+---
+title: Glued-Laminated Timber
+category: Structural
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: design, specification, procurement, and installation of structural glued-laminated
+ timber (glulam) used as primary framing — horizontal beams and girders, vertical columns, and
+ curved or shaped members (arches, Tudor frames, pitched and tapered members) — on commercial,
+ institutional, industrial, and heavy-timber residential projects, including new timber-framed
+ buildings, exposed heavy-timber systems, post-and-beam additions, and structural renovation.
+ Covers stress-class and appearance-grade selection, camber, preservative treatment, end-grain
+ sealing, bearing and connection detailing, and third-party certification.
+ Not intended for: cross-laminated timber panels (use [[sync/mass-timber]]); dimension lumber
+ stud-and-joist framing, LVL headers, and I-joists (use [[sync/wood-framing]]); rough framing,
+ blocking, and ungraded lumber (use [[sync/rough-carpentry]]); metal-plate or dimensional-lumber
+ roof trusses (use [[sync/wood-roof-trusses]]); column-base foundations and anchor layout (use
+ [[sync/shallow-foundations]]); and base-plate bedding grout (use [[sync/non-shrink-grout]]).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This Standard covers structural glued-laminated timber (glulam) furnished as primary framing, including horizontal beams and girders, vertical columns, and curved or shaped members such as arches, Tudor frames, and pitched or tapered members. {note}
+
+## Glulam is an engineered wood product built from individual dimension-lumber laminations bonded face-to-face with a structural adhesive, with the highest-strength laminations positioned where bending stress is greatest. Because the layup, stress class, and shape are all controlled at the mill, glulam is specified by its engineered properties rather than by a nominal lumber size, and it must be manufactured and certified under a recognized product standard before it can be used as code-conforming structural framing. {note}
+
+## Glulam shall be designed by a registered design professional and verified against the project structural drawings before fabrication is released.
+
+## Glued-laminated timber shall be manufactured, inspected, tested, and certified in accordance with ANSI A190.1.
+
+## Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are outside this Standard and are governed by [[sync/mass-timber]]. {note}
+
+## Dimension-lumber stud, joist, and rafter framing, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) headers, and prefabricated wood I-joists are outside this Standard and are governed by [[sync/wood-framing]]. {note}
+
+## Rough framing, blocking, nailers, and ungraded dimensional lumber are outside this Standard and are governed by [[sync/rough-carpentry]]. {note}
+
+## Pre-engineered wood roof trusses using dimensional lumber or metal-plate connectors are outside this Standard and are governed by [[sync/wood-roof-trusses]]. {note}
+
+## Column-base foundations, anchor-bolt layout, and base-plate bedding are coordinated with [[sync/shallow-foundations]] and [[sync/non-shrink-grout]]; this Standard governs only the glulam member and its bearing hardware. {note}
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Materials, fabrication, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited or required by the authority having jurisdiction.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ANSI A190.1 | Product Standard for Structural Glued Laminated Timber |
+| ASTM D3737 | Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) |
+| ANSI 117 | Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species (formerly AITC 117) |
+| ANSI/AWC NDS | National Design Specification for Wood Construction |
+| AWC SDPWS | Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic |
+| AITC 104 | Typical Construction Details |
+| AWPA U1 | Use Category System: User Specification for Treated Wood |
+| ASTM A153 | Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware |
+| IBC, Section 2303 | International Building Code — Material Standards and Tests (Wood) |
+
+## The 2021 IBC references ANSI A190.1 as the required manufacturing standard for glulam, and NDS Chapter 5 governs the structural design of glulam members; the edition of each standard adopted by the authority having jurisdiction governs, and the Contractor shall verify local adoption before procurement. {note}
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review and approval before fabrication:
+
+- Product data for each glulam member, identifying species, stress class or combination, appearance grade, and adhesive type.
+- Shop drawings showing each member by mark, with dimensions, cross-section, layup orientation (balanced or unbalanced), camber, end and bearing details, and connection hardware.
+- Layout drawings keying each glulam mark to its location and orientation on the structure.
+- Camber diagram for each cambered member, stating mid-span rise and the deflection multiplier used.
+- Manufacturer's design values and the applicable NDS adjustment factors used in the member design.
