+---
+title: Distributed Antenna Systems
+category: Electrical
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: design, supply, and installation of in-building Distributed Antenna
+ Systems (DAS) for commercial cellular wireless coverage in large commercial,
+ institutional, healthcare, hospitality, and mixed-use buildings. Covers passive,
+ active (fiber-fed), hybrid, and digital DAS architectures; head-end equipment,
+ remote units, antennas, coaxial and fiber distribution, splitters, combiners,
+ amplifiers, and signal sources (off-air donor antennas, carrier base stations,
+ small-cell head-ends); carrier-neutral / neutral-host designs serving multiple
+ licensed carriers; 4G LTE and 5G NR sub-6 GHz bands (600 MHz to 3.7 GHz). Applies
+ to buildings where the macro network alone cannot meet in-building signal targets
+ (typically above ~50,000 sq ft, RF-attenuating construction, underground parking,
+ large venues).
+ Not intended for: public-safety responder radio enhancement / ERRCS / BDA
+ (use [[sync/public-safety-radio-systems]]); structured cabling backbone, pathways,
+ and TR/ER rooms (use [[sync/structured-cabling]]); telecommunications bonding and
+ grounding busbars (use [[sync/telecommunications-bonding]]); Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)
+ WLAN; carrier-owned, carrier-installed small cells with no building infrastructure;
+ public address and paging distribution (use [[sync/public-address-and-paging]]).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard governs the design, supply, installation, and commissioning of in-building Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) for commercial cellular wireless coverage. {note}
+
+## A DAS captures or generates licensed cellular signal and redistributes it through a building over coaxial cable, fiber, or both so that mobile devices achieve usable signal in areas the macro-cellular network cannot reach. The system comprises a head-end (signal source plus combining and amplification), a distribution network, and distributed antennas. This standard covers passive, active fiber-fed, hybrid, and digital DAS architectures, neutral-host designs serving multiple carriers, and the 4G LTE and 5G NR sub-6 GHz bands from 600 MHz through 3.7 GHz. {note}
+
+## DAS is warranted where the macro-cellular network alone cannot deliver the required in-building signal level. {note}
+
+## The typical triggers are building area above approximately 50,000 sq ft, RF-attenuating construction (cast-in-place concrete, metal-clad or low-emissivity glazing), underground or structured parking, and large-venue or arena occupancies. Coverage need is established by survey of the as-built or modeled macro signal, not assumed; a building that already meets the design target on every floor does not require a DAS. {note}
+
+## Cellular DAS and public-safety responder radio enhancement are distinct systems with separate regulatory frameworks, amplifiers, antennas, and approvals. {note}
+
+## Commercial cellular DAS operates under FCC Part 20 and requires carrier coordination agreements; public-safety responder radio enhancement (ERRCS / BDA) operates under FCC Part 90, is governed by IFC Section 510, NFPA 72 Chapter 24, and NFPA 1 Chapter 11, uses UL 2524-listed amplifiers, and is approved by the fire AHJ. The two systems frequently share physical pathways (conduit, cable tray, riser sleeves) but use separate amplifiers, antennas, and regulatory approvals. Public-safety responder coverage is specified under [[sync/public-safety-radio-systems]] and is outside this standard. {note}
+
+## Cellular DAS and public-safety responder radio systems shall not be conflated or combined onto common amplifiers or antennas.
+
+## Scope boundary with adjacent telecommunications standards: structured cabling, telecommunications rooms, grounding busbars, and public address are specified under their respective standards. {note}
+
+## Backbone and horizontal structured cabling, telecommunications room provisioning, and cable-tray pathways are specified under [[sync/structured-cabling]]; telecommunications grounding busbars (TMGB/TGB) are specified under [[sync/telecommunications-bonding]]; public address and paging distribution is specified under [[sync/public-address-and-paging]]. Where this standard requires pathways, bonding, or fiber backbone, those elements are furnished under the referenced standards unless the Contract Documents assign them here. {note}
+
+## The Contractor shall coordinate the scope boundary between this standard and adjacent telecommunications standards before installation.
