+---
+title: Domestic Water Piping Specialties and Valves
+category: Plumbing
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: assembled accessories and inline specialties on the domestic cold water, hot water,
+ and hot water recirculation distribution systems of commercial, institutional, and industrial
+ buildings -- pressure-reducing valve (PRV) stations, domestic hot water expansion tanks, dielectric
+ isolation fittings at dissimilar-metal connections, inline strainers, pipe identification and valve
+ tags, pipe sleeves, escutcheons, firestop collars at penetrations, and equipment isolation/drain
+ valve packages at water heaters, booster pumps, and treatment equipment. Covers new construction
+ and renovation served by a municipal supply or on-site pressure source.
+ Not intended for: general-duty isolation, check, and balancing valves (use sync/plumbing-piping-valves);
+ water hammer arresters, thermostatic mixing valves, hose bibbs, and trap primers (use
+ sync/plumbing-specialties); supply and distribution piping, fittings, joining, hangers, and insulation
+ (use sync/domestic-water-piping); backflow prevention assemblies (use sync/backflow-prevention); water
+ heaters and storage equipment (use sync/water-heaters); sanitary drainage specialties and cleanouts
+ (use sync/sanitary-drainage-specialties); and hydronic, chilled, and condenser water accessories (use
+ sync/chilled-and-condenser-water-piping).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers the assembled accessories and inline specialties of the domestic water distribution system: PRV stations, domestic hot water expansion tanks, dielectric isolation fittings, inline strainers, pipe identification and valve tagging, pipe sleeves and escutcheons, firestopping at penetrations, and equipment isolation/drain valve packages. {note}
+
+## These are the components that connect, protect, identify, and isolate the piping system but are neither pure piping nor the fixture-protection specialties owned by adjacent standards. {note}
+
+## This standard's defensible territory is the assembled system accessory. {note}
+
+## The corpus has three close neighbors, and the boundary against each is deliberate. Piping, fittings, joining, hangers, and insulation belong to [[sync/domestic-water-piping]]. General-duty isolation, check, and balancing valves belong to [[sync/plumbing-piping-valves]]. Fixture-protection specialties -- water hammer arresters, thermostatic mixing valves, hose bibbs, trap primers -- belong to [[sync/plumbing-specialties]]. What remains, and what this standard owns, is the assembled accessory: the PRV station as a station, the expansion tank, the dielectric break, the strainer, the identification system, the penetration treatment, and the equipment isolation kit. {note}
+
+## The work of this standard applies to domestic cold water, domestic hot water, and hot water recirculation piping inside the building envelope. {note}
+
+## It applies downstream of the building water service entrance and upstream of the fixture supply stops. The site service main from the utility to the meter vault is outside this scope. {note}
+
+## The following are specifically excluded and are specified elsewhere. {note}
+
+- General-duty isolation, check, and balancing valves -- [[sync/plumbing-piping-valves]]
+- Water hammer arresters, thermostatic mixing valves (master and point-of-use), hose bibbs, freezeless wall hydrants, and trap primers -- [[sync/plumbing-specialties]]
+- Supply and distribution piping materials, fittings, joining methods, hangers, and insulation -- [[sync/domestic-water-piping]]
+- Backflow prevention assemblies (RPZ, double-check, PVB) at the building or zone level -- [[sync/backflow-prevention]]
+- Water heaters, tankless heaters, and storage equipment -- [[sync/water-heaters]]
+- Sanitary drainage specialties, cleanouts, and backwater valves -- [[sync/sanitary-drainage-specialties]]
+- Hydronic, chilled, and condenser water piping accessories -- [[sync/chilled-and-condenser-water-piping]]
+- Fire protection piping, specialties, and control valves -- [[sync/fire-protection-piping]]
+- The site water service main upstream of the building water service entrance
+
+## A PRV is not a backflow preventer. {note}
+
