Analytical Instrumentation
Remade from scratch to the authoring rules: defaults asserted only where four of five projects would choose them, and scope boundaries matched to the neighboring standards
Showing changes from Rev 4
to Rev 5
in Analytical Instrumentation.
---
title: Analytical Instrumentation
category: Instrumentation & Controls / Field Instrumentation
−toc_depth: 3
description: >
− When to use: Online (continuous) water-quality and process analytical instrumentation for water and wastewater treatment plants and for industrial process applications. Covers the common measured parameters and their measurement technology — pH and ORP, turbidity (per USEPA Method 180.1 and ISO 7027), free and total chlorine residual, dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity — and addresses additional process analyzers (ammonia, nitrate, ozone, total organic carbon, suspended solids, streaming current) as applicable. Addresses sensor technology selection, sample conditioning and sample panels, in-situ (insertion/submersible) versus flow-through (grab/loop) mounting, calibration frequency and reference standards/buffers/reagents, automatic temperature compensation, reagent handling, maintenance and washdown access, signal output (4-20 mA / HART and digital protocols), and the compliance-monitoring (regulatory reporting) role where the analyzer serves as a reportable instrument. Loop integration, alarming, and data historization are covered in [[sync/control-systems-integration]] and [[sync/scada-and-hmi-systems]].
+ When to use: Online, continuous-reading process analyzers that measure the chemistry and quality of a liquid process stream in water treatment, wastewater treatment, and industrial process facilities: pH and ORP, turbidity, free and total chlorine and monochloramine, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, ammonia, nitrate, total organic carbon and UV absorbance, suspended solids and sludge blanket, streaming current, and dissolved ozone. Covers the measurement technology chosen for each parameter, the measuring range, the sensor and the analyzer or transmitter, insertion, submersion, and flow-through installation, sample conditioning, sample lines and sample panels, reagent handling, automatic sensor cleaning, temperature compensation, enclosure and hazardous-location ratings, analog and digital output, calibration and verification against the laboratory reference method, and the method requirements that apply where an analyzer reports under a drinking-water or discharge permit.
− Not intended for: Pressure, level, and temperature transmitters and other physical-process field instruments — see [[sync/process-instrumentation]]. Flow measurement (magnetic, ultrasonic, differential-pressure, and open-channel flow meters) — see [[sync/flow-measurement]]. Laboratory bench analyzers, titrators, spectrophotometers, and grab-sample certification instruments — this standard governs online/continuous process analyzers only, and the laboratory reference instrument is referenced here solely as the calibration standard the online analyzer is verified against. Final control elements (analyzer-driven dosing valves and actuators) are covered in [[sync/control-valves-and-actuators]]; the chemical metering pumps they command are a process-equipment item outside this standard.
+ Not intended for: Pressure transmitters and the shared field transmitter platform ([[sync/process-instrumentation]], [[sync/pressure-instrumentation]]); level measurement ([[sync/level-sensors]]); process temperature measurement in its own right ([[sync/temperature-instrumentation]]); flow meters ([[sync/flow-measurement]]); ambient toxic, combustible, and refrigerant gas detection that protects the occupants of a space ([[sync/gas-detection-systems]]); control valves, positioners, and actuators the analyzer drives ([[sync/control-valves-and-actuators]]); the controller I/O that receives the signal ([[sync/programmable-logic-controllers]]); the supervisory software and historian ([[sync/scada-and-hmi-systems]]); the network that carries a digital output ([[sync/process-control-networks]]); loop checks, tuning, and acceptance of the assembled control system ([[sync/control-systems-integration]]); panels housing controllers and I/O ([[sync/industrial-control-panels]]); signal wiring and raceway ([[sync/conductors-and-cables]], [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]]). Gas-phase process analyzers and continuous emissions monitoring systems on a stack or duct are a different product and are outside this standard. Laboratory bench analyzers, titrators, spectrophotometers, and portable meters are outside this standard; the laboratory reference method appears here only as the reference an online analyzer is verified against. Chemical metering pumps are process equipment outside this standard.
---
# Scope {toc}
−## This specification covers online, continuous-reading analytical instrumentation that measures water-quality and process chemistry parameters in water treatment, wastewater treatment, and industrial process applications. {note}
+## This standard governs online, continuous-reading analyzers that measure the chemistry and quality of a liquid process stream and deliver that measurement to the control system: the sensor or measuring cell, the analyzer or transmitter, the sample conditioning and sample delivery that feed a flow-through sensor, the reagents and reagent handling of a wet-chemistry analyzer, the automatic cleaning and temperature compensation, and the analog and digital outputs. {note}
−## Equipment covered includes the sensor or measuring cell, the analyzer or transmitter, the sample conditioning and sample-delivery provisions (flow cells, constant-head devices, sample pumps, strainers, and sample panels), any reagents and reagent-handling provisions for wet-chemistry analyzers, the automatic temperature compensation, and the signal output and digital communication interface to the control system. {note}
+## The boundary of work under this standard runs from the sample tap or the insertion point in the process, through the sample line and its conditioning, the sensor, and the analyzer or transmitter, to the output terminals of the transmitter; the field wiring, the controller input, and the final element lie beyond it. {note}
−## Both in-situ sensors (insertion or submersible probes mounted directly in the process) and flow-through analyzers (sensors mounted in a sample loop fed from a tap) are addressed. {note}
+## An online analyzer runs unattended between service visits in the live process, with its fouling, bubbles, temperature swings, and chemical attack, and produces a signal the control system acts on continuously; a laboratory instrument measures a prepared sample under an analyst's hand. The provisions of this standard that have no counterpart in a laboratory method, sample conditioning, automatic cleaning, fault signaling, and verification against the laboratory reference, exist because of that difference. {note}
−## An online analyzer differs fundamentally from a laboratory bench instrument: it must run unattended for weeks between service visits, tolerate the fouling and temperature swings of the live process, and produce a signal the control system can act on continuously.
+## Where an analyzer reading is reported to a primacy agency or a permitting authority under a drinking-water or discharge permit, the analyzer serves a compliance-reporting function, and the method requirements of the applicable regulation apply to it in addition to the requirements of this standard. {note}
−## A subset of these analyzers serves a regulatory compliance-monitoring role — the reading is reported to the primacy agency to demonstrate compliance with a drinking-water or discharge permit — and those analyzers carry method-specific requirements (USEPA Method 334.0 for online chlorine, USEPA Method 180.1 for turbidity) beyond those of a process-control-only analyzer. {note}
+## The following are governed elsewhere and are outside this standard: {note}
−## The boundary of work under this standard is the analyzer system from the sample tap (or the insertion point in the process) through the sensor, the analyzer/transmitter, and the output signal at the field terminal. {note}
+- pressure, level, temperature, and flow measurement, governed by [[sync/pressure-instrumentation]], [[sync/level-sensors]], [[sync/temperature-instrumentation]], and [[sync/flow-measurement]]
+- the shared field transmitter platform, loop architecture, and instrument tagging conventions, governed by [[sync/process-instrumentation]]
+- ambient gas detection that protects the occupants of a space, governed by [[sync/gas-detection-systems]]
+- the control valves and actuators an analyzer drives, governed by [[sync/control-valves-and-actuators]]
+- the controller, the supervisory system, and the network, governed by [[sync/programmable-logic-controllers]], [[sync/scada-and-hmi-systems]], and [[sync/process-control-networks]]
+- loop checks, tuning, and acceptance testing of the assembled control system, governed by [[sync/control-systems-integration]]
+- signal wiring and raceway, governed by [[sync/conductors-and-cables]] and [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]]
+- gas-phase process analyzers and continuous emissions monitoring systems, laboratory bench instruments, portable meters, and chemical metering pumps, which no article of this standard addresses
−## Equipment shall comply with the applicable USEPA-approved method, ASTM test method, or Standard Methods procedure for each measured parameter as identified in this standard.
+## The parameters measured, the number of analyzers of each, and the location of each sample tap and sensor shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the instrument index and the process and instrumentation diagrams]].
−## Analyzers serving a drinking-water or discharge compliance-monitoring function shall comply with the specific USEPA method approved for online compliance use for that parameter.
+## The analyzers that serve a compliance-reporting function shall be those identified on [[drawing: the instrument index]].
−## Electrical and electronic components shall be listed by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory to the applicable UL or equivalent product standard, and analyzers installed in classified (hazardous) locations shall carry the area-classification listing required for the location.
+## Analyzers and their sensors shall be listed by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory to UL 61010-1 or to the product standard applicable to the equipment.
−## The Contractor shall coordinate analyzer signal output, alarm points, and data reporting with [[sync/control-systems-integration]] and [[sync/scada-and-hmi-systems]], and shall coordinate any analyzer-driven dosing control with [[sync/control-valves-and-actuators]].
+## Analyzer installation, wiring, and grounding shall comply with NFPA 70.
+## The Contractor shall coordinate each analyzer's signals, diagnostics, and alarm points with the controller under [[sync/programmable-logic-controllers]] and the supervisory system under [[sync/scada-and-hmi-systems]], and the loop check and acceptance of each analyzer with [[sync/control-systems-integration]].
+
# Referenced Standards {toc}
## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
−## Where conflicts exist between referenced standards, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
−## Where an analyzer serves a compliance-monitoring function, the USEPA-approved method in effect under the applicable regulation at the time of reporting shall govern, and shall take precedence over a general process-measurement method.
+## Where an analyzer serves a compliance-reporting function, the method approved under the applicable regulation at the time of reporting shall govern over a general process-measurement method.
| Standard | Title |
|----------|-------|
−| USEPA Method 180.1 | Determination of Turbidity by Nephelometry (white-light / tungsten source; drinking-water compliance) |
−| ISO 7027-1 | Water Quality — Determination of Turbidity (near-infrared LED source method) |
+| USEPA Method 180.1 | Determination of Turbidity by Nephelometry |
| USEPA Method 334.0 | Determination of Residual Chlorine in Drinking Water Using an On-line Chlorine Analyzer |
−| ASTM D1293 | Standard Test Methods for pH of Water (Test Method B for continuous measurement) |
+| USEPA Method 415.3 | Determination of Total Organic Carbon and Specific UV Absorbance at 254 nm in Source Water and Drinking Water |
+| 40 CFR Part 141 | National Primary Drinking Water Regulations |
+| 40 CFR Part 136 | Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants |
+| ISO 7027-1 | Water Quality: Determination of Turbidity, Part 1: Quantitative Methods |
+| ISO 17289 | Water Quality: Determination of Dissolved Oxygen: Optical Sensor Method |
+| ASTM D1293 | Standard Test Methods for pH of Water |
| ASTM D6569 | Standard Test Method for On-Line Measurement of pH |
−| ASTM D888 | Standard Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water (Method B electrochemical; Method C luminescence-based) |
−| ISO 17289 | Water Quality — Determination of Dissolved Oxygen — Optical Sensor Method |
−| ASTM D1125 | Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water |
| ASTM D1498 | Standard Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Water |
−| USEPA Method 415.3 | Determination of Total Organic Carbon and Specific UV Absorbance at 254 nm in Source and Drinking Water |
−| Standard Methods (APHA/AWWA/WEF) | Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater — 2130 Turbidity, 2510 Conductivity, 4500-Cl Chlorine (Residual), 4500-H+ pH, 4500-O Oxygen (Dissolved), 4500-NH3 Nitrogen (Ammonia), 4500-NO3 Nitrogen (Nitrate), 4500-O3 Ozone |
+| ASTM D888 | Standard Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water |
+| ASTM D1125 | Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water |
+| ASTM D5391 | Standard Test Method for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of a Flowing High Purity Water Sample |
+| ASTM D5173 | Standard Test Method for On-Line Monitoring of Carbon Compounds in Water by Chemical Oxidation, by UV Light Oxidation, by Both, or by High Temperature Combustion Followed by Gas Phase NDIR or by Electrolytic Conductivity |
+| ASTM D6855 | Standard Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Below 5 NTU in Static Mode |
+| ASTM D7315 | Standard Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU) in Static Mode |
+| Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater | 2130 Turbidity, 2510 Conductivity, 2540 Solids, 4500-Cl Chlorine (Residual), 4500-H+ pH Value, 4500-NH3 Nitrogen (Ammonia), 4500-NO3 Nitrogen (Nitrate), 4500-O Oxygen (Dissolved), 4500-O3 Ozone (Residual), 5310 Total Organic Carbon |
+| NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 | Drinking Water System Components: Health Effects |
+| NSF/ANSI/CAN 372 | Drinking Water System Components: Lead Content |
| ANSI/ISA-5.1 | Instrumentation Symbols and Identification |
−| ANSI/ISA-50.00.01 | Compatibility of Analog Signals for Electronic Industrial Process Instruments (4-20 mA) |
−| NAMUR NE43 | Standardization of the Signal Level for the Failure Information of Digital Transmitters (3.6 mA / 21 mA fault levels) |
−| HART | Highway Addressable Remote Transducer protocol (digital data over the 4-20 mA loop) |
−| AWWA Standards | American Water Works Association standards applicable to treatment-plant instrumentation and disinfection monitoring |
−| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code (NEC) — including hazardous (classified) location provisions |
−| UL 61010-1 | Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control, and Laboratory Use |
+| ANSI/ISA-5.4 | Instrument Loop Diagrams |
+| ANSI/ISA-50.00.01 | Compatibility of Analog Signals for Electronic Industrial Process Instruments |
+| ANSI/ISA-62382 | Automation Systems in the Process Industry: Electrical and Instrumentation Loop Check |
+| NAMUR NE43 | Standardization of the Signal Level for the Failure Information of Digital Transmitters |
+| NAMUR NE107 | Self-Monitoring and Diagnosis of Field Devices |
+| HART Communication Protocol Specification | FieldComm Group Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol |
+| NEMA 250 | Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maximum) |
+| UL 50E | Enclosures for Electrical Equipment, Environmental Considerations |
+| UL 61010-1 | Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control, and Laboratory Use, Part 1: General Requirements |
+| UL 121201 | Nonincendive Electrical Equipment for Use in Class I and II, Division 2 and Class III, Divisions 1 and 2 Hazardous (Classified) Locations |
+| UL 913 | Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and Associated Apparatus for Use in Class I, II, and III, Division 1, Hazardous (Classified) Locations |
+| UL 1203 | Explosion-Proof and Dust-Ignition-Proof Electrical Equipment for Use in Hazardous (Classified) Locations |
+| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code |
+| NFPA 497 | Recommended Practice for the Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas |
+| ANSI/ISEA Z358.1 | Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment |
+| ISO 9001 | Quality Management Systems: Requirements |
# Submittals {toc}
## Action Submittals {toc}
−### The Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer's review and approval prior to procurement.