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| FCC Part 20 | Commercial Mobile Radio Services (carrier coordination of signal boosters) |
+| NFPA 70 (NEC) | National Electrical Code, Article 800 (Communications Circuits) |
+| NFPA 70 (NEC) | National Electrical Code, Article 810 (Radio and Television Equipment) |
+| NFPA 70 (NEC) | National Electrical Code, Article 830 (Network-Powered Broadband Communications Systems) |
+| NFPA 70 (NEC) | National Electrical Code, Article 700 (Emergency Systems) |
+| NFPA 72 | National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, Chapter 24 (Emergency Communications Systems) |
+| IFC | International Fire Code, Section 510 (Emergency Responder Radio Coverage) |
+| NFPA 1 | Fire Code, Chapter 11 (In-Building Public Safety Radio Enhancement) |
+| ANSI/TIA-568 | Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard (coaxial and fiber media, connectors) |
+| ANSI/TIA-607-C | Generic Telecommunications Bonding and Grounding (Earthing) for Customer Premises |
+| ANSI/TIA-4966 | Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Educational Facilities (DAS annex) |
+| IEEE 802.3bt | Ethernet Power over Ethernet Enhancements (Type 3/Type 4 PoE) |
+| UL 2524 | In-Building 2-Way Emergency Radio Communication Enhancement Systems (boundary reference) |
+| IBC | International Building Code (structural provisions for roof and wall antenna penetrations) |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review before fabrication, procurement, or installation:
+- RF design report including coverage prediction (heat map) per floor for each supported band, link-budget calculations, and noise-figure analysis.
+- System block diagram showing signal source, head-end, combiners, amplifiers, distribution medium, and every antenna with its zone assignment.
+- Product data for the head-end, remote units, antennas, splitters, combiners, amplifiers, and cabling, with frequency-band, gain, and composite-power ratings.
+- Riser diagram and floor plans showing antenna locations, cable routing, and head-end and remote-unit equipment locations.
+- Carrier coordination documentation: signed carrier agreement(s) or letter(s) of authorization for each licensed carrier the system will rebroadcast.
+- Cable and connector schedule listing coaxial type, fiber type and count, plenum/riser fire rating, and connector type for every run.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - RF design report and coverage prediction
+ - System block diagram
+ - Product data sheets
+ - Riser diagram and floor plans
+ - Carrier coordination documentation
+ - Cable and connector schedule
+default: [RF design report and coverage prediction, System block diagram, Product data sheets, Riser diagram and floor plans, Carrier coordination documentation, Cable and connector schedule]
+```
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+- Manufacturer certification or training records for the installing technicians on the specified DAS platform.
+- FCC registration or certification documentation for each amplifier and signal-booster device.
+- Network management system (NMS) configuration plan describing alarm points and BMS/SNMP integration.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Installer certification / training records
+ - FCC device registration / certification
+ - NMS configuration plan
+default: [Installer certification / training records, FCC device registration / certification, NMS configuration plan]
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals before final acceptance:
+- Commissioning test report with grid-test signal measurements per floor for every supported band.
+- Carrier acceptance test documentation for each rebroadcast carrier.
+- As-built drawings reflecting installed antenna locations, cable routing, and equipment.
+- Operation and maintenance manuals, NMS credentials, and warranty documents.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Commissioning grid-test report
+ - Carrier acceptance test documentation
+ - As-built drawings
+ - O&M manuals and warranty documents
+default: [Commissioning grid-test report, Carrier acceptance test documentation, As-built drawings, O&M manuals and warranty documents]
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Carrier participation is a regulatory prerequisite, not a design preference, and shall be confirmed before infrastructure is procured. {note}
+
+## Under FCC Part 20, a commercial DAS that rebroadcasts a licensed carrier's signal requires that carrier's coordination agreement. Carrier base-station provisioning and neutral-host onboarding routinely take 6 to 18 months and sit on the project critical path. Specifying and installing distribution infrastructure without confirmed carrier participation produces a physically complete but non-functional system, which is among the most common and most expensive failures in DAS projects. {note}
+
+### The Contractor shall not energize any amplifier that rebroadcasts a licensed carrier signal until a coordination agreement or letter of authorization from that carrier is in place.
+
+### Installing technicians shall be manufacturer-certified on the specified DAS platform.
+
+### The RF design shall be prepared or reviewed by an engineer or RF designer with documented experience on in-building DAS of comparable size and architecture.
+
+## Single-Source Responsibility {note}
+
+## Fragmented active components from multiple vendors risk interoperability gaps in firmware, network management, and warranty coverage. Passive components (coaxial cable, splitters, antennas) do not share firmware or management interfaces and may be sourced from any manufacturer meeting the specified electrical and frequency ratings. {note}
+
+### Active head-end, remote units, and distribution electronics shall be products of a single manufacturer's compatible platform.
