Corpus sync: neutrality remakes, note hygiene, datasheet relocation, transformer-split cross-refs
---
title: Concrete Repair and Restoration
…174 unchanged lines
## Repair bond strength shall be verified by ASTM C1583 pull-off testing on completed overlay and patch work at the frequency specified for the project.
−## Special inspection of structural concrete repair shall be coordinated with [[sync/special-inspections-and-testing]] in accordance with IBC Section 1705. {note}
−
−## IBC Section 1705.3 requires special inspection for concrete work on structural members, and repairs to structural members fall within that scope. Omitting the repair scope from the inspection coordination leaves an inspection gap that can stall closeout or invalidate the repair. {note}
−
```datasheet
label: Pull-Off Test Frequency (ASTM C1583)
…7 unchanged lines
```
+## Special inspection of structural concrete repair shall be coordinated with [[sync/special-inspections-and-testing]] in accordance with IBC Section 1705. {note}
+
+## IBC Section 1705.3 requires special inspection for concrete work on structural members, and repairs to structural members fall within that scope. Omitting the repair scope from the inspection coordination leaves an inspection gap that can stall closeout or invalidate the repair. {note}
+
# Assessment and Deterioration Classification {toc}
…97 unchanged lines
## Exposed reinforcement shall be cleaned to SSPC-SP 6 Commercial Blast as a minimum, and to SSPC-SP 10 Near-White Blast where the protective coating manufacturer requires it.
−## Repair material placed over actively corroding, scale-bearing reinforcement will not arrest corrosion; the rust must be removed and the bar protected, or the repair simply hides ongoing section loss. {note}
+## Repair material placed over actively corroding, scale-bearing reinforcement will not arrest corrosion; the rust must be removed and the bar protected, or the repair simply hides ongoing section loss.
## Cleaning the steel and, where specified, applying a corrosion-inhibiting or zinc-rich bar coating addresses the corrosion mechanism. Where chloride contamination is severe or widespread, ACI 222R-compatible cathodic protection or a galvanic anode system may be required as the repair cannot mechanically exclude all chloride. {note}
## Where section loss of reinforcement exceeds the threshold established by the Engineer of Record, supplemental reinforcement shall be provided per [[sync/concrete-reinforcement]] and the repair shall be reclassified as structural.
−## A protective coating shall be applied to cleaned reinforcement only where it is compatible with the repair material and does not impair the bond of repair material to the bar. {note}
+## A protective coating shall be applied to cleaned reinforcement only where it is compatible with the repair material and does not impair the bond of repair material to the bar.
−## Some bar coatings, applied too thickly, debond the repair material from the steel. The coating, the repair material, and the bonding agent must be an evaluated system. Where a galvanic anode system is used, bar coatings that electrically isolate the steel defeat the anode and shall not be used. {note}
+## Some bar coatings, applied too thickly, debond the repair material from the steel. The coating, the repair material, and the bonding agent must be an evaluated system. Where a galvanic anode system is used, bar coatings that electrically isolate the steel defeat the anode and shall not be used.
```datasheet
…94 unchanged lines
## A standard epoxy bonding agent applied to a wet surface does not wet out the concrete and fails to bond — a frequent and avoidable defect on water and wastewater work; the moisture condition limit is part of the specification, not a field judgment. {note}
−## Where the substrate cannot be dried — submerged or continuously wet structures — a moisture-tolerant or moisture-insensitive bonding agent must be explicitly specified, or a cementitious scrub-coat used instead. {note}
+## Where the substrate cannot be dried — submerged or continuously wet structures — a moisture-tolerant or moisture-insensitive bonding agent must be explicitly specified, or a cementitious scrub-coat used instead.
## The bonding agent and the repair material shall be a single manufacturer's evaluated system or a combination with documented compatibility test data per ACI PRC-546.
…21 unchanged lines
# Partial-Depth and Full-Depth Patching {toc}
−## Partial-depth repairs (above the reinforcement) and full-depth repairs (through the section) shall be detailed separately; full-depth repairs require formwork, through-section concrete, and engineering review. {note}
+## Partial-depth repairs (above the reinforcement) and full-depth repairs (through the section) shall be detailed separately; full-depth repairs require formwork, through-section concrete, and engineering review.