+### The Contractor shall submit the following for review before analyzers are procured:
−- Manufacturer's product data for each analyzer and sensor, including measured parameter, measurement principle, measuring range, resolution, accuracy, repeatability, and response time (T90)
−- Statement of the governing USEPA, ASTM, ISO, or Standard Methods procedure for each parameter, and, for compliance instruments, documentation that the analyzer is approved for online compliance monitoring under that method
−- Sensor data: wetted materials, body and cable rating (IP/NEMA), pressure and temperature limits, flow requirements, and fouling/cleaning provisions
−- Sample conditioning provisions: sample tap location and pressure, strainer/filter, constant-head or flow-control device, sample pump where required, flow cell, sample-panel arrangement drawing, and sample-line material and size
−- Reagent data for wet-chemistry analyzers: reagent identity and Safety Data Sheets, consumption rate, container size, replacement interval, and shelf life
−- Calibration provisions: calibration method (buffer, standard solution, span gas, or factory-characterized), the reference standards/buffers required, calibration frequency, and the grab-sample verification procedure for compliance instruments
−- Automatic temperature compensation method and the reference temperature
−- Output and communication data: analog output (4-20 mA / HART), fault-signal levels per NAMUR NE43, digital protocol where provided, and the list of measured values, diagnostics, and alarms available
−- Power requirements, enclosure rating, and area-classification listing where the analyzer is in a classified location
−- Instrument loop diagrams and the instrument index/tag list per ANSI/ISA-5.1, and the point list for integration with [[sync/control-systems-integration]]
−- Mounting and installation details, including washdown and maintenance access
+- product data for each analyzer, identifying the measured parameter, the measurement principle, the measuring range, the resolution, the accuracy, the repeatability, the response time, the sample flow and pressure the sensor requires, and the wetted materials
+- the governing method for each parameter and, for each analyzer identified as serving a compliance-reporting function, documentation that the analyzer type is approved for online use under that method
+- sensor data: body and cable rating, pressure and temperature limits, fouling and cleaning provisions, and the mounting hardware
+- the sample system design for each flow-through analyzer: the tap, the sample line material and size, the conditioning components, the sample flow rate, the transport lag, and the sample panel arrangement drawing
+- reagent data for each wet-chemistry analyzer: the reagent identity, the safety data sheet, the consumption rate, the container size, the replacement interval, and the shelf life
+- the calibration and verification method for each parameter, the reference standards or the grab-sample reference method, the manufacturer's recommended interval, and the acceptance criterion
+- the temperature compensation method and the reference temperature for each temperature-dependent parameter
+- the output data: analog output, fault signal levels, the digital protocol, and the list of measured values, diagnostics, and alarms available on each output
+- power requirements, enclosure rating, and the hazardous-location listing where the analyzer is installed in a classified location
+- the instrument index entries and loop diagrams for each analyzer per ANSI/ISA-5.1 and ANSI/ISA-5.4, coordinated with [[sync/control-systems-integration]]
+- mounting and installation details, including the service clearance and the washdown orientation of the enclosure and its entries
```datasheet
−label: Action Submittals Required
+label: Action Submittal Package
type: checkbox
options:
− - "Product data with range, accuracy, and response time"
− - "Governing method and compliance-monitoring approval"
− - "Sensor wetted materials, ratings, and cleaning provisions"
− - "Sample conditioning / sample-panel arrangement"
− - "Reagent data and Safety Data Sheets (wet-chemistry analyzers)"
− - "Calibration method, standards/buffers, and frequency"
+ - "Analyzer product data"
+ - "Governing method and compliance approval documentation"
+ - "Sensor data and mounting hardware"
+ - "Sample system design and panel arrangement"
+ - "Reagent data and safety data sheets"
+ - "Calibration and verification method"
- "Temperature compensation method"
− - "Output, NAMUR NE43 fault levels, and digital protocol"
− - "Power, enclosure rating, and area classification"
− - "Loop diagrams and ISA-5.1 instrument index / point list"
− - "Mounting and washdown/maintenance access details"
+ - "Output, fault signal, and digital protocol data"
+ - "Power, enclosure, and hazardous-location data"
+ - "Instrument index entries and loop diagrams"
+ - "Mounting and installation details"
default:
− - "Product data with range, accuracy, and response time"
+ - "Analyzer product data"
+ - "Governing method and compliance approval documentation"
+ - "Sensor data and mounting hardware"
+ - "Sample system design and panel arrangement"
+ - "Reagent data and safety data sheets"
+ - "Calibration and verification method"
+ - "Temperature compensation method"
+ - "Output, fault signal, and digital protocol data"
+ - "Power, enclosure, and hazardous-location data"
+ - "Instrument index entries and loop diagrams"
+ - "Mounting and installation details"
```
−### Fabrication and procurement shall not proceed until action submittals have been reviewed and returned.
+### Analyzers shall not be procured until the action submittals for them have been reviewed and returned.
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following with or before the action submittals:
+
+- the manufacturer's experience record for analyzers of each type furnished
+- the location and the response time of the factory-authorized service organization that will support the analyzers
+- the manufacturer's written confirmation of the availability period for replacement sensors, reagents, and parts
+- the startup and verification plan, identifying the reference standards, the grab-sample reference method, the party performing the laboratory analysis, and the acceptance criterion for each analyzer
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational Submittal Package
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Manufacturer experience record"
+ - "Factory-authorized service organization"
+ - "Parts and consumables availability confirmation"
+ - "Startup and verification plan"
+default:
+ - "Manufacturer experience record"
+ - "Factory-authorized service organization"
+ - "Parts and consumables availability confirmation"
+ - "Startup and verification plan"
+```
+
## Closeout Submittals {toc}
−### At substantial completion, the Contractor shall provide the following before the analyzers are accepted.
+### The Contractor shall submit the following before the analyzers are accepted:
−- Operation and maintenance manuals for each analyzer, organized with a table of contents, including manufacturer's installation, calibration, operation, and maintenance instructions
−- As-calibrated record for each analyzer: initial calibration values, the reference standards/buffers used, and, for compliance instruments, the initial grab-sample verification result
−- Factory calibration certificates traceable to recognized reference standards where furnished
−- Reagent inventory and the documented replacement interval and consumption rate for each wet-chemistry analyzer
−- Recommended calibration and maintenance schedule for each analyzer (calibration frequency, sensor cleaning, electrolyte/membrane or reagent replacement, consumable life)
−- Loop checkout and signal-verification records confirming the output reads correctly at the control system and that the NAMUR NE43 fault levels report correctly
−- Spare parts inventory list with manufacturer part numbers
−- Warranty documentation, including any separate sensor or membrane warranty
+- operation and maintenance manuals for each analyzer, with the manufacturer's installation, calibration, operation, cleaning, and maintenance instructions
+- the as-calibrated record for each analyzer: the initial calibration values, the reference standards used with lot and expiration, and the startup verification result against the reference method
+- factory calibration certificates where furnished
+- the reagent inventory and the documented replacement interval and consumption rate for each wet-chemistry analyzer
+- the recommended calibration, verification, cleaning, and consumable replacement schedule for each analyzer
+- the loop check and fault-signal verification records
+- the spare parts list with manufacturer part numbers
+- warranty documentation, including the published sensor warranty for each sensor type
+- a signed receipt from the Owner for the spare parts delivered
```datasheet
−label: Closeout Submittals Required
+label: Closeout Submittal Package
type: checkbox
options:
- "Operation and maintenance manuals"
− - "As-calibrated record and reference standards used"
− - "Factory calibration certificates (where furnished)"
+ - "As-calibrated record and startup verification result"
+ - "Factory calibration certificates"
- "Reagent inventory and replacement interval"
− - "Calibration and maintenance schedule"
− - "Loop checkout and signal-verification records"
− - "Spare parts inventory list with part numbers"
+ - "Calibration, cleaning, and consumable schedule"
+ - "Loop check and fault-signal verification records"
+ - "Spare parts list"
- "Warranty documentation"
−default: "Operation and maintenance manuals"
+ - "Spare parts receipt"
+default:
+ - "Operation and maintenance manuals"
+ - "As-calibrated record and startup verification result"
+ - "Factory calibration certificates"
+ - "Reagent inventory and replacement interval"
+ - "Calibration, cleaning, and consumable schedule"
+ - "Loop check and fault-signal verification records"
+ - "Spare parts list"
+ - "Warranty documentation"
+ - "Spare parts receipt"
```
…2 unchanged lines
## Manufacturer Qualifications {toc}
−### Analyzers shall be the products of a manufacturer with a minimum of ten years of continuous experience producing online analytical instrumentation of the type specified for water, wastewater, or industrial process service.
+### Each analyzer shall be the product of a manufacturer that has produced online analyzers of that type for not less than the period indicated in the datasheet.
−### Replacement sensors, reagents, consumables, and factory service support for the analyzer model line shall be available for a minimum of ten years from the date of manufacture.
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Manufacturer Experience with the Analyzer Type
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 15
+ setpoints: [0, 3, 5, 10, 15]
+```
−### The manufacturer shall maintain an ISO 9001 certified quality management system.
+### Replacement sensors, reagents, consumables, and factory service for each analyzer model shall remain available for not less than ten years from the date of substantial completion.
−## Method Compliance {toc}
+### The manufacturer shall operate a quality management system certified to ISO 9001.
−### Each analyzer shall measure its parameter in accordance with the governing USEPA, ASTM, ISO, or Standard Methods procedure identified for that parameter in this standard.
+### Experience with one analyzer type does not transfer to another: a maker with decades of turbidimeters is new to ammonia analyzers the year it introduces one, so the datasheet period is met per analyzer type. Projects weigh the newness of a measurement technology against what it offers, which is why the field asserts no norm. {note}
−### Where an analyzer serves a drinking-water or discharge compliance-monitoring function, it shall be a type approved for online compliance monitoring under the applicable USEPA method, and the approval shall be documented in the submittal.
+## Method Conformance {toc}
−### Online turbidimeters used for drinking-water compliance reporting shall meet the design and performance requirements of USEPA Method 180.1, including the white-light (tungsten) source design that the method specifies for compliance instruments.
+### Each analyzer shall measure its parameter by the method identified for that parameter in this standard.
−### Online chlorine analyzers used for drinking-water compliance reporting shall comply with USEPA Method 334.0, which permits any online analyzer technology (amperometric or DPD-colorimetric) provided the analyzer is verified against an approved grab-sample reference method.
