+---
+title: Roof Hatches and Smoke Vents
+category: Building Envelope
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: Factory-fabricated roof hatches and gravity smoke and heat vents installed through the roof deck on commercial, industrial, warehouse, distribution-center, and institutional buildings. Covers single- and double-leaf personnel and equipment access hatches, dome-type and double-skin gravity smoke and heat exhaust vents, fire-rated hatch assemblies, and the complete unit including curb, cover, hardware, factory insulation, and integral flashing collar. Applies where IBC Section 910 mandates gravity smoke and heat venting and wherever code or program requires roof access.
+ Not intended for: Membrane base-flashing and waterproofing at the curb ([[sync/membrane-roofing]]); sheet-metal counterflashing, reglets, and copings at curb tops ([[sync/sheet-metal-flashing-and-trim]]); interior access doors and wall-mounted access panels ([[sync/access-doors-and-panels]]); non-smoke glazed daylighting units and operable-skylight smoke exhaust ([[sync/skylights]]); metal roof panel penetration and curb framing for standing-seam or corrugated roofs ([[sync/metal-roof-panels]]); fan-powered mechanical smoke exhaust, stairwell pressurization, and dedicated mechanical exhaust (mechanical contractor scope).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers the materials, performance, fabrication, and installation requirements for factory-fabricated roof hatches and gravity smoke and heat exhaust vents that penetrate the roof deck. {note}
+## The assemblies addressed share a common construction logic — an insulated metal curb, a hinged or releasing cover, weatherproofing hardware, and an integral flashing collar — even though their purpose ranges from routine personnel access to life-safety smoke exhaust. {note}
+## Three families are covered: personnel and equipment roof hatches (single- and double-leaf), gravity smoke and heat vents (dome and double-skin panel types), and combination access-plus-smoke-vent units. {note}
+
+## Assembly Boundary {toc}
+
+### The roof hatch or smoke vent assembly comprises the curb, the cover or vent leaf, all operating and latching hardware, factory-applied insulation, and the integral flashing collar furnished by the unit manufacturer. {note}
+### The unit curb is furnished by the hatch or vent manufacturer as part of the assembly; the roofing contractor sets the unit and integrates the base flashing per [[sync/membrane-roofing]]. {note}
+
+### The hatch or vent shall be furnished as a single factory-assembled and factory-tested unit, not field-assembled from loose components.
+
+### Curb, cover, and flashing collar shall be furnished by a single manufacturer as a coordinated assembly.
+
+## Exclusions {toc}
+
+### Membrane base flashing, stripping plies, and waterproofing at the curb are roofing scope under [[sync/membrane-roofing]] and are not furnished with the unit. {note}
+### Sheet-metal counterflashing, reglets, and curb-cap trim are covered by [[sync/sheet-metal-flashing-and-trim]]. {note}
+### Fan-powered mechanical smoke exhaust, stairwell pressurization, and dedicated mechanical exhaust systems are mechanical contractor scope and are outside this standard. {note}
+### Glazed daylighting units and skylight-based operable smoke exhaust are governed by [[sync/skylights]]. {note}
+### Curb framing and panel penetration treatment for standing-seam and corrugated metal roofs are addressed in [[sync/metal-roof-panels]]. {note}
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing. {note}
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| UL 793 | Automatically Operated Roof Vents for Smoke and Heat |
+| FM 4430 | Approval Standard for Heat and Smoke Vents |
+| NFPA 204:2021 | Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting |
+| IBC Section 910 | International Building Code (Smoke and Heat Removal) |
+| IBC Section 1013.6 | International Building Code (Roof Access) |
+| IBC Section 712 | International Building Code (Vertical Openings in Fire-Resistance-Rated Assemblies) |
+| UL 10B | Fire Tests of Door Assemblies |
+| ASHRAE 90.1 | Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |
+| IECC | International Energy Conservation Code (envelope air leakage) |
+| NFPA 1 | Fire Code |
+| ASCE 7 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures |
+| ASTM A653/A653M | Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) by the Hot-Dip Process |
+| ASTM B209 | Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate |
+| ASTM A240/A240M | Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip |
+| AAMA 2604 | Performance Requirements for High-Performance Organic Coatings on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels |
+| AAMA 2605 | Performance Requirements for Superior-Performing Organic Coatings on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review prior to fabrication:
+- Product data for each hatch and vent type, including curb construction, cover construction, insulation type and R-value, and hardware.
