Building Thermal Insulation
Neutrality remake campaign: from-scratch field derivation per authoring cheatsheet; project parameters and derived dispositions
Showing changes from Rev 8
to Rev 9
in Building Thermal Insulation.
−---
−title: Building Thermal Insulation
−category: Building Envelope
−toc_depth: 3
−description: >
− When to use: Thermal insulation installed within or on the building envelope for commercial, institutional, and residential construction, covering above-grade wall assemblies (cavity and continuous), low-slope and steep-slope roof assemblies, floor and ceiling assemblies over unconditioned space, and below-grade foundation wall and slab-edge assemblies. Applies to all principal insulation types: mineral fiber batt and blanket, rigid extruded polystyrene (XPS), expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyisocyanurate board (polyiso), mineral wool board, and spray-applied polyurethane foam (open-cell and closed-cell). Covers R-value determination and energy code compliance, installation grading, continuous insulation and thermal bridging mitigation, fire and smoke characteristics, vapor retarder and air barrier coordination, and field inspection.
− Not intended for: Pipe and equipment insulation for mechanical systems (see [[sync/mechanical-insulation]]); duct wrap and duct liner (see [[sync/hvac-ductwork]]); roofing membrane systems and roof insulation specified as part of a membrane roofing assembly (see [[sync/membrane-roofing]]); below-grade waterproofing and dampproofing insulation specified integral to a waterproofing assembly (see [[sync/below-grade-waterproofing]]); interior gypsum board assemblies with integral insulated framing (see [[sync/gypsum-board-assemblies]]); and sound attenuation batts or acoustical treatment specified solely for acoustic performance rather than thermal performance.
−---
−
−# Scope {toc}
−
−## This standard governs the selection, specification, and installation of thermal insulation in the building envelope for buildings constructed under the International Building Code (IBC), International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), or ASHRAE 90.1 energy standard. {note}
−## It applies to new construction and to alterations that affect the thermal performance of existing assemblies. {note}
−## The standard addresses the full range of insulation materials used in commercial and residential building envelope assemblies, the verification of thermal performance, fire and smoke classification, moisture management through vapor retarder and air barrier coordination, installation quality grading, and the inspection and testing required to confirm that specified performance is actually achieved in the field. {note}
−
−## Thermal insulation is one of the most cost-effective energy conservation measures in a building, and its in-place thermal performance depends not only on the material's rated R-value but on how it is installed — whether cavities are completely and uniformly filled, whether thermal bridges are properly broken, whether vapor control is correctly placed, and whether the assembly remains dry over its service life. {note}
−
−## A well-specified insulation scope that is poorly installed may achieve only 50 to 70 percent of its design R-value, which is why this standard addresses both material requirements and installation requirements with equal rigor. {note}
−
−## The building envelope is also the primary line of defense against moisture accumulation within the building structure, and incorrect placement of vapor retarders, mismatched permeance between assembly layers, and gaps in the air barrier all create conditions for condensation and long-term moisture damage. {note}
−
−## Insulation specification shall be coordinated with the vapor retarder requirements of IBC Section 1405 and the air barrier requirements of IECC Section C402.5 and ASHRAE 90.1 Section 5.4.
−
−## Roof assemblies where insulation is specified as part of a single-ply, modified bitumen, or built-up roofing scope shall be coordinated with [[sync/membrane-roofing]].
−
−## Insulation installed on the exterior of below-grade foundation walls as protection board over waterproofing shall be coordinated with [[sync/below-grade-waterproofing]].
−
−## Details at the interior face of insulated wall assemblies shall be coordinated with [[sync/gypsum-board-assemblies]].
−
−## Duct insulation within the building envelope shall be coordinated with [[sync/hvac-ductwork]].
−
−## Where a separate fluid-applied air barrier membrane is used in conjunction with continuous insulation sheathing, the work shall be coordinated with [[sync/air-barriers]].
−
−# Referenced Standards {toc}
−
−## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of the following standards and codes.
−
−| Standard | Title |
−|----------|-------|
−| ASHRAE 90.1 | Energy Standard for Sites and Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |
−| ICC IECC | International Energy Conservation Code |
−| IBC Chapter 7 | Fire and Smoke Protection Features |
−| IBC Chapter 14 | Exterior Walls (vapor retarder requirements) |
−| IBC Section 2603 | Foam Plastic Insulation |
−| ASTM C165 | Standard Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations |
−| ASTM C177 | Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus |
−| ASTM C518 | Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus |
−| ASTM C553 | Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Commercial and Industrial Applications |
−| ASTM C578 | Standard Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation |
−| ASTM C612 | Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation |
−| ASTM C665 | Standard Specification for Mineral-Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Light Frame Construction and Manufactured Housing |
−| ASTM C1029 | Standard Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Polyurethane Thermal Insulation |
−| ASTM C1289 | Standard Specification for Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation Board |
−| ASTM C1320 | Standard Practice for Installation of Mineral Fiber Batt and Blanket Thermal Insulation for Light Frame Construction |
−| ASTM C1338 | Standard Test Method for Determining Fungi Resistance of Insulation Materials and Facings |
−| ASTM E84 | Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |
−| ASTM E96 | Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials |
−| ASTM E283 | Standard Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors |
−| RESNET HERS | Residential Energy Services Network Home Energy Rating System Standards (for installation grading) |
−| NFPA 285 | Standard Fire Test Method for Evaluation of Fire Propagation Characteristics of Exterior Non-Load-Bearing Wall Assemblies Containing Combustible Components |
−| ICC 1100 | Standard for Spray-Applied Polyurethane Foam Plastic Insulation |
−
−## Where the contract documents, the adopted building code, or a referenced standard conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record or Architect of Record directs otherwise in writing.
−
−# Submittals {toc}
−
−## Action Submittals {toc}
−
−### Contractor shall submit the following for the Architect's or Engineer's review prior to procurement and installation:
−
−- Product data for each insulation type, including material composition, physical properties (density, R-value at stated thickness and mean temperature), facing description, and dimensional tolerances, demonstrating conformance with the applicable ASTM product standard
−- Third-party thermal resistance test reports per ASTM C518 or C177 for each insulation product, confirming the stated R-value per inch (RSI per 25mm) at the design mean temperature
−- ASTM E84 flame spread and smoke developed test reports for all insulation products that will be exposed or require classification documentation
−- For foam plastic insulation: documentation that the product has been tested in the intended wall or roof assembly per NFPA 285 where required by IBC Section 2603.5, unless an exemption under IBC Section 2603.5 applies
−- Vapor retarder product data including permeance rating per ASTM E96 and temperature/humidity range of applicability
−- For spray-applied polyurethane foam: contractor qualifications, installer certifications, proposed mix ratio and density range, substrate preparation requirements, and Safety Data Sheets
−- Sample of each insulation product where required for color, finish, or facing verification
−- Manufacturer's installation instructions for each insulation type, including minimum substrate temperature requirements, coverage rates for spray-applied products, and fastener or adhesive recommendations for board products
−
−```datasheet
−label: Action Submittals Required
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Product data and physical properties for each insulation type"
− - "ASTM C518 or C177 thermal resistance test reports"
− - "ASTM E84 surface burning test reports"
− - "NFPA 285 assembly fire test documentation (foam plastic in exterior walls)"
− - "Vapor retarder product data and permeance rating"
− - "Spray-applied polyurethane foam installer qualifications and mix documentation"
− - "Manufacturer installation instructions for each insulation type"
−default: "Product data and physical properties for each insulation type"
−```
−
−### The Contractor shall submit the action submittals listed for this standard for the Architect's or Engineer's review prior to procurement and installation.
−
−### Installation of insulation in any assembly shall not proceed until the corresponding submittals are reviewed and returned without rejection.
−
−## Closeout Submittals {toc}
−
−### Contractor shall provide the following at substantial completion prior to final acceptance:
−
−- Certificate of compliance signed by the Contractor certifying that all insulation was installed in full conformance with the approved submittals, the manufacturer's instructions, and this standard
−- Inspection records and field test reports, including blower door or tracer gas air barrier test results where required
−- Copies of any third-party inspection or HERS rater reports where energy code compliance documentation requires a field grading inspection
−- Warranty documentation for products carrying a manufacturer warranty
−
−```datasheet
−label: Closeout Submittals Required
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Contractor certificate of compliance (signed)"
− - "Inspection records and field test reports (including air barrier test results where required)"
− - "Third-party inspection or HERS rater reports (where required for energy code compliance)"
− - "Warranty documentation for products carrying a manufacturer warranty"
−default: "Contractor certificate of compliance (signed)"
−```
−
−### The Contractor shall provide the closeout submittals listed for this standard at substantial completion prior to final acceptance.
−
−# Quality Assurance {toc}
−
−## Installer Qualifications {toc}
−
−### A certified SPF applicator shall be on-site during all SPF application operations, and SPF shall not be applied by untrained laborers.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Minimum Installation Grade Required (RESNET)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Grade I — uniform fill, no voids, splits around obstructions"
− - "Grade II — minor compression or gaps permitted per RESNET limits"
− - "Grade III — not acceptable for conditioned assemblies"
−default: "Grade I — uniform fill, no voids, splits around obstructions"
−```
−
−### Insulation work shall be performed by installers experienced in the installation of the specific insulation type and assembly being executed.
−
−### Spray-applied polyurethane foam (SPF) installation shall be performed by an applicator trained and certified by the foam system manufacturer, or by an applicator holding certification under a recognized SPF training program.
−
−### Mineral fiber batt and blanket installation in assemblies subject to HERS rating or energy code documentation shall achieve RESNET Grade I installation in all conditioned-space assemblies unless the project energy model explicitly accounts for a lower installation grade in the HERS score or compliance calculation.
−
−### Installation grade shall be verified by a HERS rater or a qualified third-party inspector before assemblies are closed.
−
−## Regulatory and Energy Code Compliance {toc}
−
−### Insulation shall be specified and installed to meet the minimum requirements of the energy code adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
−
−### The Contractor shall treat the insulation scope as a regulated energy-code element, not merely a material supply item.
−
−### Where the project uses a prescriptive compliance path under IECC or ASHRAE 90.1, minimum R-values by climate zone shall be met for each assembly type.
−
−### Where the project uses a performance compliance path (energy modeling), the modeled assembly R-values shall be achievable with the specified materials and installation method.
−
−### The Contractor shall verify that no assembly is closed — drywalled over, covered by cladding, or membraned — before the insulation in that assembly has been inspected by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, the HERS rater, or the designated third-party inspector as required by the adopted energy code.
−
−## Listing, Labeling, and Product Certification {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Polyisocyanurate R-Value Basis
−type: radio
−options:
− - "LTTR (Long-Term Thermal Resistance per ASTM C1289) — required for energy code compliance"
− - "Initial (aged 180 days) — confirm acceptability with AHJ before use"
−default: "LTTR (Long-Term Thermal Resistance per ASTM C1289) — required for energy code compliance"
−```
−
−### All insulation products shall be listed, labeled, and certified by the manufacturer as conforming to the applicable ASTM product standard.
−
−### Labels shall be intact on delivered materials.
−
−### The stated R-value on the label or product data sheet shall be based on tests conducted per ASTM C518 or C177 at the mean temperature relevant to the application (75°F mean temperature for most building envelope applications).
−
−### Polyisocyanurate board insulation shall be labeled with its Long-Term Thermal Resistance (LTTR) value per ASTM C1289, not its initial thermal resistance.
−
−### Polyiso's thermal performance decreases over the first several years after manufacture as blowing agent gases diffuse out of the foam cells; LTTR represents the stabilized in-service value and is the appropriate basis for energy code compliance calculations. {note}
−
−# Thermal Performance and Energy Code Basis {toc}
−
−## Climate Zone and Prescriptive Requirements {toc}
−
−### The minimum R-values required by the adopted energy code (IECC or ASHRAE 90.1) are a function of climate zone, building type (residential or commercial), and assembly type (roof/ceiling, above-grade wall, below-grade wall, slab). {note}
−
−### The energy code compliance path — prescriptive, trade-off, or performance — used to establish the project's minimum R-values shall be specified.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Energy Code Compliance Path
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Prescriptive (minimum R-values from IECC Table R402.1.2 or ASHRAE 90.1 Table 5.5)"
− - "Trade-off (UA trade-off or component performance approach)"
− - "Performance (whole-building energy model)"
−default: "Prescriptive (minimum R-values from IECC Table R402.1.2 or ASHRAE 90.1 Table 5.5)"
−```
−
−### The Contractor shall obtain the climate zone for the project location from the drawings or from the energy code report; the climate zone governs minimum R-values throughout this standard.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Project Climate Zone (IECC/ASHRAE)
−type: select
−options:
− - "Zone 1 (Tropical — Miami, Honolulu)"
− - "Zone 2 (Hot/Humid — Houston, Phoenix)"
− - "Zone 3 (Warm — Atlanta, Los Angeles)"
− - "Zone 4 (Mixed — Baltimore, Seattle)"
− - "Zone 4 Marine (Pacific Northwest)"
− - "Zone 5 (Cool — Chicago, Denver)"
− - "Zone 6 (Cold — Minneapolis, Burlington)"
− - "Zone 7 (Very Cold — Duluth, Fairbanks)"
− - "Zone 8 (Sub-Arctic — Anchorage interior)"
−drawing_ref: true
−default: "Zone 4 (Mixed — Baltimore, Seattle)"
−```
−
−### The prescriptive minimum R-values for the project climate zone shall be [[drawing: as tabulated on the energy compliance drawings or energy code compliance report]].
−
−### These values represent the minimum acceptable performance level; the Architect or Engineer may specify higher R-values for energy efficiency, owner goals, or resilience objectives.
−
−## Assembly R-Value vs. Nominal R-Value {toc}
−
−### The nominal R-value of an insulation product is the R-value of the insulation material alone. {note}
−### The assembly R-value is the thermal performance of the complete wall, roof, or floor section including framing members, air films, and all other materials. {note}
−### These are not the same. {note}
−
−### The basis for the wall assembly's thermal performance shall be specified, and shall be the whole-wall effective R-value or simulated performance, not the nominal cavity R-value.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Wall Assembly Thermal Performance Basis
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Nominal cavity R-value (not compliant with ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive tables)"
− - "Whole-wall effective R-value per ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix A (required for prescriptive compliance)"
− - "As modeled in energy compliance simulation (performance path)"
−default: "Whole-wall effective R-value per ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix A (required for prescriptive compliance)"
−```
−
−### Framing members in stud walls and roof framing create thermal bridges that substantially reduce the assembly R-value below the cavity R-value, and ASHRAE 90.1 Section 5.5 and the supporting tables are based on assembly R-values (opaque assemblies), not nominal cavity R-values. {note}
−
−### For a typical wood-framed wall with 2×6 studs at 16 inches on center, the framing fraction reduces the effective clear-field R-19 cavity assembly to approximately R-15 to R-17 at the whole-wall level, which is why IECC and ASHRAE 90.1 increasingly require continuous insulation layers on the exterior of framed walls to supplement the cavity insulation and reduce the influence of framing members on whole-assembly performance. {note}
−
−## Design R-Values by Assembly {toc}
−
−### The following datasheet elements record the specified minimum R-values for submittal verification and field inspection documentation. {note}
−
−### Design R-values for each assembly type shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the building envelope drawings and energy code compliance documentation]].
−
−```datasheet
−label: Roof/Ceiling Assembly — Specified R-Value
−type: range
−unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
−options:
− min: 20
− max: 90
− setpoints: [20, 25, 30, 38, 49, 60, 75, 90]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 49
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Above-Grade Wall Assembly — Specified R-Value (cavity + continuous)
−type: range
−unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
−options:
− min: 13
− max: 40
− setpoints: [13, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 20
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Continuous Insulation Component — Above-Grade Wall
−type: range
−unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
−options:
− min: 0
− max: 25
− setpoints: [0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 5
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Below-Grade Wall Assembly — Specified R-Value
−type: range
−unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
−options:
− min: 0
− max: 20
− setpoints: [0, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 10
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Floor/Ceiling over Unconditioned Space — Specified R-Value
−type: range
−unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
−options:
− min: 13
− max: 38
− setpoints: [13, 19, 25, 30, 38]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 19
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Slab-Edge / Foundation Perimeter — Specified R-Value
−type: range
−unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
−options:
− min: 0
− max: 20
− setpoints: [0, 5, 10, 15, 20]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 10
−```
−
−# Insulation Materials {toc}
−
−## General Material Requirements {toc}
−
−### All insulation materials shall be new, undamaged, and free of moisture at time of installation.
−
−### Materials that have been wetted, compressed, torn, or otherwise damaged in storage or handling shall be discarded and replaced.
−
−### The Contractor shall store insulation materials in a dry, covered location, off the ground, and protected from exposure to weather, mechanical damage, and UV degradation until immediately before installation.
−
−## Mineral Fiber Batt and Blanket Insulation {toc}
−
−### Mineral fiber includes glass fiber (fiberglass) and mineral wool (rock or slag wool) products. {note}
−
−### The mineral fiber product type — batt, blanket, or board — used for each application shall be specified, consistent with the ASTM standard governing that product.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Mineral Fiber Batt/Blanket Product Type
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Glass fiber (fiberglass) batt — ASTM C665 (light frame)"
− - "Glass fiber blanket — ASTM C553 (commercial/industrial)"
− - "Mineral wool (rock or slag wool) board — ASTM C612"
− - "Not used in this project"
−default: "Glass fiber (fiberglass) batt — ASTM C665 (light frame)"
−```
−
−### The nominal R-value per inch of the mineral fiber batt or blanket product shall be specified, consistent with the product type selected for the application.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Mineral Fiber Batt/Blanket — Nominal R-Value per Inch
−type: select
−unit: R per inch
−options:
− - "R-3.2 per inch (standard glass fiber)"
− - "R-3.7 per inch (high-density glass fiber)"
− - "R-4.0 per inch (mineral wool)"
−default: "R-3.2 per inch (standard glass fiber)"
−```
−
−### The vapor retarder facing, if any, for mineral fiber batt or blanket insulation shall be specified based on the assembly's vapor control requirements.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Mineral Fiber Batt/Blanket — Facing
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Unfaced (no vapor retarder facing)"
− - "Kraft-faced (Class II vapor retarder, 0.1–1.0 perm)"
− - "Foil-faced (Class I vapor retarder, ≤0.1 perm)"
− - "Friction-fit (unfaced, friction-fit in cavity)"
−default: "Unfaced (no vapor retarder facing)"
−```
−
−### Mineral fiber batt and blanket insulation for light frame construction shall conform to ASTM C665.