+### Each analyzer identified as serving a compliance-reporting function shall be of a type approved for online use under the method the applicable regulation names for that parameter, and the approval shall be documented in the action submittal.
−### A turbidimeter that meets ISO 7027 (near-infrared LED source) but not USEPA Method 180.1 is acceptable for process control and for non-compliance monitoring, but is not acceptable as the reportable compliance instrument for a USEPA-regulated drinking-water filtration plant; the white-light and near-infrared methods are not interchangeable for compliance and read differently on the same sample. {note}
+### Under the federal drinking-water regulations at 40 CFR 141, online turbidity is reported by USEPA Method 180.1 or by an alternate test method the USEPA has approved for that use, and online chlorine residual by USEPA Method 334.0; under the wastewater test procedures at 40 CFR 136, the approved methods are those the part lists for each parameter. A state primacy agency can approve additional methods or restrict the federal list, and the method that governs a given analyzer is the one the agency accepts for that permit. {note}
−## Factory Calibration and Verification {toc}
+## Drinking-Water Contact Materials {toc}
−### Each analyzer shall be factory-calibrated and tested before shipment, and the factory calibration shall be traceable to recognized reference standards.
+### Whether the wetted components of analyzers in contact with potable water are required to be certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−### Sensors that are characterized at the factory (pre-calibrated, data-coded sensors) shall be furnished with the calibration data recorded so the value is restored when the sensor is installed or replaced.
+```datasheet
+label: NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 Certification of Wetted Components
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required"
+ - "Not required"
+```
−### Pre-characterized digital sensors that store their calibration in the sensor head let a fouled or aged sensor be swapped for a freshly calibrated one in the field in minutes, with calibration performed offline in a clean shop environment rather than in the process; this is the single largest maintenance-labor saving available in modern analytical instrumentation. {note}
+### Where certification is required, the wetted parts of each sensor, flow cell, and sample line in contact with water that is or will become potable shall be certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN 61, and components in that contact shall comply with the lead-content limits of NSF/ANSI/CAN 372.
+### A sample drawn to a flow cell and sent to drain never returns to the potable stream, and some agencies exempt it on that basis, while an insertion sensor in a finished-water pipe is in continuous contact; the requirement follows the agency's reading of the contact, which is why the field is undefaulted. {note}
+
+## Factory Calibration {toc}
+
+### Each analyzer shall be calibrated and tested at the factory before shipment, with the calibration traceable to recognized reference standards.
+
+### Each sensor that stores its calibration data in the sensor shall be shipped with that data loaded, so that a replacement sensor restores its calibration when it is connected.
+
# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
−## Installation Environment {toc}
+## Process Conditions at the Sample Point {toc}
−### Analyzers and their sensors shall be selected and rated for the conditions at the installation point, including the process temperature and pressure, the ambient temperature and humidity, washdown exposure, and any corrosive or classified-area conditions.
+### Each analyzer and sensor shall be rated for the pressure, temperature, and chemistry of the process stream at its sample tap or insertion point, which shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the process data of the instrument index]].
+### The wetted materials of each sensor shall be compatible with the process chemistry, including any disinfectant residual, acid, caustic, solvent, or oxidant present in the stream.
+
+## Enclosure Rating {toc}
+
+### The enclosure type rating of analyzers and transmitters shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Analyzer Installation Environment
+label: Analyzer and Transmitter Enclosure Type Rating
type: select
options:
− - "Indoor process area — climate-controlled or partially controlled"
− - "Indoor wet/washdown area — treatment gallery or pump room"
− - "Outdoor — sheltered (canopy or instrument enclosure)"
− - "Outdoor — fully exposed, weatherproof rated"
− - "Submerged/basin-mounted — sensor in open tank or channel"
− - "Classified (hazardous) location — see area classification"
−default: "Indoor wet/washdown area — treatment gallery or pump room"
+ - "Type 1"
+ - "Type 12"
+ - "Type 3R"
+ - "Type 4"
+ - "Type 4X"
+default: "Type 4X"
```
−### Analyzers and sensors installed in wet or washdown areas shall be rated NEMA 4X (or IP66) or better.
+### Analyzers and transmitters installed in a washdown area, a wet process gallery, or a chemical feed room shall be rated Type 4X regardless of the datasheet selection.
−### Outdoor and basin-mounted analyzers shall be rated for the project climate, including freeze protection of any sample line, flow cell, or reagent that can freeze, and shielding of optical and electronic components from direct sun and weather.
+### Analyzers and transmitters installed outdoors shall be rated Type 4X and shall be furnished with a sunshade or a weather hood over the display and the sample panel.
−### Where the analyzer is installed in a classified (hazardous) location, the analyzer, sensor, and wiring shall carry the area-classification listing required by NFPA 70 for the location.
+### Analyzers and transmitters installed in a corrosive atmosphere, including a chlorine or ammonia storage room, a headworks, or a digester area, shall have a nonmetallic or stainless-steel enclosure rated Type 4X.
−## Area Classification {toc}
+### Type 1 and Type 12 enclosures suit a conditioned instrument room where no hose is used and no corrosive vapor is present; Type 3R sheds rain and is not sealed against a hose stream or a corrosive vapor; Type 4 and Type 4X are gasketed against hose-directed water, and the X adds corrosion resistance of the enclosure material itself. Analyzer transmitters are built to Type 4X almost without exception, and they sit in galleries, chemical rooms, and basins far more often than in instrument rooms, which is the norm the default records. {note}
+## Hazardous Locations {toc}
+
+### The hazardous-location protection method of analyzers and sensors installed in a classified location shall be as indicated in the datasheet, and the classification of each location shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the hazardous area classification drawings]].
+
```datasheet
−label: Area Classification
+label: Hazardous-Location Protection Method
type: select
options:
− - "Unclassified (general purpose)"
− - "Class I, Division 2"
− - "Class I, Division 1"
− - "Class I, Zone 1"
− - "Class I, Zone 2"
−drawing_ref: true
−default: "Unclassified (general purpose)"
+ - "General-purpose for an unclassified location"
+ - "Nonincendive, Class I Division 2"
+ - "Intrinsically safe, Class I Division 1"
+ - "Explosionproof, Class I Division 1"
+ - "Increased safety or flameproof, Class I Zone 1"
+default: "General-purpose for an unclassified location"
```
−### The area classification at the analyzer location shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the electrical area-classification drawings]].
+### The listing of the analyzer, the sensor, the sensor cable, and any sample pump shall cover the class, division or zone, group, and temperature code of the location.
−### Digester gas, chemical storage, and certain wastewater process areas are commonly classified locations; an analyzer installed there without the correct listing is a code violation and a safety hazard. {note}
+### Where intrinsic safety is selected, the barrier or isolator shall be furnished with the analyzer and installed in accordance with the control drawing the manufacturer publishes for the combination.
+### Most analyzer locations in a treatment plant, the filter gallery, the chemical feed area, the aeration basin, and the effluent channel, are unclassified, which is what the default records; the headworks, the digester complex, and a fuel or solvent process are the classified exceptions. Nonincendive equipment is the lowest-cost route in a Division 2 location and is not permitted in Division 1; intrinsic safety limits the energy at the sensor and suits a low-power sensor such as pH or ORP; explosionproof construction contains an ignition inside the enclosure and suits a powered wet-chemistry analyzer that cannot be made intrinsically safe. {note}
+
+## Ambient Temperature Rating {toc}
+
+### The minimum ambient operating temperature rating of analyzers and transmitters mounted outdoors or in an unconditioned space shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Ambient Operating Temperature Rating
+type: range
+unit: "°C"
+derived: "[[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] where the analyzer is outdoors, or the lowest temperature of the unconditioned space where it is inside one"
+options:
+ min: -40
+ max: 5
+ setpoints: [-40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 5]
+default: derived
+```
+
+### The maximum ambient operating temperature rating of analyzers and transmitters mounted outdoors or in an unconditioned space shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Ambient Operating Temperature Rating
+type: range
+unit: "°C"
+derived: "[[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-maximum]] plus the solar gain on an outdoor enclosure, or the highest temperature of the unconditioned space where the analyzer is inside one"
+options:
+ min: 40
+ max: 60
+ setpoints: [40, 45, 50, 55, 60]
+default: derived
+```
+
+### Where the published rating of the analyzer does not reach the derived value, the analyzer shall be furnished in a heated or cooled enclosure that holds it within its rating.
+
+### A wet-chemistry analyzer carries a narrower ambient rating than an electrochemical sensor, because its reagents and its optical bench set the limit, and an analyzer in direct sun reaches an internal temperature well above the air around it; an analyzer inside a conditioned room is rated for the room and carries no requirement under this article. {note}
+
+## Freeze Protection {toc}
+
+### Where [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] is below 0°C, each outdoor sample line, flow cell, sample pump, and reagent supply shall be protected from freezing by the method indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Freeze Protection of Outdoor Sample Systems
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Heated and insulated analyzer enclosure"
+ - "Heat-traced and insulated sample line with a heated enclosure"
+ - "Continuous flow with a self-draining sample line on loss of flow"
+ - "Not required"
+```
+
+### A heated enclosure protects the analyzer and the flow cell and not the sample line that feeds it; heat trace protects the line as well and costs a circuit and a controller; a self-draining line relies on flow and empties when flow stops, which leaves the analyzer without a sample until flow returns. Where the whole sample system is indoors, the field records that protection is not required. {note}
+
# Measured Parameters {toc}
## Parameter Selection {toc}
−### The measured parameters and the number of each analyzer shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the instrument index and process and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs)]].
+### The parameter articles of this standard that apply to the project shall be those selected in the datasheet.
```datasheet
…2 unchanged lines
options:
- "pH"
− - "ORP (oxidation-reduction potential)"
+ - "ORP"
- "Turbidity"
− - "Free chlorine residual"
− - "Total chlorine residual"
− - "Chloramine / monochloramine"
− - "Dissolved oxygen (DO)"
+ - "Chlorine residual"
+ - "Dissolved oxygen"
- "Conductivity"
− - "Ammonia (ammonium / total ammonia nitrogen)"
+ - "Ammonia"
- "Nitrate"
− - "Ozone residual"
− - "Total organic carbon (TOC) / UV-254"
− - "Total suspended solids (TSS) / sludge blanket"
− - "Streaming current (coagulation control)"
−drawing_ref: true
−default: "pH"
+ - "Total organic carbon"
+ - "UV absorbance at 254 nm"
+ - "Suspended solids"
+ - "Sludge blanket level"
+ - "Streaming current"
+ - "Dissolved ozone"
```
−### Each measured parameter is a distinct analyzer with its own sensor technology, calibration regime, and maintenance burden; selecting parameters and counts is a process-design decision driven by the treatment process, the regulatory monitoring obligations, and the control strategy. {note}
+### Each measured parameter is a distinct analyzer with its own sensor technology, calibration regime, and consumables, and the article for each parameter carries the technology decision for that parameter alone, because a technology that suits one parameter has no bearing on another. {note}
−## pH {toc}
+## Sensor Signal Interface {toc}
−### pH shall be measured electrometrically with a glass measuring electrode and a reference electrode in accordance with ASTM D1293 (Test Method B for continuous measurement) and ASTM D6569 for online measurement.
+### The interface between each sensor and its transmitter shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
```datasheet
−label: pH Sensor Type
+label: Sensor Signal Interface
type: radio
options:
− - "Combination glass / reference electrode — analog"
− - "Combination glass / reference electrode — digital (pre-characterized sensor head)"
− - "Differential (three-electrode) — high-fouling / heavy industrial service"
−default: "Combination glass / reference electrode — digital (pre-characterized sensor head)"
+ - "Digital sensor with calibration data stored in the sensor"
+ - "Analog sensor with the preamplifier at the sensor"
+default: "Digital sensor with calibration data stored in the sensor"
```
−### The pH sensor shall include automatic temperature compensation referenced to 25°C.
+### Where a digital sensor is selected, the transmitter shall accept any sensor of the same family without reconfiguration and shall report the sensor serial number and the date of its last calibration to the control system.
−### pH is temperature-dependent at the electrode; without automatic temperature compensation a reading drifts with process temperature and is not reportable. {note}
+### A digital sensor carries its calibration in the sensor head, so that a fouled sensor is exchanged for one calibrated in the shop and the exchange takes minutes at the process, and its cable carries a digital signal immune to the moisture and noise that corrupt a high-impedance pH signal; an analog sensor costs less, is the only form some specialty sensors take, and ties the calibration to the transmitter it is connected to. Digital sensors are the standard offering of the major analyzer lines for the parameters in this standard, which is the norm the default records. {note}
−### The combination glass/reference pH sensor is the standard for nearly all water and wastewater service because it is unaffected by color, turbidity, and most oxidants and reductants; the chief failure modes are reference-junction fouling and glass-bulb aging, which set the cleaning and replacement interval. {note}
+## pH {toc}
−### pH sensors shall be calibrated against certified buffer solutions at a minimum of two buffer points that bracket the process operating range (typically pH 4, 7, and 10 buffers).