+- Preservative treatment data, where treated members are specified, including retention and the AWPA Use Category.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Product data (species, stress class, grade, adhesive)
+ - Shop drawings (marks, sections, layup, camber, details)
+ - Layout / framing plans keyed to marks
+ - Camber diagram per cambered member
+ - Design values and NDS adjustment factors
+ - Preservative treatment data (treated members)
+default:
+ - Product data (species, stress class, grade, adhesive)
+ - Shop drawings (marks, sections, layup, camber, details)
+ - Layout / framing plans keyed to marks
+ - Camber diagram per cambered member
+```
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+
+- Certificate of conformance to ANSI A190.1 bearing the third-party certification agency mark.
+- Mill certification identifying the certification agency (APA-EWS or AITC) and the plant of manufacture.
+- Adhesive qualification data identifying the adhesive as interior-type or exterior-type (wet-use) as applicable.
+- Moisture-content records demonstrating compliance with the maximum moisture content at time of fabrication.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Certificate of conformance to ANSI A190.1
+ - Mill / third-party certification (APA-EWS or AITC)
+ - Adhesive qualification (interior / exterior type)
+ - Moisture-content records
+default:
+ - Certificate of conformance to ANSI A190.1
+ - Mill / third-party certification (APA-EWS or AITC)
+ - Adhesive qualification (interior / exterior type)
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals:
+
+- Field-cut and end-sealing log identifying each field cut and the date the sealer was applied.
+- Manufacturer's care, handling, and finishing instructions for exposed members.
+- Warranty documentation for fabricated members.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Field-cut and end-sealing log
+ - Care, handling, and finishing instructions
+ - Warranty documentation
+default:
+ - Field-cut and end-sealing log
+ - Warranty documentation
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Glued-laminated timber shall be manufactured by a plant operating under a third-party quality-assurance program accredited for ANSI A190.1.
+
+## Each member shall bear the certification mark of an approved agency — APA Engineered Wood Systems (APA-EWS) or AITC — applied at the plant.
+
+## The certification mark shall identify the stress class or combination, the appearance grade, and the adhesive type.
+
+## APA is the secretariat for ANSI A190.1 and the dominant third-party certifier; AITC technical notes such as AITC 104 remain active industry references for detailing even though independent AITC certification has been consolidated into APA's program. The Contractor shall confirm that the proposed certification agency is acceptable under the contract before procurement. {note}
+
+## Allowable design values shall be established in accordance with ASTM D3737 and the laminating combinations of ANSI 117 for softwood glulam.
+
+## Members shall not be field-modified in any way that alters the certified cross-section, removes tension laminations, or invalidates the certification mark, except as approved in writing by the Engineer of Record.
+
+## The mill shall mark the top (compression) face of every bending member so that camber orientation can be verified in the field before the member is connected. {note}
+
+# Material and Design Properties {toc}
+
+## Stress Class and Combination {note}
+
+### Glulam bending members are specified either by stress class — a designation such as 24F-1.8E that pairs an allowable bending stress (24F = 2,400 psi) with a modulus of elasticity (1.8E = 1.8 million psi) — or by a full combination such as 24F-V8 (visually graded) or 24F-E2 (E-rated lamination). Specifying by stress class lets the manufacturer select an equivalent layup from available stock or species, which usually shortens lead time; specifying a full combination locks in one layup and is reserved for cases where a particular lamination arrangement is structurally required. {note}
+
+### Bending members shall be specified by stress class unless a specific combination is required by the structural design.
+
+### The default stress class for roof and floor beams shall be 24F-1.8E unless the structural design requires a higher or lower class.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Bending Stress Class
+type: select
+options:
+ - 20F-1.5E
+ - 22F-1.7E
+ - 24F-1.7E
+ - 24F-1.8E
+ - 26F-1.9E
+ - 28F-2.1E
+ - 30F-2.1E
+default: 24F-1.8E
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Layup Designation Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Stress class (manufacturer's choice of equivalent layup)
+ - Specific combination (layup fixed by design)
+default: Stress class (manufacturer's choice of equivalent layup)
+```
+
+### Where a specific combination is required, the combination designation shall be stated on the structural drawings and reproduced on the shop drawings. {note}
+
+## Species {note}
+
+### Glulam design values depend on the laminating species, so the species shall be identified whenever regional sourcing affects the structural engineer's calculations. Douglas-fir/larch is the common Western species, Southern yellow pine (SYP) is standard in the Southeast, and Hem-fir and custom species mixes are available; SYP and Douglas-fir carry different allowable values and are not interchangeable without recalculation. {note}
+
+### The species or species group used to establish the design values shall be identified on the structural drawings.