+## A pressure-reducing valve regulates downstream pressure; it provides no backflow protection. Where the code or the authority having jurisdiction requires backflow prevention, a separate assembly per [[sync/backflow-prevention]] is provided in addition to any PRV. Treating the two as interchangeable is a recurring design error. {note}
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+## Where this standard and the locally adopted plumbing code conflict, the plumbing code shall govern. {note}
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ASSE 1003 / CSA B356 | Performance Requirements for Water Pressure Reducing Valves for Domestic Water Distribution Systems |
+| ASSE 1011 | Performance Requirements for Hose Connection Vacuum Breakers |
+| NSF/ANSI 61 | Drinking Water System Components -- Health Effects |
+| NSF/ANSI/CAN 372 | Drinking Water System Components -- Lead Content (Lead-Free) |
+| ASME A112.1.2 | Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems |
+| ASME B16.18 | Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings |
+| ASME B31.9 | Building Services Piping |
+| ASME A13.1 | Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems |
+| ASTM F1508 | Angle-Style, Thermoplastic Expansion Tank Connectors |
+| PDI WH-201 | Water Hammer Arresters -- Certification and Sizing |
+| IPC | International Plumbing Code, Chapter 6 (Water Supply and Distribution) |
+| UPC | Uniform Plumbing Code, Chapter 6 (Water Supply and Distribution) |
+| AWWA M22 | Sizing Water Service Lines and Meters |
+| ASHRAE 90.1 | Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review before fabrication, ordering, or installation:
+
+- Product data for each PRV, expansion tank, strainer, dielectric fitting, escutcheon, identification marker, and equipment isolation kit, including capacity, pressure rating, and material certifications
+- NSF/ANSI 61 and NSF/ANSI/CAN 372 certification for every component in contact with potable water
+- PRV station shop drawings showing valve, strainer, isolation valves, gauge, and bypass configuration with dimensioned clearances
+- Expansion tank acceptance-volume calculation worksheet showing system water volume, cold-fill pressure, relief valve set pressure, and temperature rise inputs
+- Pipe identification schedule listing legend text, color scheme, marker type, and spacing for each service
+- Valve schedule correlating each valve tag number to service, location, and normal operating position
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Product data for specialties and valve packages
+ - NSF/ANSI 61 and 372 potable-water certifications
+ - PRV station shop drawings
+ - Expansion tank acceptance-volume calculation
+ - Pipe identification schedule
+ - Valve schedule
+default:
+ - Product data for specialties and valve packages
+ - NSF/ANSI 61 and 372 potable-water certifications
+ - PRV station shop drawings
+ - Expansion tank acceptance-volume calculation
+```
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+
+- Manufacturer installation instructions for PRVs, expansion tanks, and dielectric fittings
+- UL-listed firestop system data sheets for each penetration condition
+- Field test reports for PRV setpoint verification and expansion tank pre-charge adjustment
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Manufacturer installation instructions
+ - UL firestop system data sheets
+ - PRV setpoint and pre-charge field test reports
+default:
+ - Manufacturer installation instructions
+ - UL firestop system data sheets
+ - PRV setpoint and pre-charge field test reports
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals before substantial completion:
+
+- Operation and maintenance data for PRVs, expansion tanks, and strainers, including parts lists and recommended service intervals
+- As-recorded PRV setpoints, expansion tank pre-charge pressures, and the completed valve schedule
+- Warranty documentation for each specialty
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - O&M data for specialties
+ - As-recorded setpoints, pre-charge, and valve schedule
+ - Warranty documentation
+default:
+ - O&M data for specialties
+ - As-recorded setpoints, pre-charge, and valve schedule
+ - Warranty documentation
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Every component in contact with potable water shall carry third-party certification to NSF/ANSI 61.
+
+## Every wetted component shall comply with the lead-free requirement of NSF/ANSI/CAN 372, with a weighted average lead content of the wetted surfaces not exceeding 0.25%.