−
−### Mineral fiber blanket for commercial and industrial applications shall conform to ASTM C553.
−
−### Mineral wool (rock wool or slag wool) board insulation shall conform to ASTM C612.
−
−### Mineral fiber is noncombustible per ASTM E136 and requires no thermal or ignition barrier when installed in noncombustible assemblies or when left exposed in unconditioned spaces such as attics, and its noncombustibility is one of its key advantages in fire-sensitive applications. {note}
−
−### Mineral wool board products offer higher compressive strength, greater dimensional stability at elevated temperature, and better moisture resistance compared to glass fiber batts, making them well-suited for continuous exterior insulation and under-slab applications. {note}
−
−### The kraft facing shall face the conditioned space side of the assembly in heating-dominated climates (zones 5–8).
−
−### Foil-faced batts provide a Class I vapor retarder and shall be used with care, because Class I retarders can trap moisture in mixed climates and are generally not recommended for above-grade walls in zones 1–4.
−
−### Where facing material is also intended to serve as the vapor retarder, the specifier shall confirm that the facing's permeance is appropriate for the climate zone and assembly configuration.
−
−## Rigid Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) Insulation {toc}
−
−### XPS is produced by extruding molten polystyrene through a die, yielding a closed-cell foam with low water vapor permeance (typically 1.0 perm at 1-inch thickness), high compressive strength, and good moisture resistance. {note}
−### XPS delivers approximately R-5.0 per inch, and unlike polyiso its R-value per inch is relatively stable across a wide temperature range, which is an advantage in cold-climate below-grade and at-grade applications. {note}
−
−### The nominal thickness of extruded polystyrene board insulation shall be specified to achieve the assembly R-value required for the application.
−
−```datasheet
−label: XPS Board Nominal Thickness
−type: range
−unit: inches
−options:
− min: 0.5
− max: 4
− setpoints: [0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 2.0
−```
−
−### Extruded polystyrene rigid board insulation shall conform to ASTM C578.
−
−### ASTM C578 classifies XPS into multiple types by compressive strength; the appropriate type shall be selected based on the structural loads to which the insulation will be subjected.
−
−```datasheet
−label: XPS Board — ASTM C578 Compressive Resistance Type
−type: select
−options:
− - "Type XIII — 10 psi (under-slab, lightly loaded)"
− - "Type II — 15 psi (general below-grade and above-grade CI)"
− - "Type IV — 25 psi (moderate load, parking deck)"
− - "Type VII — 40 psi (heavy load, plaza deck)"
− - "Type V — 60 psi (heavy vehicular, cold storage)"
− - "Not used"
−default: "Type II — 15 psi (general below-grade and above-grade CI)"
−```
−
−### The blowing agents used historically in XPS production had high global warming potential; many manufacturers have transitioned to lower-GWP blowing agents, and the specifier should confirm the product's blowing agent status where environmental criteria apply.
−
−## Rigid Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Insulation {toc}
−
−### EPS is produced by expanding polystyrene beads in a mold; it has an open-cell micro-texture that allows water vapor to pass more freely than XPS, with permeance typically 2–5 perms at 1-inch thickness depending on density. {note}
−### EPS delivers approximately R-3.6 to R-4.2 per inch depending on density; higher-density EPS achieves higher R-value per inch and higher compressive strength. {note}
−
−### Expanded polystyrene rigid board insulation shall conform to ASTM C578 (EPS types).
−
−```datasheet
−label: EPS Board — Density and Compressive Strength
−type: select
−options:
− - "Type I — 0.90 pcf, 10 psi"
− - "Type II — 1.25 pcf, 15 psi (general-purpose)"
− - "Type IX — 1.50 pcf, 25 psi"
− - "Type XIV — 1.80 pcf, 40 psi (high load)"
− - "Not used"
−default: "Type II — 1.25 pcf, 15 psi (general-purpose)"
−```
−
−### EPS is dimensionally stable and does not shrink or expand significantly over time, making it well-suited for below-grade applications where long-term dimensional stability is important; it does not use blowing agents with significant global warming potential and retains most of its R-value over time, unlike polyiso at low temperatures. {note}
−
−### EPS is appropriate for below-grade walls, under-slab insulation, and as continuous exterior sheathing where its higher vapor permeance is acceptable or desirable for the assembly's moisture management strategy. {note}
−
−## Polyisocyanurate Board (Polyiso) Insulation {toc}
−
−### Polyiso delivers the highest R-value per inch of any commercially available rigid board insulation under standard test conditions (approximately R-6.5 per inch at 75°F mean temperature), making it the dominant insulation choice for low-slope commercial roofing and exterior continuous insulation in above-grade walls. {note}
−
−### The ASTM C1289 type and facing of polyisocyanurate board insulation shall be specified for each application where polyiso is used.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Polyisocyanurate Board — ASTM C1289 Type (Facing)
−type: select
−options:
− - "Type I (glass fiber-reinforced felt facers, both sides)"
− - "Type II (glass fiber-reinforced felt or coated glass mat, one or both sides)"
− - "Foil-faced (aluminum foil facer, both sides)"
− - "Not used"
−default: "Type I (glass fiber-reinforced felt facers, both sides)"
−```
−
−### The nominal thickness of polyisocyanurate board insulation shall be specified to achieve the assembly R-value required for the application.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Polyisocyanurate Board Nominal Thickness
−type: range
−unit: inches
−options:
− min: 1.0
− max: 6.0
− setpoints: [1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.0]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 4.0
−```
−
−### Polyisocyanurate board insulation shall conform to ASTM C1289.
−
−### A critical characteristic of polyiso is its temperature-dependent thermal resistance: at mean temperatures below approximately 40°F, polyiso's R-value degrades substantially — by 20 to 35 percent depending on product and temperature — and this degradation is reversible but means that polyiso specified solely on its 75°F test value may not deliver the expected winter performance in cold-climate continuous insulation applications. {note}
−
−### For climate zones 5–8, the specifier should either use LTTR values, account for thermal performance at cold conditions, or supplement polyiso with a layer of XPS or mineral wool that maintains performance at low temperatures.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Polyisocyanurate Board — Specified LTTR R-Value
−type: range
−unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
−options:
− min: 6.5
− max: 40
− setpoints: [6.5, 13, 16, 19.5, 25, 30, 35, 40]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 25
−```
−
−### ASTM C1289 classifies polyiso into types based on facing material; the most common facing for roofing applications is a glass fiber-reinforced felt or glass mat facer (Type I, Type II), while for wall applications foil-faced polyiso is commonly used and provides a Class I vapor retarder and radiant barrier, and the facing determines the product's vapor permeance, fire performance classification, and suitability for specific adhesives and field cuts. {note}
−
−## Spray-Applied Polyurethane Foam (SPF) {toc}
−
−### SPF is applied as a two-component liquid system that expands and cures in place, filling complex geometries, bridging gaps, and adhering to the substrate. {note}
−### It is the only insulation type that simultaneously provides insulation and a continuous air barrier in a single material application, which is a significant installation advantage in complex assemblies with many penetrations and irregular framing. {note}
−### Closed-cell SPF delivers approximately R-6.0 to R-7.0 per inch, has very low vapor permeance (less than 1.0 perm at 2 inches), high structural rigidity, and excellent moisture resistance; open-cell SPF delivers approximately R-3.5 to R-3.8 per inch, has higher vapor permeance (greater than 10 perms), lower density, and lower cost per R-unit. {note}
−
−### The minimum applied thickness of spray-applied polyurethane foam insulation shall be specified to achieve the assembly R-value required for the application.
−
−```datasheet
−label: SPF Minimum Applied Thickness
−type: range
−unit: inches
−options:
− min: 1.0
− max: 7.0
− setpoints: [1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 7.0]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 3.5
−```
−
−### The minimum applied density of spray-applied polyurethane foam insulation shall be specified, consistent with the cell type selected for the application.
−
−```datasheet
−label: SPF Minimum Applied Density
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Closed-cell: 1.7–2.2 pcf (per ASTM C1029 Type II)"
− - "Closed-cell: 2.5–3.0 pcf (per ASTM C1029 Type III, higher compressive strength)"
− - "Open-cell: 0.4–0.5 pcf (per ICC 1100)"
−default: "Closed-cell: 1.7–2.2 pcf (per ASTM C1029 Type II)"
−```
−
−### Spray-applied polyurethane foam insulation shall conform to ASTM C1029 for closed-cell SPF (ccSPF) and to ICC 1100 for open-cell SPF (ocSPF).
−
−```datasheet
−label: SPF Type
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Closed-cell SPF (ccSPF) — ASTM C1029, approximately R-6.5/inch, Class II vapor retarder at 2 in."
− - "Open-cell SPF (ocSPF) — ICC 1100, approximately R-3.7/inch, high vapor permeance (>10 perm)"
− - "Not used"
−default: "Closed-cell SPF (ccSPF) — ASTM C1029, approximately R-6.5/inch, Class II vapor retarder at 2 in."
−```
−
−### Closed-cell SPF applied at 2 inches meets the vapor retarder requirement of many climate zones as a Class II retarder.
−
−### Open-cell SPF is not an adequate vapor retarder and is not moisture-resistant, and shall not be used in roofing applications, on exterior surfaces exposed to weather, or in any location where its high vapor permeance would create a vapor or moisture management problem.
−
−### The SPF manufacturer's minimum substrate temperature (typically 40°F) shall be met and maintained during application and cure.
−
−### Application outside the manufacturer's environmental window shall not proceed and shall require written authorization from the SPF manufacturer.
−
−### SPF cores shall be taken in locations agreed upon with the Architect during the pre-application meeting, at a frequency of at least one core per 1,000 square feet of applied area, or as directed by the contract documents.
−
−```datasheet
−label: SPF Thickness Verification Method
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Probe and measure during application by installer"
− - "Third-party core sampling after installation"
− - "Both probe-during-application and third-party core sampling"
−default: "Both probe-during-application and third-party core sampling"
−```
−
−### Core locations shall be patched by the SPF installer immediately after sampling with the same SPF material.
−
−# Fire and Smoke Characteristics {toc}
−
−## General Fire Requirements {toc}
−
−### All insulation materials installed in building envelope assemblies shall meet the fire and smoke classification required by the IBC for the specific assembly and occupancy.
−
−### The Contractor shall confirm the applicable fire code requirement for each assembly before procurement and shall not substitute insulation products that alter the fire classification of a tested assembly.
−
−## ASTM E84 Classification {toc}
−
−### ASTM E84 (Steiner Tunnel test) measures the Flame Spread Index (FSI) and the Smoke Developed Index (SDI) of the material surface. {note}
−### IBC Chapter 8 and Chapter 26 use these indices to classify interior finish and foam plastic insulation. {note}
−### The standard reporting convention is "FSI/SDI" (e.g., 25/450). {note}
−
−### Insulation materials required to demonstrate surface burning characteristics shall be tested per ASTM E84 (Steiner Tunnel test).
−
−```datasheet
−label: Required ASTM E84 Classification — Flame Spread Index (FSI)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Class A — FSI 0–25 (IBC Type I/II/III/IV occupancies, most exposed applications)"
− - "Class B — FSI 26–75 (limited exposed applications per IBC)"
− - "Class C — FSI 76–200 (concealed within assemblies only)"
− - "Not required (noncombustible mineral fiber in noncombustible assembly)"
−default: "Class A — FSI 0–25 (IBC Type I/II/III/IV occupancies, most exposed applications)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Required ASTM E84 Smoke Developed Index (SDI) Maximum
−type: radio
−options:
− - "450 or less (IBC standard requirement for foam plastic insulation per Section 2603)"
− - "Specific lower value required — see drawings/energy code report"
− - "Not required (noncombustible mineral fiber)"
−default: "450 or less (IBC standard requirement for foam plastic insulation per Section 2603)"
−```
−
−### Mineral fiber (glass fiber and mineral wool) insulation products are noncombustible and are not subject to the ASTM E84 requirements imposed on foam plastic insulation; however, mineral fiber products with facings (kraft, foil, or composite) do require surface burning classification of the faced assembly if the facing is left exposed, and unfaced mineral fiber in a concealed cavity does not require ASTM E84 documentation. {note}
−
−## Foam Plastic Insulation — IBC Section 2603 Requirements {toc}
−
−### Foam plastic insulation installed in buildings regulated by the IBC is subject to IBC Section 2603. {note}
−
−### IBC Section 2603.3 requires that foam plastic insulation have a maximum FSI of 75 and maximum SDI of 450 per ASTM E84 in all applications except where the insulation is installed within a tested assembly.
−
−### IBC Section 2603.4 requires that foam plastic insulation be separated from all interior spaces by a thermal barrier of minimum 15-minute fire resistance, unless an exception in Section 2603.4.1 applies, the standard thermal barrier being 1/2-inch gypsum board.
−
−### Exceptions to the thermal barrier include foam plastic within roofing systems, within HVAC plenums that are entirely enclosed by noncombustible materials, and specific listed assemblies. {note}
−
−### IBC Section 2603.5 requires that exterior walls containing foam plastic insulation meet the fire propagation requirements of NFPA 285, which is a full-scale assembly fire test evaluating whether fire propagates vertically through the exterior wall assembly, including the foam insulation, any combustible drainage plane materials, and the exterior cladding.
−
−### NFPA 285 shall be satisfied for the entire assembly, not just the individual foam product, and a product's ASTM E84 classification does not substitute for NFPA 285 assembly testing where NFPA 285 is required.
−
−### The Contractor shall confirm that any exterior wall assembly containing foam plastic has a documented NFPA 285 test or qualifies for an exemption before procurement.
−
−```datasheet
−label: NFPA 285 Assembly Test Documentation
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Required — assembly test report on file, confirmed matching assembly conditions"
− - "Exempt — exterior wall is Type I/II noncombustible construction without combustible components"
− - "Exempt — foam is installed in concrete or masonry wall fully protected per IBC 2603.5.6"
− - "Not applicable — no foam plastic in exterior walls"
−default: "Required — assembly test report on file, confirmed matching assembly conditions"
−```
−
−### IBC Section 2603.9 (attics and crawl spaces) requires that foam plastic insulation within an attic or crawl space entered only for utility service be protected from ignition by a covering of 1-1/2-inch mineral fiber insulation, 1/4-inch wood structural panel or equivalent, 3/8-inch gypsum wallboard, or another approved ignition barrier material, unless the foam product has been specifically tested and listed as an ignition-barrier-exempt material.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Foam Plastic — Ignition Barrier in Attic/Crawl Space
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Required — 1-1/2 in. mineral fiber over foam per IBC 2603.9"
− - "Required — 3/8 in. gypsum wallboard over foam per IBC 2603.9"
− - "Required — 1/4 in. wood structural panel over foam per IBC 2603.9"
− - "Not required — foam product listed as ignition-barrier-exempt per IBC 2603.9 exception"
− - "Not applicable — no foam in attic or crawl space"
−default: "Required — 1-1/2 in. mineral fiber over foam per IBC 2603.9"
−```
−
−# Vapor Retarders and Air Barrier Coordination {toc}
−
−## Vapor Retarder Classification {toc}
−
−### Vapor retarders shall be classified by water vapor permeance as determined by ASTM E96 wet-cup or dry-cup method.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Vapor Retarder Class — Above-Grade Wall
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Class I (≤0.1 perm) — foil or polyethylene sheet"
− - "Class II (0.1–1.0 perm) — kraft facer or coated membrane"
− - "Class III (1.0–10 perm) — latex paint on gypsum board"
− - "None required (Climate Zones 1–3 and per IBC 1405.3 exceptions)"
−default: "Class II (0.1–1.0 perm) — kraft facer or coated membrane"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Vapor Retarder Location in Wall Assembly
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Interior side of insulation (warm-in-winter face) — heating-dominated climates"
− - "Exterior side of insulation — cooling-dominated climates only (confirm with architect)"
− - "Integral facer on cavity insulation"
− - "No vapor retarder in assembly"
−default: "Interior side of insulation (warm-in-winter face) — heating-dominated climates"
−```
−
−### Class I vapor retarders have permeance of 0.1 perm or less (examples: polyethylene sheet, aluminum foil, foil-faced polyiso facer) and shall be used only where specified by the Architect, because they are highly restrictive and can trap moisture in assemblies that experience seasonal reversal of vapor drive.
−
−### Class II vapor retarders have permeance greater than 0.1 perm and at or below 1.0 perm (examples: kraft-faced insulation facer, coated kraft paper, some low-permeance paints) and are appropriate in cold-climate above-grade walls where vapor drive from inside to outside is dominant in winter. {note}
−
−### Class III vapor retarders have permeance greater than 1.0 perm and at or below 10 perms (examples: standard latex paint on gypsum board, house wrap materials in this range) and are appropriate only in climate zones where adequate continuous insulation on the exterior prevents condensation within the wall cavity (per IBC Table 1405.3.3 ratios), shifting the dew point to the exterior side of the thermal envelope. {note}
−
−## Climate Zone Guidance for Vapor Retarder Selection {toc}
−
−### IBC Section 1405.3 and IRC Section R702.7 establish the climate-zone vapor retarder requirements set out below. {note}
−
−### Climate Zones 5, 6, 7, 8, and Marine 4 require a Class I or II vapor retarder on the interior (warm-in-winter) face of the frame wall insulation, unless the assembly includes sufficient continuous exterior insulation to keep the interior wall sheathing above the dew point.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Continuous Exterior Insulation R-Value / Total Wall R-Value Ratio — IBC 1405.3.3 Compliance
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Ratio verified — exterior CI is sufficient to allow Class III vapor retarder per IBC Table 1405.3.3"
− - "Ratio not met — Class I or II vapor retarder required on interior face"
− - "Climate Zones 1–3 — no vapor retarder required"
−default: "Ratio not met — Class I or II vapor retarder required on interior face"
−```
−
−### Climate Zones 1, 2, and 3 do not require a vapor retarder, and in hot-humid climates a vapor retarder on the interior face is actually counterproductive because it traps moisture driven inward by outdoor humidity. {note}
−
−### Climate Zone 4 (non-marine) requires a Class I, II, or III vapor retarder.