+### pH shall be measured electrometrically with a measuring electrode and a reference electrode in accordance with ASTM D6569 for the online measurement and ASTM D1293 for the reference measurement.
+### The pH measuring electrode shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: pH Measuring Range
−type: range
−unit: pH
+label: pH Measuring Electrode
+type: radio
options:
− min: 0
− max: 14
− setpoints: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14]
−default: 14
+ - "Glass electrode"
+ - "Non-glass solid-state electrode"
+default: "Glass electrode"
```
−## ORP {toc}
+### The pH reference system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−### Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) shall be measured with a platinum (or gold) measuring electrode against a reference electrode in accordance with ASTM D1498, reported in millivolts.
+```datasheet
+label: pH Reference System
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Sealed gel-filled single-junction reference"
+ - "Sealed gel-filled double-junction reference"
+ - "Differential reference with a replaceable salt bridge"
+ - "Flowing liquid-junction reference with an electrolyte reservoir"
+```
−### ORP is used to infer disinfection capacity, dechlorination endpoint, and the redox state of a process (for example, the oxidation step in cyanide or chrome treatment), not to measure a specific chemical concentration. {note}
+### pH calibration shall use not fewer than two certified buffer points that bracket the operating range of the stream.
−### ORP sensors shall be calibrated against a certified ORP standard solution (for example, a quinhydrone or ZoBell reference solution).
+### The glass electrode is unaffected by color, turbidity, and most oxidants and reductants and is what nearly every online pH sensor uses, which the default records; the solid-state electrode cannot break and suits a food process or a location where glass is prohibited, at the cost of a higher drift. The reference junction is where a pH sensor fails: a sealed single junction is the lowest cost and is poisoned fastest by sulfide, ammonia, or heavy metals; a double junction places a second electrolyte between the process and the reference and extends its life in a fouling stream; a differential sensor replaces the junction with a salt bridge the operator renews, which suits a wastewater stream that poisons sealed references within months; a flowing junction holds the highest accuracy in a clean industrial process and needs its reservoir refilled. {note}
+## ORP {toc}
+
+### Oxidation-reduction potential shall be measured with a noble-metal measuring electrode against a reference electrode in accordance with ASTM D1498 and reported in millivolts.
+
+### The ORP measuring electrode metal shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: ORP Measuring Range
−type: range
−unit: mV
+label: ORP Measuring Electrode Metal
+type: radio
options:
− min: -1500
− max: 1500
− setpoints: [-1500, -1000, -500, 0, 500, 1000, 1500]
−default: 1500
+ - "Platinum"
+ - "Gold"
+default: "Platinum"
```
+### The reference system of ORP sensors shall be the system selected for pH sensors in the datasheet.
+
+### ORP reads the net oxidizing or reducing state of the stream rather than the concentration of any one species, which makes it the control variable for a dechlorination endpoint, a chromium reduction, or a cyanide oxidation, and a poor stand-in for a residual measurement where the residual itself is reportable. Platinum is the electrode of nearly every ORP sensor sold, which the default records; gold is used where the stream attacks platinum or where a cyanide oxidation needs the response gold gives in that chemistry. {note}
+
## Turbidity {toc}
−### Turbidity shall be measured by nephelometry — detection of light scattered at 90° by suspended particles — and reported in NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) or, for ISO 7027 instruments, in FNU/NTU as the method defines.
+### Turbidity shall be measured by nephelometry, the detection of light scattered by suspended particles, and reported in the units the governing method defines.
−### The turbidimeter measurement method shall match the use: USEPA Method 180.1 (white-light tungsten source) where the instrument is a drinking-water compliance instrument, or ISO 7027 (near-infrared LED source) for process control and where color interference must be minimized.
+### The turbidity measurement method shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
```datasheet
−label: Turbidimeter Method
−type: radio
+label: Turbidity Measurement Method
+type: select
options:
− - "USEPA Method 180.1 — white-light (tungsten) source — drinking-water compliance"
− - "ISO 7027 — near-infrared LED source — process control / low-color interference"
−default: "USEPA Method 180.1 — white-light (tungsten) source — drinking-water compliance"
+ - "USEPA Method 180.1 white-light nephelometric"
+ - "USEPA-approved alternate test method with an LED source"
+ - "ISO 7027 near-infrared nephelometric"
+ - "Backscatter nephelometric"
```
+### The upper range value of each turbidimeter shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Turbidity Measuring Range
−type: select
+label: Turbidimeter Upper Range Value
+type: range
+unit: NTU
options:
− - "0 to 10 NTU — filtered / finished water (low-range, compliance)"
− - "0 to 100 NTU — settled / process water"
− - "0 to 1000 NTU — raw / source water"
− - "0 to 4000 NTU — high-solids / raw water"
−default: "0 to 10 NTU — filtered / finished water (low-range, compliance)"
+ min: 1
+ max: 10000
+ setpoints: [1, 10, 100, 1000, 4000, 10000]
```
−### Filter-effluent and combined-filter-effluent turbidimeters at a surface-water treatment plant are the principal compliance instruments for the filtration process and shall be the low-range compliance type.
+### Turbidimeters that serve a drinking-water compliance-reporting function on filter effluent shall resolve 0.001 NTU.
−### Turbidimeters shall be calibrated against the manufacturer's primary turbidity standard (formazin or an approved equivalent) at the intervals required by the governing method.
+### The calibration standard for turbidimeters shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−### Bubbles in the sample are the most common cause of a falsely high turbidity reading; the sample conditioning shall include a bubble trap or a flow-through cell designed to deaerate the sample.
+```datasheet
+label: Turbidimeter Calibration Standard
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Formazin prepared from reagent"
+ - "Stabilized formazin suspension"
+ - "Polymer microsphere secondary standard"
+```
+### Each turbidimeter calibration shall be verified between calibrations with a secondary standard or a sealed check standard at the interval the governing method requires.
+
+### Each flow-through turbidimeter shall be furnished with a bubble trap or a flow cell that vents entrained air before the measuring volume.
+
+### A white-light tungsten source under USEPA Method 180.1 is the method the federal drinking-water rule names, and it reads color in the sample as turbidity; an approved alternate method with an LED source holds the same standing for compliance reporting where the USEPA has approved it and the primacy agency accepts it, with a source that lasts for years; the ISO 7027 near-infrared source is unaffected by color, is the method of most process turbidimeters and of compliance reporting outside the United States, and is not accepted for federal drinking-water compliance reporting. The two sources read differently on the same sample, so the method is chosen once per stream and the laboratory reference matches it. Backscatter optics read into a stream too dense for a 90° detector and suit a raw sludge or a high-solids raw water. {note}
+
+### A low upper range gives resolution on a filter effluent and saturates on a raw water; a high upper range reads a raw water and cannot resolve a tenth of an NTU. Formazin made from reagent is the primary standard every method defines and is prepared fresh; a stabilized formazin suspension holds its assigned value for its shelf life; a polymer microsphere standard is a secondary standard assigned against formazin for one instrument design and is not transferable to another. {note}
+
## Chlorine Residual {toc}
−### Chlorine residual shall be measured online by an amperometric or DPD-colorimetric analyzer in accordance with USEPA Method 334.0 where the analyzer serves a drinking-water compliance-monitoring function, and otherwise in accordance with Standard Methods 4500-Cl for the equivalent process measurement.
+### Chlorine residual shall be measured in accordance with USEPA Method 334.0 where the analyzer serves a drinking-water compliance-reporting function, and otherwise in accordance with Standard Methods 4500-Cl for the species measured.
−### The analyzer shall measure the chlorine species required by the process — free chlorine, total chlorine, or both — and, where chloramination is used, the monochloramine or total chlorine appropriate to the disinfectant.
+### The chlorine species each analyzer measures shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
```datasheet
−label: Chlorine Measurement
−type: select
+label: Chlorine Species Measured
+type: checkbox
options:
− - "Free chlorine residual"
− - "Total chlorine residual"
− - "Free and total chlorine (combined determines chloramines)"
− - "Monochloramine (chloramination)"
−default: "Free chlorine residual"
+ - "Free chlorine"
+ - "Total chlorine"
+ - "Monochloramine"
```
+### The chlorine measurement technology shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Chlorine Analyzer Technology
−type: radio
+label: Chlorine Measurement Technology
+type: select
options:
− - "Amperometric — reagent-free or low-reagent membrane sensor"
− - "DPD colorimetric — reagent-based (matches lab DPD reference)"
−default: "Amperometric — reagent-free or low-reagent membrane sensor"
+ - "Amperometric membrane-covered sensor"
+ - "Amperometric bare-electrode sensor with reagent addition"
+ - "DPD colorimetric wet-chemistry analyzer"
```
+### The upper range value of each chlorine analyzer shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Chlorine Measuring Range
+label: Chlorine Analyzer Upper Range Value
type: range
unit: mg/L
options:
− min: 0
+ min: 0.5
max: 20
− setpoints: [2, 5, 10, 20]
−default: 5
+ setpoints: [0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20]
```
−### The amperometric reagent-free sensor avoids the reagent inventory and reagent-handling burden of the DPD method but requires a controlled, constant sample flow and pH within the sensor's compensation range; the DPD method directly matches the laboratory grab-sample reference but consumes reagent continuously and generates a reagent waste stream. {note}
+### Amperometric chlorine sensors shall be furnished with the pH compensation and the sample flow regulation the sensor requires, and the sample pH range within which the sensor holds its stated accuracy shall be stated in the submittal.
−### A compliance chlorine analyzer is valid only within USEPA Method 334.0's stated working range (approximately 0.2 to 4 mg/L); readings outside that range shall be confirmed by an approved grab-sample method for compliance reporting.
+### Each chlorine analyzer serving a compliance-reporting function shall be verified against the grab-sample reference method and shall meet the acceptance criterion of USEPA Method 334.0 at startup and at the interval the method requires.
−### The online chlorine analyzer shall be verified against an approved grab-sample reference method (DPD colorimetric or amperometric titration), and shall agree with the grab sample within ±0.1 mg/L or ±15%, whichever is greater, per USEPA Method 334.0.
+### A membrane-covered amperometric sensor consumes no reagent and reads continuously, needs a steady sample flow and a sample pH within its compensation range, and reads free chlorine or total chlorine according to the membrane and electrolyte fitted; a bare-electrode amperometric sensor adds a buffer reagent to hold the sample pH and holds its accuracy across a wider pH range at the cost of that reagent; a DPD colorimetric analyzer performs the laboratory reference reaction on a timed cycle, matches the laboratory result most directly, consumes two reagents, generates a reagent waste stream, and reads at intervals of a minute or more rather than continuously. The upper range value sets the resolution: a distribution residual below 2 mg/L is resolved on a 0 to 5 mg/L range and lost on a 0 to 20 mg/L range, while a contact basin dosed at 10 mg/L saturates the lower range. {note}
## Dissolved Oxygen {toc}
−### Dissolved oxygen shall be measured by an optical (luminescence-based) sensor in accordance with ASTM D888 Method C and ISO 17289, or by an electrochemical (membrane/galvanic or polarographic) sensor in accordance with ASTM D888 Method B.
+### Dissolved oxygen shall be measured by an optical luminescence sensor in accordance with ASTM D888 Test Method C and ISO 17289, or by an electrochemical membrane sensor in accordance with ASTM D888 Test Method B.
+### The dissolved oxygen sensor technology shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
label: Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Technology
−type: radio
+type: select
options:
− - "Optical (luminescent / LDO) — no membrane or electrolyte, low maintenance"
− - "Electrochemical (membrane galvanic or polarographic)"
−default: "Optical (luminescent / LDO) — no membrane or electrolyte, low maintenance"
+ - "Optical luminescence sensor"
+ - "Electrochemical galvanic membrane sensor"
+ - "Electrochemical polarographic membrane sensor"
+default: "Optical luminescence sensor"
```
+### The upper range value of each dissolved oxygen analyzer shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Dissolved Oxygen Measuring Range
+label: Dissolved Oxygen Upper Range Value
type: range
unit: mg/L
options:
− min: 0
− max: 20
− setpoints: [0, 5, 10, 15, 20]
+ min: 0.02
+ max: 60
+ setpoints: [0.02, 0.2, 2, 20, 40, 60]
default: 20
```
−### The optical DO sensor is the default for activated-sludge aeration-basin service because it has no membrane to replace and no electrolyte to refill, holds calibration far longer than an electrochemical cell, and does not consume oxygen at the sensor face (so it does not require sample flow across the membrane). {note}
+### The saturation value used for air calibration of dissolved oxygen sensors shall be corrected for the barometric pressure at [[parameter: altitude]] and for the salinity of the stream.