+
+## Each PRV shall be certified to ASSE 1003 / CSA B356.
+
+## Each hose-end drain valve serving as an equipment service connection shall be fitted with a hose connection vacuum breaker certified to ASSE 1011.
+
+## The lead-free certification mark is the Safe Drinking Water Act compliance basis and is not optional for any potable-water component. {note}
+
+## Specialties of one type shall be the product of a single manufacturer to maintain consistent parts and service interfaces.
+
+## Pressure design of all piping assemblies covered by this standard shall conform to ASME B31.9, Building Services Piping.
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## Components shall be selected for the service in which they are installed: domestic cold water, domestic hot water, or hot water recirculation. {note}
+
+## Hot water recirculation is the most demanding service because it combines continuous flow, elevated temperature, and continuous thermal cycling. Components rated only for cold water -- particularly elastomeric flexible connectors and dielectric inserts -- fail prematurely in recirculation service. {note}
+
+## Components in hot water and recirculation service shall be rated for continuous operation at not less than 180 °F.
+
+## Materials in contact with potable water shall not impart taste, odor, color, or contaminants in excess of NSF/ANSI 61 limits.
+
+## Insulation on hot water piping serving equipment isolation assemblies shall conform to the applicable ASHRAE 90.1 pipe insulation tables. {note}
+
+## Insulation thickness governs the outside diameter that escutcheons and sleeves must accommodate; coordinate the insulated OD before ordering trim. {note}
+
+# Pressure-Reducing Valve Stations {toc}
+
+## IPC Section 604.8 and UPC Section 608 trigger when the static service pressure entering the building exceeds 80 psi. The station is more than the valve: it is the valve plus its strainer, isolation valves, downstream gauge, and -- on most commercial systems -- a bypass. {note}
+
+## A pressure-reducing valve shall be installed on the building water service where the static incoming pressure exceeds 80 psi.
+
+## The PRV setpoint shall be the required pressure at the valve outlet, not the desired pressure at the highest or furthest fixture. {note}
+
+## The single most common PRV error is setting the outlet pressure to the target fixture pressure without accounting for the static head and friction loss between the valve and the upper floors. The Engineer of Record verifies that the reduced downstream design pressure remains adequate for the highest and most remote fixtures at peak demand. {note}
+
+## The Engineer of Record shall verify that the reduced downstream design pressure is adequate for the highest and most remote fixtures at peak demand before the setpoint is fixed.
+
+### PRV Configuration {toc}
+
+#### The station configuration shall be selected for the criticality of the served load. {note}
+
+#### A single PRV with no bypass takes the entire system offline if the valve fails during peak demand. For critical loads -- hospitals, laboratories, manufacturing, and any occupancy that cannot tolerate an interruption -- the choice is between a parallel redundant station and a full-flow bypass that allows the valve to be serviced without dropping the system. {note}
+
+#### A full-flow bypass or a parallel redundant PRV shall be provided on systems serving critical or continuous-process loads.
+
+```datasheet
+label: PRV station configuration
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Single-stage PRV with integral strainer and downstream gauge
+ - Single PRV with full-flow bypass assembly
+ - Dual-PRV parallel redundant station
+default: Single-stage PRV with integral strainer and downstream gauge
+```
+
+#### PRV downstream setpoint pressure
+
+```datasheet
+label: PRV downstream setpoint pressure
+type: range
+unit: psi
+min: 25
+max: 75
+step: 5
+default: 60
+```
+
+#### The PRV outlet pressure shall remain within ±10% of the setpoint from zero flow to full rated flow, per ASSE 1003.
+
+#### The PRV shall be rated for an inlet maximum allowable working pressure of not less than 250 psi.
+
+### PRV Body and Trim {toc}
+
+#### PRV body material
+
+```datasheet
+label: PRV body material
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Bronze body with bronze trim
+ - Bronze body with stainless steel trim
+ - Cast iron body with bronze trim (NPS 2 and larger)
+default: Bronze body with stainless steel trim
+```
+
+#### The PRV shall include an integral or upstream strainer to protect the seat from debris.