−
−### The minimum ratio of exterior continuous insulation R-value to total wall R-value required to shift the dew point and allow a Class III vapor retarder (painted drywall) in lieu of Class I or II is established in IBC Table 1405.3.3 and varies by climate zone and wall R-value. {note}
−
−### The Contractor shall not substitute vapor retarder products without confirming compliance with the applicable IBC table and climate zone requirements.
−
−## Coordination with Air Barrier {toc}
−
−### The air barrier and the vapor retarder serve different functions and are not always the same material: the air barrier resists bulk air movement through the assembly, while the vapor retarder controls diffusion of water vapor through the material. {note}
−### The air barrier should be continuous across the entire building envelope; the vapor retarder is placed at a specific layer within the assembly.
−### In SPF assemblies, closed-cell SPF serves simultaneously as insulation, vapor retarder, and air barrier in the locations where it is applied; in assemblies using batt cavity insulation with a separate house wrap air barrier on the exterior sheathing, the air barrier and vapor retarder are distinct layers. {note}
−
−### The Contractor shall confirm that no gap, penetration, or construction joint interrupts the continuity of either the air barrier layer or the vapor retarder layer.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Air Barrier System Coordination
−type: radio
−options:
− - "SPF serves as combined insulation, vapor retarder, and air barrier"
− - "Separate house wrap or fluid-applied air barrier"
− - "Interior vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet) sealed to framing as air barrier and vapor retarder"
− - "Continuous rigid board insulation with taped joints as air barrier layer"
−default: "Separate house wrap or fluid-applied air barrier"
−```
−
−### Penetrations through the vapor retarder — for electrical boxes, pipes, and mechanical connections — shall be sealed with compatible materials per the vapor retarder manufacturer's instructions.
−
−### Vapor retarder material that is cut, torn, or punctured during installation shall be repaired before the assembly is closed.
−
−### Repairs to the vapor retarder shall lap at least 6 inches and be taped with a compatible tape specified by the vapor retarder manufacturer.
−
−## Vapor Retarder for Roofing Assemblies {toc}
−
−### In low-slope roofing assemblies, a vapor retarder installed below the roof insulation prevents warm, humid interior air from reaching the cold insulation layer and condensing. {note}
−### This is critical in climate zones 5–8 and in buildings with high interior humidity (natatoriums, food processing facilities, commercial kitchens). {note}
−
−### Roofing vapor retarders shall be specified in coordination with [[sync/membrane-roofing]].
−
−```datasheet
−label: Roof Assembly — Vapor Retarder Below Insulation
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Required — Climate Zone 5–8 or high interior humidity occupancy"
− - "Not required — Climate Zone 1–4 standard occupancy"
− - "Coordinate with membrane roofing assembly per [[sync/membrane-roofing]]"
−default: "Not required — Climate Zone 1–4 standard occupancy"
−```
−
−### This standard addresses only the insulation above the vapor retarder; the vapor retarder substrate material is governed by the roofing assembly standard. {note}
−
−# Installation by Assembly Type {toc}
−
−## General Installation Requirements {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Minimum Substrate Temperature for Installation
−type: radio
−options:
− - "40°F (4°C) — general minimum for most insulation products"
− - "50°F (10°C) — required by some adhesive-applied board systems"
− - "Per manufacturer's published requirements for specific product — see submittal"
−default: "40°F (4°C) — general minimum for most insulation products"
−```
−
−### Insulation shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's published installation instructions, ASTM C1320 for mineral fiber batt and blanket, and ICC 1100 for spray-applied polyurethane foam.
−
−### Where the installation instructions conflict with this standard or the contract documents, the more stringent requirement shall apply.
−
−### All substrates receiving insulation shall be clean, dry, and within the manufacturer's specified temperature range.
−
−### Substrates with visible moisture, frost, ice, or standing water shall not receive insulation until the moisture condition is corrected and the substrate is within the acceptable temperature range.
−
−### Insulation shall not be installed over wet concrete, wet masonry, or wet structural sheathing.
−
−## Wall Assembly — Cavity Insulation {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Cavity Insulation — Splitting Around Obstructions Required
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Yes — all wiring, pipes, blocking, and fire stops require split installation"
− - "Installer discretion — not contractually required"
−default: "Yes — all wiring, pipes, blocking, and fire stops require split installation"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Cavity Insulation — Batt Size Match to Framing Spacing
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "16-inch on-center framing — 15-inch wide batts"
− - "24-inch on-center framing — 23-inch wide batts"
− - "24-inch on-center advanced framing — 23-inch wide batts"
−default: "16-inch on-center framing — 15-inch wide batts"
−```
−
−### Mineral fiber batt and blanket installed in stud-framed wall cavities shall fill the cavity completely from stud face to stud face and from bottom plate to top plate, without voids, gaps, or compression.
−
−### Insulation shall be split around wiring, blocking, and other obstructions so that insulation fills both sides of the obstruction, and the total installed thickness shall equal the cavity depth.
−
−### Splitting and fitting is the most common Grade I requirement violated in the field — a single batt folded behind a wire rather than split yields a localized void that can reduce the effective R-value of that cavity section by 30 to 50 percent. {note}
−
−### Where batts are installed in two-stud-bay increments, joints between adjacent batts shall be butted tightly without gaps.
−
−### Batts at the top and bottom of the cavity shall be cut to length and fitted without fold-over or compression.
−
−### Batt width shall match the stud spacing so the batt is friction-fit snugly.
−
−### In masonry cavity wall construction, mineral wool or glass fiber batt insulation installed in the cavity between the inner wythe and the outer masonry veneer shall be secured against sagging over the full height of the cavity by insulation clips, self-adhering insulation, or a continuous horizontal support at floor lines.
−
−### Unsecured batts in tall masonry cavities settle over time, creating insulation-free zones at the top of each floor level that are significant thermal leaks. {note}
−
−## Wall Assembly — Continuous Exterior Insulation {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Continuous Insulation — Number of Layers (for joint staggering)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Single layer (minimum — joints taped; acceptable for CI ≤ 1.5 in.)"
− - "Two layers with offset joints (required for CI ≥ 2.0 in.)"
− - "Three or more layers (high-performance assemblies, CI ≥ 4.0 in.)"
−default: "Two layers with offset joints (required for CI ≥ 2.0 in.)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Continuous Insulation Attachment Method
−type: select
−drawing_ref: "continuous insulation attachment detail"
−options:
− - "Long-shank screws through gypsum board or clip system — drawing governs"
− - "Adhesive (below 1.0-inch thickness, non-structural — confirm with manufacturer)"
− - "Mechanical clips and rail system (MEPS or equivalent — coordinates with cladding attachment)"
−default: "Long-shank screws through gypsum board or clip system — drawing governs"
−```
−
−### Rigid board continuous insulation (XPS, EPS, polyiso, or mineral wool board) applied to the exterior face of the structural wall sheathing shall be installed in full-coverage courses with staggered joints in multiple layers and with all joints offset a minimum of 12 inches both horizontally and vertically.
−
−### Joints shall not be through-aligned between layers, because aligned joints create a thermal stripe that significantly reduces the thermal benefit of the continuous insulation layer.
−
−### Board joints in continuous exterior insulation shall be taped with a compatible tape to minimize air infiltration at joints, unless the exterior air barrier is provided by a separate fluid-applied or sheet-applied layer outboard of the insulation.
−
−### Where the taped rigid board joints are the primary air barrier, every joint shall be taped including field cuts, perimeter edges at windows, doors, and penetrations, and transitions to adjacent assemblies.
−
−### Window and door rough opening perimeters shall receive flexible flashing tape or sealant at the transition between the continuous insulation and the window or door assembly.
−
−### The window and door perimeter transition is one of the highest-frequency air leakage locations in the building envelope and shall be specifically detailed on the drawings and carefully executed in the field.
−
−## Roof Assembly — Low-Slope {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Roof Insulation — Layer Configuration
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Single layer (≤2.5 in. total — low R-value applications)"
− - "Two layers with offset joints (required for total thickness >2.5 in.)"
− - "Three or more layers (high R-value assembly, ≥R-30)"
−default: "Two layers with offset joints (required for total thickness >2.5 in.)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Roof Insulation Attachment — First Layer
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: "roof assembly insulation attachment detail"
−options:
− - "Mechanically fastened per manufacturer's table (fastener type, count, pattern per drawings)"
− - "Hot-mopped in Type III or IV asphalt (BUR assemblies)"
− - "Low-rise foam adhesive (SPF roofing systems and single-ply)"
−default: "Mechanically fastened per manufacturer's table (fastener type, count, pattern per drawings)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Roof Insulation Attachment — Subsequent Layer(s)
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: "roof assembly insulation attachment detail"
−options:
− - "Mechanically fastened through all layers per manufacturer's requirements"
− - "Low-rise foam adhesive (subsequent layers over mechanically fastened base layer)"
− - "Hot-mopped over base layer"
−default: "Low-rise foam adhesive (subsequent layers over mechanically fastened base layer)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Tapered Insulation for Positive Drainage
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Required — manufacturer to provide layout drawing"
− - "Not required — structural slope provides required drainage"
− - "Partial — tapered insulation at sumps and low points only"
−default: "Not required — structural slope provides required drainage"
−```
−
−### Polyisocyanurate or XPS board insulation in low-slope roofing assemblies shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of the roofing assembly, as governed by [[sync/membrane-roofing]], and with the roofing manufacturer's published requirements for the insulation substrate.
−
−### Roof insulation shall be installed in at least two layers for thicknesses above 2.5 inches total, with joints offset 12 inches minimum both in the plane of the roofing and between the two layers, so that no through-joint path exists.
−
−### Through-aligned joints create visible ridges in the membrane and points of accelerated moisture accumulation. {note}
−
−### Tapered insulation for positive slope drainage at low-slope roofs shall be installed per the tapered insulation layout drawing, which shall be provided by the tapered insulation system supplier and coordinated with the roofing assembly.
−
−### The minimum required slope for drainage shall be 1/4 inch per foot unless the roofing system manufacturer approves a lesser slope.
−
−### Insulation panels shall be installed sequentially following the drainage direction; random installation that disrupts the taper gradient shall not be permitted.
−
−## Roof Assembly — Steep-Slope (Attic) {toc}
−
−### In attic assemblies, insulation may be installed either at the roof deck plane (unvented attic, insulation between and over rafters) or at the ceiling plane (vented attic, insulation over the top plate).
−
−```datasheet
−label: Steep-Slope Roof / Attic Insulation Strategy
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Vented attic — insulation at ceiling plane with ventilation baffles"
− - "Unvented attic — closed-cell SPF at roof deck plane (interior application)"
− - "Unvented attic — rigid board at roof deck plane (above-deck application)"
− - "Hybrid — closed-cell SPF at roof deck + supplemental blown or batt at ceiling plane"
−default: "Vented attic — insulation at ceiling plane with ventilation baffles"
−```
−
−### Where the attic is vented, insulation shall be installed at the ceiling plane and shall not block the eave vents or ridge vents.
−
−### Baffles shall be installed at each rafter bay from the top-of-wall plate to at least 12 inches above the top of the insulation, maintaining a clear ventilation channel of minimum 1-inch depth.
−
−### Where blown-in or batt insulation is used in a vented attic, minimum installed depth shall be maintained uniformly across the entire ceiling area including above the top plates, at blocking and bridging, and in any knee-wall areas.
−
−### Access hatches to the attic shall be insulated to match the ceiling R-value with rigid insulation, insulated hatch covers, or a combination.
−
−### Uninsulated attic hatches are a common but significant thermal bypass. {note}
−
−## Floor and Crawl Space {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Floor Insulation Support
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Wire support rods at 18-inch on-center maximum"
− - "Plastic support net or mesh secured to joists"
− - "Rigid board adhered to subfloor underside (no support required)"
− - "Per installer's approved method — confirm with Architect"
−default: "Wire support rods at 18-inch on-center maximum"
−```
−
−### Insulation installed between floor joists over unconditioned crawl spaces or garages shall be friction-fit tightly against the subfloor and held securely in place by insulation supports (wire rods, netting, or strips) spaced at 18 inches on center maximum so that the insulation cannot sag or fall.
−
−### Insulation that sags away from the subfloor creates a significant convective loop and may also create a habitat for pests. {note}
−
−### Where the floor insulation facing is a vapor retarder, the facing shall face toward the heated space (upward in a floor over a crawl space).
−
−### In conditioned crawl spaces where the insulation is installed on the crawl space walls rather than the floor joists, rigid board or closed-cell SPF shall be applied to the interior of the foundation wall from the sill plate down to the footing.
−
−### The crawl space wall insulation shall extend from 24 inches below grade to the top of the footing and shall be protected from mechanical damage in accessible crawl spaces.
−
−### Foundation wall insulation shall be detailed to prevent moisture wicking from the concrete into the insulation by using materials with adequate drainage capability or by detailing appropriate drainage planes.
−
−## Below-Grade Foundation Walls and Slab Edge {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Below-Grade Exterior Foundation Insulation Type
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Extruded polystyrene (XPS) — ASTM C578, Type II minimum"
− - "Expanded polystyrene (EPS) — ASTM C578, Type II minimum"
− - "Mineral wool board — ASTM C612 (best moisture and drainage performance)"
− - "Not used (insulation on interior face of foundation wall)"
−default: "Extruded polystyrene (XPS) — ASTM C578, Type II minimum"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Below-Grade Insulation — Protection Above Grade
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: "foundation insulation detail at grade"
−options:
− - "Concrete parging — minimum 3/4 in. Portland cement on metal lath"
− - "Rigid protection board — minimum 1/4 in. at grade and above"
− - "Dimple drainage mat with protection board at grade"
−default: "Concrete parging — minimum 3/4 in. Portland cement on metal lath"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Under-Slab Insulation — Compressive Resistance
−type: select
−drawing_ref: "structural engineer's direction"
−options:
− - "15 psi minimum (EPS Type II or XPS Type XIII — residential)"
− - "25 psi minimum (EPS Type IX or XPS Type IV — light commercial)"
− - "40 psi minimum (EPS Type XIV or XPS Type VII — heavy commercial)"
−default: "25 psi minimum (EPS Type IX or XPS Type IV — light commercial)"
−```
−
−### Rigid insulation on the exterior of below-grade foundation walls shall be protected from physical damage above grade and from UV degradation at the grade line.
−
−### Protection board (minimum 1/4-inch rigid board), dimple drainage mat, or concrete parging shall be applied over the rigid insulation from the top of the insulation down to 6 inches below grade at minimum.
−
−### Above-grade exposure of XPS or polyiso foam plastic is not permitted; mineral wool board or specifically listed below-grade exterior products shall be used where the insulation will remain exposed above grade.
−
−### Under-slab insulation shall be rigid board (XPS, EPS, or mineral wool board) rated for the compressive loads imposed by the slab and contents.
−
−### The minimum compressive resistance for under-slab insulation shall be 15 psi (EPS Type II, XPS Type XIII or higher) for residential-scale uniform floor loads; heavier commercial or warehouse loads shall require higher-compressive-strength products per the structural engineer's direction.
−
−### Under-slab insulation shall be installed in continuous coverage without gaps; gaps at column footings, thickened slab edges, and pipe penetrations are common installation defects that create localized thermal short circuits.
−
−# Continuous Insulation and Thermal Bridging {toc}
−
−## Defining Continuous Insulation {toc}
−
−### Continuous insulation (ci) is insulation that extends across all structural members in the assembly without thermal bridges other than fasteners and service openings, as defined by ASHRAE 90.1. {note}
−### By eliminating the thermal bridge created by framing members, continuous insulation dramatically improves the whole-assembly R-value compared to cavity-only insulation of the same nominal value. {note}
−### The benefit of continuous insulation increases with framing fraction; metal-framed walls with continuous exterior insulation achieve whole-wall R-values that would be nearly impossible to approach with cavity insulation alone. {note}
−
−### ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive tables for above-grade walls in climate zones 3–8 require continuous insulation in combination with (or as an alternative to) cavity insulation, and the specific minimum ci thickness and total R-value depend on the climate zone, the framing material (wood vs. metal stud), and the framing spacing. {note}
−
−### The project energy code compliance documentation shall identify the minimum ci R-value for each above-grade wall type.
