenum or floor stand that interfaces cleanly with the raised-floor supply plenum, sealed so that supply air is not lost into adjacent chases.
+
+### The raised-floor plenum depth and the open area of perforated floor tiles shall be coordinated so that the under-floor static pressure delivers design airflow to the cold aisles; raised-floor air bypass through unsealed cable cutouts and gaps starves the cold aisle and shall be sealed. {note}
+
+## Mounting and Support {toc}
+
+### Units shall be set level so that the primary drain pan drains completely, and anchored to the structure or floor as the manufacturer and the seismic requirements direct.
+
+### Remote condensers and drycoolers shall be supported and anchored outdoors per the structural and seismic requirements and located so that recirculation of discharge air is avoided.
+
+## Piping Connections {toc}
+
+### Chilled-water, condenser-water, and glycol piping to coils shall comply with [[syncs/hydronic-piping]] and shall include isolation, a control or balancing valve, a strainer, an air vent at the high point, and a drain at the low point at each coil.
+
+### Chilled-water piping and valves within the conditioned space shall be insulated with continuous vapor-tight insulation so that condensation does not form on cold piping and drip onto equipment below, and the insulation shall not be omitted at the unit connection.
+
+### Piping shall be supported independently of the unit so that coil and valve removal does not require dismantling the connected piping.
+
+## Condensate Piping {toc}
+
+### Condensate drain piping shall be run with a trap at the unit and sloped continuously to the point of disposal, and shall be insulated where surface condensation would drip onto equipment or finished construction.
+
+# Testing and Commissioning {toc}
+
+## Factory Testing {toc}
+
+### Each unit configuration shall be factory run-tested before shipment, and chilled-water and refrigerant coils shall be factory pressure-tested with the test results included in the factory test report.
+
+## Airflow and Capacity Verification {toc}
+
+### The commissioning agent shall verify the airflow at each unit and the under-floor or supply plenum static pressure, and shall verify that the units maintain the design environmental envelope at the served equipment intakes under the available load.
+
+### Where a load bank or the installed IT load is available, sensible capacity shall be verified at the design environmental envelope rather than assumed from the rating. {note}
+
+## Redundancy and Sequence Demonstration {toc}
+
+### The commissioning agent shall demonstrate the group lead-lag rotation, the redundancy (N+1 or as scheduled) failover when a unit is taken offline, and that the remaining units hold the room within its environmental envelope.
+
+### The economizer changeover, the leak-detection alarm and any automatic valve shutoff, the humidity-control coordination across units, and (for A2L DX units) the refrigerant-leak detection and mitigation sequence shall each be demonstrated.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Units shall be delivered to the site in original factory packaging with coil and refrigerant connections capped and supply and return openings sealed against construction dust.
+
+## Units shall be stored indoors in a clean, dry, conditioned space and shall not be stored on bare concrete, in standing water, or in any space subject to freezing or to roof leaks.
+
+## DX units and refrigerant coils shall retain their factory nitrogen holding charge until connected, and any unit found with a lost holding charge shall be leak-tested before refrigerant connection.
+
+## Chilled-water coils on stored units shall be protected from freezing; where the storage temperature can fall below 35 °F, coils shall be drained, blown out with compressed air, and tagged as drained, with a corresponding note on the unit schedule so that they are refilled and vented before startup.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## Equipment Warranty {toc}
+
+### The unit manufacturer shall warrant the equipment against defects in materials and workmanship for the period specified below, beginning from the date of substantial completion.
+
+### The equipment warranty shall cover the cabinet, coil, fans, compressors (DX), controller, humidifier, drain pan, valves, and all factory-installed components, and the matched heat-rejection equipment.
+
+### Equipment warranty period datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Equipment Warranty Period
+type: select
+options:
+ - "1 year parts and labor from substantial completion (minimum)"
+ - "2 years parts and labor from substantial completion"
+ - "5 years parts, 1 year labor"
+default: "2 years parts and labor from substantial completion"
+```
+
+## Compressor Extended Warranty {toc}
+
+### DX unit compressors shall carry an extended warranty consistent with industry practice for precision cooling compressors.
+
+### Compressor extended warranty datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Compressor Extended Warranty (DX units)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Standard — 1 year, same as equipment warranty"
+ - "Extended — 5 years on the compressor"
+default: "Extended — 5 years on the compressor"
+```
+
+## Installation Warranty {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall warrant the installation workmanship — including mounting and seismic anchorage, plenum and floor-stand sealing, duct and piping connections, refrigerant piping, condensate piping and trap, electrical connections, control wiring, leak detection, insulation, and labeling — for one year from the date of substantial completion.
+
+### The Contractor shall maintain access to all installed units during the warranty period by keeping service clearances clear of permanent obstructions.
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## The following spare parts datasheet establishes the spares to be delivered at substantial completion. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare Parts at Substantial Completion
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Spare filters — one full set per installed unit"
+ - "Spare EC fan — one per fan size and type"
+ - "Spare control valve actuator — one per valve size"
+ - "Spare humidifier cylinder / consumable — one per humidifier (where provided)"
+ - "Spare unit controller — one per controller model"
+ - "Spare leak-detection sensor — one per type"
+default: "Spare filters — one full set per installed unit"
+```
+
+## Spare parts shall be delivered to the Owner in the manufacturer's original packaging, each part tagged with the unit model number, part number, and date of delivery.
+
+## The O&M manual shall include a spare-parts inventory list with manufacturer part numbers and reorder information so that additional spares can be procured during the facility's service life.