+
+#### A pressure gauge shall be installed downstream of each PRV.
+
+#### Downstream pressure gauge range and type
+
+```datasheet
+label: Downstream pressure gauge
+type: select
+options:
+ - 0-160 psi, 2-1/2 in. dial, glycerin-filled
+ - 0-200 psi, 2-1/2 in. dial, glycerin-filled
+ - 0-160 psi, 4-1/2 in. dial, glycerin-filled
+default: 0-160 psi, 2-1/2 in. dial, glycerin-filled
+```
+
+#### The downstream gauge shall be glycerin-filled to resist vibration and pulsation damage. {note}
+
+#### Isolation valves shall be provided upstream and downstream of each PRV to permit removal without draining the system.
+
+# Inline Strainers {toc}
+
+## Inline strainers protect downstream specialties and equipment from debris carried in the supply. {note}
+
+## A strainer is only useful if it can be cleaned in place. A strainer in a confined space without a blow-down valve turns routine screen cleaning into a near-disassembly maintenance call. {note}
+
+## Each inline strainer shall be provided with a blow-down valve at the screen pocket.
+
+## Each inline strainer shall be installed with clearance sufficient to remove and clean the screen in place.
+
+## Strainer type
+
+```datasheet
+label: Strainer type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Y-type, bronze body, 304 stainless screen
+ - Basket type, single
+ - Duplex basket type (continuous-flow mains, NPS 3 and larger)
+default: Y-type, bronze body, 304 stainless screen
+```
+
+## Strainer screen mesh
+
+```datasheet
+label: Strainer screen mesh
+type: select
+options:
+ - 40-mesh (0.017 in. openings)
+ - 100-mesh (upstream of PRV where required)
+ - 20-mesh (coarse, large mains)
+default: 40-mesh (0.017 in. openings)
+```
+
+## Where a strainer serves a continuous-flow main that cannot be interrupted for cleaning, a duplex basket strainer shall be provided.
+
+# Domestic Hot Water Expansion Tanks {toc}
+
+## IPC Section 607 and UPC Section 608 require thermal expansion control on closed systems -- defined as any system with a check valve, backflow preventer, or PRV between the heater and the street, because that device closes the system and removes the street main as an expansion sink. Water expands roughly 2% to 3% when heated from cold fill to storage temperature, and with nowhere to go that expansion drives the system pressure up against the relief valve. {note}
+
+## A thermal expansion tank shall be installed on the cold water supply to each closed domestic hot water system.
+
+## The expansion tank acceptance volume shall be calculated, not estimated. {note}
+
+## Sizing an expansion tank from a rule of thumb or from memory is a recurring and consequential error. An undersized tank cannot absorb the thermal expansion, so system pressure cycles up to the relief valve setting; the symptoms are PRV chattering, dripping relief valves, and premature relief valve wear. The acceptance volume is calculated from system water volume, cold-fill pressure, relief valve set pressure, and temperature rise; the manufacturer's published worksheet or the equivalent ASME method is required. {note}
+
+## The expansion tank acceptance volume shall be calculated from the system water volume, cold-fill pressure, relief valve set pressure, and temperature rise, using the manufacturer's published worksheet or the equivalent ASME method.
+
+## The expansion tank pre-charge pressure shall equal the static cold-fill pressure at the tank location and shall be field-verified and adjusted before the system is placed in service. {note}
+
+## Factory pre-charge defaults to a nominal value -- commonly 40 psi -- that is correct for almost no multi-story building. A tank in an upper-floor mechanical room sees lower static fill pressure than one in the basement, so the pre-charge must be set to the actual cold-fill pressure at the tank elevation. A tank installed at the factory default in a building whose fill pressure differs will not perform as sized. {note}
+
+## The expansion tank pre-charge pressure shall be field-verified and adjusted to match the system cold-fill pressure at the tank location before the system is filled.