−### DO sensors shall include automatic temperature compensation and shall be calibrated to water-saturated air (100% saturation) or against a zero-oxygen standard as the method requires.
+### An optical sensor has no membrane to replace and no electrolyte to refill, does not consume oxygen at its face and so needs no flow across it, and holds calibration for months, which is why it is the sensor of nearly every aeration basin installed today and the norm the default records; a galvanic membrane sensor needs no warm-up and no polarizing voltage and suits a low-cost or intermittent application; a polarographic membrane sensor reaches the trace range of a boiler feedwater or a deaerator outlet that an optical sensor cannot resolve, at the cost of a membrane, an electrolyte, and a flow requirement. A 0 to 20 mg/L range spans an aeration basin and a surface water and is the range of nearly every treatment-plant sensor; the trace ranges serve power and high-purity water, and the 40 and 60 mg/L ranges serve a pure-oxygen activated-sludge process or an ozonation side stream. {note}
−### Aeration-basin DO is the principal control input for blower and aeration control; an inaccurate DO reading drives either energy waste (over-aeration) or a process upset (under-aeration), so the DO sensor calibration directly governs the largest energy cost at most wastewater plants. {note}
−
## Conductivity {toc}
−### Conductivity (specific conductance) shall be measured in accordance with ASTM D1125 and Standard Methods 2510, reported in µS/cm or mS/cm and temperature-compensated to 25°C.
+### Conductivity shall be measured in accordance with ASTM D1125 and Standard Methods 2510 B and reported in µS/cm or mS/cm, and the measurement of a flowing high-purity water shall comply with ASTM D5391.
+### The conductivity cell type shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Conductivity Sensor Type
−type: radio
+label: Conductivity Cell Type
+type: select
options:
− - "Contacting (two- or four-electrode) — low to moderate conductivity"
− - "Toroidal (inductive) — high conductivity, fouling, or corrosive service"
−default: "Contacting (two- or four-electrode) — low to moderate conductivity"
+ - "Contacting two-electrode cell"
+ - "Contacting four-electrode cell"
+ - "Toroidal inductive sensor"
```
+### The upper range value of each conductivity analyzer shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Conductivity Measuring Range
+label: Conductivity Upper Range Value
+type: range
+unit: µS/cm
+options:
+ min: 2
+ max: 2000000
+ setpoints: [2, 20, 200, 2000, 20000, 200000, 2000000]
+```
+
+### The cell constant of each contacting conductivity cell shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Conductivity Cell Constant
+type: range
+unit: 1/cm
+derived: "the selected conductivity upper range value"
+options:
+ min: 0.01
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10]
+default: derived
+```
+
+### The temperature compensation algorithm of each conductivity analyzer shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Conductivity Temperature Compensation Algorithm
type: select
options:
− - "0 to 200 µS/cm — high-purity / RO permeate"
− - "0 to 2000 µS/cm — drinking / process water"
− - "0 to 20 mS/cm — wastewater / brackish"
− - "0 to 200 mS/cm — brine / high-salinity"
−default: "0 to 2000 µS/cm — drinking / process water"
+ - "Linear coefficient"
+ - "Natural water nonlinear"
+ - "Ultrapure water"
+default: "Linear coefficient"
```
−### Toroidal (inductive) sensors have no exposed electrodes to foul or polarize and are preferred for wastewater, high-conductivity, and fouling service; contacting sensors offer better resolution at low conductivity and are preferred for high-purity-water service. {note}
+### Where linear compensation is selected, the coefficient shall be adjustable at the transmitter and shall be set for the stream at startup.
−### Conductivity sensors shall be calibrated against a certified conductivity standard solution appropriate to the measuring range, and the sensor cell constant shall be entered or verified at calibration.
+### The cell constant shall be entered or verified at each conductivity calibration.
−## Additional Process Analyzers {toc}
+### A two-electrode contacting cell gives the highest resolution at low conductivity and polarizes as the conductivity rises; a four-electrode cell drives current through one pair and senses with another, which removes the polarization error and extends a contacting cell to several hundred mS/cm; a toroidal sensor couples through the liquid with no exposed electrode, cannot foul or polarize, and loses resolution below a few hundred µS/cm. The cell constant follows from the range, a low constant for the low ranges and a high constant for the high ranges, and the manufacturer resolves it from the range selected, which is why the field is derived. Linear compensation at about 2 percent per degree fits most natural and process waters and is the norm the default records; the natural-water curve fits a low-conductivity surface water across a wide temperature span; ultrapure compensation accounts for the conductivity of water itself and is what a condensate, a deionized water, or an RO permeate requires. {note}
−### Where indicated, the following additional online analyzers shall be provided and shall measure in accordance with the governing method noted.
+## Ammonia {toc}
−### Ammonia (total ammonia nitrogen / ammonium) shall be measured by ion-selective electrode or colorimetric analyzer per Standard Methods 4500-NH3, commonly for aeration and nitrification control and for effluent monitoring.
+### Ammonia nitrogen shall be measured in accordance with Standard Methods 4500-NH3 by the technology indicated in the datasheet.
−### Nitrate shall be measured by ion-selective electrode or by ultraviolet absorption per Standard Methods 4500-NO3, commonly for denitrification control and effluent monitoring.
+```datasheet
+label: Ammonia Measurement Technology
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Ammonium ion-selective electrode with potassium compensation"
+ - "Gas-sensing ammonia electrode after sample pH elevation"
+ - "Colorimetric wet-chemistry analyzer"
+```
−### Ozone residual shall be measured by an amperometric or colorimetric analyzer per Standard Methods 4500-O3 where ozone is used for disinfection or oxidation. {note}
+### The upper range value of each ammonia analyzer shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−### Total organic carbon (TOC), and the surrogate UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV-254), shall be measured per USEPA Method 415.3 for source-water and disinfection-byproduct-precursor monitoring and for coagulation optimization. {note}
+```datasheet
+label: Ammonia Analyzer Upper Range Value
+type: range
+unit: mg/L as N
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 1000
+ setpoints: [1, 5, 20, 50, 100, 1000]
+```
−### Suspended solids and sludge-blanket level shall be measured by optical (light-scatter or absorption) sensors for clarifier, thickener, and mixed-liquor (MLSS) monitoring.
+### An ion-selective electrode reads ammonium in the basin directly, needs no reagent and no sample system, and drifts with potassium and with the condition of its membrane, which its compensation electrode and its calibration interval address; a gas-sensing electrode raises the sample pH with reagent to convert ammonium to ammonia gas and reads it through a membrane, which removes the ionic interference at the cost of a reagent and a sample system; a colorimetric analyzer performs the laboratory reaction on a timed cycle, matches the reference result most directly, and reads at intervals rather than continuously, with two or three reagents to maintain. An aeration control loop lives with the electrode's drift for the sake of its continuous reading, and an effluent limit report wants the colorimetric result. {note}
−### Streaming current shall be measured by a streaming-current monitor for automatic coagulant-dose (coagulation) control; it reads net particle charge, not a concentration, and is paired with downstream turbidity and, where used, UV-254.
+## Nitrate {toc}
+### Nitrate nitrogen shall be measured in accordance with Standard Methods 4500-NO3 by the technology indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Additional Analyzer Method (where provided)
−type: checkbox
+label: Nitrate Measurement Technology
+type: select
options:
− - "Ammonia — ISE or colorimetric (SM 4500-NH3)"
− - "Nitrate — ISE or UV (SM 4500-NO3)"
− - "Ozone residual — amperometric or colorimetric (SM 4500-O3)"
− - "TOC / UV-254 (USEPA 415.3)"
− - "TSS / MLSS / sludge blanket — optical"
− - "Streaming current — coagulation control"
−default: "Ammonia — ISE or colorimetric (SM 4500-NH3)"
+ - "Nitrate ion-selective electrode with chloride compensation"
+ - "Ultraviolet absorption optical sensor"
+ - "Colorimetric wet-chemistry analyzer"
```
−# Sample Conditioning and Mounting {toc}
+### The upper range value of each nitrate analyzer shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−## Mounting Method {toc}
+```datasheet
+label: Nitrate Analyzer Upper Range Value
+type: range
+unit: mg/L as N
+options:
+ min: 2
+ max: 1000
+ setpoints: [2, 5, 20, 50, 100, 1000]
+```
−### The mounting method shall suit the parameter, the sensor technology, and the access available.
+### A nitrate ion-selective electrode is the lowest-cost sensor and suffers chloride and bicarbonate interference that its compensation electrode corrects only within limits; an ultraviolet absorption sensor reads the nitrate absorbance directly with no reagent and no membrane, holds calibration for months, and is confounded by organic matter and turbidity in a raw wastewater unless its optics compensate for them; a colorimetric analyzer reduces nitrate and reads the colored product on a timed cycle, matches the reference method most directly, and carries the reagents and the cycle time of any wet-chemistry analyzer. A denitrification control loop in a clarified mixed liquor suits the optical sensor, and a raw influent with high organics pushes toward the colorimetric analyzer. {note}
+## Organic Carbon and UV Absorbance {toc}
+
+### Total organic carbon shall be measured by oxidation of the organic carbon in the sample and detection of the carbon dioxide produced, in accordance with ASTM D5173 and Standard Methods 5310, by the technology indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Sensor Mounting Method
+label: Total Organic Carbon Measurement Technology
+type: select
+options:
+ - "UV-persulfate oxidation with NDIR detection"
+ - "UV-persulfate oxidation with membrane conductometric detection"
+ - "High-temperature combustion with NDIR detection"
+```
+
+### The upper range value of each total organic carbon analyzer shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Total Organic Carbon Upper Range Value
+type: range
+unit: mg/L
+options:
+ min: 0.5
+ max: 10000
+ setpoints: [0.5, 1, 5, 20, 50, 100, 1000, 10000]
+```
+
+### Ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm shall be measured by a reagentless optical sensor with a stated path length, reported in absorbance units per centimeter, with compensation for turbidity by a reference wavelength or by filtration of the sample.
+
+### UV-persulfate oxidation with NDIR detection handles the full range from a drinking water to an industrial effluent and consumes a persulfate reagent and an acid; the membrane conductometric detector reaches the trace range of a pharmaceutical or power water and loses accuracy in a sample with high salts or high chloride; high-temperature combustion oxidizes particulate and refractory organics that persulfate leaves behind, which matters in a wastewater, and carries a furnace and a carrier gas. UV absorbance at 254 nm is a surrogate for the aromatic organics that form disinfection byproducts and is read continuously by a sensor with no consumables; where USEPA Method 415.3 is the basis of a treatment-technique requirement, the laboratory TOC and the online surrogate are correlated for the source water rather than treated as the same measurement. {note}
+
+## Suspended Solids and Sludge Blanket {toc}
+
+### Suspended solids concentration shall be measured by the principle indicated in the datasheet and verified against the gravimetric method of Standard Methods 2540 D.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Suspended Solids Measurement Principle
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Near-infrared scattered-light optical sensor"
+ - "Near-infrared absorption optical sensor"
+ - "Microwave total solids sensor"
+```
+
+### The upper range value of each suspended solids analyzer shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Suspended Solids Upper Range Value
+type: range
+unit: mg/L
+options:
+ min: 1000
+ max: 500000
+ setpoints: [1000, 5000, 30000, 100000, 300000, 500000]
+```
+
+### Sludge blanket level shall be detected by the method indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Sludge Blanket Detection Method
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Ultrasonic profiling sensor"
+ - "Optical sensor lowered through the clarifier on a motorized cable"
+ - "Optical sensors fixed at set depths"
+```
+
+### Each suspended solids sensor installed in mixed liquor or sludge shall be furnished with automatic cleaning under the Automatic Sensor Cleaning article of this standard.