+
+### Passive components (coaxial cable, splitters, antennas) may be sourced from any manufacturer provided they meet the specified electrical and frequency ratings.
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## DAS equipment shall be rated for the temperature, humidity, and airflow conditions of its installed location. {note}
+
+## Head-end and remote-unit electronics are commonly located in telecommunications rooms, electrical rooms, or above accessible ceilings. Donor antennas and roof-mounted equipment are exposed to weather and solar load. Antennas and cabling installed in HVAC plenums must carry the appropriate plenum fire rating. The design shall confirm each device's rated environmental envelope against its actual location before submittal. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Head-end equipment ambient temperature range
+type: range
+unit: °C
+min: -5
+max: 50
+step: 5
+setpoints: [0, 40]
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Head-end equipment location
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Dedicated telecommunications room (TR)
+ - Electrical / equipment room
+ - Roof or penthouse (donor-antenna proximity)
+default: Dedicated telecommunications room (TR)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Plenum-rated components required (antennas and cabling in HVAC plenums)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 'Yes'
+ - 'No'
+default: 'Yes'
+```
+
+# System Architecture {toc}
+
+## The DAS architecture shall be selected to match building size, floor-plate geometry, signal-source strategy, and budget. {note}
+
+## Passive DAS distributes signal entirely over coaxial cable from a head-end amplifier and suits buildings up to roughly 100,000 sq ft. Active fiber-fed DAS converts the signal to optical, distributes it over fiber to remote radio units, and suits buildings above 200,000 sq ft or multi-building campuses where coaxial loss budgets cannot close. Hybrid DAS runs an active fiber backbone to zone distribution units and then passive coaxial within each zone, balancing cost and reach for mid-rise buildings of roughly 100,000 to 500,000 sq ft. Digital DAS transports baseband over fiber (CPRI/eCPRI) to digital remote units and suits high-capacity venues and 5G NR deployments. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: DAS architecture
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Passive (coaxial distribution from head-end amplifier)
+ - Active (fiber-fed remote radio units)
+ - Hybrid (active fiber backbone, passive coaxial zones)
+ - Digital (baseband-over-fiber, CPRI/eCPRI)
+default: Hybrid (active fiber backbone, passive coaxial zones)
+```
+
+## Signal Source {toc}
+
+### The signal source shall be selected per carrier and shall be confirmed compatible with the chosen architecture. {note}
+
+### An off-air donor antenna captures the existing macro-network signal and is the lowest-cost source but depends on adequate outdoor signal and clear line-of-sight to the serving tower. A carrier-provided base station (BTS) delivers dedicated capacity independent of the macro network but requires carrier hardware, backhaul, and floor space. A small-cell head-end per carrier is the dominant 5G NR source and feeds passive or active distribution. The source choice drives capacity, latency, and the carrier-coordination path. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Signal source type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Off-air donor antenna (macro-network capture)
+ - Carrier-provided base station (BTS)
+ - Small-cell head-end (per carrier)
+default: Off-air donor antenna (macro-network capture)
+```
+
+### The donor antenna shall be installed with unobstructed line-of-sight to the serving macro cell.
+
+### The donor antenna shall be structurally attached per NEC Article 810.
+
+### Where an off-air donor antenna is used, antenna isolation shall exceed the amplifier gain by at least 15 dB to prevent oscillation.