−## A partial-depth repair restores cover over sound concrete; a full-depth repair replaces a section of the member and is structural. The removal depth, edge detail, material class, and inspection level differ accordingly. {note}
−
−## Minimum repair thickness for cementitious patching material shall be 1 in. (25 mm), with a recommended minimum of 1.5 in. (38 mm) to avoid thin feathered placements.
−
−## Specifying a repair thickness below 1 in. forces a feathered placement that debonds and ravels; every prepackaged cementitious repair mortar carries a 1 in. (25 mm) minimum for this reason. {note}
−
−## Where the available depth is less than 1 in., either deepen the removal to reach the minimum or select a thin-section material (such as an epoxy mortar) qualified by the manufacturer for the available thickness. "Minimum 3/4 inch" is a recurring specification error that generates RFIs and callbacks. {note}
−
−## Full-depth repairs shall be formed and shall use ASTM C928 Type C concrete or micro-concrete placed to fully consolidate around reinforcement.
−## Patches shall be placed, consolidated, and finished within the working time of the repair material at the actual ambient temperature.
−
−## Where the repair fills a formed cavity or void rather than a surface patch, non-shrink cementitious grout per ASTM C1107 may be used in coordination with [[sync/non-shrink-grout]]. {note}
−
−## The boundary is by application, not material: surface and section repair is governed here; filling a discrete formed cavity or under-bearing void with a flowable non-shrink grout follows the grouting standard. {note}
−
```datasheet
label: Patch Geometry
…5 unchanged lines
```
+## A partial-depth repair restores cover over sound concrete; a full-depth repair replaces a section of the member and is structural. The removal depth, edge detail, material class, and inspection level differ accordingly. {note}
+
+## Minimum repair thickness for cementitious patching material shall be 1 in. (25 mm), with a recommended minimum of 1.5 in. (38 mm) to avoid thin feathered placements.
+
```datasheet
label: Minimum Repair Thickness
…6 unchanged lines
```
+## Specifying a repair thickness below 1 in. forces a feathered placement that debonds and ravels; every prepackaged cementitious repair mortar carries a 1 in. (25 mm) minimum for this reason. {note}
+
+## Where the available depth is less than 1 in., either deepen the removal to reach the minimum or select a thin-section material (such as an epoxy mortar) qualified by the manufacturer for the available thickness. "Minimum 3/4 inch" is a recurring specification error that generates RFIs and callbacks. {note}
+
+## Full-depth repairs shall be formed and shall use ASTM C928 Type C concrete or micro-concrete placed to fully consolidate around reinforcement.
+## Patches shall be placed, consolidated, and finished within the working time of the repair material at the actual ambient temperature.
+
+## Where the repair fills a formed cavity or void rather than a surface patch, non-shrink cementitious grout per ASTM C1107 may be used in coordination with [[sync/non-shrink-grout]]. {note}
+
+## The boundary is by application, not material: surface and section repair is governed here; filling a discrete formed cavity or under-bearing void with a flowable non-shrink grout follows the grouting standard. {note}
+
# Crack Repair {toc}
## Each crack shall be classified as dormant or active before a repair method is selected, in accordance with ACI 224.1R.
+```datasheet
+label: Crack Condition
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Dormant (stable, structural)
+ - Active (moving)
+ - Active and water-bearing (leaking)
+default: Dormant (stable, structural)
+```
+
## A dormant crack can be rigidly bonded back together; an active crack will move again and will re-crack a rigid repair, so the two require opposite material properties. {note}
…3 unchanged lines
## Epoxy crack injection shall be applied at a pressure appropriate to the crack width, typically 20 psi to 80 psi, and shall achieve full penetration through the section.
+```datasheet
+label: Epoxy Injection Pressure Range
+type: range
+unit: psi
+min: 20
+max: 80
+step: 10
+default: 40
+```
+
## Epoxy crack injection restores structural continuity only when the resin penetrates the full depth of the crack; surface-only injection leaves the section uncracked in appearance but uncorrected in fact. {note}
…3 unchanged lines
## Polyurethane injection for active or leaking cracks shall use a hydrophilic or hydrophobic injection resin selected for the moisture condition and the required flexibility.