+- Shop drawings showing curb dimensions, clear opening, curb height, flashing collar profile, and anchorage to the roof deck.
+- A roof opening schedule identifying each unit by type, size, clear opening, fire rating, and location.
+- For smoke and heat vents, the UL 793 or FM 4430 listing, published aerodynamic (net) free area, and fusible-link rating for each unit.
+- For fire-rated hatches, the UL 10B listing and label evidence for the rating scheduled.
+- Manufacturer color charts and finish samples where a factory coating is specified.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Product data (curb, cover, insulation, hardware)
+ - Shop drawings (dimensions, curb height, flashing collar, anchorage)
+ - Roof opening schedule (type, size, rating, location)
+ - Smoke vent listing + aerodynamic free area + fusible-link rating
+ - Fire-rated hatch UL 10B listing and label evidence
+ - Finish samples / color charts
+```
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+- Engineered smoke and heat venting calculations per NFPA 204 or the IBC 910 prescriptive ratio, signed by the Engineer of Record where an engineered design is used.
+- Structural load data confirming cover live-load and unit snow and wind ratings for the project design loads.
+- Manufacturer installation instructions and curb-to-roofing interface details coordinated with the roofing manufacturer.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Smoke vent venting calculations (NFPA 204 or IBC 910 ratio)
+ - Structural load data (cover live load, snow, wind)
+ - Installation instructions + curb interface details
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals:
+- Operation and maintenance data, including hardware adjustment and fusible-link replacement procedures for smoke vents.
+- Written warranty documents executed in the Owner's name.
+- Record documentation of the as-installed roof opening schedule.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Operation and maintenance data
+ - Executed warranty documents
+ - As-installed roof opening schedule
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Listings and Labeling {toc}
+
+### Gravity smoke and heat vents shall be listed and labeled to UL 793, or approved to FM 4430 where the project is FM Global insured.
+
+### On FM Global insured projects, smoke and heat vents shall carry FM 4430 approval; a UL 793 listing alone is not an acceptable substitute.
+
+### UL 793 and FM 4430 are independent listing pathways with different test protocols; substituting one for the other without the insurer's written approval is a common cause of submittal rejection on FM-insured work. {note}
+
+### Fire-rated roof hatches shall be listed and labeled to UL 10B for the fire-protection rating scheduled.
+
+### Each unit shall bear the permanent label of the listing agency corresponding to its scheduled rating.
+
+## Manufacturer Qualifications {toc}
+
+### Units shall be the standard catalog product of a manufacturer regularly engaged in the production of factory-fabricated roof hatches and smoke vents. {note}
+
+### Each unit shall be factory cycle-tested for proper operation of the cover, hold-open hardware, and latching before shipment.
+
+### Smoke and heat vents shall be production-tested to the requirements of their UL 793 or FM 4430 listing.
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## Structural Loads {toc}
+
+### Cover and curb structural ratings shall equal or exceed the roof live, snow, and wind loads established for the project under ASCE 7. {note}
+
+### The cover shall be rated for a live load of not less than the scheduled value to support personnel and incidental loads during access.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cover Live Load Rating
+type: radio
+unit: psf
+options:
+ - 40
+ - 50
+ - 80
+default: 40
+```
+
+### Spring-assisted covers on exposed roofs can act as a sail and be damaged by wind uplift when held open; cover opening direction shall be coordinated with building orientation and prevailing wind. {note}
+
+### The cover opening direction shall be oriented so the open cover does not face the prevailing wind on exposed rooftops.
+
+## Corrosion Environment {toc}
+
+### Coastal, high-humidity, and chemically aggressive environments accelerate corrosion of galvanized steel; aluminum or stainless steel is preferred where service conditions are corrosive. {note}
+
+### Curb and cover material shall be selected for the project service environment.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Service Environment
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Normal interior/exterior commercial
+ - Coastal / marine (salt exposure)
+ - Corrosive / chemical process
+default: Normal interior/exterior commercial
+```
+
+## Energy and Air Barrier Compliance {toc}
+
+### A factory-insulated cover with an R-value below the surrounding roof assembly creates an energy-code deficiency that is commonly missed at permit; cover insulation shall meet or exceed the adjacent roof assembly minimum. {note}
+
+### Cover and curb insulation R-value shall equal or exceed the minimum required for the surrounding roof assembly under ASHRAE 90.1 for the project climate zone.