+
+### A scattered-light sensor reads a mixed liquor or a return sludge across a wide range with a response that depends on the floc size, which is why it is calibrated against a grab sample from the stream it serves; an absorption sensor reads a lower solids range with less sensitivity to floc structure; a microwave sensor reads a thickened or dewatered sludge in the percent-solids range that no optical sensor penetrates. An ultrasonic profiler reads the full depth of a clarifier from the surface and returns both the blanket and the fluff layer above it; a lowered optical sensor reads the interface directly at the cost of a moving mechanism in the clarifier; fixed optical sensors answer only whether the blanket has reached each depth they occupy. {note}
+
+## Streaming Current {toc}
+
+### Streaming current shall be measured by a streaming current monitor fed by a continuous sample of the coagulated water, reported in streaming current units relative to a zero the operator sets.
+
+### The coagulant control function of the streaming current monitor shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Streaming Current Monitor Control Function
type: radio
options:
− - "In-situ insertion — sensor in process pipe with retractable/ball-valve fitting"
− - "In-situ submersible — sensor on a float or rail in an open basin/channel"
− - "Flow-through — sensor in a flow cell fed from a sample tap (sample panel)"
−default: "Flow-through — sensor in a flow cell fed from a sample tap (sample panel)"
+ - "Monitor output to the plant control system"
+ - "Integral controller output to the coagulant feed"
```
−### In-situ (insertion or submersible) mounting places the sensor directly in the process pipe, channel, or basin; it has the fastest response and no sample-line lag, but the sensor is exposed to the full process fouling and the sensor must be removable for service without a process shutdown. {note}
+### The streaming current monitor shall draw its sample downstream of the point at which the coagulant is completely mixed and shall be furnished with a sample pump and a sample line sized for the velocity its sensor requires.
−### Flow-through mounting feeds a conditioned sample to a sensor in a flow cell on a sample panel; it isolates the sensor from process pressure and debris, allows bubble removal and flow control, and keeps the sensor at a convenient service height, at the cost of sample-line lag and the maintenance of the sample system itself. {note}
+### A streaming current monitor reads the net surface charge of the particles after coagulant addition rather than any concentration, and its reading is relative: the operator sets the zero at a dose that produces the clarified water the plant wants, and the control holds that charge as the raw water changes. An integral controller closes the dose loop in the monitor itself with its own tuning, which suits a plant whose control system does not host the loop; a monitor-only output lets the plant controller host the loop beside the turbidity, flow, and UV absorbance signals it also reads, which is where a feed-forward and feedback strategy is built. {note}
−### Insertion sensors in pressurized pipe shall be installed in a retractable fitting or behind an isolation/ball valve so the sensor can be withdrawn for cleaning and calibration without depressurizing or shutting down the process.
+## Dissolved Ozone {toc}
−## Sample System {toc}
+### Dissolved ozone residual shall be measured in accordance with Standard Methods 4500-O3 by the technology indicated in the datasheet.
−### Flow-through analyzers shall be furnished with a sample-conditioning system that delivers a clean, bubble-free, flow-controlled, and pressure-controlled sample to the sensor.
+```datasheet
+label: Dissolved Ozone Measurement Technology
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Amperometric membrane-covered sensor"
+ - "Indigo colorimetric wet-chemistry analyzer"
+default: "Amperometric membrane-covered sensor"
+```
+### The upper range value of each dissolved ozone analyzer shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Sample Conditioning Provisions
+label: Dissolved Ozone Upper Range Value
+type: range
+unit: mg/L
+options:
+ min: 0.5
+ max: 20
+ setpoints: [0.5, 2, 5, 20]
+```
+
+### An amperometric membrane sensor reads dissolved ozone continuously with no reagent and is what nearly every ozone contactor residual loop uses, which the default records; the indigo colorimetric analyzer is the reference chemistry run online, matches the laboratory result most directly, and consumes an indigo reagent that is itself light-sensitive. Ozone residuals in a contactor run below 2 mg/L in nearly every case, and the higher ranges serve an ozone generator side stream or an industrial oxidation process. {note}
+
+# Sensor Installation and Sample Systems {toc}
+
+## Sensor Mounting Arrangements {toc}
+
+### The sensor mounting arrangements used on the project shall be those selected in the datasheet, and each sensor shall be mounted by the arrangement indicated for it on [[drawing: the instrument index]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: Sensor Mounting Arrangements Used
type: checkbox
options:
+ - "Insertion through a retractable or ball-valve fitting in a pressurized pipe"
+ - "Submersion in an open basin or channel on a rail, float, or handrail mount"
+ - "Flow-through cell on a sample panel fed from a sample tap"
+```
+
+### Insertion sensors in a pressurized pipe shall be mounted in a retractable fitting or behind an isolation valve, so that the sensor is withdrawn for cleaning and calibration without depressurizing the pipe.
+
+### Submersion sensors shall be mounted so that the sensor is raised to the walkway for service without entering the basin and without a lifting device beyond the mount itself.
+
+### Submersion mounts in a basin with aeration or mixing shall hold the sensor at the depth and the orientation the manufacturer requires and shall restrain the cable against the turbulence.
+
+### Flow-through sensors shall be mounted in the flow cell the manufacturer furnishes for the sensor, with the center of the cell between 900 mm and 1500 mm above the standing surface.
+
+### An insertion sensor sits in the pipe with the fastest response and no sample lag, is exposed to the full process pressure and fouling, and needs a retractable fitting if the pipe cannot be taken down for service; a submersion sensor is the only arrangement an open basin offers and relies on its mount for every service visit; a flow-through cell isolates the sensor from the process pressure and debris, allows the sample to be deaerated and its flow regulated, and brings the sensor to a convenient height, at the cost of a sample line with its lag and its own maintenance. Turbidimeters and wet-chemistry analyzers are flow-through by construction, dissolved oxygen in a basin is submersion by necessity, and pH, ORP, and conductivity are the sensors for which the choice is open. {note}
+
+## Sample Tap and Sample Line {toc}
+
+### The sample tap for each flow-through analyzer shall draw from a well-mixed, representative portion of the stream, downstream of any chemical injection point by the distance required for complete mixing, and clear of dead legs, air pockets, and the pipe invert.
+
+### The process tap, root valve, and tap fitting for each sample line shall comply with [[sync/instrument-installation-and-tubing]].
+
+### The sample line material shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Sample Line Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "PVC Schedule 80 pipe"
+ - "CPVC Schedule 80 pipe"
+ - "Opaque polyethylene tubing"
+ - "PFA or PTFE tubing"
+ - "Type 316 stainless steel tubing"
+```
+
+### Sample lines shall be opaque, or shall be jacketed, to exclude light from the sample.
+
+### The sample transport lag from the tap to the sensor at the design sample flow shall not exceed the time indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Sample Transport Lag
+type: range
+unit: s
+options:
+ min: 10
+ max: 600
+ setpoints: [10, 30, 60, 120, 300, 600]
+```
+
+### Sample lines shall be sized for a velocity that keeps solids in suspension at the design sample flow and shall run continuously rising or continuously falling with no pocket where air or solids collect.
+
+### Each sample line shall be furnished with an isolation valve at the tap and a means of flushing the line without disconnecting it.
+
+### PVC and CPVC pipe are the lowest-cost lines and the ones most plants already stock, with CPVC carrying a hot sample that softens PVC; polyethylene tubing bends around obstructions without fittings and is the line of most short runs; PFA and PTFE tubing resist every chemistry a treatment plant handles and are chosen for a strong oxidant, a solvent, or a trace organic measurement where plastic leaches into the sample; stainless steel tubing carries a hot or pressurized industrial sample and is attacked by a chloride-bearing or chlorinated stream. Lag is the sample volume divided by the flow, so a long line is shortened by a smaller bore or a faster bleed at the panel, and a control loop fed by an analyzer sees the lag as dead time it has to be tuned around. {note}
+
+## Sample Conditioning {toc}
+
+### Each flow-through analyzer shall be furnished with the sample conditioning components indicated in the datasheet, delivering a sample at the flow, pressure, and condition the sensor requires.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Sample Conditioning Components
+type: checkbox
+options:
- "Isolation valve at the sample tap"
- "Strainer or self-cleaning filter"
− - "Pressure-reducing or constant-head device"
− - "Sample flow indicator and flow-control valve"
− - "Bubble trap / deaeration"
− - "Low-sample-flow alarm switch"
− - "Sample pump (where tap pressure is insufficient)"
− - "Calibration / grab-sample valve at the flow cell"
−default: "Isolation valve at the sample tap"
+ - "Pressure regulator or constant-head overflow device"
+ - "Sample flow indicator with flow-control valve"
+ - "Bubble trap or deaeration chamber"
+ - "Low-sample-flow switch wired to the transmitter"
+ - "Sample pump"
+ - "Grab-sample valve at the flow cell"
+ - "Sample cooler"
+default:
+ - "Isolation valve at the sample tap"
+ - "Pressure regulator or constant-head overflow device"
+ - "Sample flow indicator with flow-control valve"
+ - "Low-sample-flow switch wired to the transmitter"
+ - "Grab-sample valve at the flow cell"
```
−### A constant-head device or pressure regulator shall be provided where the sensor requires a steady flow or pressure; amperometric chlorine sensors in particular read in error if the sample flow varies.
+### Where a sample pump is selected, it shall be rated for the sample chemistry and for continuous duty, and it shall be protected against running dry.
−### A low-sample-flow alarm shall be provided so the control system can flag a reading as invalid when sample flow is lost; a sensor reading a stagnant or empty flow cell will report a plausible but meaningless value.
+### The low-sample-flow switch shall be wired to the transmitter so that loss of sample flow is reported to the control system as a status distinct from the measured value.
−### The sample lag time (the transport delay from the tap to the sensor) shall be minimized and shall be documented, because lag delays the analyzer's response to a process change and degrades any control loop the analyzer feeds.
+### Spent sample and reagent waste shall discharge through an air gap to a drain or to the return point indicated on [[drawing: the process and instrumentation diagrams]].
+### A sensor in a stagnant or empty flow cell reports a plausible value that is not a measurement, which is what the low-flow switch exists to expose; a constant-head overflow holds the flow steady against a varying tap pressure with no moving part and spills the excess to drain, while a regulator holds it with a diaphragm and spills nothing; a strainer protects a narrow flow cell from the debris that would block it and is itself the component that blocks most often; a bubble trap removes the air that reads as turbidity and as a chlorine error; a cooler brings a hot industrial sample within the sensor's rating. {note}
+
## Sample Panel {toc}
−### Where multiple flow-through analyzers share a location, they shall be arranged on a common sample panel with the sensors, flow cells, sample valves, flow indicators, and analyzers mounted for operation and service from the front.
+### Where two or more flow-through analyzers share a location, their flow cells, conditioning components, valves, and transmitters shall be mounted on a common sample panel arranged for operation and service from the front.
−### Sample panels shall be fabricated from corrosion-resistant materials suitable for the chemicals and washdown of the installation, and sample tubing shall be of a material compatible with the sample chemistry and any disinfectant residual.
+### The sample panel material shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+```datasheet
+label: Sample Panel Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Fiberglass-reinforced polyester"
+ - "Polypropylene or PVC sheet"
+ - "Type 304 stainless steel"
+ - "Type 316 stainless steel"
+ - "Painted carbon steel"
+```
+
+### Sample panel tubing, valves, and fittings shall be of a material compatible with the sample chemistry, and each panel-mounted component shall be labeled with the tag of the analyzer it serves.
+
+### Sample panels shall be furnished with a drip tray or a drained sump that collects spilled sample and reagent and discharges it to the drain.
+
+### A fiberglass or plastic panel is unaffected by the chlorinated water and the reagent spills that corrode steel and is what most treatment-plant panels are built of; Type 304 stainless steel holds up in a clean water gallery and pits in a chlorine room; Type 316 withstands the chloride and the chemical atmosphere of a disinfection area; painted carbon steel is the lowest-cost panel for a dry industrial process and fails wherever it is wet. {note}
+
## Reagent Handling {toc}
−### Wet-chemistry analyzers shall be furnished with reagent containers sized for a practical replacement interval, and the reagent consumption rate, container size, and replacement interval shall be documented.
+### Each wet-chemistry analyzer shall be furnished with reagent containers sized for not less than the replacement interval indicated in the datasheet at the analyzer's design cycle rate.
```datasheet
−label: Reagent Replacement Interval (wet-chemistry analyzers)
+label: Minimum Reagent Replacement Interval
+type: range
+unit: days
+options:
+ min: 14
+ max: 180
+ setpoints: [14, 30, 60, 90, 180]
+```
+
+### Reagent containers shall be housed within the analyzer enclosure or in a ventilated reagent cabinet beneath it, shall be replaced without tools, and shall be identified by reagent name and expiration date.
+
+### Where a reagent is classified as hazardous in its safety data sheet, an emergency eyewash complying with ANSI/ISEA Z358.1 shall be located within the travel distance that standard permits from the reagent handling point.