−## Routed-and-sealed crack repairs shall be detailed and sealed in coordination with [[sync/joint-sealants]] where movement accommodation is required. {note}
+## Routed-and-sealed crack repairs shall be detailed and sealed in coordination with [[sync/joint-sealants]] where movement accommodation is required.
## Routing the crack into a chase and installing a backer rod and movement-class sealant converts the crack into a controlled joint. Below-grade and water-bearing cracks may also require coordination with [[sync/below-grade-waterproofing]] or [[sync/fluid-applied-waterproofing]] for the surface protection. {note}
−```datasheet
−label: Crack Condition
−type: radio
−options:
− - Dormant (stable, structural)
− - Active (moving)
− - Active and water-bearing (leaking)
−default: Dormant (stable, structural)
−```
+## The crack injection material or repair method shall be specified for each classified crack, coordinated with the waterproofing system where the crack is below grade or water-bearing.
```datasheet
…8 unchanged lines
```
−```datasheet
−label: Epoxy Injection Pressure Range
−type: range
−unit: psi
−min: 20
−max: 80
−step: 10
−default: 40
−```
−
# Bonded Overlays {toc}
−## Bonded overlays shall be classified as bonded cementitious, bonded polymer-modified, or unbonded overlay, with the bond requirement and minimum thickness designated for the type. {note}
+## Bonded overlays shall be classified as bonded cementitious, bonded polymer-modified, or unbonded overlay, with the bond requirement and minimum thickness designated for the type.
## A bonded overlay relies on a tested bond to the prepared substrate to act compositely; a polymer-modified overlay improves bond and reduces permeability; an unbonded overlay is isolated from the substrate and behaves as a separate slab. The type drives preparation, bond testing, and thickness. {note}
…49 unchanged lines
# Protective Surface Treatment {toc}
−## A protective surface treatment shall be specified for repairs in chloride-exposed, freeze-thaw, or chemically aggressive environments to slow re-deterioration of the repair and adjacent concrete. {note}
+## A protective surface treatment shall be specified for repairs in chloride-exposed, freeze-thaw, or chemically aggressive environments to slow re-deterioration of the repair and adjacent concrete.
−## A repair that is not protected against the mechanism that caused the original distress will deteriorate on the same path. Penetrating silane/siloxane sealers reduce chloride and water ingress without forming a film; elastomeric and traffic-bearing membranes bridge fine cracks and exclude water on horizontal surfaces. {note}
−
−## Penetrating silane or siloxane treatment shall be applied per ICRI 330.1R at the manufacturer's published coverage rate, typically 100 sf/gal to 200 sf/gal for 40% silane, in two wet-on-wet applications.
−## On chloride-exposed parking decks and similar horizontal surfaces, an elastomeric traffic-bearing waterproofing membrane shall be specified where crack-bridging and water exclusion are required.
−
−## Surface treatment shall be applied only after the repair material has cured sufficiently for the treatment per the manufacturer's requirements, and to a surface profile compatible with the treatment (CSP 1-3 for penetrating sealers per ICRI 310.2R). {note}
−
−## Applying a penetrating sealer to green repair material or to a profile that is too tight prevents proper penetration. Where a film-forming coating or membrane is applied, surface cleanliness and profile follow SSPC-SP 13 / NACE No. 6. {note}
−
```datasheet
label: Protective Surface Treatment
…7 unchanged lines
```
+## A repair that is not protected against the mechanism that caused the original distress will deteriorate on the same path. Penetrating silane/siloxane sealers reduce chloride and water ingress without forming a film; elastomeric and traffic-bearing membranes bridge fine cracks and exclude water on horizontal surfaces. {note}
+
+## Penetrating silane or siloxane treatment shall be applied per ICRI 330.1R at the manufacturer's published coverage rate, typically 100 sf/gal to 200 sf/gal for 40% silane, in two wet-on-wet applications.