+
+### The curb-to-roof interface shall maintain continuity of the building air barrier.
+
+### The curb perimeter shall be sealed to the air barrier to limit envelope air leakage.
+
+### Interrupting the air barrier at the curb-to-roof interface is a common energy-code deficiency; continuity must be maintained for the assembly to meet the adopted IECC envelope air-leakage limits. {note}
+
+### The curb shall be gasketed or sealed to the roof air barrier to maintain envelope air-leakage compliance under the adopted IECC.
+
+# Hatch Types and Configuration {toc}
+
+## The selection of hatch type is driven by the access function: personnel-only access, equipment or material passage, or combined access with automatic smoke release. {note}
+
+## Personnel hatches serve ladder or stair access for a single person and use the smallest practical clear opening; equipment hatches provide a larger clear opening for material handling. {note}
+
+## Hatch Type {toc}
+
+### The hatch shall be furnished as the scheduled type and leaf configuration.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hatch Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Single-leaf personnel hatch
+ - Double-leaf personnel hatch
+ - Single-leaf equipment hatch
+ - Double-leaf equipment hatch
+ - Combination access / smoke vent
+default: Single-leaf personnel hatch
+```
+
+## Clear Opening {toc}
+
+### Most codes establish a minimum personnel access opening of 30 in. × 36 in.; the 36 in. × 36 in. opening is the prevailing default and accommodates a person with hand tools. {note}
+
+### The clear opening shall not be less than the code-required minimum for the access type served.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Personnel Hatch Clear Opening
+type: radio
+unit: in
+options:
+ - 30 × 36
+ - 36 × 36
+ - 30 × 54
+default: 36 × 36
+```
+
+### Equipment hatches require an opening sized for the largest item passed; openings above roughly 48 in. × 96 in. are custom-fabricated. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Equipment Hatch Clear Opening
+type: radio
+unit: in
+options:
+ - 36 × 48
+ - 48 × 48
+ - 48 × 72
+ - 48 × 96
+default: 48 × 72
+```
+
+### Where the equipment hatch clear opening exceeds the manufacturer's largest standard catalog size, the unit shall be custom-fabricated to the dimensions indicated. [[drawing: equipment hatch opening dimensions]]
+
+## Cover and Curb Material {toc}
+
+### Galvanized steel is the economical default; aluminum reduces weight and resists corrosion; stainless steel is reserved for severe corrosive service. {note}
+
+### Curb and cover shall be fabricated from the scheduled material with the curb and cover of the same material unless dissimilar-metal isolation is provided.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cover and Curb Material
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Galvanized steel (ASTM A653 G90)
+ - Aluminum (ASTM B209)
+ - Stainless steel (ASTM A240)
+default: Galvanized steel (ASTM A653 G90)
+```
+
+### Galvanized steel sheet shall be hot-dip zinc-coated to ASTM A653 with a G90 coating designation minimum.
+
+### Where dissimilar metals contact, the manufacturer shall provide isolation to prevent galvanic corrosion.
+
+## Curb Height {toc}
+
+### A standard 12 in. curb measured above the roof deck is correct only where the finished membrane is near the deck plane; most single-ply membrane manufacturers require at least 8 in. of flashing height above the finished roof surface, so the curb must be taller where insulation thickness is significant. {note}
+
+### Curb height shall provide not less than 8 in. of base-flashing height above the finished roof surface.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Curb Height Above Deck
+type: radio
+unit: in
+options:
+ - 12
+ - 16
+ - 24
+default: 16
+```
+
+### In heavy-snow regions and on dead-flat roofs subject to ponding, the curb height shall be increased so the flashing height is maintained above the design snow or ponding depth.