+
+## Expansion tank type
+
+```datasheet
+label: Expansion tank type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Bladder type (polypropylene-lined bladder, ASME-rated)
+ - Diaphragm type (EPDM diaphragm)
+default: Bladder type (polypropylene-lined bladder, ASME-rated)
+```
+
+## Expansion tank acceptance volume
+
+```datasheet
+label: Expansion tank acceptance volume
+type: range
+unit: gal
+min: 2
+max: 119
+step: 1
+default: 4
+```
+
+## Expansion tank field-set pre-charge pressure
+
+```datasheet
+label: Expansion tank pre-charge pressure (field-set to cold-fill pressure)
+type: range
+unit: psi
+min: 12
+max: 80
+step: 1
+drawing_ref: "cold-fill pressure at tank elevation from hydraulic schedule"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+## Relief valve set pressure used in the sizing calculation
+
+```datasheet
+label: Relief valve set pressure (sizing input)
+type: select
+options:
+ - 150 psi
+ - 125 psi
+ - 100 psi
+default: 150 psi
+```
+
+## The expansion tank shell shall be ASME-rated for the system working pressure, and the bladder or diaphragm shall be NSF/ANSI 61 certified for potable water.
+
+# Dielectric Isolation Fittings {toc}
+
+## A dielectric break is required at every connection between dissimilar metals. {note}
+
+## Where copper joins ferrous, galvanized, or black steel piping, the two metals form a galvanic couple, and in high-conductivity water the copper can perforate within two to five years. A dielectric union, flange, or nipple interrupts the electrical path and stops the galvanic cell. The break is provided at every such transition, not only at the most visible ones. {note}
+
+## A dielectric union, flange, or nipple shall be installed at every connection between copper and ferrous, galvanized, or black steel piping.
+
+## Dielectric inserts on hot water service shall be nylon rated for not less than 250 °F; PVC inserts shall not be used on hot water lines. {note}
+
+## PVC inserts soften and fail above 140 °F. Because hot water and recirculation lines operate above that threshold, a PVC-insert dielectric union is a failure waiting to happen. {note}
+
+## Dielectric inserts in hot water and recirculation service shall be nylon rated for not less than 250 °F.
+
+## PVC-insert dielectric fittings shall not be used in hot water or recirculation service.
+
+## Dielectric fitting type
+
+```datasheet
+label: Dielectric fitting type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Threaded dielectric union, NPS 1/4 to NPS 2
+ - Dielectric flange kit (gasket, sleeves, washers), NPS 2 and larger
+ - Dielectric nipple
+default: Threaded dielectric union, NPS 1/4 to NPS 2
+```
+
+## Dielectric union rating
+
+```datasheet
+label: Dielectric union pressure and temperature rating
+type: select
+options:
+ - 250 psi CWP, 250 °F (nylon insert)
+ - 300 psi CWP, 300 °F (nylon insert)
+default: 250 psi CWP, 250 °F (nylon insert)
+```
+
+# Equipment Isolation and Drain Valve Packages {toc}
+
+## Equipment served by the domestic water system shall be isolatable and drainable without affecting the rest of the distribution. {note}
+
+## Water heaters, booster pumps, and water treatment equipment must be serviceable in place. The isolation package -- full-port ball valves on each connection, a hose-end drain valve, unions for removal, and gauge and thermometer provisions -- lets a technician valve off, drain, and remove the equipment without shutting down the building. The package may be a factory kit or field-assembled from the same components. {note}
+
+## Each water heater, booster pump, and water treatment unit shall be provided with full-port isolation valves on each piping connection.
+
+## A hose-end drain valve with cap and chain shall be provided at the low point of each isolated equipment connection.
+
+## Each hose-end drain valve used as a service connection shall be fitted with a hose connection vacuum breaker certified to ASSE 1011.