+
+## Neutral-Host Configuration {toc}
+
+### A neutral-host (multi-carrier) design shall share one distribution backbone among all served carriers, with each carrier providing its own signal source combined at the head-end. {note}
+
+### Neutral-host shared infrastructure is the dominant procurement model for new commercial construction: the building owner or a neutral-host operator deploys a single passive or active backbone, and each licensed carrier connects its own base station or small cell. Single-carrier dedicated systems are increasingly rare outside carrier-owned venues. The combining network at the head-end must accommodate the composite power and band set of every served carrier without intermodulation. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Carrier service model
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Neutral-host (multiple carriers, shared backbone)
+ - Single-carrier dedicated
+default: Neutral-host (multiple carriers, shared backbone)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Number of licensed carriers served
+type: range
+unit: carriers
+min: 1
+max: 4
+step: 1
+setpoints: [3, 4]
+```
+
+# Frequency Bands and RF Performance {toc}
+
+## The supported band set shall cover every frequency the served carriers and tenants require, confirmed before design. {note}
+
+## Under-specifying bands is a common and costly error: a system built for only 700 MHz and 1900 MHz cannot serve a tenant who later needs AWS-3 or 5G NR C-Band, and adding bands after installation means replacing remote units and antennas. The 80% band set for large commercial and institutional buildings is 700 MHz (Band 12/13/17), 850 MHz (Band 5), AWS 1700/2100 MHz (Band 4/66), PCS 1900 MHz (Band 2/25), and 2500 MHz (Band 41), with 5G NR n77 (3.7 GHz C-Band) added where carriers require. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Supported frequency bands
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - 600 MHz (Band 71)
+ - 700 MHz (Band 12/13/17)
+ - 850 MHz (Band 5)
+ - AWS 1700/2100 MHz (Band 4/66)
+ - PCS 1900 MHz (Band 2/25)
+ - 2500 MHz (Band 41)
+ - C-Band 3.7 GHz NR (n77)
+default: [700 MHz (Band 12/13/17), 850 MHz (Band 5), AWS 1700/2100 MHz (Band 4/66), PCS 1900 MHz (Band 2/25), 2500 MHz (Band 41)]
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: 5G NR sub-6 GHz support required
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 'Yes'
+ - 'No'
+default: 'No'
+```
+
+## Signal-Level Targets {toc}
+
+### The design shall meet the specified in-building downlink signal target in general areas, with a defined edge-of-coverage minimum. {note}
+
+### The downlink target is expressed as RSRP for LTE and NR. A common general-area design target is -85 dBm; the 80%-case default specified here is -90 dBm, with -105 dBm as the absolute edge-of-coverage minimum. The uplink link budget must close at the device transmit limit so that handsets at coverage edge can reach the source, typically requiring received uplink 10 to 15 dB above the noise floor at the base station. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Downlink design target (RSRP, general areas)
+type: range
+unit: dBm
+min: -105
+max: -75
+step: 5
+setpoints: [-90, -85]
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Edge-of-coverage downlink minimum (RSRP)
+type: range
+unit: dBm
+min: -110
+max: -90
+step: 5
+setpoints: [-105, -100]
+```
+
+### The system shall close the uplink link budget so that a device transmitting at its maximum power at the coverage edge is received above the source noise floor.
+
+## Output Power and Gain {toc}
+
+### Composite output power per remote unit and per amplifier shall be set within the specified envelope and within the device's rated linear range. {note}
+
+### Composite output power per active remote unit typically ranges from +20 dBm to +37 dBm (100 mW to 5 W) depending on zone size; a passive bi-directional amplifier head-end typically delivers a total composite output of +23 dBm to +33 dBm. Operating an amplifier beyond its rated composite power degrades the noise figure and generates intermodulation that interferes with both the DAS and the macro network. Gain shall be set so the link budget closes without exceeding the linear range. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Composite output power per remote unit
+type: range
+unit: dBm
+min: 17
+max: 37
+step: 1
+setpoints: [20, 33]
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Amplifier noise figure (maximum)
+type: range
+unit: dB
+min: 3
+max: 9
+step: 0.5
+setpoints: [5, 6]
+```
+
+# Distribution Network {toc}
+
+## Coaxial Distribution {toc}
+
+### Passive coaxial distribution shall use 50 Ω plenum-rated cable sized to the run length and signal budget. {note}
+
+### Trunk runs use 50 Ω flexible coaxial cable with a nominal 0.4 in OD; drops of 30 ft or less may use 50 Ω flexible coaxial cable with a nominal 0.2 in OD. Passive trunk runs longer than approximately 150 ft exceed the loss budget and starve the downstream antennas of signal, which then forces additional amplifiers that were not in the original design. The design shall verify every passive run against the loss budget rather than assuming a fixed maximum. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Trunk coaxial cable type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 50 Ω flexible coaxial, 0.4 in nominal OD
+ - 50 Ω flexible coaxial, 0.6 in nominal OD
+default: 50 Ω flexible coaxial, 0.4 in nominal OD
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum passive trunk run length
+type: range
+unit: ft
+min: 50
+max: 200
+step: 10
+setpoints: [120, 150]
+```
+
+### Coaxial cable installed in building risers and HVAC plenums shall carry the fire rating required by NEC Article 800 for its location.