+
+## Insulation {toc}
+
+### The curb walls and cover shall be factory-insulated to the scheduled R-value.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cover and Curb Insulation R-value
+type: radio
+unit: ft²·°F·h/Btu
+options:
+ - R-10
+ - R-20
+ - R-30
+default: R-20
+```
+
+### Insulation shall be a non-wicking type — rigid polyisocyanurate or encapsulated fiberglass — protected by a metal liner on the cover interior. {note}
+
+### The cover insulation shall be enclosed by a metal liner pan and shall not be left exposed on the cover underside.
+
+# Hardware {toc}
+
+## Roof hatch hardware shall permit one-person operation from inside and provide positive holding of the open cover against incidental wind. {note}
+
+## Hold-Open Hardware {toc}
+
+### The cover shall be equipped with a hold-open arm or compression-spring mechanism that automatically locks the cover in the full-open position.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hold-Open Mechanism
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Compression-spring operators with hold-open arm
+ - Telescoping tube hold-open arm
+ - Gas-spring operators
+default: Compression-spring operators with hold-open arm
+```
+
+### The hold-open arm shall include a release handle that allows the cover to be closed in a controlled manner without freefall. {note}
+
+### The hold-open mechanism shall require a deliberate manual release to disengage and shall not release under wind load alone.
+
+## Latching and Security {toc}
+
+### The cover shall be fitted with a latch operable from both the interior and the exterior.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Latching and Security
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Interior turn handle / slam latch
+ - Exterior padlock hasp
+ - Keyed cylinder lock
+ - Interior padlock provision
+```
+
+### A spring-latch shall automatically engage when the cover is closed to secure the unit against wind uplift.
+
+### Where security is required, the cover shall include an exterior padlock hasp or keyed lock as scheduled.
+
+## Weatherproofing {toc}
+
+### The cover shall close against a continuous compressible gasket to seal the cover-to-curb joint against wind-driven rain. {note}
+
+### The cover-to-curb joint shall be gasketed with a continuous closed-cell or EPDM gasket.
+
+### The curb shall include an integral overlapping cap flange that sheds water over the base flashing.
+
+# Gravity Smoke and Heat Vents {toc}
+
+## Gravity smoke and heat vents are passive life-safety devices that open automatically on a thermal signal to exhaust smoke and heat through the roof, limiting smoke-layer descent and aiding firefighter access. {note}
+
+## Application Basis {toc}
+
+### IBC Section 910 requires gravity smoke and heat venting for designated factory and storage occupancies; NFPA 204 governs the engineered design of the vent system. {note}
+
+### Smoke and heat vents shall be provided where required by IBC Section 910 or the engineered fire-protection design.
+
+### NFPA 204 gravity-vent design criteria are valid only for unsprinklered occupancies; applying them to an ESFR-sprinklered building is incorrect because ESFR systems require vents to remain closed at activation to develop suppression pressure, and IBC Section 910 exempts ESFR-protected areas from the vent requirement. {note}
+
+### Gravity smoke and heat vents shall not be specified within ESFR-protected storage areas exempted under IBC Section 910.
+
+## Vent Type {toc}
+
+### The vent shall be furnished as the scheduled type.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Smoke Vent Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Thermoplastic dome, single
+ - Thermoplastic dome, double
+ - Double-skin insulated panel, single-leaf
+ - Double-skin insulated panel, double-leaf
+ - Acoustical double-skin panel (STC-rated)
+default: Double-skin insulated panel, double-leaf
+```
+
+### Acoustical double-skin vents provide an STC-rated panel for warehouses adjacent to noise-sensitive uses where a plain dome would be a flanking path. {note}
+
+## Vent Area and Spacing {toc}
+
+### Manufacturers publish an aerodynamic (net) free area well below the nominal unit dimension; specifying only the gross unit size leads to under-ventilated designs that fail IBC 910 compliance. {note}
+
+### Required vent area shall be expressed and verified as aerodynamic (net) free area, not gross unit dimension.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Smoke Vent Nominal Unit Size
+type: radio
+unit: ft
+options:
+ - 4 × 4
+ - 4 × 8
+ - 5 × 8
+default: 4 × 4
+```
+
+### The prescriptive IBC 910 vent-to-floor-area ratio is 1:100 for storage height 12 ft or less and 1:75 for storage height greater than 12 ft; an engineered NFPA 204 design may establish a different ratio. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Vent-to-Floor-Area Ratio Basis
+type: radio
+options:
+ - IBC 910 prescriptive 1:100 (storage height ≤ 12 ft)
+ - IBC 910 prescriptive 1:75 (storage height > 12 ft)
+ - Engineered NFPA 204 design
+default: IBC 910 prescriptive 1:100 (storage height ≤ 12 ft)
+```
+
+### Maximum spacing between vents shall not exceed 200 ft or 12 times the design smoke-layer depth, whichever is governed by the NFPA 204 engineered design.