+
+### A 30-day reagent interval is the design basis of most colorimetric chlorine analyzers; a longer interval needs a larger reagent volume that may not keep within its shelf life, and an analyzer that cycles faster for a control loop consumes its reagent sooner. A reagent-free sensor carries none of this, which is the operating-cost argument that decides many technology selections above. {note}
+
+## Automatic Sensor Cleaning {toc}
+
+### The automatic cleaning method furnished for sensors that require it shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Automatic Sensor Cleaning Method
type: select
options:
− - "Reagent-free / membrane sensor — no reagent"
− - "30 days"
− - "60 days"
− - "90 days"
−default: "Reagent-free / membrane sensor — no reagent"
+ - "Compressed-air blast at the sensor face"
+ - "Mechanical wiper"
+ - "Ultrasonic cleaning"
+ - "Chemical cleaning spray"
+ - "None"
```
−### Reagent waste and spent-reagent drainage shall be routed to an appropriate drain or collection point, and reagents shall be handled per their Safety Data Sheets.
+### Sensors submerged in mixed liquor, raw wastewater, primary effluent, or sludge shall be furnished with automatic cleaning.
−### Reagent inventory is a recurring operating cost and a maintenance task; where a reagent-free sensor (such as an amperometric chlorine or optical DO sensor) meets the measurement requirement, it should be preferred to reduce operator burden. {note}
+### The cleaning interval and duration shall be adjustable at the transmitter, and the transmitter shall hold the output at its last value during a cleaning cycle.
−# Calibration and Temperature Compensation {toc}
+### Where compressed-air cleaning is selected, the air source shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the process and instrumentation diagrams]], and plant instrument air supplied to it shall comply with [[sync/compressed-air-systems]].
−## Temperature Compensation {toc}
+### An air blast strips biological growth from an optical face and needs a dry air supply and a solenoid; a wiper clears a flat optical window and wears against grit; ultrasonic cleaning shakes deposits off an electrode with no moving part and no air and does little against a slime that has matured; a chemical spray dissolves a mineral scale or a grease film that none of the others remove and consumes a cleaning solution. A sensor in a clean filtered water needs none of them, which is why the field offers that answer. {note}
−### Every analyzer whose reading is temperature-dependent — pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, amperometric chlorine, and others — shall include automatic temperature compensation, with the compensation referenced to 25°C unless the governing method specifies otherwise.
+# Transmitter and Signal Output {toc}
−### An uncompensated temperature-dependent reading is not a valid measurement; for conductivity, a 1°C change shifts the reading on the order of 2%, so temperature compensation is not optional on any reportable conductivity or pH instrument. {note}
+## Transmitter Configuration {toc}
−## Calibration Frequency and Standards {toc}
+### Each transmitter shall provide the local indication indicated in the datasheet.
−### Each analyzer shall be calibrated at startup and recalibrated at the manufacturer's recommended frequency for the parameter and service, using the certified reference standards, buffers, or grab-sample reference method appropriate to the parameter.
+```datasheet
+label: Transmitter Local Indication
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Local display and keypad at the transmitter"
+ - "Blind transmitter configured over the digital interface"
+default: "Local display and keypad at the transmitter"
+```
+### The number of sensors served by each transmitter shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Calibration Reference Method
−type: select
+label: Sensors per Transmitter
+type: radio
options:
− - "Certified buffer solutions (pH)"
− - "Certified standard solution (ORP, conductivity)"
− - "Primary turbidity standard (formazin or approved equivalent)"
− - "Air-saturation / zero-oxygen standard (dissolved oxygen)"
− - "Grab-sample verification against approved reference method (chlorine, compliance instruments)"
− - "Factory-characterized / data-coded sensor (no field standard)"
−default: "Grab-sample verification against approved reference method (chlorine, compliance instruments)"
+ - "One sensor per transmitter"
+ - "Multi-channel transmitter serving the sensors at one location"
```
+### Transmitters shall display the measured value, the compensating temperature, the sensor diagnostics, and the calibration status, and shall retain a log of calibrations with date and values.
+
+### Transmitter housings shall be polycarbonate, fiberglass-reinforced polyester, or stainless steel, with a clear window over the display.
+
+### A local display is where an operator calibrates and reads the sensor at the process, and nearly every analyzer transmitter is furnished with one, which the default records; a blind transmitter saves cost where every sensor is calibrated from a handheld or over the network. A multi-channel transmitter serves two or more sensors on one panel with one display and one set of outputs, which costs less per sensor and places every sensor on the panel behind one failure. {note}
+
+## Transmitter Power {toc}
+
+### The power source for each transmitter and analyzer shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Calibration / Verification Frequency
+label: Transmitter Power Source
type: select
options:
− - "Weekly"
− - "Monthly"
− - "Quarterly"
− - "Per regulatory monitoring requirement"
− - "Per manufacturer recommendation"
−default: "Per regulatory monitoring requirement"
+ - "AC branch circuit at 120 VAC"
+ - "AC branch circuit at 240 VAC"
+ - "DC control power at 24 VDC"
+ - "Two-wire loop power from the controller input"
+default: "AC branch circuit at 120 VAC"
```
−### For compliance instruments, the calibration and verification frequency shall meet the minimum required by the applicable regulation, which may be more frequent than the manufacturer's recommendation.
+### Transmitters and analyzers shall be powered from the backed-up control power source that serves the controller receiving their signal.
−### Calibration of a compliance analyzer shall be documented with the reference value, the analyzer value, and the date, and the record shall be retained for the period the regulation requires.
+### A wet-chemistry analyzer, a turbidimeter, and any transmitter driving relays and a heated enclosure draw more than a loop can supply and are powered from a branch circuit, and 120 VAC is the circuit a treatment plant runs to every instrument location, which the default records; a 24 VDC supply from the control panel removes the AC wiring from the field and suits a panel-mounted transmitter; a two-wire loop-powered transmitter is the lowest-cost pH or conductivity installation and offers no relays, no display backlight, and no sensor cleaning. {note}
−### Over-frequent calibration of a stable sensor introduces more error and drift than it removes, while under-frequent calibration lets a fouled sensor drift out of compliance unnoticed; the frequency should be set from the actual observed drift between verifications, not chosen conservatively by default. {note}
+## Analog Output {toc}
−# Signal Output and Integration {toc}
+### Each transmitter shall provide an isolated 4 to 20 mA analog output for each measured value, conforming to ANSI/ISA-50.00.01, and the output of each analyzer shall be scaled to the span indicated on [[drawing: the instrument index]].
−## Analog Output {toc}
+### Whether HART communication is provided on the analog output shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−### Each analyzer shall provide an isolated 4-20 mA analog output for each measured value, scaled to the measuring range, in accordance with ANSI/ISA-50.00.01.
+```datasheet
+label: HART on the Analog Output
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required"
+ - "Not required"
+```
−### The analog output shall implement NAMUR NE43 fault signaling, driving the loop to 3.6 mA or below (or 21 mA or above) on a detected analyzer fault so the control system distinguishes a fault from a valid in-range reading.
+### The number of relay outputs furnished on each transmitter shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
```datasheet
+label: Transmitter Relay Outputs
+type: range
+unit: relays
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 4
+ setpoints: [0, 2, 4]
+```
+
+### HART carries the sensor diagnostics and the secondary values over the analog pair without a network, and it is read only where the controller input or an asset management system is HART-capable; relays at the transmitter drive a local alarm, a cleaning solenoid, or a sample pump without a controller output. {note}
+
+## Fault Signaling {toc}
+
+### The analog output shall signal a detected analyzer or sensor fault in accordance with NAMUR NE43 in the direction indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
label: NAMUR NE43 Fault Signal Direction
type: radio
options:
− - "Downscale fault (≤ 3.6 mA) — fault reads as low (standard)"
− - "Upscale fault (≥ 21 mA) — fault reads as high"
−default: "Downscale fault (≤ 3.6 mA) — fault reads as low (standard)"
+ - "Downscale to 3.6 mA or below"
+ - "Upscale to 21 mA or above"
```
−### A reading that is merely out of range shall be distinguishable from an instrument fault; a turbidimeter reading 0.00 NTU because its lamp has failed must not be mistaken for genuinely clean water.
+### A measurement outside the measuring range shall be distinguishable at the controller from an instrument fault, and a cleaning cycle and a calibration in progress shall each be reported as a status distinct from the measured value.
+### Where a digital interface is furnished, the diagnostic status of each analyzer shall be classified in accordance with NAMUR NE107.
+
+### A turbidimeter whose lamp has failed reads zero, which is also what clean water reads, and a fault signal is what separates the two at the controller. A downscale fault reads as a low value and trips the low alarm a loop already carries; an upscale fault reads as a high value and trips the high alarm; the direction is chosen so that the fault state lands on the alarm the loop needs to see, a high alarm for a chlorine residual whose loss is the hazard and a low alarm for a turbidity whose rise is the hazard. {note}
+
## Digital Communication {toc}
+### Whether each transmitter is furnished with a digital network interface shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Communication Interface
+label: Digital Network Interface
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required"
+ - "Not required"
+```
+
+### Where a digital network interface is required, its protocol shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Digital Network Protocol
type: select
+derived: "the control protocol selected for the device-level segment under the process control networks standard"
options:
− - "4-20 mA with HART"
− - "4-20 mA only (no digital)"
− - "Modbus RTU (RS-485)"
− - "Modbus TCP/IP (Ethernet)"
+ - "Modbus RTU over RS-485"
+ - "Modbus TCP"
- "EtherNet/IP"
− - "PROFIBUS / PROFINET"
−default: "4-20 mA with HART"
+ - "PROFIBUS DP"
+ - "PROFINET"
+ - "FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1"
+default: derived
```
−### Where a digital protocol is provided, it shall match the control-system protocol coordinated under [[sync/control-systems-integration]] and [[sync/process-control-networks]].
+### The digital interface shall expose the measured value, the compensating temperature, the sensor diagnostics, the calibration status, and the sample-flow status as readable points, and the network connection shall comply with [[sync/process-control-networks]].
−### The analyzer shall make available, in addition to the primary measured value, the diagnostic and status information (sensor health, calibration status, fault, and where applicable the compensating temperature and sample flow) needed for the control system to validate the reading.
+### The protocol follows the network rather than the analyzer: a transmitter on a segment that speaks one protocol speaks that protocol or sits behind a gateway, so the field is derived from the network standard's selection. {note}
## Tagging and Loop Identification {toc}
−### Each analyzer, sensor, and signal shall be tagged and identified in accordance with ANSI/ISA-5.1 and the project instrument index, and the tags shall match the loop diagrams and the [[sync/scada-and-hmi-systems]] point list.
+### Each analyzer, sensor, sample panel, and signal shall be tagged in accordance with ANSI/ISA-5.1 and the instrument index, matching the loop diagrams and the point list of [[sync/scada-and-hmi-systems]].
−# Installation {toc}
+### Nameplates and labels shall comply with [[sync/electrical-identification]].
−## Sensor Location {toc}
+# Calibration and Verification {toc}
−### Sensor and sample-tap locations shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the P&IDs and instrument location plans]].
+## Temperature Compensation {toc}
−### Sensors shall be located in a representative, well-mixed portion of the process stream, away from chemical injection points by enough distance for complete mixing, and away from dead legs, air pockets, and stratified flow that would give an unrepresentative reading.
+### Each analyzer whose reading is temperature-dependent shall include automatic temperature compensation from a temperature element integral to the sensor, referenced to 25°C unless the governing method states another reference temperature.
−### A chlorine or pH sensor placed too close to the chemical feed point reads the unmixed chemical, not the process; the sample point shall allow complete mixing before measurement.
+### Conductivity shifts on the order of 2 percent per degree Celsius, the pH electrode slope changes with temperature, and the solubility of oxygen falls as water warms, so an uncompensated reading of any of them is a different number at every hour of the day and is not reportable. {note}
−## Access and Washdown {toc}
+## Calibration Method by Parameter {toc}
−```datasheet
−label: Maintenance Access Provision
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Sensor removable for cleaning/calibration without process shutdown"
− - "Service clearance for sensor withdrawal and flow-cell access"
− - "Washdown-rated enclosure and fittings"
− - "Local display/keypad accessible at standing height"
− - "Eyewash/safety station near reagent handling (where required)"
−default: "Sensor removable for cleaning/calibration without process shutdown"
−```
+### Each analyzer shall be calibrated at startup by the method this standard identifies for its parameter: certified buffers for pH, a certified reference solution for ORP and conductivity, the formazin-based or assigned secondary standard selected for turbidity, water-saturated air or a zero standard for dissolved oxygen, a certified standard solution for ammonia and nitrate, a certified organic carbon standard for total organic carbon, a gravimetric grab sample for suspended solids, and the grab-sample reference method for chlorine and dissolved ozone.