−
−## Thermal Bridging by Framing Material {toc}
−
−### Wood stud walls have a framing fraction of approximately 20–25 percent at 16 inches on center. {note}
−### The R-value of wood is approximately R-1.4 per inch, which is substantially lower than that of the cavity insulation it displaces. {note}
−### A 2×6 wood-framed wall with R-19 batts achieves a whole-wall effective R-value of approximately R-15 due to framing; continuous exterior insulation of R-5 to R-7.5 brings the whole-wall assembly close to R-20 to R-22. {note}
−
−### Metal stud walls have significantly more severe thermal bridging because steel has very high thermal conductivity — approximately 320 times that of wood — so that a metal-framed wall with R-19 batt insulation between studs achieves an effective whole-wall R-value of only approximately R-8 to R-10 due to thermal bridging through the steel studs, even though the nominal cavity R-value is R-19. {note}
−
−### Continuous exterior insulation is essential in metal-framed construction, and the required ci R-value for metal stud walls is substantially higher than for comparable wood-framed walls to achieve the same whole-wall performance.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Wall Framing Material (for thermal bridge assessment)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Wood stud — standard thermal bridging correction applies"
− - "Light-gauge steel stud — severe thermal bridging; continuous insulation critical"
− - "Structural steel — continuous insulation required; coordinate with structural"
− - "Masonry or concrete — negligible framing bridge; cavity insulation not applicable"
−default: "Wood stud — standard thermal bridging correction applies"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Continuous Insulation Strategy for Above-Grade Walls
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Exterior rigid board CI — outboard of sheathing, inboard of cladding"
− - "Exterior SPF CI — spray-applied to exterior sheathing"
− - "Thermally broken Z-girt or hat channel system with exterior CI"
− - "Interior rigid board CI — inboard of framing (limited effectiveness for metal stud)"
− - "No continuous insulation required — prescriptive exception or climate zone 1–2"
−default: "Exterior rigid board CI — outboard of sheathing, inboard of cladding"
−```
−
−## Fastener and Cladding Attachment Thermal Penalty {toc}
−
−### When rigid continuous insulation is fastened through by long structural screws to attach cladding or rain screen systems, each fastener penetrating the insulation is a thermal bridge whose magnitude depends on the fastener material (steel vs. nylon or stainless), fastener diameter, spacing, and the thickness of insulation penetrated. {note}
−
−### For ASHRAE 90.1 performance compliance, the thermal penalty of fasteners through continuous insulation shall be accounted for in the assembly U-factor calculation.
−
−```datasheet
−label: CI Fastener Thermal Bridging Correction
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Accounted for in energy model — see energy compliance report"
− - "Thermally broken fastener system specified to minimize correction"
− - "Standard steel fastener — thermal penalty accepted per ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix A"
−default: "Accounted for in energy model — see energy compliance report"
−```
−
−### Nylon-tipped or thermally broken fastening systems reduce the fastener thermal penalty and shall be used where drawings or specifications require it.
−
−## Common Thermal Bridging Defects and RFI Sources {toc}
−
−### The most common field RFIs related to continuous insulation concern: (1) how to maintain CI continuity at window and door rough openings, which are inherently interrupted in the exterior insulation plane; (2) how to attach heavy cladding systems (brick, stone, precast) through multiple inches of compressible or crushable CI; (3) transitions at roof-wall intersections where CI must transition between wall and parapet insulation without interruption; and (4) penetrations for pipes, conduit, and HVAC equipment that puncture the continuous insulation layer.
−
−### Drawings shall detail each of these continuous insulation conditions before construction begins.
−
−### Where drawings are silent, the Contractor shall submit an RFI and shall not close the insulation layer until a detailed resolution is documented.
−
−### Improper field resolutions at CI transitions and penetrations are among the most significant thermal defect sources in modern construction. {note}
−
−# Inspection {toc}
−
−## Pre-Installation Inspection {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Pre-Installation Checklist
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Framing complete and inspected"
− - "All rough MEP work installed and inspected"
− - "Sheathing and air barrier complete and dry"
− - "Substrate temperature within manufacturer's range"
− - "Delivered insulation products match approved submittals"
−default: "Framing complete and inspected"
−```
−
−### Before insulation installation begins in each assembly area, the Contractor shall inspect and confirm that all framing is complete, plumb, and at the correct spacing; that all rough mechanical, electrical, and plumbing work is installed and inspected; that all substrate sheathing is fastened and any required air barrier membrane is applied; that the substrate is dry and within the temperature range for the insulation product; and that the insulation products on-site match the approved submittals.
−
−## In-Progress Inspection {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Third-Party Inspection Required Before Closing Assemblies
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Yes — HERS rater inspection required for energy code documentation"
− - "Yes — Owner's independent inspector required"
− - "Yes — AHJ rough framing and insulation inspection required"
− - "Contractor self-certification only"
−default: "Yes — AHJ rough framing and insulation inspection required"
−```
−
−### Insulation installation shall be subject to in-progress inspection before assemblies are closed.
−
−### In-progress inspection shall confirm that all cavities are uniformly filled without voids or compression (RESNET Grade I as required), that all batts are properly split around obstructions, that continuous insulation boards are in full contact with the substrate without gaps or hollow spots, that all taped CI board joints are fully adhered, and that vapor retarder facing and any separate vapor retarder membrane are intact and oriented correctly.
−
−### The Architect, Owner's designated inspector, or the HERS rater shall have the right to observe insulation installation at any time before assemblies are closed.
−
−### The Contractor shall notify the designated inspector at least 48 hours before any insulation is scheduled to be concealed by finishes or cladding.
−
−## Blower Door and Air Barrier Testing {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Air Barrier Pressurization Testing Required
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Yes — residential blower door test per IECC Section R402.4 (ACH50 limit per climate zone)"
− - "Yes — commercial whole-building or compartmentalized test per IECC C402.5"
− - "No — project exempt from pressurization testing under adopted code"
−default: "Yes — residential blower door test per IECC Section R402.4 (ACH50 limit per climate zone)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Maximum Allowable Air Leakage Rate
−type: range
−unit: ACH50
−options:
− min: 1.0
− max: 7.0
− setpoints: [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 3.0
−```
−
−### Where required by the adopted energy code (IECC Section R402.4 for residential or IECC Section C402.5 for commercial), air barrier continuity shall be verified by a whole-building pressurization test (blower door test) after the building envelope is complete and before insulation and finishes conceal the air barrier layer.
−
−### The maximum allowable air leakage rate shall be per the adopted code and shall be [[drawing: as noted on the energy compliance drawings or energy code report]].
−
−## SPF Thickness and Density Verification {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: SPF Core Sample Frequency
−type: radio
−options:
− - "One core per 500 square feet of applied area (high quality control)"
− - "One core per 1,000 square feet of applied area (standard)"
− - "One core per 2,000 square feet of applied area (minimum)"
−default: "One core per 1,000 square feet of applied area (standard)"
−```
−
−### Spray-applied polyurethane foam shall be verified for thickness and density by core sampling after application and before the foam is concealed.
−
−### SPF cores shall be taken in the locations and at the frequency established in the pre-application meeting.
−
−### Minimum acceptable SPF thickness shall be the specified minimum minus 1/4 inch at any single core location.
−
−### Minimum acceptable SPF density shall be within the range specified by ASTM C1029 for the product type.
−
−### Cores that do not meet minimum thickness or density requirements shall trigger additional cores in the surrounding area and remedial application as directed by the Architect.
−
−## Thermal Imaging {toc}
−
−### Infrared thermographic scanning of the completed building envelope is a powerful tool for identifying insulation voids, thermal bridges, and air leakage pathways that are not visible by conventional inspection. {note}
−
−### Thermographic scanning requires a minimum temperature differential of 10°F between interior and exterior and shall be conducted during heating season in cold climates or cooling season in hot climates.
−
−### Where infrared scanning is specified as a quality assurance measure, the Contractor shall provide access to the building interior and shall coordinate the timing with the Owner's or Architect's thermographer.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Infrared Thermographic Inspection
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Required — Owner's thermographer, schedule with Contractor"
− - "Contractor option — may use as self-QC measure"
− - "Not required"
−default: "Not required"
−```
−
−# Warranty {toc}
−
−## Manufacturer's Material Warranty {toc}
−
−### Typical manufacturer warranties for rigid board insulation products are 10 to 25 years for resistance to physical degradation; the specific warranty coverage and exclusions vary by manufacturer and product. {note}
−### Spray-applied polyurethane foam systems typically carry a material warranty of 10 years from the system manufacturer when installed by a certified applicator in conformance with manufacturer requirements. {note}
−
−### Insulation products carrying a manufacturer's material warranty against defects in materials shall be warranted to the Owner.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Manufacturer's Material Warranty Period — Rigid Board Insulation
−type: select
−options:
− - "10 years"
− - "15 years"
− - "20 years"
− - "25 years"
− - "Per manufacturer's standard warranty"
−default: "Per manufacturer's standard warranty"
−```
−
−### The Contractor shall submit warranty documents as part of closeout submittals.
−
−### The Contractor shall review the applicable warranty before procurement, since the specific warranty coverage and exclusions vary by manufacturer and product.
−
−### Warranty coverage for SPF is often conditional on the foam being covered by a compatible protective coating or covered by finished materials; uncovered and UV-exposed SPF is not warranted and will physically degrade within 1–2 years of UV exposure. {note}
−
−## Installation Warranty {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Installation Warranty Period
−type: select
−options:
− - "1 year from substantial completion"
− - "2 years from substantial completion"
−default: "1 year from substantial completion"
−```
−
−### The Contractor shall warrant the insulation installation against defects in workmanship, including voids, compression, improper facing orientation, unsealed joints, and failure to achieve specified R-value in completed assemblies, for the project warranty period from the date of substantial completion.
−
−### Where blower door testing reveals air leakage above the specified maximum during the warranty period, the Contractor shall identify and correct the leakage source and re-test at no additional cost to the Owner.
−
−### Where thermal imaging reveals insulation voids or deficiencies during the warranty period, the Contractor shall open the affected assembly, correct the deficiency, and restore the assembly at no additional cost to the Owner, unless the deficiency is demonstrably due to post-completion Owner modifications.
−
−## Performance Documentation {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Energy Code Compliance Documentation Provided at Closeout
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Contractor certificate of compliance (signed)"
− - "Energy code compliance report / compliance certificate"
− - "Blower door test results"
− - "HERS rater inspection report"
− - "AHJ inspection approvals for insulation rough-in"
− - "Infrared thermographic report (if required)"
− - "SPF core sample test reports"
−default: "Contractor certificate of compliance (signed)"
−```
−
−### The Contractor shall maintain and provide to the Owner at closeout a complete set of energy code compliance documentation, including the certificate of compliance, the energy code report, blower door test results, HERS rater inspection reports where applicable, and any other documentation required by the AHJ for energy code compliance certification.
−
−### This energy code compliance documentation is required for certificate of occupancy in many jurisdictions and shall be treated as a contract deliverable.
+---
+title: Building Thermal Insulation
+category: Building Envelope
+description: >
+ When to use: Thermal insulation installed in the opaque building envelope of commercial, institutional, multifamily, and residential buildings, covering above-grade wall cavity and continuous insulation, low-slope and steep-slope roof and attic insulation, floors and ceilings over unconditioned space, crawl space enclosures, below-grade foundation walls, and under-slab and slab-edge insulation. Covers all principal insulation forms sold in the North American market: mineral fiber batt, blanket, and board; loose-fill and dense-packed cellulose, fiberglass, and mineral wool; extruded, expanded, and graphite-enhanced polystyrene board; polyisocyanurate board; cellular glass; wood fiber and cellulosic board; spray-applied polyurethane foam; and reflective insulation and radiant barriers. Also covers the thermal resistance basis used to demonstrate energy code compliance, surface burning and foam plastic fire requirements, vapor retarder classification and placement, air barrier coordination, thermal bridge mitigation, and field verification before assemblies are concealed.
+ Not intended for: Pipe, duct, and equipment insulation for mechanical systems (see [[sync/mechanical-insulation]]); duct wrap and duct liner (see [[sync/hvac-ductwork]]); the roofing membrane, cover board attachment, and wind uplift assembly requirements of a membrane roof (see [[sync/membrane-roofing]]); waterproofing membranes, drainage composites, and protection courses below grade (see [[sync/below-grade-waterproofing]]); the primary air barrier membrane where one is specified as a separate material (see [[sync/air-barriers]]); insulation specified solely for sound absorption or sound transmission control (see [[sync/acoustic-insulation]]); sprayed fire-resistive materials and intumescent coatings (see [[sync/fireproofing]]); and insulated glazing, spandrel panels, and curtain wall thermal breaks (see [[sync/glazed-curtain-walls]]).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard governs the selection, physical properties, fire classification, moisture control coordination, installation, and field verification of thermal insulation in the opaque building envelope. {note}
+
+## The following assemblies are within scope: {note}
+
+- Above-grade wall assemblies, including cavity insulation between framing and continuous insulation outboard or inboard of the framing
+- Low-slope roof assemblies where insulation is placed above, within, or below the structural deck
+- Steep-slope roof and attic assemblies, both vented and unvented
+- Floors and ceilings separating conditioned space from unconditioned space, exterior air, or ground
+- Crawl space assemblies insulated at the floor framing or at the perimeter wall
+- Below-grade foundation walls insulated on either face
+- Under-slab and slab-edge insulation at slabs on grade
+
+## The following are boundaries of this standard rather than assemblies it governs: {note}
+
+- The insulation material remains within scope where it is installed as part of a roofing or waterproofing assembly, but the attachment pattern, wind uplift listing, and membrane interface are governed by the assembly standard
+- Acoustic performance of insulation is outside this scope even where the same product is used for both purposes
+- Fire-resistance ratings of assemblies containing insulation are established by the listed assembly, not by this standard
+- Structural design of the backup wall, deck, or slab that receives insulation is outside this scope
+
+## In-place thermal performance depends on installed condition as much as on rated thermal resistance. {note}
+
+## Cavities that are incompletely filled, batts that are compressed or folded around obstructions, board joints that are aligned through the thickness of a multi-layer assembly, and gaps at the perimeter of an insulated area all reduce the delivered thermal resistance below the specified value, and none of these conditions are visible once the assembly is closed. {note}
+
+## The envelope is also the control layer for moisture. Vapor retarder class and position, the permeance of each layer relative to the layers around it, and the continuity of the air barrier together determine whether the assembly dries as fast as it wets. {note}
+
+## Insulation work shall be coordinated with the vapor retarder provisions of the adopted building code and the air barrier provisions of the adopted energy code.
+
+## Insulation installed as part of a low-slope roofing assembly shall be coordinated with [[sync/membrane-roofing]].
+
+## Insulation installed over waterproofing on the exterior face of below-grade walls shall be coordinated with [[sync/below-grade-waterproofing]].
+
+## Insulation installed behind interior finishes shall be coordinated with [[sync/gypsum-board-assemblies]].
+
+## Insulation installed in conjunction with a separate sheet-applied or fluid-applied air barrier membrane shall be coordinated with [[sync/air-barriers]].
+
+## Insulation installed in light-gauge steel framed exterior walls shall be coordinated with [[sync/cold-formed-metal-framing]].
+
+## Sealants and flashings at insulation interfaces, openings, and penetrations shall be coordinated with [[sync/joint-sealants]].
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Materials, testing, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited in the Contract Documents.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Architect of Record or Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ICC IBC | International Building Code |
+| ICC IRC | International Residential Code |
+| ICC IECC | International Energy Conservation Code |
+| ASHRAE 90.1 | Energy Standard for Sites and Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |
+| ASHRAE 160 | Criteria for Moisture Control Design Analysis in Buildings |
+| ICC 1100 | Standard for Spray-Applied Polyurethane Foam Plastic Insulation |
+| ASTM C165 | Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations |
+| ASTM C177 | Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus |
+| ASTM C203 | Breaking Load and Flexural Properties of Block-Type Thermal Insulation |
+| ASTM C208 | Cellulosic Fiber Insulating Board |
+| ASTM C272 | Water Absorption of Core Materials for Sandwich Constructions |
+| ASTM C518 | Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus |
+| ASTM C552 | Cellular Glass Thermal Insulation |
+| ASTM C553 | Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Commercial and Industrial Applications |
+| ASTM C578 | Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation |
+| ASTM C612 | Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation |
+| ASTM C665 | Mineral-Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Light Frame Construction and Manufactured Housing |
+| ASTM C726 | Mineral Wool Roof Insulation Board |
+| ASTM C739 | Cellulosic Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation |
+| ASTM C764 | Mineral Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation |
+| ASTM C1015 | Installation of Cellulosic and Mineral Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation |
+| ASTM C1029 | Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Polyurethane Thermal Insulation |
+| ASTM C1224 | Reflective Insulation for Building Applications |
+| ASTM C1289 | Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation Board |
+| ASTM C1313 | Sheet Radiant Barriers for Building Construction Applications |
+| ASTM C1320 | Installation of Mineral Fiber Batt and Blanket Thermal Insulation for Light Frame Construction |
+| ASTM C1338 | Determining Fungi Resistance of Insulation Materials and Facings |
+| ASTM C1373 | Determination of Thermal Performance of Building Materials by Means of a Thermal Box Apparatus |
+| ASTM D1622 | Apparent Density of Rigid Cellular Plastics |
+| ASTM D2126 | Response of Rigid Cellular Plastics to Thermal and Humid Aging |
+| ASTM D6226 | Open Cell Content of Rigid Cellular Plastics |
+| ASTM E84 | Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |
+| ASTM E96 | Water Vapor Transmission of Materials |
+| ASTM E136 | Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C |
+| ASTM E779 | Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization |
+| ASTM E1186 | Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems |
+| ASTM E3158 | Measuring the Air Leakage Rate of a Large or Multizone Building |
+| NFPA 259 | Potential Heat of Building Materials |
+| NFPA 268 | Determining Ignitibility of Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source |
+| NFPA 275 | Fire Tests for the Evaluation of Thermal Barriers |
+| NFPA 285 | Evaluation of Fire Propagation Characteristics of Exterior Wall Assemblies Containing Combustible Components |
+| UL 723 | Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |
+| RESNET 301 | Standard for the Calculation and Labeling of the Energy Performance of Dwellings |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following for review before insulation materials are procured:
+
+- Product data for each insulation product, stating material composition, nominal density, thermal resistance per inch at the design mean temperature, facing description, dimensional tolerances, and the ASTM or ICC product standard with which the product complies
+- Third-party thermal resistance test reports per ASTM C518 or ASTM C177 for each product, reported at the mean temperature used for compliance calculations
+- Long-Term Thermal Resistance values determined per ASTM C1289 for each polyisocyanurate product
+- Surface burning characteristics test reports per ASTM E84 or UL 723 for each product and, where facings are left exposed, for the faced product as installed
+- Evidence of compliance with the exterior wall fire propagation requirements of the adopted building code for each exterior wall assembly containing foam plastic or other combustible components
+- Thermal barrier and ignition barrier product data, including listing or test evidence per NFPA 275 where an alternative to gypsum board is proposed
+- Vapor retarder product data, including water vapor permeance determined per ASTM E96 and the test procedure used
+- Compressive resistance test reports per ASTM C165 for insulation subject to sustained load
+- Applicator certification, proposed chemical system, target core density, lift schedule, and Safety Data Sheets for spray-applied polyurethane foam
+- Shop drawings or coordination drawings showing continuous insulation attachment, cladding support through the insulation, and the detailed transition at openings, parapets, floor lines, foundation lines, and penetrations
+- Tapered insulation layout drawings for low-slope roof assemblies, showing panel type, thickness at each location, and crickets and saddles
+- Samples of each product where color, facing, or surface texture will be visible in the completed work
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Product data and physical properties for each insulation product"
+ - "Thermal resistance test reports per ASTM C518 or ASTM C177"
+ - "Long-Term Thermal Resistance values per ASTM C1289 for polyisocyanurate"
+ - "Surface burning characteristics reports per ASTM E84 or UL 723"
+ - "Exterior wall fire propagation compliance evidence"
+ - "Thermal barrier and ignition barrier product data"
+ - "Vapor retarder product data with permeance per ASTM E96"
+ - "Compressive resistance test reports per ASTM C165"
+ - "Spray polyurethane foam applicator certification and chemical system data"
+ - "Continuous insulation attachment and interface detail drawings"
+ - "Tapered insulation layout drawings"
+ - "Product samples where the insulation or its facing remains visible"
+default: "Product data and physical properties for each insulation product"
+```
+
+### Insulation shall not be installed in any assembly until the submittals covering the products in that assembly have been reviewed and returned without rejection.