+
+## Draft Curtains {toc}
+
+### NFPA 204 requires draft curtains to bound vent groups and limit lateral smoke spread; designers frequently specify the vents but omit the draft curtain depth and framing, leaving it uncoordinated between the structural and roofing trades. {note}
+
+### Where required by the NFPA 204 design, draft curtains shall be provided to bound vent groups to the design smoke-layer depth. [[drawing: draft curtain locations and depth]]
+
+## Automatic Activation {toc}
+
+### UL 793 requires the vent to operate automatically and independently of building power; the cover shall open by gravity or stored mechanical energy on a thermal signal. {note}
+
+### The vent shall open automatically on a fusible-link or thermoplastic thermal signal without reliance on building electrical power.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Activation Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Thermoplastic self-opening dome
+ - Fusible link with compression-spring release
+ - Fusible link with stored-gas release
+ - Manual-release cable (in addition to automatic)
+default: Fusible link with compression-spring release
+```
+
+### The fusible link rating shall be selected for the ambient service temperature of the space.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Fusible-Link Rating
+type: radio
+unit: °F
+options:
+ - 165
+ - 212
+ - 286
+default: 165
+```
+
+### The maximum fusible-link rating permitted under UL 793 is 286 °F; a link rated above the listing maximum shall not be used. {note}
+
+### The vent shall reach the full-open position within 5 minutes when tested at 500 °F per the UL 793 protocol.
+
+### A manual release shall be provided where the design requires firefighter-initiated venting in addition to automatic activation.
+
+# Fire-Rated Hatch Assemblies {toc}
+
+## IBC Section 712 requires a roof hatch that penetrates a fire-resistance-rated roof assembly to be a rated opening protective; specifying a non-rated hatch in a rated assembly is a frequent coordination failure and RFI. {note}
+
+## Fire Rating {toc}
+
+### The hatch fire rating shall correspond to the rating of the roof assembly it penetrates.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hatch Fire Rating
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Non-rated (unrated roof deck)
+ - 20-minute (¾-hour rated roof)
+ - 1½-hour (2-hour rated roof assembly)
+default: Non-rated (unrated roof deck)
+```
+
+### A non-rated hatch is acceptable only where the roof deck it penetrates is not a fire-resistance-rated assembly. {note}
+
+### Fire-rated hatches shall carry a UL 10B label corresponding to the scheduled rating.
+
+# Finishes {toc}
+
+## The exposed finish shall be selected for durability in the roof environment and for coordination with the building's architectural treatment. {note}
+
+## Cover Finish {toc}
+
+### Galvanized and stainless covers may be furnished mill-finished; aluminum covers requiring a coordinated color shall receive a factory organic coating. {note}
+
+### The cover shall be finished as scheduled.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cover Finish
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Mill / unfinished galvanized
+ - Factory prime coat
+ - Factory paint (AAMA 2604)
+ - High-performance coating (AAMA 2605)
+default: Mill / unfinished galvanized
+```
+
+### Factory organic coatings on aluminum shall meet AAMA 2604 for standard service or AAMA 2605 where superior weathering and color retention are required.