+
+### Substitution of a species with lower tabulated design values than those used in design shall not be permitted without recalculation and approval by the Engineer of Record.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Laminating Species
+type: select
+options:
+ - Douglas-fir / Larch
+ - Hem-Fir
+ - Southern Yellow Pine
+ - Spruce-Pine-Fir
+default: Douglas-fir / Larch
+```
+
+## Layup Orientation — Balanced and Unbalanced {note}
+
+### An unbalanced layup places higher-grade laminations on the tension face and is used for simply-supported single-span beams; a balanced layup is symmetric about mid-depth and is required for continuous spans, cantilevers, and any member that could be installed reversed in service. Selecting an unbalanced layup and then installing it with the wrong face in tension can sharply reduce the allowable bending stress, so the orientation must be designated explicitly. {note}
+
+### Layup orientation, balanced or unbalanced, shall be designated for every bending member on the structural and shop drawings.
+
+### Continuous, cantilevered, and reversible members shall use a balanced layup.
+
+### Unbalanced members shall be marked at the mill to identify the tension face and the top face.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Layup Orientation
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Unbalanced (simply-supported single span)
+ - Balanced (continuous, cantilever, or reversible)
+default: Unbalanced (simply-supported single span)
+```
+
+## Appearance Grade {note}
+
+### Appearance grade controls only the cosmetic finish of the exposed surfaces and has no effect on structural design values. Framing grade is utilitarian and intended for concealed members; Industrial grade is for members exposed in non-architectural settings; Architectural grade is for members exposed in finished interiors; and Premium grade is the highest cosmetic standard. Architectural and Premium grades cost roughly 15 to 25 percent more than Framing grade, so specifying them for concealed members adds cost with no structural benefit. {note}
+
+### Appearance grade shall be specified to match the exposure of each member, and Architectural or Premium grade shall be reserved for members exposed to view in finished spaces.
+
+### Concealed members shall be specified as Framing or Industrial appearance grade.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Appearance Grade
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Framing (concealed)
+ - Industrial (exposed, non-architectural)
+ - Architectural (exposed, finished interior)
+ - Premium (highest cosmetic standard)
+default: Architectural (exposed, finished interior)
+```
+
+## Cross-Section {note}
+
+### Glulam is produced in standard net widths and in depth increments of one lamination, so cross-sections are most economical when they use standard dimensions; non-standard widths are a custom order and add cost and lead time. The standard width and depth fields below let the engineer fix the member size, and the section may be deferred to the structural drawings where it varies by member. {note}
+
+### Member width and depth shall be specified for each member, and standard dimensions shall be used unless a non-standard section is required by the design.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Member Net Width
+type: select
+unit: in
+options:
+ - 3-1/8
+ - 3-1/2
+ - 5-1/8
+ - 5-1/2
+ - 6-3/4
+ - 8-3/4
+ - 10-3/4
+ - 14-1/4
+default: 5-1/8
+drawing_ref: "framing plan / member schedule"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Member Depth
+type: range
+unit: in
+min: 6
+max: 48
+step: 1.5
+drawing_ref: "framing plan / member schedule"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### Member depth is built up in 1-1/2 in lamination increments; the depth specified shall be a whole multiple of the lamination thickness. {note}
+
+## Camber {note}
+
+### Camber is a built-in upward curvature that offsets dead-load deflection so a member appears level under sustained load. Roof beams are conventionally cambered at 1.5 times the calculated dead-load deflection to also shed water and avoid ponding, floor beams at 1.0 times dead-load deflection, and short spans under about 20 ft are often left flat. Camber is specified as a mid-span rise or a radius of curvature, and the direction matters: a member installed upside-down deflects in the wrong direction and its net deflection roughly doubles. {note}
+
+### Camber shall be specified for each bending member as a mid-span rise or radius of curvature, with the deflection multiplier stated.