+
+### Coaxial runs serving any public-safety overlay shall use 2-hour fire-rated cable where required by NFPA 72 and the AHJ.
+
+## Fiber Distribution {toc}
+
+### Active and digital DAS shall distribute over fiber sized to the run distance. {note}
+
+### Intra-building runs of 300 m or less may use OM3 or OM4 multimode fiber (50/125 µm); runs longer than 300 m or between buildings shall use OS2 single-mode fiber. Fiber backbone pathways from the telecommunications room to the head-end are frequently a scope gap between the low-voltage and IT contractors; the demarcation shall be stated explicitly in relation to [[sync/structured-cabling]]. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Fiber type for active / digital DAS
+type: radio
+options:
+ - OM3 multimode (50/125 µm, ≤ 300 m)
+ - OM4 multimode (50/125 µm, ≤ 300 m)
+ - OS2 single-mode (> 300 m or inter-building)
+default: OM4 multimode (50/125 µm, ≤ 300 m)
+```
+
+# Antennas {toc}
+
+## Antenna type, density, and placement shall be selected to achieve the signal target across each floor plate. {note}
+
+## Omnidirectional ceiling-mount patch antennas suit open floor plates; directional panel antennas suit corridors, perimeters, and long narrow spaces. On open plates an omnidirectional antenna covers roughly 2,500 to 5,000 sq ft, falling to 1,000 to 2,500 sq ft where cubicle partitions or concrete construction attenuate signal. The 80%-case planning density is one antenna per 3,000 sq ft; the coverage prediction governs the final count and placement. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Primary antenna type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Omnidirectional ceiling-mount patch
+ - Directional panel
+default: Omnidirectional ceiling-mount patch
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Planning antenna density (open floor plate)
+type: range
+unit: sq ft per antenna
+min: 1000
+max: 5000
+step: 500
+setpoints: [3000, 3500]
+```
+
+### Antenna locations are shown on the drawings and shall be field-coordinated with ceiling-mounted MEP, lighting, and fire-protection devices. [[drawing: antenna location plan]]
+
+### Antennas serving 4×4 MIMO or beamformed 5G NR shall be MIMO-capable; single-port legacy antennas shall not be used for MIMO bands. {note}
+
+### Legacy DAS antennas are single-port and cannot carry 4×4 MIMO or beamforming, which 5G NR massive-MIMO sources require. Specifying single-port antennas on a system intended to carry 5G NR silently caps the system at SISO performance. Where any supported band uses MIMO, the remote units and antennas shall be MIMO-capable end to end. {note}
+
+# Power and Backup {toc}
+
+## The head-end and active remote units shall be served by dedicated, labeled, UPS-backed power. {note}
+
+## Each head-end requires a dedicated 120 V circuit; a 20 A circuit is the minimum and a 30 A circuit is typical for multi-carrier active head-ends. The breaker shall be labeled "DAS HEAD-END - DO NOT DE-ENERGIZE." UPS backup runtime is a minimum of 2 hours at full load for commercial-cellular-only systems and a minimum of 4 hours for any system carrying a public-safety overlay, with NEC Article 700/701 applying where the overlay is a legally required system. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Head-end dedicated circuit rating
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 20 A, 120 V (single-carrier / passive)
+ - 30 A, 120 V (multi-carrier active)
+default: 30 A, 120 V (multi-carrier active)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: UPS backup runtime at full load
+type: range
+unit: hours
+min: 2
+max: 8
+step: 1
+setpoints: [2, 4]
+```
+
+### The head-end breaker shall be labeled "DAS HEAD-END - DO NOT DE-ENERGIZE" at the serving panel.
+
+### Active remote units powered over Ethernet shall be served by IEEE 802.3bt (Type 3 or Type 4) PoE or a dedicated low-voltage circuit, coordinated with the electrical scope.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Active remote-unit power method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - PoE (IEEE 802.3bt Type 3, ≤ 60 W)
+ - PoE (IEEE 802.3bt Type 4, ≤ 90 W)
+ - Dedicated low-voltage circuit
+default: PoE (IEEE 802.3bt Type 4, ≤ 90 W)
+```
+
+# Grounding and Bonding {toc}
+
+## DAS equipment shall be bonded to the telecommunications grounding system per ANSI/TIA-607-C. {note}
+
+## Head-end and remote-unit chassis shall be bonded to the telecommunications grounding busbar (TGB) or main busbar (TMGB) with conductors sized per ANSI/TIA-607-C. Inadequate or absent bonding produces ground-loop interference and can drive amplifier oscillation. The busbars themselves and the bonding backbone are furnished under [[sync/telecommunications-bonding]]; this standard requires only that DAS equipment connect to them. {note}
+
+### Head-end and remote-unit chassis shall be bonded to the nearest TGB or TMGB with a conductor sized per ANSI/TIA-607-C.