+
+# Roof Access Coordination {toc}
+
+## Where a roof hatch is the sole permanent means of roof access required by IBC Section 1013.6, a companion fixed ladder or stair must be in scope; leaving the ladder as not-in-contract when the hatch is mandatory access is a common omission. {note}
+
+## A combination roof hatch / smoke vent must satisfy both the UL 793 smoke-vent listing and the structural cover live-load rating of an access hatch; a plain smoke vent is not rated for personnel loads and shall not be walked on. {note}
+
+## Companion Access {toc}
+
+### Where the hatch is the required means of roof access, a permanent fixed ladder or ship's ladder shall be provided and coordinated with the hatch location and swing.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Companion Roof Access
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Fixed vertical ladder (this scope)
+ - Ship's ladder / alternating tread (this scope)
+ - Roof access stair (separate section)
+ - No companion ladder (alternate access exists)
+default: Fixed vertical ladder (this scope)
+```
+
+### A safety post or self-closing guardrail gate at the ladder shall be provided to protect the open hatch opening. {note}
+
+### A telescoping safety post or guardrail at the hatch opening shall be provided where the hatch serves a fixed ladder.
+
+# Testing {toc}
+
+## Field Operation Test {toc}
+
+### Each installed roof hatch shall be operated through a full open-and-close cycle to verify hold-open engagement, latch function, and weathertight closure.
+
+### Each installed smoke and heat vent shall be function-tested per the manufacturer's listed procedure to verify automatic release and full-open travel, then reset to the armed position.
+
+### Defective operation, binding, or failure to seal shall be corrected and the unit retested before acceptance.
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Roof hatch and smoke vent installation interfaces three trades — the unit setter, the roofing contractor, and the sheet-metal contractor — and the curb is the shared boundary; uncoordinated curb height or flashing height is the most common source of leaks. {note}
+
+## Mounting and Anchorage {toc}
+
+### The curb shall be mechanically anchored to the structural roof deck or to supplementary framing in accordance with the shop drawings and the project wind-uplift design.
+
+### Supplementary curb framing shall be provided where the roof opening interrupts deck spans, coordinated with the structural design. [[drawing: roof opening framing]]
+
+### Units shall be set level and square so the cover seats uniformly on the curb gasket.
+
+## Flashing Interface {toc}
+
+### Base flashing of the roof membrane to the curb is performed by the roofing contractor per [[sync/membrane-roofing]]; the unit's integral cap flange laps over the completed base flashing. {note}
+
+### The curb shall be set before the roof membrane base flashing is installed so the flashing terminates beneath the curb cap flange.
+
+### Sheet-metal counterflashing or curb-cap trim, where scheduled, shall be installed per [[sync/sheet-metal-flashing-and-trim]].
+
+### Penetrations through the cover or curb for hardware, conduit, or release cables shall be sealed weathertight.
+
+## Protection and Adjustment {toc}
+
+### Installed units shall be protected from construction traffic and debris until substantial completion. {note}
+
+### Smoke and heat vents shall not be used as construction access or material hoisting points.
+
+### Hatch hardware shall be adjusted at completion so covers operate freely and seal fully.
+
+### Smoke and heat vents shall be left in the armed and labeled position at completion.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Units shall be delivered factory-assembled in protective packaging with listing labels and operating instructions attached. {note}
+
+### Units shall be stored off the ground, covered, and protected from weather and physical damage until installation.
+
+### Smoke and heat vents shall be handled to avoid disturbing the fusible link or release mechanism prior to arming.
+
+### Damaged covers, curbs, or hardware shall be replaced, not field-repaired, where damage affects weathertightness, structural rating, or the listed operation of a smoke vent.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The manufacturer shall warrant each roof hatch and smoke vent against defects in materials and workmanship.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer Warranty Period
+type: radio
+unit: years
+options:
+ - 1
+ - 2
+ - 5
+default: 2
+```
+
+### The warranty shall cover hardware operation, including hold-open arms, springs, latches, and smoke-vent release mechanisms.
+
+### Warranty service for smoke and heat vents shall include restoration of the listed automatic operation following any covered failure. {note}
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall furnish spare operating components to support post-occupancy maintenance of the installed units. {note}
+
+### The Contractor shall furnish spare fusible links for not less than 10 percent of the installed smoke and heat vents, and not fewer than two of each rating used.
+
+### The Contractor shall furnish one spare gasket set and one set of hold-open hardware for each hatch type and size installed.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare Parts
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Spare fusible links (≥ 10% of vents, min 2 per rating)
+ - Spare cover-to-curb gasket sets
+ - Spare hold-open arms / springs
+ - Spare latch assemblies
+```