+
+### Roof beams shall be cambered at 1.5 times the calculated dead-load deflection unless the structural design directs otherwise.
+
+### Floor beams shall be cambered at 1.0 times the calculated dead-load deflection unless the structural design directs otherwise.
+
+### Cambered members shall be installed with the camber bowing upward, and field orientation shall be verified against the mill's top-face mark before connection.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Camber Basis
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Roof — 1.5 x dead-load deflection
+ - Floor — 1.0 x dead-load deflection
+ - Zero camber (short span / as directed)
+default: Roof — 1.5 x dead-load deflection
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mid-Span Camber Rise
+type: range
+unit: in
+min: 0
+max: 6
+step: 0.25
+drawing_ref: "camber diagram"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+## Design Adjustment Factors {note}
+
+### NDS design of glulam applies several adjustment factors to the tabulated values, and two are commonly overlooked. The volume factor CV reduces allowable bending stress for members deeper than the 21 in reference depth or longer than the 12 ft reference span, and can lower allowable Fb by 10 to 30 percent on large beams; designers used to sawn lumber sometimes skip it. The wet-service factor CM reduces all tabulated values when the in-service moisture content exceeds 16 percent, and the temperature factor Ct applies in sustained elevated-temperature service. {note}
+
+### The design shall apply the NDS volume factor CV to bending members that exceed the reference depth of 21 in or reference span of 12 ft.
+
+### Where the in-service moisture content exceeds 16 percent, the wet-service factor CM shall be applied to all tabulated design values per NDS.
+
+### Where glulam is part of the lateral force-resisting system, it shall be designed in accordance with AWC SDPWS.
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## Glulam moves with seasonal changes in moisture, and most service problems trace back to either too much moisture reaching the wood or restraint that prevents the member from shrinking freely. The service condition — interior dry, protected exterior, or wet/ground contact — drives the moisture-content limit, the adhesive type, and whether preservative treatment is required. {note}
+
+## Maximum in-service equilibrium moisture content shall be specified as a service condition, and the NDS wet-service factor CM shall be applied where it exceeds 16 percent.
+
+## Moisture content at the time of fabrication shall not exceed 12 percent in accordance with ANSI A190.1.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Service Condition
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Dry — interior, protected (EMC ≤ 16%)
+ - Damp — protected exterior / high humidity (EMC 16-19%)
+ - Wet — exposed exterior or ground contact (EMC ≥ 19%)
+default: Dry — interior, protected (EMC ≤ 16%)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Adhesive Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Interior-type (dry service)
+ - Exterior-type / wet-use (damp or wet service)
+default: Interior-type (dry service)
+```
+
+## Members in damp or wet service shall be manufactured with an exterior-type (wet-use) adhesive qualified under ANSI A190.1.
+
+# Preservative Treatment {toc}
+
+## Glulam used in exposed, exterior, or high-humidity conditions shall be preservative-treated in accordance with AWPA U1, and the Use Category shall be specified. Use Category UC3B covers material exposed above grade, and UC4B covers ground contact; the retention required rises with the category. {note}
+
+## The preservative treatment Use Category shall be specified for every member exposed to exterior, ground-contact, or persistently damp conditions.
+
+## Preservative-treated glulam shall be manufactured with an exterior-type adhesive and shall be re-certified to ANSI A190.1 after treatment.
+
+## Where copper-based preservatives (ACQ or copper azole) are used, the specified retention shall be not less than 0.06 pcf for UC3B and 0.15 pcf for UC4B.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Preservative Treatment
+type: radio
+options:
+ - None (interior, dry)
+ - Water-repellent treatment only
+ - Pressure-treated AWPA UC3B (exterior, above grade)
+ - Pressure-treated AWPA UC4B (ground contact)
+default: None (interior, dry)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Preservative Retention (copper-based)
+type: select
+unit: pcf
+options:
+ - 0.06 (UC3B, above grade)
+ - 0.15 (UC4B, ground contact)
+default: 0.06 (UC3B, above grade)
+```
+
+## Copper-based preservatives are highly corrosive to standard zinc-plated steel, so connectors and fasteners in treated members must be upgraded. {note}
+
+## Connectors and fasteners in copper-treated glulam shall be hot-dip galvanized to ASTM A153 Class C or D, or stainless steel Type 304 or 316.