+
+### Roof-mounted donor-antenna coaxial lines shall be grounded and protected per NEC Article 810.
+
+# Network Management {toc}
+
+## The system shall include a network management system (NMS) with remote monitoring and alarm integration. {note}
+
+## Without remote monitoring, post-installation failures of a remote unit, fiber link, or amplifier go undetected until users complain. The NMS shall report device status and alarms over SNMP or the manufacturer's native protocol and shall forward critical alarms to the building management system. Alarm points shall include amplifier fault, oscillation, fiber-link loss, and loss of signal source. {note}
+
+### The system shall provide an NMS that monitors every active device and reports faults over SNMP or a manufacturer-native protocol.
+
+### Critical alarms (amplifier fault, oscillation, fiber-link loss, loss of signal source) shall be forwarded to the building management system.
+
+# Testing and Commissioning {toc}
+
+## The system shall be commissioned by grid-test signal measurement and accepted only against documented signal targets. {note}
+
+## Without a defined grid-test protocol and acceptance criteria there is no contractual basis for system performance. The commissioning method follows the IFC 510 / NFPA 72 grid approach: each floor is divided into a measurement grid of at least 20 points, and every point must meet the minimum downlink signal threshold for every supported band. Critical areas - stairwells, elevators, and parking - are tested as 99% compliance zones. Each rebroadcast carrier additionally performs its own acceptance testing before the system is placed in service. {note}
+
+### Each floor shall be tested on a grid of at least 20 points per the IFC 510 / NFPA 72 method, and every point shall meet the minimum downlink signal threshold for every supported band.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Grid-test points per floor
+type: range
+unit: points
+min: 20
+max: 40
+step: 1
+setpoints: [20, 40]
+```
+
+### Critical areas (stairwells, elevators, parking) shall be tested as 99% compliance zones.
+
+### Each rebroadcast carrier shall perform and document acceptance testing before the system is placed in service.
+
+### Uplink and downlink performance shall be verified at the source so that both link directions meet the design targets, not downlink alone.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Equipment shall be delivered, stored, and handled to protect electronics and connectors from damage and contamination. {note}
+
+## Head-end and remote-unit electronics shall be kept in their original packaging, in a dry conditioned space, until installation. Coaxial cable ends and fiber connectors shall be capped to keep dust and moisture out, and fiber shall not be bent below its minimum bend radius at any point during pulling or storage. {note}
+
+### Active electronics shall be stored in original packaging in a dry, conditioned space until installed.
+
+### Coaxial and fiber connectors shall be capped until termination.
+
+### Fiber bend radius shall not be violated during pulling or storage.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall provide a manufacturer warranty on equipment and a separate workmanship warranty on the installation. {note}
+
+## The manufacturer warranty covers the head-end, remote units, and active distribution electronics for the specified term; the workmanship warranty covers cabling, terminations, and installation labor. Because firmware and carrier configurations evolve, the warranty period and any included firmware updates shall be stated explicitly. {note}
+
+### The Contractor shall provide a manufacturer equipment warranty of not less than the period selected below from the date of final acceptance.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer equipment warranty period
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 1 year
+ - 2 years
+ - 3 years
+ - 5 years
+default: 2 years
+```
+
+### The Contractor shall provide a workmanship warranty of not less than one year on cabling, terminations, and installation labor.
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall furnish spare components sufficient to restore service after a single device failure. {note}
+
+## At a minimum the owner should receive one spare of each active remote-unit type and a stock of antennas, connectors, and patch cords proportional to the installed quantity, so that a failed device can be replaced without waiting on procurement. Carrier-furnished base-station hardware is excluded from this spare-parts requirement. {note}
+
+### The Contractor shall furnish at least one spare of each active remote-unit type used in the system.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare antennas furnished (percent of installed quantity)
+type: range
+unit: '%'
+min: 2
+max: 10
+step: 1
+setpoints: [5, 5]
+```
+
+### The Contractor shall furnish spare connectors and patch cords proportional to the installed quantity.