+
+### The Contractor shall submit a written request for substitution before procuring any product differing from the reviewed submittal, and shall include the fire, thermal, and permeance data required to demonstrate equivalence.
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following before final acceptance:
+
+- Signed certificate stating that the installed insulation conforms to the reviewed submittals, the manufacturer's published instructions, and this standard
+- Inspection records for each assembly area, identifying the date of inspection, the inspecting party, and the disposition of any deficiency
+- Envelope air leakage test report where pressurization testing is required
+- Core sample records for spray-applied polyurethane foam, stating location, measured thickness, and measured core density
+- Infrared thermographic survey report where a survey is required
+- Energy code compliance certificate and supporting documentation accepted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction
+- Manufacturer warranty documents for each product carrying a written material warranty
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Signed certificate of conformance"
+ - "Inspection records for each assembly area"
+ - "Envelope air leakage test report"
+ - "Spray polyurethane foam core sample records"
+ - "Infrared thermographic survey report"
+ - "Energy code compliance certificate and supporting documentation"
+ - "Manufacturer warranty documents"
+default: "Signed certificate of conformance"
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Installer Qualifications {toc}
+
+### Insulation shall be installed by personnel experienced in the specific insulation form and assembly type being executed.
+
+### Spray-applied polyurethane foam shall be applied by an applicator certified by the chemical system manufacturer for the system in use, or certified under a recognized industry applicator certification program.
+
+### A certified applicator shall be present on site throughout spray polyurethane foam application.
+
+### Loose-fill and dense-packed insulation shall be installed by personnel trained in the blowing equipment and coverage verification method used on the project.
+
+## Preinstallation Conference {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall convene a preinstallation conference before the first insulation is installed, attended by the insulation installer, the air barrier installer, the roofing installer where roof insulation is in the scope, the framing contractor, and the party designated to perform inspection before concealment.
+
+### The conference shall establish the sequence of trades at each control layer transition, the notification procedure for inspection before concealment, and the location and frequency of any core sampling.
+
+### The Contractor shall record the conference and distribute the record to all attendees within five business days.
+
+## Installation Grading {toc}
+
+### Air-permeable cavity insulation subject to installation grading shall achieve the grade specified in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Installation Grade for Air-Permeable Cavity Insulation
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Grade I — full cavity fill with no gaps, voids, or compression beyond the published allowances"
+ - "Grade II — occasional small gaps and compression within the published Grade II allowances"
+ - "Grade III — gaps and compression within the published Grade III allowances"
+ - "Not applicable — no air-permeable cavity insulation in the project"
+default: "Grade I — full cavity fill with no gaps, voids, or compression beyond the published allowances"
+```
+
+### Grade I, Grade II, and Grade III describe how completely an air-permeable cavity insulation fills its cavity, as defined by the residential energy rating standard used for installation grading. {note}
+
+### The grades are not product quality classes and do not change the rated thermal resistance of the material. {note}
+
+### Where the project energy analysis was performed at a grade lower than Grade I, the analysis and the datasheet selection describe the same assumption and the field work is measured against that assumption. {note}
+
+### Where the parties disagree whether an installation meets the specified grade, the party designated to perform inspection before concealment shall make the initial determination.
+
+## Product Listing and Labeling {toc}
+
+### Each insulation product shall be labeled by the manufacturer with the product designation, the ASTM or ICC product standard with which it complies, the thermal resistance at the labeled thickness, and the surface burning classification where the product is required to carry one.
+
+### Labels shall remain intact and legible on delivered material until the material is installed.
+
+### Thermal resistance stated on the label or product data sheet shall be determined per ASTM C518 or ASTM C177 at the mean temperature used in the project energy analysis.
+
+### Polyisocyanurate board thermal resistance shall be the Long-Term Thermal Resistance determined per ASTM C1289.
+
+### The thermal resistance of polyisocyanurate declines over the first years after manufacture as the blowing agent diffuses out of the cells and is replaced by air, and Long-Term Thermal Resistance is the stabilized value that testing per ASTM C1289 reports. {note}
+
+### The thermal resistance of polyisocyanurate also varies with temperature, falling below its 75°F value at mean temperatures under roughly 40°F and rising above it at warmer mean temperatures, while polystyrene and mineral fiber change comparatively little across the same range. {note}
+
+### Where an assembly containing polyisocyanurate is evaluated at a cold-condition mean temperature, the thermal resistance used shall be the value published for that mean temperature rather than the 75°F value.
+
+### Insulation products that will be installed in contact with concrete, masonry, or ground shall be tested for fungi resistance per ASTM C1338.
+
+# Project Conditions and Energy Code Basis {toc}
+
+## Climate Zone {toc}
+
+### The climate zone assigned to the project location governs prescriptive thermal resistance, vapor retarder class, and attic ventilation requirements throughout this standard. {note}
+
+### The climate zone shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Project Climate Zone
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "energy code compliance documentation"
+options:
+ - "Zone 0A — extremely hot, humid"
+ - "Zone 0B — extremely hot, dry"
+ - "Zone 1A — very hot, humid"
+ - "Zone 1B — very hot, dry"
+ - "Zone 2A — hot, humid"
+ - "Zone 2B — hot, dry"
+ - "Zone 3A — warm, humid"
+ - "Zone 3B — warm, dry"
+ - "Zone 3C — warm, marine"
+ - "Zone 4A — mixed, humid"
+ - "Zone 4B — mixed, dry"
+ - "Zone 4C — mixed, marine"
+ - "Zone 5A — cool, humid"
+ - "Zone 5B — cool, dry"
+ - "Zone 5C — cool, marine"
+ - "Zone 6A — cold, humid"
+ - "Zone 6B — cold, dry"
+ - "Zone 7 — very cold"
+ - "Zone 8 — subarctic and arctic"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### Buildings with process loads, elevated interior humidity, refrigerated rooms, or unconditioned interior zones may impose moisture control requirements beyond those the climate zone alone implies, and where such conditions exist the assembly shall be evaluated per ASHRAE 160.
+
+## Energy Code Compliance Path {toc}
+
+### The compliance path used to establish the project's required thermal resistance shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Energy Code Compliance Path
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: "energy code compliance documentation"
+options:
+ - "Prescriptive — assembly values taken from the adopted code tables"
+ - "Component performance — assembly U-factor, C-factor, or F-factor trade-off within the envelope"
+ - "Total building performance — whole-building energy model"
+ - "Outcome-based or above-code program — measured or program-defined target"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### The compliance path determines whether a given assembly may fall below a tabulated value in exchange for improvement elsewhere, and substituting a lower-resistance assembly on a prescriptive project invalidates the compliance basis rather than merely reducing performance. {note}
+
+### The Contractor shall not substitute an insulation product or thickness that reduces the thermal resistance of any assembly below the value on which the project's compliance documentation relies.
+
+### Where a proposed substitution changes the thermal resistance, permeance, or fire classification of an assembly, the Contractor shall submit the revised compliance calculation prepared by the party responsible for the energy analysis.
+
+## Structural Backup and Framing Type {toc}
+
+### The structural backup of each exterior wall governs the thermal bridge correction, the attachment method available for continuous insulation, and whether cavity insulation is possible at all. {note}
+
+### The exterior wall structural backup shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exterior Wall Structural Backup
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "wall type schedule and structural drawings"
+options:
+ - "Wood stud framing"
+ - "Cold-formed steel stud framing"
+ - "Structural steel frame with infill framing"
+ - "Concrete masonry backup wall"
+ - "Cast-in-place concrete wall"
+ - "Precast concrete wall panel"
+ - "Insulated concrete form wall"
+ - "Structural insulated panel"
+ - "Mass timber wall panel"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### Where the exterior wall backup is concrete, masonry, precast, or mass timber, the framing thermal bridge correction of this standard does not apply and the assembly thermal resistance is governed by the mass wall provisions of the adopted code.
+
+# Required Thermal Resistance {toc}
+
+## Basis of Assembly Thermal Performance {toc}
+
+### Nominal thermal resistance is the resistance of the insulation material alone at its labeled thickness. {note}
+
+### Assembly thermal resistance is the resistance of the complete section including framing members, sheathing, cladding, interior finish, air films, and any air spaces, and it is always lower than the nominal cavity value in a framed assembly because heat bypasses the insulation through the framing. {note}
+
+### The basis on which each opaque assembly demonstrates compliance shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Basis of Opaque Assembly Thermal Performance
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Nominal insulation thermal resistance only"
+ - "Assembly thermal resistance calculated by the parallel path or isothermal planes method"
+ - "Assembly thermal resistance taken from the adopted standard's tabulated assembly values"
+ - "Assembly U-factor from the whole-building energy model"
+ - "Assembly U-factor from two-dimensional or three-dimensional thermal modeling"
+ - "Assembly thermal resistance measured per ASTM C1373"
+```
+
+### The prescriptive tables of the adopted energy standard are expressed as assembly values, so a project on the prescriptive path shall demonstrate compliance on an assembly basis rather than on a nominal cavity basis.
+
+### Two-dimensional and three-dimensional modeling resolve heat flow around clips, shelf angles, slab edges, and parapets that the parallel path and isothermal planes methods approximate, and the difference between the two approaches grows as the continuous insulation gets thicker and the penetrating steel gets heavier. {note}
+
+## Assembly Thermal Resistance Values {toc}
+
+### The values recorded below are the minimum acceptable performance for the assembly, and the design documents may require higher values for owner performance goals, resilience objectives, or an above-code program. {note}
+
+### The required thermal resistance of each assembly shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof and Ceiling Assembly — Required Thermal Resistance
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+drawing_ref: "energy code compliance documentation"
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 100
+ setpoints: [0, 10, 13, 15, 20, 25, 30, 33, 38, 45, 49, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Above-Grade Wall Assembly — Required Thermal Resistance
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+drawing_ref: "energy code compliance documentation"
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 60
+ setpoints: [0, 5, 7.5, 10, 13, 15, 18, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Above-Grade Wall — Continuous Insulation Component of the Required Thermal Resistance
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+drawing_ref: "energy code compliance documentation"
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 40
+ setpoints: [0, 2.5, 3.8, 5, 6, 7.5, 10, 11.4, 12.5, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Below-Grade Wall Assembly — Required Thermal Resistance
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+drawing_ref: "energy code compliance documentation"
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 30
+ setpoints: [0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 19, 20, 25, 30]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Floor Over Unconditioned Space — Required Thermal Resistance
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+drawing_ref: "energy code compliance documentation"
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 50
+ setpoints: [0, 10, 13, 19, 21, 25, 30, 38, 49, 50]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Slab Insulation — Required Thermal Resistance
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+drawing_ref: "energy code compliance documentation"
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 30
+ setpoints: [0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 25, 30]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Slab Insulation — Vertical Depth Below Top of Slab
+type: range
+unit: inches
+drawing_ref: "foundation and slab details"
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 96
+ setpoints: [0, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### A slab insulation depth of zero and a slab insulation thermal resistance of zero together record an uninsulated slab, which the adopted code permits in some climate zones and occupancies. {note}
+
+# Insulation Materials {toc}
+
+## Mineral Fiber Batt, Blanket, and Board {toc}
+
+### Mineral fiber covers glass fiber products made from molten glass and mineral wool products made from molten rock or iron slag. {note}
+
+### Mineral fiber batt and blanket insulation for light frame construction shall conform to ASTM C665.
+
+### Mineral fiber blanket insulation for commercial and industrial applications shall conform to ASTM C553.
+
+### Mineral fiber block and board insulation shall conform to ASTM C612.
+
+### Mineral wool roof insulation board shall conform to ASTM C726.
+
+### Mineral fiber that is unfaced and contains no binder in quantity sufficient to sustain combustion qualifies as noncombustible under ASTM E136 and needs no thermal barrier or ignition barrier on that basis. {note}
+
+### Mineral wool board holds its dimensions and its thermal resistance at temperatures where polystyrene softens, drains liquid water rather than absorbing it, and carries load in compression, and these properties are what make it usable as exterior continuous insulation left in an air cavity and as a fire-blocking layer in a rainscreen. {note}
+
+### The facing on mineral fiber cavity insulation shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mineral Fiber Cavity Insulation Facing
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Unfaced"
+ - "Kraft paper facing"
+ - "Foil-kraft-paper laminate facing"
+ - "Aluminum foil facing"
+ - "Flame-resistant polypropylene or vinyl facing"
+ - "Fully encapsulated in perforated polyethylene"
+ - "Not applicable — no mineral fiber cavity insulation in the project"
+```
+
+### Where the facing on mineral fiber cavity insulation is intended to serve as the assembly's vapor retarder, the facing permeance shall satisfy the vapor retarder class recorded for that assembly.
+
+### Where a faced mineral fiber product is installed with the facing left exposed, the faced product as installed shall carry the surface burning classification recorded for the assembly.
+
+### Kraft and foil facings on batt insulation are combustible and are not permitted to remain exposed in occupied spaces unless the faced product carries a classification that allows exposure.
+
+## Loose-Fill and Dense-Packed Insulation {toc}
+
+### Cellulosic fiber loose-fill insulation shall conform to ASTM C739.
+
+### Mineral fiber loose-fill insulation shall conform to ASTM C764.
+
+### Loose-fill insulation shall be installed per ASTM C1015.
+
+### Loose-fill insulation is blown to a target depth in open horizontal applications and to a target density in closed cavities, and the two applications fail differently: an open application under-delivers when the material settles below the marked depth, while a closed cavity under-delivers when it is blown below the density that resists settling. {note}
+
+### Loose-fill insulation blown into a closed cavity shall be installed at or above the manufacturer's published minimum density for that cavity depth and orientation.
+
+### The method used to verify loose-fill coverage shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Loose-Fill Coverage Verification Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Installed depth markers plus reconciliation of bag count against the published coverage chart"
+ - "Installed depth markers only"
+ - "Bag count reconciliation against the published coverage chart only"
+ - "Measured density of extracted samples from closed cavities"
+ - "Third-party measured depth survey on a sampling grid"
+ - "Not applicable — no loose-fill insulation in the project"
+```
+
+### Depth markers shall be installed at a rate of at least one per 300 square feet of attic area, attached so they remain vertical and legible from the attic access.
+
+## Extruded, Expanded, and Graphite-Enhanced Polystyrene Board {toc}
+
+### Rigid cellular polystyrene board insulation shall conform to ASTM C578.
+
+### Extruded polystyrene is formed by extruding molten polystyrene through a die into a closed-cell board with a continuous skin, giving it low water absorption, moderate water vapor permeance, and compressive resistance available across a wide range. {note}
+
+### Expanded polystyrene is formed by steam-expanding polystyrene beads in a mold, giving it an interconnected structure between the fused beads that admits more water vapor and, at equal density, less compressive resistance than extruded polystyrene. {note}
+
+### Graphite-enhanced expanded polystyrene incorporates graphite particles that reflect and absorb infrared radiation within the foam, raising thermal resistance per inch above that of unmodified expanded polystyrene at the same density. {note}
+
+### Where polystyrene board is installed in contact with soil, under slabs, or in any location subject to prolonged wetting, the water absorption of the product shall be determined per ASTM C272 and reported in the submittal.
+
+### Polystyrene softens and loses dimensional stability well below the temperature at which hot bituminous materials are applied, so polystyrene shall not be placed in direct contact with hot-applied bitumen or with any surface at a temperature above the manufacturer's published service limit.
+
+## Polyisocyanurate Board {toc}
+
+### Faced rigid cellular polyisocyanurate board insulation shall conform to ASTM C1289.