−### Each analyzer and sensor shall be installed so it can be cleaned, calibrated, and serviced without a process shutdown and without removing adjacent equipment.
+### Calibration standards and buffers shall be certified, within their shelf life, and traceable to a recognized reference, and the lot and expiration of each shall be recorded with the calibration.
−### Analyzers and sensors in washdown areas shall have their enclosures, cable entries, and fittings oriented and sealed to shed washdown water, and local displays shall be readable and keypads reachable from a normal standing position.
+### Each analyzer shall be verified against its laboratory reference method at startup by a grab sample drawn at the sensor or at the grab-sample valve and analyzed by the party identified in the startup and verification plan, and the result shall be within the manufacturer's stated accuracy for the analyzer or the acceptance criterion of the governing method, whichever is tighter.
−## Power and Wiring {toc}
+### A grab sample drawn for verification shall be analyzed within the holding time the reference method allows.
−### Analyzer power, grounding, and signal wiring shall be installed per NFPA 70 and the project electrical standards, with signal wiring run separately from power wiring and shielded where the manufacturer requires, to protect the low-level analytical signal from electrical noise.
+### The manufacturer's recommended calibration and verification interval for each analyzer shall be stated in the submittal and in the closeout schedule, and for an analyzer serving a compliance-reporting function the interval shall be not longer than the applicable regulation requires.
−### Sensors with low-level or high-impedance signals (notably pH and ORP) shall use the manufacturer's specified cable and run length limits, because the high-impedance pH signal is especially susceptible to noise and moisture in the connection.
+### Calibrating a stable sensor more often than its drift warrants introduces the error of each calibration standard in turn, and calibrating it less often lets a fouled sensor drift out of its accuracy unnoticed; the interval is set from the drift observed between verifications, which is why the manufacturer's interval is a starting point and the record of verifications is what adjusts it. {note}
−# Testing and Commissioning {toc}
+## Compliance Reporting Records {toc}
−## Loop Checkout {toc}
+### Each calibration and verification of an analyzer serving a compliance-reporting function shall be documented with the reference value, the analyzer value, the standard lot, the date, and the name of the person performing it, in a record the Owner retains for the period the regulation requires.
−### Each analyzer signal shall be loop-checked from the sensor through the analyzer output to the control system, verifying that the value reads correctly at the [[sync/scada-and-hmi-systems]] and that the NAMUR NE43 fault levels report correctly.
+# Installation {toc}
−## Calibration and Verification {toc}
+## Sensor Location {toc}
−### Each analyzer shall be calibrated at startup against its reference standard, buffer, or grab-sample reference method, and the as-calibrated values shall be recorded.
+### Sensors shall be located in a representative, well-mixed portion of the stream, away from a chemical injection point by the distance required for complete mixing, and clear of dead legs, air pockets, stratified flow, and surface foam.
−### Each compliance analyzer shall be verified against the approved grab-sample reference method at startup, and the verification result shall meet the agreement criterion of the governing method (for online chlorine, ±0.1 mg/L or ±15% per USEPA Method 334.0).
+### A chlorine or pH sensor placed too near a feed point reads the unmixed chemical rather than the process, and a dissolved oxygen sensor placed over a diffuser grid reads the bubble plume rather than the basin; the location on the drawings is the one the process design selected for mixing, and a field relocation for convenience of access changes the measurement. {note}
+## Service Access {toc}
+
+### Each analyzer and sensor shall be installed so that the sensor is cleaned, calibrated, and replaced from a floor, platform, or walkway without a ladder, without entering a basin, and without removing adjacent equipment.
+
+### The clear working space in front of each transmitter and sample panel shall be not less than 900 mm deep across the full width of the panel.
+
+### Transmitter displays shall be mounted with the center of the display between 1200 mm and 1700 mm above the standing surface.
+
+### Analyzers and sensors in washdown areas shall have their cable entries and fittings oriented downward and sealed so that washdown water sheds from them.
+
+## Sensor Wiring {toc}
+
+### Sensor cable shall be the manufacturer's cable for the sensor, run from the sensor to the transmitter without a field splice except at a junction box the manufacturer furnishes for the purpose, and not longer than the manufacturer's published limit for the sensor type.
+
+### Sensor and analog signal cable shall be run in raceway separate from power conductors under [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]], shielded where the manufacturer requires, with the shield grounded at the transmitter end only.
+
+### An analog pH or ORP signal is a high-impedance millivolt signal that moisture in a connection shorts and a nearby power conductor swamps, which is why its cable, its length, and its single junction are the manufacturer's and not the installer's choice; a digital sensor cable carries none of that sensitivity and still carries the length limit of its driver. {note}
+
+# Testing and Commissioning {toc}
+
+## Startup Verification {toc}
+
+### Each analyzer shall pass the startup verifications indicated in the datasheet before it is accepted.
+
```datasheet
−label: Startup Verification Documentation
+label: Startup Verifications Required
type: checkbox
options:
− - "Loop checkout record (sensor to SCADA)"
− - "NAMUR NE43 fault-level verification"
− - "As-calibrated values and reference standards used"
− - "Grab-sample verification for compliance instruments"
− - "Sample-flow and low-flow-alarm verification"
− - "Temperature-compensation verification"
−default: "As-calibrated values and reference standards used"
+ - "Loop check from the sensor to the operator interface"
+ - "Fault signal level verified at the controller"
+ - "Calibration against the reference standard with as-left values recorded"
+ - "Verification against the laboratory reference method by grab sample"
+ - "Sample flow and low-sample-flow switch verified"
+ - "Temperature compensation verified"
+ - "Automatic cleaning cycle and output hold verified"
+ - "Digital interface points verified at the controller"
+default:
+ - "Loop check from the sensor to the operator interface"
+ - "Fault signal level verified at the controller"
+ - "Calibration against the reference standard with as-left values recorded"
+ - "Verification against the laboratory reference method by grab sample"
+ - "Sample flow and low-sample-flow switch verified"
+ - "Temperature compensation verified"
```
−### Sample flow, the low-sample-flow alarm, and temperature compensation shall each be verified to function before the analyzer is accepted.
+### The loop check of each analyzer shall be performed under [[sync/control-systems-integration]], and the analyzer calibration shall be performed with it by the party that standard assigns.
−## Demonstration {toc}
+### An analyzer that fails a startup verification shall be corrected and re-verified at the Contractor's expense, including the cost of any repeated laboratory analysis.
−### The Contractor shall demonstrate to the Owner the routine calibration, sensor cleaning, reagent replacement (where applicable), and consumable replacement for each analyzer type, and shall provide hands-on training to the Owner's operations staff.
+### The verification of an analyzer serving a compliance-reporting function shall be witnessed by the Owner's operator who will perform the ongoing verifications.
+## Demonstration and Training {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall demonstrate to the Owner's operations staff, hands-on at the installed analyzer, the routine calibration, verification, sensor cleaning, reagent replacement, and consumable replacement of each analyzer type.
+
+### The demonstration duration for each analyzer type shall be not less than the time indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Demonstration Duration per Analyzer Type
+type: range
+unit: hours
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 8
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 4, 8]
+```
+
+### Training on the supervisory display of analyzer data is provided under [[sync/scada-and-hmi-systems]], and training on the control narratives under [[sync/control-systems-integration]]; the demonstration under this standard is limited to the analyzer itself. {note}
+
# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
−## Analyzers, sensors, reagents, and reference standards shall be delivered in the manufacturer's packaging and protected from freezing, heat, and physical damage.
+## Analyzers, sensors, reagents, and reference standards shall be delivered in the manufacturer's packaging and stored within the storage temperature range published for each item, protected from freezing and from direct sun.
−## pH, ORP, and reference sensors shall be stored with their bulbs and junctions kept wet in the manufacturer's storage solution; a sensor allowed to dry out may be permanently degraded.
+## pH, ORP, and ion-selective sensors shall be stored with their junctions and membranes wetted in the manufacturer's storage solution until installed.
−## Reagents and reference standards shall be stored within their labeled temperature range and shall not be installed past their shelf-life or expiration date.
+## Reagents and reference standards shall not be installed past their expiration date, and a reagent whose shelf life expires before the scheduled startup shall be replaced by the Contractor at no cost to the Owner.
−## Optical sensors shall be protected from scratches and contamination of the optical window until installed.
+## The optical windows of turbidimeters, dissolved oxygen sensors, and ultraviolet sensors shall remain capped until the sensor is installed.
+## A sensor allowed to dry out is not restored by rewetting: the reference junction crystallizes and the glass membrane loses its hydrated layer, and the sensor reads slowly and drifts for the rest of its life. {note}
+
# Warranty {toc}
−## Warranty Terms {toc}
+## The manufacturer shall warrant each analyzer and transmitter against defects in materials and workmanship for the period indicated in the datasheet, measured from the date of substantial completion.
```datasheet
−label: Sensor Warranty Term
−type: select
+label: Analyzer and Transmitter Warranty Period
+type: range
+unit: years
options:
− - "1 year"
− - "2 years"
− - "3 years"
−default: "2 years"
+ min: 1
+ max: 5
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 5]
+default: 1
```
−### The manufacturer shall warrant each analyzer against defects in materials and workmanship for a minimum of one year from substantial completion.
+## Sensors and measuring cells shall be warranted for the period the manufacturer publishes for that sensor type, and the published sensor warranty shall be stated in the submittal.
−### Sensors and measuring cells shall carry the manufacturer's standard sensor warranty, recognizing that pH, chlorine, and DO sensors are consumable items with a finite service life.
+## A warranted repair or replacement shall itself be warranted for a full new term equal to the original period measured from the completion of the repair, or for the remainder of the original period, whichever ends later.
−### Consumable items — buffers, reagents, electrolyte, membranes, and reference standards — are not warranted as defects when consumed in normal service.
+## Consumables, including buffers, reagents, electrolyte, membranes, lamps, and reference standards, are not warranted against consumption in normal service, and a sensor that reaches the end of its published service life is not a warranted defect. {note}
+## Analyzer manufacturers publish a one-year warranty on the transmitter and the analyzer body almost without exception, with longer terms purchased as an extension, which is the norm the default records; the sensor itself carries a shorter or a prorated term because a pH bulb, a chlorine membrane, and an optical cap wear out in service. {note}
+
# Spare Parts {toc}
−## Spare Parts Package {toc}
+## The Contractor shall deliver the spare parts indicated in the datasheet to the Owner before the analyzers are accepted and shall obtain a signed receipt for them.
−### The Contractor shall furnish the manufacturer's recommended spare parts and consumables for the first year of operation.
−
−- One spare sensor of each type provided (pH, ORP, chlorine, DO, conductivity, and others as applicable)
−- Membranes, electrolyte, and O-rings for each electrochemical sensor
−- One replacement reagent set for each wet-chemistry analyzer
−- Calibration buffers and reference standards for each parameter
−- Recommended electronic spares (output module or analyzer board) where identified by the manufacturer
−
```datasheet
−label: Spare Parts Package
+label: Spare Parts to Be Furnished
type: checkbox
options:
− - "One spare sensor of each type"
− - "Membranes, electrolyte, and O-rings (electrochemical sensors)"
− - "One replacement reagent set (wet-chemistry analyzers)"
− - "Calibration buffers and reference standards"
− - "Recommended electronic spares"
−default: "One spare sensor of each type"
+ - "One spare sensor of each type installed"
+ - "One set of membranes, electrolyte, and O-rings for each electrochemical sensor type"
+ - "One replacement reagent set for each wet-chemistry analyzer"
+ - "Calibration buffers and reference standards for one year of calibrations"
+ - "One spare flow cell of each type installed"
+ - "One spare sample pump of each type installed"
+ - "One spare transmitter of each model installed"
+ - "One spare lamp or optical source of each type installed"
+default:
+ - "One spare sensor of each type installed"
+ - "One set of membranes, electrolyte, and O-rings for each electrochemical sensor type"
+ - "One replacement reagent set for each wet-chemistry analyzer"
+ - "Calibration buffers and reference standards for one year of calibrations"
```
−### The spare-parts list with manufacturer part numbers shall be included in the closeout documentation.
+## Spare sensors shall be the same model as the installed sensors, shall be delivered in the manufacturer's storage packaging, and shall be labeled with the parameter and the tags of the installed sensors they replace.