+
```datasheet
label: Silane Concentration
…4 unchanged lines
default: 40% silane
```
+## On chloride-exposed parking decks and similar horizontal surfaces, an elastomeric traffic-bearing waterproofing membrane shall be specified where crack-bridging and water exclusion are required.
+## Surface treatment shall be applied only after the repair material has cured sufficiently for the treatment per the manufacturer's requirements, and to a surface profile compatible with the treatment (CSP 1-3 for penetrating sealers per ICRI 310.2R).
+
+## Applying a penetrating sealer to green repair material or to a profile that is too tight prevents proper penetration. Where a film-forming coating or membrane is applied, surface cleanliness and profile follow SSPC-SP 13 / NACE No. 6. {note}
+
# Application Conditions {toc}
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## Repair materials shall be cured by the method and for the duration required by the manufacturer for the material type and ambient conditions.
−## Cementitious repair materials shall be wet-cured, cured with a curing compound complying with ASTM C309, or both, as required by the manufacturer.
−## Repair durability depends as much on curing as on the mix; an under-cured rapid-set mortar gains less strength, shrinks more, and debonds, undoing the rest of the specification. {note}
−
−## Rapid-set materials reach return-to-service strength quickly but still require protection against early moisture loss. The curing method must match the material — some prepackaged materials are degraded by membrane curing compounds and require wet cure only. {note}
−
−## Return to service shall be governed by the manufacturer's published strength-gain data at the actual ambient temperature, not by elapsed time alone.
−
−## Rapid-set repair materials may permit foot traffic in 1 to 4 hours and vehicular traffic in 4 to 24 hours, but these times are temperature-dependent and shall be confirmed against the product data sheet for the actual conditions. {note}
−
−## Returning a repair to traffic before it has gained adequate strength loads the bond interface prematurely and is a common cause of early failure on parking and industrial floor repairs. {note}
−
```datasheet
label: Curing Method
…16 unchanged lines
default: 3
```
+## Cementitious repair materials shall be wet-cured, cured with a curing compound complying with ASTM C309, or both, as required by the manufacturer.
+## Repair durability depends as much on curing as on the mix; an under-cured rapid-set mortar gains less strength, shrinks more, and debonds, undoing the rest of the specification. {note}
+
+## Rapid-set materials reach return-to-service strength quickly but still require protection against early moisture loss. The curing method must match the material — some prepackaged materials are degraded by membrane curing compounds and require wet cure only. {note}
+
+## Return to service shall be governed by the manufacturer's published strength-gain data at the actual ambient temperature, not by elapsed time alone.
+
+## Rapid-set repair materials may permit foot traffic in 1 to 4 hours and vehicular traffic in 4 to 24 hours, but these times are temperature-dependent and shall be confirmed against the product data sheet for the actual conditions. {note}
+
+## Returning a repair to traffic before it has gained adequate strength loads the bond interface prematurely and is a common cause of early failure on parking and industrial floor repairs. {note}
+
# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
…19 unchanged lines
## The Contractor shall warrant the repair work against debonding, cracking, and material failure for the project-specified warranty period.
−## Where a manufacturer system warranty is offered for the repair or protective treatment system, it shall be provided in addition to the Contractor's warranty.
−## A repair warranty is only meaningful when the cause of deterioration was addressed; a warranty on a patch over unremediated corrosion warrants the symptom, not the structure. {note}
−
−## The warranty terms should reflect the protective treatment reapplication schedule — penetrating sealers, for example, are not permanent and require periodic reapplication to maintain protection. {note}
−
```datasheet
label: Repair Workmanship Warranty Period
…5 unchanged lines
default: 2 years
```
+## Where a manufacturer system warranty is offered for the repair or protective treatment system, it shall be provided in addition to the Contractor's warranty.
+
+## A repair warranty is only meaningful when the cause of deterioration was addressed; a warranty on a patch over unremediated corrosion warrants the symptom, not the structure. {note}
+
+## The warranty terms should reflect the protective treatment reapplication schedule — penetrating sealers, for example, are not permanent and require periodic reapplication to maintain protection. {note}