+
+### Polyisocyanurate delivers the highest thermal resistance per inch of the rigid boards sold in the North American market at a 75°F mean temperature, which is why a given roof thermal resistance is reached in fewer inches with polyisocyanurate than with polystyrene or mineral wool. {note}
+
+### The facer construction of polyisocyanurate board shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Polyisocyanurate Board Facer Construction
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Aluminum foil facers both sides — ASTM C1289 Type I"
+ - "Reinforced cellulosic mat facers both sides — ASTM C1289 Type II Class 1"
+ - "Coated glass fiber facers both sides — ASTM C1289 Type II Class 2"
+ - "Uncoated glass fiber facers both sides — ASTM C1289 Type II Class 3"
+ - "High-density foam core with glass fiber facers — ASTM C1289 Type II Class 4"
+ - "Perlite board composite — ASTM C1289 Type III"
+ - "Wood fiberboard composite — ASTM C1289 Type IV"
+ - "Oriented strand board or plywood nailbase composite — ASTM C1289 Type V"
+ - "Glass mat gypsum board composite — ASTM C1289 Type VII"
+ - "Not applicable — no polyisocyanurate in the project"
+```
+
+### The facer governs the board's water vapor permeance, its bond to adhesives and hot bitumen, its handling of field cuts, and whether the board can be left facing an air space, so the facer is selected against the assembly rather than against the foam core. {note}
+
+### An aluminum foil facer functions as a Class I vapor retarder and, where it faces an enclosed air space of at least three-quarters of an inch, adds the thermal resistance of a low-emissivity air space to the assembly. {note}
+
+### Polyisocyanurate board shall not be installed where its facers will remain in contact with standing water or continuously damp substrates.
+
+## Mineral Wool Board and Cellular Glass {toc}
+
+### Cellular glass insulation shall conform to ASTM C552.
+
+### Cellular glass is a closed-cell foamed glass with zero water absorption and zero water vapor permeance, it is noncombustible, and it carries compressive load without measurable creep, which is what qualifies it for permanently wet below-grade positions and for plaza and terrace assemblies under sustained load. {note}
+
+### Cellular glass is brittle in flexure, so it shall be installed over a full-contact substrate and shall not span voids, gaps, or flute openings.
+
+### Where cellular glass is installed under sustained load, the flexural strength shall be determined per ASTM C203 and reported in the submittal.
+
+## Wood Fiber and Cellulosic Board {toc}
+
+### Cellulosic fiber insulating board shall conform to ASTM C208.
+
+### Wood fiber board is vapor-open and hygroscopic, taking on and releasing moisture with the surrounding air, and in an exterior continuous insulation position that behavior gives the sheathing behind it a drying path that a low-permeance foam does not provide. {note}
+
+### Wood fiber board is combustible and shall satisfy the same surface burning and exterior wall fire propagation requirements that apply to any combustible component of the assembly in which it is installed.
+
+## Spray-Applied Polyurethane Foam {toc}
+
+### Spray-applied rigid cellular polyurethane insulation shall conform to ASTM C1029.
+
+### Spray polyurethane foam installed as building insulation shall conform to ICC 1100.
+
+### Spray polyurethane foam is applied as two liquid components that react, expand, and cure in place, so it fills irregular cavities, seals around penetrations, and adheres to the substrate without separate fasteners or tapes. {note}
+
+### Closed-cell foam is applied at a core density in the medium-density range and yields a rigid, low-permeance material that adds racking strength to the assembly and resists liquid water intrusion. Open-cell foam is applied at a core density in the low-density range and yields a soft, vapor-open material that lets an assembly dry inward. {note}
+
+### The cell type of spray polyurethane foam shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spray Polyurethane Foam Cell Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Closed-cell, medium density"
+ - "Open-cell, low density"
+ - "Closed-cell at the substrate with open-cell or air-permeable insulation completing the cavity"
+ - "Not applicable — no spray polyurethane foam in the project"
+```
+
+### The minimum core density of spray polyurethane foam shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spray Polyurethane Foam Minimum Core Density
+type: range
+unit: pcf
+options:
+ min: 0.4
+ max: 3.5
+ setpoints: [0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5]
+```
+
+### Core density shall be determined per ASTM D1622 on samples taken from the installed work.
+
+### Open cell content shall be determined per ASTM D6226 and shall correspond to the cell type recorded in the datasheet.
+
+### Dimensional stability shall be determined per ASTM D2126 under the temperature and humidity conditions the foam will experience in service.
+
+### Core density and cell type are coupled: the density range recorded in the datasheet shall lie within the range the adopted product standard assigns to the cell type recorded for the same assembly.
+
+### The minimum applied thickness of spray polyurethane foam shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spray Polyurethane Foam Minimum Applied Thickness
+type: range
+unit: inches
+drawing_ref: "wall and roof assembly details"
+options:
+ min: 0.5
+ max: 12
+ setpoints: [0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### Uncoated spray polyurethane foam degrades under ultraviolet exposure within months, losing surface integrity and, in closed-cell foam, its water resistance. {note}
+
+### Spray polyurethane foam that will remain exposed to sunlight shall receive the protective coating specified for the assembly within the exposure period the foam manufacturer publishes.
+
+## Reflective Insulation and Radiant Barriers {toc}
+
+### Sheet radiant barriers shall conform to ASTM C1313.
+
+### Reflective insulation assemblies shall conform to ASTM C1224.
+
+### A low-emissivity surface reduces radiant heat transfer only where it faces an air space, so a foil surface in contact with an adjacent material contributes nothing and the rated performance of a reflective assembly is a property of the assembled air space rather than of the sheet alone. {note}
+
+### The use of reflective insulation or a radiant barrier shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Reflective Insulation and Radiant Barrier Use
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Sheet radiant barrier applied at the underside of the roof deck or to the rafters"
+ - "Sheet radiant barrier laid over horizontal attic insulation"
+ - "Reflective insulation assembly with a bounded air space within the wall or roof assembly"
+ - "Low-emissivity facer on board insulation facing an enclosed air space"
+ - "Not used"
+```
+
+### Where a radiant barrier is laid over horizontal attic insulation, the installation shall maintain the ventilation path and shall not obstruct soffit or ridge ventilation openings.
+
+### Reflective surfaces accumulate dust in upward-facing positions, and dust raises surface emissivity, so the thermal resistance credited to an upward-facing reflective air space shall be the value the adopted standard permits for that orientation.
+
+## Foam Blowing Agents {toc}
+
+### Blowing agent restrictions applicable to foam plastic insulation on the project shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Foam Plastic Blowing Agent Restriction
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "No blowing agent restriction beyond the applicable federal, state, and local regulations"
+ - "Global warming potential of 150 or less"
+ - "Global warming potential of 25 or less"
+ - "Hydrocarbon, water, or carbon dioxide blown products only"
+ - "As required by the owner's sustainability program"
+ - "Not applicable — no foam plastic insulation in the project"
+```
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the blowing agent identification and global warming potential for each foam plastic product where a restriction is recorded.
+
+## Compressive Resistance of Load-Bearing Insulation {toc}
+
+### Compressive resistance is specified as a required minimum rather than as a product type designation, because the type designations of the polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, mineral wool, and cellular glass product standards are not interchangeable and each standard reaches a given strength through a different type number. {note}
+
+### Insulation that carries sustained load shall have a compressive resistance at 10 percent deformation, determined per ASTM C165, not less than the value recorded in the datasheet for its position.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof Insulation — Minimum Compressive Resistance
+type: range
+unit: psi
+drawing_ref: "roof assembly details"
+options:
+ min: 10
+ max: 140
+ setpoints: [10, 16, 20, 25, 40, 60, 80, 110, 140]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Under-Slab Insulation — Minimum Compressive Resistance
+type: range
+unit: psi
+drawing_ref: "structural drawings and slab details"
+options:
+ min: 10
+ max: 100
+ setpoints: [10, 13, 15, 25, 40, 60, 100]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Below-Grade Wall Insulation — Minimum Compressive Resistance
+type: range
+unit: psi
+drawing_ref: "foundation details"
+options:
+ min: 5
+ max: 60
+ setpoints: [5, 10, 13, 15, 25, 40, 60]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### Insulation beneath a plaza deck, a vehicular slab, a refrigerated floor, or a heavily loaded warehouse slab shall be selected for the sustained load rather than the momentary load, and the submittal shall report creep or long-term deformation data where the product standard publishes it.
+
+# Insulation Selection by Assembly {toc}
+
+## Above-Grade Wall Insulation {toc}
+
+### The insulation used in the cavity of above-grade walls shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Above-Grade Wall Cavity Insulation
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Mineral fiber batt or blanket"
+ - "Mineral wool batt"
+ - "Blown-in glass fiber behind a netting or membrane"
+ - "Dense-packed cellulose"
+ - "Dense-packed mineral fiber"
+ - "Closed-cell spray polyurethane foam"
+ - "Open-cell spray polyurethane foam"
+ - "Rigid board cut and fitted between framing"
+ - "None — the wall is insulated entirely outboard of the framing"
+```
+
+### The insulation used as continuous insulation on above-grade walls shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Above-Grade Wall Continuous Insulation
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Extruded polystyrene board"
+ - "Expanded polystyrene board"
+ - "Graphite-enhanced expanded polystyrene board"
+ - "Polyisocyanurate board"
+ - "Mineral wool board"
+ - "Cellular glass board"
+ - "Wood fiber board"
+ - "Closed-cell spray polyurethane foam applied to the exterior sheathing"
+ - "Insulated sheathing with an integral water-resistive barrier"
+ - "None — the wall has no continuous insulation layer"
+```
+
+### Where the wall assembly includes both cavity insulation and continuous insulation, the sum of their contributions shall meet the assembly thermal resistance recorded for the wall.
+
+## Roof and Attic Insulation {toc}
+
+### The insulation used in low-slope roof assemblies shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Low-Slope Roof Insulation
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Polyisocyanurate board"
+ - "Expanded polystyrene board"
+ - "Extruded polystyrene board"
+ - "Mineral wool roof board"
+ - "Cellular glass board"
+ - "Wood fiber board"
+ - "Closed-cell spray polyurethane foam applied to the deck"
+ - "Insulation below the deck between structural framing"
+ - "None — the roof is insulated at a separate ceiling plane"
+```
+
+### The cover board over roof insulation shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof Insulation Cover Board
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Glass mat faced gypsum board"
+ - "High-density polyisocyanurate board"
+ - "Perlite board"
+ - "Wood fiber board"
+ - "Cementitious board"
+ - "Mineral wool board"
+ - "None — the membrane is applied directly to the insulation"
+```
+
+### A cover board separates the membrane from the insulation, distributing point loads from foot traffic and hail, isolating the insulation from the heat of hot-applied or torch-applied membranes, and providing a consistent bonding surface. {note}
+
+### The insulation used in steep-slope roof and attic assemblies shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Steep-Slope Roof and Attic Insulation
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Loose-fill cellulose"
+ - "Loose-fill glass fiber"
+ - "Loose-fill mineral wool"
+ - "Mineral fiber batt or blanket at the ceiling plane"
+ - "Mineral fiber batt or blanket between rafters"
+ - "Closed-cell spray polyurethane foam at the roof deck"
+ - "Open-cell spray polyurethane foam at the roof deck"
+ - "Rigid board above the roof deck"
+ - "None — no steep-slope or attic assembly in the project"
+```
+
+## Floor and Crawl Space Insulation {toc}
+
+### The insulation used in floors over unconditioned space shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Floor Over Unconditioned Space Insulation
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Mineral fiber batt between joists"
+ - "Rigid board adhered or fastened to the underside of the deck"
+ - "Closed-cell spray polyurethane foam applied to the underside of the deck"
+ - "Open-cell spray polyurethane foam applied to the underside of the deck"
+ - "Blown-in insulation retained by netting"
+ - "Rigid board above the structural deck under the finish floor"
+ - "None — no floor over unconditioned space in the project"
+```
+
+### The insulation used in crawl space enclosures shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Crawl Space Insulation
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Mineral fiber batt in the floor framing above the crawl space"
+ - "Rigid board on the interior face of the crawl space wall"
+ - "Rigid board on the exterior face of the crawl space wall"
+ - "Closed-cell spray polyurethane foam on the interior face of the crawl space wall"
+ - "Rigid board under the crawl space slab or ground cover"
+ - "None — no crawl space in the project"
+```
+
+## Below-Grade Wall and Slab Insulation {toc}
+
+### The insulation used on below-grade walls shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Below-Grade Wall Insulation
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Extruded polystyrene board"
+ - "Expanded polystyrene board"
+ - "Graphite-enhanced expanded polystyrene board"
+ - "Mineral wool drainage board"
+ - "Cellular glass board"
+ - "Closed-cell spray polyurethane foam on the interior face"
+ - "Mineral fiber batt in a furred interior wall"
+ - "Integral to an insulated concrete form wall"
+ - "None — the below-grade wall is uninsulated"
+```
+
+### The insulation used at slabs on grade shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Slab Insulation
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Extruded polystyrene board"
+ - "Expanded polystyrene board"
+ - "Graphite-enhanced expanded polystyrene board"
+ - "Cellular glass board"
+ - "None — the slab is uninsulated"
+```
+
+# Fire and Smoke Requirements {toc}
+
+## Surface Burning Characteristics {toc}
+
+### Surface burning characteristics shall be determined per ASTM E84 or UL 723 on the product in the thickness intended for use.
+
+### Both the flame spread index and the smoke-developed index shall be reported for each product required to carry a surface burning classification.
+
+### The flame spread index describes how quickly flame travels across the material surface and the smoke-developed index describes how much smoke that combustion produces, and a material can pass one and fail the other. {note}
+
+### The flame spread classification required for insulation in each assembly shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Required Flame Spread Classification
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Class A — flame spread index of 25 or less"
+ - "Class B — flame spread index of 26 through 75"
+ - "Class C — flame spread index of 76 through 200"
+ - "Not required — the insulation is noncombustible under ASTM E136"
+```
+
+### The maximum smoke-developed index for insulation in each assembly shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Smoke-Developed Index
+type: range
+options:
+ min: 25
+ max: 450
+ setpoints: [25, 50, 100, 200, 450]
+default: 450
+```
+
+### Foam plastic insulation shall have a flame spread index of 75 or less and a smoke-developed index of 450 or less as determined per ASTM E84 or UL 723 in the thickness intended for use, except where the foam plastic is used in a specific assembly that has been tested and listed as a whole.
+
+### Test specimens for foam plastic shall not exceed four inches in thickness unless the adopted code permits a greater thickness for the specific product.
+
+### The Contractor shall not substitute an insulation product that changes the fire classification of a listed assembly.
+
+### Mineral fiber insulation that qualifies as noncombustible carries no flame spread requirement on its own, but a facing applied to it is a separate combustible surface, and where that facing is left exposed the faced product as installed is what must be classified. {note}
+
+## Thermal Barrier Separation from Interior Spaces {toc}
+
+### Foam plastic insulation shall be separated from the interior of the building by a thermal barrier that limits the temperature rise of the unexposed surface for at least 15 minutes, unless the adopted code provides an exception for the specific application.
+
+### The thermal barrier provided over foam plastic shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Thermal Barrier Over Foam Plastic
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Gypsum board, one-half inch minimum thickness"
+ - "Gypsum board, five-eighths inch Type X"
+ - "Alternative material evaluated per NFPA 275"
+ - "Cementitious or gypsum spray-applied thermal barrier"
+ - "Masonry or concrete covering"
+ - "Not required — the assembly qualifies for a code exception"
+ - "Not applicable — no foam plastic insulation in the project"
+```
+
+### Where a coating or spray-applied material is proposed as the thermal barrier, the submittal shall include the NFPA 275 evaluation for the specific foam and coating combination at the applied thickness and coverage rate.
+
+### A thermal barrier evaluation is a property of the foam and barrier together, so evidence for one foam product does not carry over to a different foam behind the same barrier. {note}
+
+## Ignition Barriers in Attics and Crawl Spaces {toc}
+
+### Foam plastic insulation in an attic or crawl space that is entered only for the service of utilities shall be separated from the space by an ignition barrier, unless the foam product is listed for exposed application in that space.
+
+### The ignition barrier provided shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Ignition Barrier in Attics and Crawl Spaces
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Mineral fiber insulation, one and one-half inch minimum thickness"
+ - "Wood structural panel, one-quarter inch minimum thickness"
+ - "Gypsum wallboard, three-eighths inch minimum thickness"
+ - "Particleboard, three-eighths inch minimum thickness"
+ - "Corrosion-resistant steel, 0.016 inch minimum thickness"
+ - "Cement-based coating applied at the listed coverage rate"
+ - "Intumescent coating listed for exposed foam plastic"
+ - "Not required — the foam product is listed for exposed application"
+ - "Not applicable — no foam plastic in an attic or crawl space"
+```
+
+### Where a coating is used as the ignition barrier, the coverage rate, wet film thickness, and cure conditions shall be as stated in the product listing, and the applicator shall record the quantity applied per unit area.
+
+## Exterior Wall Fire Propagation {toc}
+
+### Exterior wall assemblies containing foam plastic insulation shall demonstrate compliance with NFPA 285 where the adopted code requires it for the building's type of construction.
+
+### NFPA 285 evaluates the assembly as a whole, including the insulation, the water-resistive barrier, the air barrier, the sheathing, the cladding, the cavity, and the perimeter fire containment, so a favorable ASTM E84 result on the insulation alone does not satisfy it. {note}
+
+### The basis on which each exterior wall assembly demonstrates fire propagation compliance shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exterior Wall Fire Propagation Compliance Basis
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Successful NFPA 285 test of the assembly as designed"
+ - "Engineering evaluation extending an NFPA 285 tested assembly to the assembly as designed"
+ - "Exception — the foam plastic is covered on each face by masonry, concrete, or Type X gypsum board at the code-prescribed thickness"
+ - "Exception — the building is one story and complies with the applicable code provision"
+ - "Exception — the exterior wall is a fire-resistance-rated assembly meeting the applicable code provision"
+ - "Not required — the building's type of construction does not invoke the requirement"
+ - "Not applicable — the exterior wall contains no foam plastic or other combustible components"
+```
+
+### Where compliance rests on an engineering evaluation, the evaluation shall be prepared by a fire protection engineer, shall identify the tested assembly on which it relies, and shall state each variation from that assembly and the basis for accepting it.