+
+# Connections and Bearing {toc}
+
+## Glulam connection detailing has to respect two facts about wood: it shrinks and swells across the grain with moisture, and its end grain wicks water. Detailing that ignores either one will split the member or rot the bearing over time, regardless of how strong the steelwork is. AITC 104 is the industry reference for typical bearing, base, ridge, and hanger details. {note}
+
+## Connections shall be designed in accordance with NDS, and typical details shall conform to AITC 104.
+
+## Cross-Grain Restraint {note}
+
+### Wood shrinks across the grain as it dries but barely along the grain, so a connection that fixes the member at two points spaced vertically through the depth restrains that cross-grain movement and can split the member as it seasons. A full-depth vertical row of tight bolt holes is the classic cause of seasonal splitting. {note}
+
+### Connections shall not restrain cross-grain shrinkage; bolt rows shall comply with the spacing and geometry limits of NDS.
+
+### Where a connection must engage the full depth of the member, slotted or oversized holes shall be provided to allow cross-grain movement.
+
+## Bearing and Moisture Standoff {note}
+
+### End grain bearing directly on concrete or masonry wicks moisture into the member and causes checking and decay at the very point carrying load. {note}
+
+### Bearing details shall lift the end grain off the wet surface with a bearing plate, flashing, or an engineered standoff that maintains an air gap.
+
+### Glulam shall not bear directly on concrete or masonry; a bearing plate, flashing, or engineered standoff shall be provided to maintain a moisture break at the bearing.
+
+### Column bases shall be detailed with a standoff base that holds the end grain above the slab or pier and allows drainage.
+
+### Bearing length shall be sufficient to keep the bearing stress within the allowable compression perpendicular to grain (Fc-perp) for the member.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Column Base Detail
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Concealed standoff base anchor
+ - Exposed steel base plate with standoff
+ - Saddle / U-bracket base
+default: Concealed standoff base anchor
+```
+
+## Connection Hardware {note}
+
+### Hangers, saddles, base anchors, and other connection hardware shall be specified to suit the member size and the service condition, and the hardware corrosion grade shall match the exposure and any preservative treatment. {note}
+
+### Connection hardware shall be sized for the design reactions and detailed to the member dimensions on the shop drawings.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hardware Corrosion Protection
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Standard zinc-plated (interior, dry, untreated)
+ - Hot-dip galvanized ASTM A153 (exterior / treated)
+ - Stainless steel Type 304/316 (severe / coastal)
+default: Standard zinc-plated (interior, dry, untreated)
+```
+
+# Fabrication Tolerances {toc}
+
+## Fabricated members shall comply with the dimensional tolerances of ANSI A190.1. {note}
+
+## Member width shall be within ±1/8 in for members 6 in wide or less and within ±3/16 in for members wider than 6 in.
+
+## Member depth shall be within ±1/8 in for members 12 in deep or less, ±3/16 in for members over 12 in through 24 in deep, and ±1/4 in for members deeper than 24 in.
+
+## Curved members shall conform to the radius of curvature shown on the shop drawings within the manufacturer's standard tolerance.
+
+# Curved and Shaped Members {toc}
+
+## Curved glulam — arches, Tudor frames, A-frames, and pitched or tapered members — is a custom-fabricated product built by bending laminations to a radius before cure. Tighter radii require thinner laminations, and radii as tight as about 7 ft are achievable. Curved and large-section members carry longer lead times than stock beams, which must be reflected in the procurement schedule. {note}
+
+## The radius of curvature, member profile, and any taper shall be shown on the structural drawings and reproduced on the shop drawings.
+
+## Curved members shall be fabricated with laminations thin enough to achieve the specified radius without overstressing the laminations during bending.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Member Shape
+type: select
+options:
+ - Straight beam or column
+ - Pitched / tapered beam
+ - Curved beam
+ - Tudor arch
+ - A-frame / gable arch
+ - Parabolic / radial arch
+default: Straight beam or column
+```
+
+# Procurement and Lead Time {toc}
+
+## Stock straight beams in common Douglas-fir or SYP stress classes are available from distributor inventory in standard widths and depths, typically to 36 in deep and 40 ft long, on short notice. Custom-length, large-section, curved, and preservative-treated members are fabricated to order with lead times on the order of 4 to 8 weeks. Custom connection hardware can carry its own long lead, so glulam and its hardware must be released for fabrication concurrently to protect the schedule. {note}
+
+## Lead time for custom, curved, large-section, and treated members shall be confirmed with the manufacturer and reflected in the construction schedule before release.