+
+### The Contractor shall confirm that each exterior wall assembly containing foam plastic has documented compliance before procuring the insulation, the water-resistive barrier, or the cladding.
+
+### Substituting any combustible component of an exterior wall assembly voids the assembly's fire propagation compliance, including a change of water-resistive barrier, air barrier, insulation facer, or cladding that was not part of the tested or evaluated assembly.
+
+# Vapor Control {toc}
+
+## Vapor Retarder Classification {toc}
+
+### Vapor retarders shall be classified by water vapor permeance determined per ASTM E96.
+
+### The submittal shall state which ASTM E96 test procedure produced each reported permeance value.
+
+### A material's measured permeance depends on the procedure used, and the desiccant and water procedures of ASTM E96 give different results for the same material because they hold it at different mean relative humidities. {note}
+
+### The vapor retarder class required for above-grade walls shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Vapor Retarder Class for Above-Grade Walls
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Class I — 0.1 perm or less"
+ - "Class II — greater than 0.1 perm through 1.0 perm"
+ - "Class III — greater than 1.0 perm through 10 perm"
+ - "Variable-permeance membrane meeting the code allowance for a responsive vapor retarder"
+ - "None required"
+```
+
+### Materials at or below 0.1 perm include polyethylene sheet, aluminum foil, and foil facers. Materials between 0.1 and 1.0 perm include kraft facers, coated kraft, low-permeance coatings, and closed-cell spray polyurethane foam at typical applied thickness. Materials between 1.0 and 10 perm include latex paint on gypsum board and many mechanically fastened housewraps. {note}
+
+### A vapor retarder slows drying in the direction it faces as effectively as it slows wetting, so a low-permeance layer placed where the assembly needs to dry converts a seasonal wetting event into accumulated moisture. {note}
+
+### Where a variable-permeance membrane is used, the submittal shall report the permeance across the full relative humidity range and shall confirm that the material satisfies the adopted code's allowance for a responsive vapor retarder.
+
+## Vapor Retarder Placement in Wall Assemblies {toc}
+
+### The position of the vapor retarder within above-grade wall assemblies shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Vapor Retarder Position in Above-Grade Walls
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Interior side of the cavity insulation"
+ - "Integral facer on the cavity insulation"
+ - "Exterior side of the cavity insulation, inboard of the continuous insulation"
+ - "Provided by closed-cell spray polyurethane foam within the cavity"
+ - "Provided by a low-permeance continuous insulation board outboard of the sheathing"
+ - "No dedicated vapor retarder in the assembly"
+```
+
+### Where the adopted code requires a Class I or Class II vapor retarder on the interior side of a frame wall for the project climate zone, that requirement shall be satisfied unless the assembly includes continuous insulation at or above the ratio the code tabulates for a Class III vapor retarder.
+
+### Continuous insulation outboard of the sheathing raises the sheathing temperature in winter, and once the sheathing stays above the interior air's dew point it no longer condenses, which is the mechanism behind the code's continuous insulation ratio tables. {note}
+
+### Where the project relies on the continuous insulation ratio to permit a Class III vapor retarder, the ratio shall be calculated using the assembly values recorded in this standard and shall be included in the submittal.
+
+### The Contractor shall not substitute a vapor retarder of a different class without a revised assembly evaluation.
+
+### Penetrations of the vapor retarder for outlet boxes, piping, ducts, and anchors shall be sealed with materials compatible with the vapor retarder.
+
+### Vapor retarder material that is cut, torn, or punctured shall be repaired before the assembly is concealed.
+
+### Repairs to sheet vapor retarders shall lap the sound material at least 6 inches on all sides and shall be sealed with a tape or sealant the vapor retarder manufacturer identifies as compatible.
+
+### Where the parties disagree whether a repair is adequate, the party designated to perform inspection before concealment shall make the initial determination.
+
+## Vapor Control in Roof Assemblies {toc}
+
+### A vapor retarder placed below roof insulation keeps interior air and its moisture out of the cold upper portion of the insulation, where it would otherwise condense against the underside of the membrane. {note}
+
+### Buildings with sustained elevated interior humidity, such as natatoriums, food processing plants, commercial laundries, and indoor agriculture, drive far more moisture into a roof assembly than the climate zone alone predicts. {note}
+
+### The vapor retarder provision for roof assemblies shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof Assembly Vapor Retarder
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required below the roof insulation, Class I"
+ - "Required below the roof insulation, Class II"
+ - "Required below the roof insulation, class established by hygrothermal analysis per ASHRAE 160"
+ - "Not required"
+```
+
+### Where a roof vapor retarder is required, the material, its attachment, and its continuity at the deck, penetrations, and perimeter shall be coordinated with [[sync/membrane-roofing]].
+
+### A vapor retarder below roof insulation is also an air barrier in that plane, so its continuity at deck joints, at penetrations, and at the roof-to-wall transition determines whether it performs at all.
+
+# Air Barrier Coordination {toc}
+
+## Role of Insulation in the Air Barrier {toc}
+
+### An air barrier resists bulk air flow through the assembly. A vapor retarder resists diffusion of water vapor through a material. The two functions are independent, one material may perform both, and a material that performs one does not thereby perform the other. {note}
+
+### Air leakage carries far more moisture into an assembly than diffusion does at the same driving conditions, which is why a discontinuous air barrier defeats a correctly classified and correctly positioned vapor retarder. {note}
+
+### The role the insulation plays in the air barrier shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Air Barrier Function of the Insulation Layer
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "The insulation performs no air barrier function — a separate air barrier is provided"
+ - "Taped and sealed rigid board insulation joints form the air barrier"
+ - "Closed-cell spray polyurethane foam forms the air barrier"
+ - "Open-cell spray polyurethane foam forms the air barrier at the thickness listed for that use"
+ - "A sealed interior sheet membrane forms both the air barrier and the vapor retarder"
+```
+
+### Where the insulation layer forms the air barrier, every joint, field cut, edge, perimeter, and penetration in that layer shall be sealed, and the layer shall be made continuous with the air barrier of every adjoining assembly.
+
+### Where a separate air barrier is provided, the requirements of [[sync/air-barriers]] govern that material and this standard governs only the insulation's interface with it.
+
+### Air-permeable insulation shall not be used as an air barrier.
+
+## Continuity at Interfaces and Penetrations {toc}
+
+### The air barrier and the insulation layer shall be continuous across the transitions at foundation to wall, floor line, wall to roof, wall to parapet, and at every opening and penetration.
+
+### The transitions listed above are where the air barrier changes material, changes plane, or changes installing trade, and they are where continuity is lost. {note}
+
+### Rough opening perimeters shall receive flexible flashing or sealant that bridges the insulation layer to the window or door frame.
+
+### Penetrations through the insulation for piping, conduit, ducts, structural attachments, and equipment supports shall be sealed to the insulation layer with a material compatible with both surfaces.
+
+### Where the drawings do not detail a transition or penetration through the insulation and air barrier layers, the Contractor shall submit a request for information and shall not conceal the layer until a detail is issued.
+
+# Continuous Insulation and Thermal Bridging {toc}
+
+## Definition and Effect of Continuous Insulation {toc}
+
+### Continuous insulation is insulation that is uninterrupted across all structural members of the assembly, except for fasteners and service openings. {note}
+
+### Cavity insulation and continuous insulation are not interchangeable at equal rated resistance, because cavity insulation leaves the framing as an uninsulated parallel path while continuous insulation covers it. {note}
+
+### The benefit of moving resistance from the cavity to the continuous layer grows with the conductivity and area of the framing it covers. {note}
+
+## Framing Thermal Bridges {toc}
+
+### Wood framing occupies roughly a fifth to a quarter of the opaque area of a typical stud wall at 16 inches on center once plates, headers, corners, and partition intersections are counted, and wood conducts several times better than the insulation it displaces. {note}
+
+### Steel conducts several hundred times better than wood, so a steel-framed cavity loses a much larger share of its rated resistance than a wood-framed cavity with the same insulation, and the loss cannot be recovered by adding cavity insulation. {note}
+
+### Where the wall backup is cold-formed steel or structural steel, the assembly thermal resistance shall be established by the parallel path correction the adopted standard prescribes for steel framing, by tabulated assembly values for steel framing, or by thermal modeling.
+
+### The framing thermal bridge correction shall not be omitted on the grounds that the cavity insulation meets the tabulated cavity value.
+
+### Structural elements that pass through the insulation layer — shelf angles, balcony slabs, canopy supports, parapet framing, and column bases — conduct heat around the entire envelope in proportion to their cross-section and conductivity, and their effect is not captured by any framing fraction correction. {note}
+
+### Where structural elements penetrate the continuous insulation, the assembly evaluation shall account for them by thermal modeling or by the tabulated linear transmittance values the adopted standard provides.
+
+## Cladding Attachment Through Continuous Insulation {toc}
+
+### Every fastener, clip, and girt that crosses the continuous insulation to support cladding is a thermal bridge whose magnitude depends on its material, cross-section, and spacing. {note}
+
+### The method used to attach continuous insulation and its cladding shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Continuous Insulation and Cladding Attachment Method
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "wall sections and cladding attachment details"
+options:
+ - "Long fasteners through the insulation into the framing or backup"
+ - "Continuous metal z-girts over the insulation"
+ - "Thermally broken clip and rail system"
+ - "Fiberglass or composite low-conductivity clips"
+ - "Furring strips fastened through the insulation"
+ - "Masonry veneer ties through the insulation"
+ - "Adhesive attachment of the insulation with separately supported cladding"
+ - "Insulation held by the cladding system with no separate attachment"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### The treatment of the cladding attachment thermal bridge in the assembly evaluation shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cladding Attachment Thermal Bridge Treatment
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Included in the calculated assembly U-factor by point transmittance"
+ - "Included in the calculated assembly U-factor by the tabulated clip correction factors"
+ - "Included by two-dimensional or three-dimensional thermal modeling"
+ - "Addressed by specifying a thermally broken or low-conductivity attachment system"
+ - "Not accounted for — the assembly complies on the tabulated prescriptive values"
+```
+
+### Continuous metal z-girts placed directly against the sheathing and running through the full thickness of the insulation can remove a large fraction of the insulation's effect, and the loss depends on girt spacing and orientation as much as on insulation thickness. {note}
+
+### Where a thermally broken or low-conductivity attachment system is specified, the system shall be installed with the thermal break intact, and fasteners shall not be substituted with longer or larger fasteners that short-circuit it.
+
+# Installation of Wall Insulation {toc}
+
+## Cavity Fill and Installation Grading {toc}
+
+### Cavity insulation shall fill the cavity from face to face of the framing and from the bottom plate or track to the top plate or track, without voids, gaps, or compression beyond the allowances of the specified installation grade.
+
+### Mineral fiber batt and blanket insulation shall be installed per ASTM C1320.
+
+### Batt width shall match the clear framing spacing so the batt is retained by friction without compression at the edges.
+
+### Batts shall be cut to length rather than folded over at the top or bottom of the cavity.
+
+### Insulation shall be split around wiring, piping, blocking, bracing, and firestopping so that material fills the cavity both in front of and behind the obstruction.
+
+### A batt folded behind a wire rather than split leaves a void at the face of the cavity, and the resulting local loss of thermal resistance is a large fraction of the cavity's rated value over the affected area. {note}
+
+### Batts shall be butted tightly to one another at end joints and at the framing on both sides.
+
+### Insulation shall be fitted into narrow cavities at corners, at partition intersections, and behind blocking before those cavities are closed by framing or sheathing.
+
+### Cavities that will be inaccessible after framing is complete shall be insulated as the framing is erected, and the Contractor shall identify these locations at the preinstallation conference.
+
+### Where cavity insulation is installed behind an interior finish that will not be applied by the insulation installer, the installer shall retain the insulation in place until the finish is installed.
+
+## Masonry Cavity Wall Insulation Retention {toc}
+
+### Insulation installed in the cavity of a masonry cavity wall shall be secured against downward movement over the full height of the cavity by adhered attachment, mechanical clips engaged with the veneer ties, or continuous support at each floor line.
+
+### Insulation in a masonry cavity that is not positively retained settles over time, opening an uninsulated band at the top of each supported height that is invisible from either face. {note}
+
+### Insulation in a masonry cavity shall be installed so it does not obstruct the drainage cavity, the weeps, or the flashing at the base of the cavity.
+
+### Mortar droppings shall be kept off the face of cavity insulation and out of the drainage cavity during masonry work.
+
+## Exterior Board Insulation Coursing and Joints {toc}
+
+### Rigid board continuous insulation shall be installed in full-width courses with joints tight and boards in full contact with the substrate.
+
+### Where the continuous insulation is installed in more than one layer, joints in successive layers shall be offset at least 12 inches in both directions.
+
+### Aligned joints through the full thickness of a multi-layer board insulation assembly form a continuous path for air and heat at every joint line, and the resulting linear loss is visible in a thermographic survey as a grid over the entire wall. {note}
+
+### Board insulation shall be installed in more than one layer where the total thickness exceeds the maximum single-board thickness the attachment method supports.
+
+### Boards shall be cut to fit tightly at penetrations, at openings, and at the perimeter of the insulated area, and gaps that cannot be closed by fitting shall be filled with insulation of the same or greater thermal resistance.
+
+### Gaps in board insulation shall not be filled with sealant, adhesive, or mortar in place of insulation.
+
+### Where the board insulation joints form the air barrier, every joint, field cut, board edge, perimeter, and penetration shall be taped or sealed with a material the insulation manufacturer identifies as compatible with the facer.
+
+### Where a separate air barrier membrane is provided outboard or inboard of the board insulation, taping of the board joints shall be as required by the Contract Documents rather than as an air barrier function.
+
+### Board insulation shall be protected from ultraviolet exposure beyond the exposure period the manufacturer publishes, and boards exposed beyond that period shall be covered or replaced.
+
+# Installation of Roof and Attic Insulation {toc}
+
+## Low-Slope Roof Insulation Layers and Attachment {toc}
+
+### Roof insulation shall be installed in more than one layer where the total thickness exceeds 2.5 inches, with joints in successive layers offset at least 12 inches in both directions.
+
+### Roof insulation boards shall be installed with joints tight and shall be cut to fit at penetrations, curbs, drains, and the perimeter.
+
+### Insulation shall be installed only over a dry deck and only in the area that will be made watertight the same working day.
+
+### Insulation that has been wetted shall be removed and replaced rather than allowed to dry in place.
+
+### The attachment of the base layer of roof insulation shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof Insulation Attachment — Base Layer
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Mechanically fastened to the deck"
+ - "Adhered with low-rise polyurethane foam adhesive"
+ - "Adhered in hot bitumen"
+ - "Adhered with solvent-based or asphalt-based cold adhesive"
+ - "Loose laid and held by a ballasted assembly"
+ - "Set in a self-adhered base layer"
+```
+
+### The attachment of layers above the base layer of roof insulation shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof Insulation Attachment — Upper Layers
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Mechanically fastened through all layers to the deck"
+ - "Adhered with low-rise polyurethane foam adhesive"
+ - "Adhered in hot bitumen"
+ - "Adhered with solvent-based or asphalt-based cold adhesive"
+ - "Not applicable — single-layer insulation"
+```
+
+### Fastener type, length, spacing, and pattern, and adhesive type and application rate, shall be as required by the roofing system manufacturer's wind uplift listing for the project's design wind pressures and roof zones, and shall be coordinated with [[sync/membrane-roofing]].
+
+### Mechanical fasteners shall penetrate the deck by the embedment the roofing system listing requires and shall be driven so the plate is seated flush without crushing the insulation.
+
+### Polystyrene insulation shall not be set in hot bitumen and shall not be placed where hot-applied materials will contact it.
+
+## Tapered Insulation for Drainage {toc}
+
+### The provision of tapered insulation shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Tapered Insulation for Roof Drainage
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Tapered insulation over the full roof area"
+ - "Tapered crickets and saddles only, with structural slope over the field"
+ - "Tapered sumps at drains only, with structural slope over the field"
+ - "Not required — structural slope provides the required drainage"
+```
+
+### Tapered insulation shall be installed per the reviewed tapered layout drawing, in the sequence and orientation the layout indicates.
+
+### Tapered panels installed out of the layout sequence break the slope gradient and create localized ponding that no amount of field adjustment recovers. {note}
+
+### Crickets and saddles shall be provided on the upslope side of curbs, equipment, and penetrations wider than the dimension at which the roofing assembly requires diversion.
+
+### The extent of tapered insulation, the high points, and the drain locations shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the roof plan]].
+
+## Vented and Unvented Attic Assemblies {toc}
+
+### The attic strategy shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Attic Assembly Strategy
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Vented attic with insulation at the ceiling plane"
+ - "Unvented attic with air-impermeable insulation applied to the underside of the roof deck"
+ - "Unvented attic with rigid board insulation above the roof deck"
+ - "Unvented attic with insulation both above the deck and at the underside of the deck"
+ - "Conditioned attic served by the building's mechanical system"
+ - "Not applicable — no attic in the project"
+```
+
+### Where the attic is vented, insulation at the ceiling plane shall not obstruct the soffit, eave, or ridge ventilation openings.
+
+### Baffles shall be installed in each ventilated rafter or truss bay, extending from the exterior wall top plate to at least 12 inches above the top of the installed insulation, and shall maintain a clear ventilation channel of at least 1 inch depth.
+
+### Insulation at the ceiling plane shall be installed to full depth over the exterior wall top plates, over blocking and bridging, and at the perimeter of the attic area.
+
+### The point where the ceiling insulation crosses the exterior wall top plate is the shallowest part of the assembly, and the thermal resistance available there is limited by the roof geometry rather than by the specified ceiling value. {note}
+
+### Attic access hatches, scuttles, and pull-down stairs within the insulated envelope shall be insulated to the thermal resistance recorded for the ceiling assembly and shall be weatherstripped.
+
+### Recessed lighting, exhaust fans, and ducts within an insulated ceiling plane shall be air sealed to the ceiling before insulation is installed.
+
+### Insulation shall not be installed in contact with recessed luminaires, chimneys, flues, or other heat-producing devices except where the device is listed for insulation contact, and required clearances shall be maintained by permanent dams rather than by simply omitting insulation.
+
+### Where the attic is unvented, the insulation applied to the underside of the roof deck shall be air impermeable, or an air-impermeable layer shall be provided in direct contact with the underside of the deck, as the adopted code requires for the climate zone.
+
+### Where air-permeable insulation is installed below air-impermeable insulation in an unvented attic, the air-impermeable layer shall provide at least the thermal resistance the adopted code requires for the climate zone in order to keep the condensing surface above the dew point.
+
+# Installation of Floor, Crawl Space, and Below-Grade Insulation {toc}
+
+## Floors Over Unconditioned Space {toc}
+
+### Insulation between floor framing shall be installed in continuous contact with the underside of the subfloor across the full width and length of each bay.
+
+### Insulation shall be retained so it cannot sag away from the subfloor over the service life of the building.
+
+### The method of retaining floor insulation shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Floor Insulation Retention Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Wire support rods at 18 inches on center maximum"
+ - "Plastic mesh or netting fastened to the joists"
+ - "Furring or lath fastened across the joists"
+ - "Adhered rigid board in contact with the subfloor"
+ - "Adhesion of spray polyurethane foam to the subfloor and joists"
+ - "Not applicable — no insulation between floor framing"
+```
+
+### Insulation that sags away from the subfloor opens a ventilated air space between the insulation and the floor it is meant to insulate, and heat then bypasses the insulation through that space. {note}
+
+### Insulation shall be fitted around and between joists, blocking, bridging, ducts, and piping so that no bay is left partially filled.
+
+### Where piping subject to freezing runs in a floor cavity over unconditioned space, insulation shall be placed below the piping so the piping remains on the warm side.
+
+### Where a facing on floor insulation serves as a vapor retarder, the facing shall be installed toward the conditioned space.
+
+### The insulated boundary shall be continuous at the transition between a floor over unconditioned space and the adjacent exterior wall, and rim joist and band joist cavities at that transition shall be insulated and air sealed.
+
+## Crawl Space Perimeter Insulation {toc}
+
+### Where a crawl space is enclosed and unvented, insulation shall be installed on the perimeter walls rather than in the floor framing above.
+
+### Perimeter insulation in a crawl space shall extend from the underside of the sill or the top of the wall down to the finished ground surface, and shall then continue horizontally or turn down as the Contract Documents detail.
+
+### Perimeter insulation in an accessible crawl space shall be protected from mechanical damage.
+
+### Foam plastic insulation in a crawl space shall carry the ignition barrier recorded for the project unless it is listed for exposed application.
+
+### A ground cover vapor retarder shall be installed over the crawl space floor, lapped at least 6 inches at seams, and turned up and sealed to the perimeter wall.
+
+### Insulation in a crawl space shall be detailed so that liquid water reaching the wall drains rather than being trapped between the insulation and the wall.
+
+## Below-Grade Wall Insulation and Protection {toc}
+
+### The position of insulation on below-grade walls shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Below-Grade Wall Insulation Position
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Exterior face of the foundation wall"
+ - "Interior face of the foundation wall"
+ - "Both faces of the foundation wall"
+ - "Integral to the wall construction"
+ - "Not applicable — the below-grade wall is uninsulated"
+```
+
+### Insulation on the exterior face of a below-grade wall keeps the wall itself warm and inside the thermal envelope, and keeps the insulation out of the interior fire and finish requirements. Insulation on the interior face leaves the wall cold and places the insulation within the interior, where the thermal barrier requirement for foam plastic applies. {note}
+
+### Insulation on the exterior face of below-grade walls shall be installed over the completed and inspected waterproofing or dampproofing, and shall not be fastened in a manner that punctures it.
+
+### Insulation on the exterior face of below-grade walls shall be installed in continuous contact with the wall, with boards butted tightly and joints in successive layers offset.
+
+### Insulation on the exterior face of below-grade walls shall be protected above grade from mechanical damage and ultraviolet exposure.
+
+### The protection provided over below-grade insulation at and above grade shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Below-Grade Insulation Protection at and Above Grade
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Cement parging on metal lath, three-quarter inch minimum thickness"
+ - "Rigid protection board"
+ - "Dimple drainage mat with a protection board at grade"
+ - "Prefinished protection panel"
+ - "Fiber-cement or mineral-based board"
+ - "Cladding carried down over the insulation"
+ - "Not applicable — the insulation does not extend above grade"
+```
+
+### Protection at grade shall extend from the top of the exposed insulation to at least 6 inches below the finished ground surface.
+
+### Insulation left exposed above grade shall be a product listed for exposed exterior use, and foam plastic shall not be left exposed above grade.
+
+### Backfill against below-grade insulation shall be placed in a manner that does not displace, tear, or compress the insulation, and shall not include material that would puncture it.
+
+## Under-Slab and Slab-Edge Insulation {toc}
+
+### The configuration of slab insulation shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Slab Insulation Configuration
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Vertical at the slab perimeter only"
+ - "Horizontal beneath the full slab area only"
+ - "Vertical at the perimeter and horizontal beneath the full slab area"
+ - "Horizontal wing extending inward beneath the slab from the perimeter"
+ - "Horizontal wing extending outward from the foundation below grade"
+ - "Not applicable — the slab is uninsulated"
+```
+
+### Under-slab insulation shall be installed in continuous contact with a prepared, level base, with boards butted tightly and no board bridging a void.
+
+### Under-slab insulation shall be continuous through thickened slab sections, at grade beams, at interior column footings, and at pipe and conduit penetrations, and any interruption shall be closed with insulation of the recorded compressive resistance rather than left open.
+
+### Gaps at thickened edges, footings, and penetrations concentrate heat flow in the same way a missing batt does, and under a slab they are permanently inaccessible once concrete is placed. {note}
+
+### Slab-edge insulation shall be installed so it is not displaced by concrete placement, and shall be held in position until the concrete has set.
+
+### Where slab-edge insulation is exposed at the finished floor or at grade, it shall be protected by a durable covering.
+
+### Where the slab contains embedded heating elements, insulation shall be installed beneath the full slab area regardless of the perimeter configuration recorded above.
+
+### Under-slab insulation shall be installed above or below the ground vapor retarder as the Contract Documents detail, and the two layers shall not be interleaved in a way that traps water above the vapor retarder.
+
+# Installation of Spray Polyurethane Foam {toc}
+
+## Substrate and Ambient Conditions {toc}
+
+### Substrates receiving spray polyurethane foam shall be clean, dry, structurally sound, and free of frost, ice, standing water, dust, oil, and release agents.
+
+### Substrate temperature, ambient temperature, and relative humidity at the time of application shall be within the ranges the chemical system manufacturer publishes for the system in use.
+
+### The applicator shall measure and record substrate temperature, ambient temperature, and relative humidity at the start of each application period and whenever conditions change materially.
+
+### Application outside the published environmental range shall not proceed without written authorization from the chemical system manufacturer.
+
+### Spray polyurethane foam applied to a cold or damp substrate can appear sound and still have poor adhesion, off-ratio cure, or entrapped moisture at the bond line, none of which are detectable from the finished surface. {note}
+
+### Adjacent surfaces, equipment, and finishes shall be masked and protected from overspray before application begins.
+
+### The area of application shall be ventilated and access shall be restricted during application and for the re-occupancy period the chemical system manufacturer publishes.
+
+## Lift Thickness and Application {toc}
+
+### Spray polyurethane foam shall be applied in lifts not exceeding the maximum lift thickness the chemical system manufacturer publishes.
+
+### Each lift shall be allowed to cool to the temperature the manufacturer publishes before the next lift is applied.
+
+### Exceeding the published lift thickness traps the heat of reaction inside the foam, which scorches the core, degrades its thermal and structural properties, and in extreme cases ignites it. {note}
+
+### The applicator shall verify thickness during application at a frequency sufficient to confirm that the specified minimum is achieved throughout, and shall record the locations verified.
+
+### Foam that overfills a cavity beyond the framing face shall be trimmed flush so interior finishes bear on the framing.
+
+### Trimmings and overspray shall be removed from the work area and shall not be left within concealed cavities.
+
+### Spray polyurethane foam shall be kept clear of the required clearances around chimneys, flues, recessed luminaires, and other heat-producing devices.
+
+# Field Quality Control {toc}
+
+## Inspection Before Concealment {toc}
+
+### No assembly shall be concealed by finishes, cladding, membrane, or backfill until the insulation in that assembly has been inspected.
+
+### The Contractor shall notify the designated inspecting parties at least 48 hours before insulation in any assembly area is scheduled to be concealed.
+
+### The parties who shall inspect insulation before concealment shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Inspection Before Concealment
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Authority Having Jurisdiction"
+ - "Energy rater performing the project's compliance inspection"
+ - "Owner's independent inspector"
+ - "Architect of Record or Engineer of Record"
+ - "Commissioning provider"
+ - "Insulation manufacturer's field representative"
+ - "Contractor's own quality control, documented"
+default: "Authority Having Jurisdiction"
+```
+
+### Inspection before concealment shall confirm that cavities are filled to the specified installation grade, that insulation is split and fitted around obstructions, that board insulation is in full contact with its substrate with offset joints, that vapor retarder class and position match the datasheet, that facings are oriented as specified, and that the air barrier is continuous at every transition in the inspected area.
+
+### Deficiencies identified during inspection shall be corrected and re-inspected before the assembly is concealed, at no additional cost to the Owner.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pre-Installation Verification
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Framing complete, plumb, and at the spacing shown"
+ - "Rough mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection work complete and inspected"
+ - "Sheathing fastened and the water-resistive barrier applied"
+ - "Substrate dry and within the product temperature range"
+ - "Delivered products match the reviewed submittals"
+ - "Blocking and backing for cladding attachment in place"
+ - "Openings framed, flashed, and ready to receive the insulation transition"
+default: "Framing complete, plumb, and at the spacing shown"
+```
+
+### Before insulation begins in any assembly area, the Contractor shall verify the conditions recorded in the datasheet and shall not proceed until each is satisfied.
+
+## Envelope Air Leakage Testing {toc}
+
+### The envelope air leakage testing required for the project shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Envelope Air Leakage Testing
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Whole-building pressurization test per ASTM E779"
+ - "Whole-building pressurization test of a large or multizone building per ASTM E3158"
+ - "Compartmentalized testing of individual dwelling or tenant units"
+ - "Sampled testing of a representative fraction of units"
+ - "Air leakage site detection survey per ASTM E1186 without a rate measurement"
+ - "Material and assembly compliance documentation only, with no whole-building test"
+ - "Not required by the adopted code and not required by the Contract Documents"
+```
+
+### Where a whole-building or unit air leakage rate limit applies, the limit shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Air Leakage Rate — Air Changes Basis
+type: range
+unit: ACH50
+drawing_ref: "energy code compliance documentation"
+options:
+ min: 0.4
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [0.4, 0.6, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Air Leakage Rate — Envelope Area Basis
+type: range
+unit: cfm/ft² at 75 Pa
+drawing_ref: "energy code compliance documentation"
+options:
+ min: 0.04
+ max: 0.6
+ setpoints: [0.04, 0.08, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### The two limits above express the same requirement on different bases, and the project's compliance documentation determines which one applies. {note}
+
+### Air leakage testing shall be performed after the air barrier is complete and continuous and before it is concealed where the schedule permits, so that identified leakage can be corrected at its source.
+
+### Where a test result exceeds the recorded limit, the Contractor shall locate the leakage, correct it, and re-test at no additional cost to the Owner.
+
+### Where correcting leakage requires opening completed work, the cost of opening, correcting, and restoring that work shall be borne by the Contractor unless the leakage is shown to originate in work outside the Contractor's scope.
+
+## Spray Foam Thickness and Density Verification {toc}
+
+### Spray polyurethane foam shall be verified for applied thickness and core density by samples taken from the installed work before the foam is concealed.
+
+### The maximum area represented by each core sample shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Area Represented by Each Spray Foam Core Sample
+type: range
+unit: ft²
+options:
+ min: 100
+ max: 5000
+ setpoints: [100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000]
+```
+
+### Sample locations shall be distributed across the applied area and shall include locations the parties agree at the preinstallation conference are most at risk of thin application.
+
+### Applied thickness at any sample location shall be not less than the minimum applied thickness recorded in the datasheet for that assembly.
+
+### Core density at any sample location shall be not less than the minimum core density recorded in the datasheet for that assembly.
+
+### A sample that fails to meet thickness or density shall trigger additional samples on a tightened grid around the failing location until the extent of the deficient area is bounded.
+
+### Deficient foam shall be corrected by application of additional foam over a prepared surface, or by removal and reapplication where the deficiency is in density rather than thickness.
+
+### Sample locations shall be repaired by the applicator with the same chemical system immediately after sampling.
+
+### The cost of additional sampling, correction, and re-verification following a failing sample shall be borne by the Contractor.
+
+## Infrared Thermographic Survey {toc}
+
+### An infrared thermographic survey reveals insulation voids, thermal bridges, and air leakage paths as surface temperature anomalies, and it detects them through finished surfaces without opening the assembly. {note}
+
+### The infrared thermographic survey required for the project shall be as recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Infrared Thermographic Survey
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required over the full envelope before substantial completion"
+ - "Required over a representative sample of the envelope before substantial completion"
+ - "Required only where an air leakage test result exceeds the recorded limit"
+ - "Contractor option as a quality control measure, with no reporting obligation"
+ - "Not required"
+default: "Not required"
+```
+
+### A thermographic survey shall be conducted with a temperature difference across the envelope of at least 10°F sustained for the period the survey procedure requires.
+
+### The survey report shall identify each anomaly by location, shall include the thermal image and a corresponding visible-light image, and shall state the surface temperature difference measured at the anomaly.
+
+### Where a survey identifies an anomaly attributable to insulation work, the Contractor shall investigate, correct the cause, and re-survey the corrected area at no additional cost to the Owner.
+
+### The Contractor shall provide access to the interior and exterior of the surveyed areas and shall coordinate building conditioning with the party performing the survey.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Insulation shall be delivered in the manufacturer's original packaging with labels intact.
+
+## Insulation shall be stored off the ground, under cover, and protected from precipitation, ground moisture, ultraviolet exposure, and mechanical damage until it is installed.
+
+## Insulation stored outdoors under a tarpaulin without ventilation collects condensation beneath the cover, so stored material shall be covered in a manner that sheds water while allowing the stack to breathe.
+
+## Spray polyurethane foam chemical components shall be stored within the temperature range the chemical system manufacturer publishes, and containers that have been stored outside that range shall not be used without written authorization from the manufacturer.
+
+## Insulation that has been wetted, compressed, torn, delaminated, or contaminated shall be removed from the site and replaced.
+
+## Wet fibrous insulation does not recover its rated thermal resistance on drying if it has been compressed while wet, and wet facings delaminate and support mold growth. {note}
+
+## Insulation shall be delivered in quantities matched to the installation schedule so that stored material is not exposed longer than necessary.
+
+## Packaging, offcuts, and waste shall be removed from the work area daily and shall not be left within cavities, plenums, or attics.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## Manufacturer's Material Warranty {toc}
+
+### Insulation products carrying a written manufacturer material warranty shall be warranted to the Owner against defects in materials for the period recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer's Material Warranty Period
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 30
+ setpoints: [1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30]
+```
+
+### Where no period is recorded in the datasheet, the manufacturer's standard published material warranty for the product shall apply, and the Contractor shall submit its terms at closeout.
+
+### The Contractor shall review each product's warranty terms before procurement and shall report any condition that the project's design or installation method would void.
+
+### Spray polyurethane foam warranties are commonly conditioned on application by a certified applicator, on the foam being covered within a stated exposure period, and on the applicator's records of substrate and ambient conditions. {note}
+
+## Installation Warranty {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall warrant the insulation installation against defects in workmanship, including voids, compression, displacement, unsealed joints, incorrect facing orientation, and failure to achieve the recorded installation grade, for the period recorded in the datasheet from the date of substantial completion.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Installation Warranty Period
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 5, 10]
+default: 1
+```
+
+### Work repaired or replaced under the installation warranty shall be warranted for a fresh full warranty period from the date of the repair, or for the remainder of the original period, whichever is longer.
+
+### Where a warranty repair requires opening completed work, the Contractor shall bear the cost of opening the assembly, correcting the deficiency, and restoring the assembly and its finishes to the condition documented before the work was opened.
+
+### The Contractor shall document the pre-existing condition of any finish that will be opened for a warranty repair before opening it, and that record shall establish the condition to which the finish is restored.
+
+### The installation warranty does not extend to deficiencies caused by modifications made after substantial completion by parties other than the Contractor, and the Contractor shall bear the burden of demonstrating that a deficiency arose from such a modification.
+
+## Energy Code Compliance Documentation {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall assemble and deliver to the Owner at closeout the energy code compliance documentation recorded in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Energy Code Compliance Documentation at Closeout
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Signed certificate of conformance"
+ - "Energy code compliance certificate accepted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction"
+ - "Envelope air leakage test report"
+ - "Energy rater inspection report"
+ - "Inspection approvals for insulation before concealment"
+ - "Infrared thermographic survey report"
+ - "Spray polyurethane foam core sample records"
+ - "As-built assembly thermal resistance summary for each envelope assembly"
+default: "Energy code compliance certificate accepted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction"
+```
+
+### The energy code compliance documentation is a condition of the certificate of occupancy in many jurisdictions and shall be treated as a contract deliverable rather than as an informational record.
+
+### Where the as-built assemblies differ from those on which the compliance documentation was based, the Contractor shall report the difference and shall obtain a revised compliance evaluation from the party responsible for the energy analysis before requesting final acceptance.