+
+## Long-lead connection hardware shall be ordered concurrently with the glulam members it serves.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Glulam arrives from the mill at a controlled moisture content and, for exposed grades, with a protective wrap; careless storage on site can undo both. Members must be kept off the ground, kept dry, protected from sun and weather, and handled at marked lift points so the surfaces and the camber are not damaged before erection. {note}
+
+## Members shall be delivered with factory wrapping intact on Architectural and Premium grade members, and the wrapping shall remain in place until installation.
+
+## Members shall be stored off the ground on level supports, protected from weather, standing water, and direct sunlight.
+
+## Members shall be handled and lifted at marked or designated pick points using fabric slings or padded rigging to avoid crushing or marring the surfaces.
+
+## End sealer and any factory finish damaged during handling shall be repaired before the member is enclosed or finished.
+
+# Field Cutting and End Sealing {toc}
+
+## End grain absorbs moisture far faster than face grain, so any field cut opens a fresh moisture path that leads to checking, splitting, and decay if it is not sealed quickly. Factory end-sealing protects the as-fabricated member; the field has to re-seal every cut, promptly. {note}
+
+## Field cutting of certified members shall be limited to that shown on the shop drawings or approved in writing, and shall not remove tension laminations or alter the certified section.
+
+## A penetrating end sealer shall be applied to every field cut within 24 hours of cutting.
+
+## Each field cut and the date its sealer was applied shall be recorded in the field-cut and end-sealing log.
+
+```datasheet
+label: End Sealing
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Factory end seal only (no field cuts)
+ - Factory seal plus field re-seal at all cuts
+ - Field-applied penetrating sealer at all cuts
+default: Factory seal plus field re-seal at all cuts
+```
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Members shall be erected in accordance with the approved shop drawings and the manufacturer's instructions.
+
+## Each member shall be installed in its designated location and orientation as keyed on the layout drawings.
+
+## Cambered and unbalanced members shall be installed with the marked top face up, and orientation shall be verified before any connection is made permanent.
+
+## Temporary bracing shall be provided to stabilize members and frames until permanent connections and the diaphragm or bracing system are complete.
+
+## Members shall not be loaded beyond their temporary-condition capacity during erection.
+
+## Connections shall be installed with the specified fastener type, corrosion grade, and hole geometry.
+
+## Bolts shall not be over-torqued so as to crush the wood.
+
+# Finishing and Protection {toc}
+
+## Exposed glulam in finished spaces is both structure and architectural finish, so its appearance is protected through erection and any specified field finish is applied per the manufacturer's instructions. {note}
+
+## Exposed members shall be protected from staining, abrasion, and weather exposure until the building is enclosed and finishes are complete.
+
+## Field-applied finishes on exposed members shall be applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and the project finish schedule.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exposed-Member Finish
+type: select
+options:
+ - None (concealed)
+ - Manufacturer's standard sealer
+ - Clear penetrating finish (field-applied)
+ - Stain and clear topcoat (field-applied)
+default: Clear penetrating finish (field-applied)
+```
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The manufacturer shall warrant fabricated glulam members against delamination and manufacturing defects for the period specified.
+
+## The warranty shall cover adhesive bond integrity under the specified service condition.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer Warranty Period
+type: select
+unit: years
+options:
+ - 1
+ - 5
+ - 10
+ - Life of structure (delamination)
+default: 10
+```
+
+# Spare and Replacement Provisions {toc}
+
+## Because glulam members are engineered and custom-marked, a damaged member generally cannot be replaced from stock; replacement requires re-fabrication to the original shop drawings. Retaining the approved shop drawings and mill certifications makes future replacement or evaluation possible. {note}
+
+## The approved shop drawings, design values, and mill certifications shall be retained in the project record to support future replacement or structural evaluation.
+
+## Replacement members shall be fabricated to the original stress class, species, layup, camber, and certification requirements.