+
+## Union connections shall be provided within 12 in. of each side of the equipment to permit removal.
+
+## Isolation valves in the equipment package shall be full-port ball valves rated not less than 600 WOG or 250 psi CWP.
+
+## A pressure gauge port and a thermometer well shall be provided on the equipment package where the equipment requires monitoring.
+
+## Equipment isolation valve package
+
+```datasheet
+label: Equipment isolation valve package
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Pre-fabricated isolation kit (full-port valves, hose-end drain, unions, gauge ports)
+ - Field-assembled package from individual components
+default: Pre-fabricated isolation kit (full-port valves, hose-end drain, unions, gauge ports)
+```
+
+## Flexible connectors at rotating equipment shall be rated for the system pressure and temperature. {note}
+
+## A rubber flexible connector rated for 125 psi cold water will fail in hot water recirculation service. Galvanized braid corrodes rapidly in hot water; the connector's temperature rating must cover the actual service conditions, not just a nominal cold water rating. {note}
+
+## Flexible connectors at pumps shall be stainless-braided and rated for not less than 150 psi and 180 °F in hot water service.
+
+## Flexible connector type
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flexible connector at equipment
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Braided stainless steel hose connector
+ - Rubber-isolated swivel pump connector
+default: Braided stainless steel hose connector
+```
+
+## Flexible connector pressure rating
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flexible connector pressure rating
+type: select
+options:
+ - 150 psi, 180 °F (hot water and recirculation)
+ - 125 psi, 140 °F (cold water only)
+default: 150 psi, 180 °F (hot water and recirculation)
+```
+
+# Meter Bypass Assemblies {toc}
+
+## A service-weight meter bypass assembly permits meter service without interrupting building supply. {note}
+
+## Where the building cannot tolerate a supply interruption during meter maintenance or replacement, a bypass around the meter is provided with isolation valves on the meter legs and the bypass leg. Sizing follows the guidance of AWWA M22 for the service and meter combination. {note}
+
+## Meter bypass assemblies, where provided, shall be configured and sized in accordance with AWWA M22.
+
+## Meter bypass isolation valves shall be full-port to avoid adding pressure loss to the service entrance.
+
+## Meter bypass assembly
+
+```datasheet
+label: Meter bypass assembly
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Service-weight bypass with full-port isolation valves
+ - No bypass (single meter run)
+default: No bypass (single meter run)
+```
+
+# Pipe Identification, Valve Tags, and Nameplates {toc}
+
+## All domestic water piping shall be identified by service, with flow direction, per ASME A13.1. {note}
+
+## Identification is a legend plus a directional arrow plus a code-compliant background color. A marker that reads only "HW" without a flow arrow does not satisfy ASME A13.1 and generates field RFIs and non-conformance reports. The legend must name the service and the arrow must show flow direction. {note}
+
+## Each pipe identification marker shall include the service legend and a flow-direction arrow.
+
+## Pipe identification markers shall use the ASME A13.1 color scheme for the service background and legend.
+
+## Pipe identification markers shall be applied at the spacing required by ASME A13.1. {note}
+
+## ASME A13.1 calls for a marker at least every 25 ft on straight runs of 50 ft or more, at least every 10 ft on runs shorter than 50 ft, and at each side of every wall, floor, and ceiling penetration, at each valve, and at each branch. {note}
+
+## Pipe identification markers shall be applied at least every 25 ft on straight runs, at each side of every wall, floor, and ceiling penetration, at each valve, and at each branch.
+
+## Marker type
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pipe identification marker type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Adhesive wrap-around marker with flow arrow
+ - Snap-on marker with flow arrow
+ - Stenciled legend with applied arrow
+default: Adhesive wrap-around marker with flow arrow
+```
+
+## Each valve other than a fixture supply stop shall be identified with an engraved tag keyed to the valve schedule.
+
+## Valve tag material
+
+```datasheet
+label: Valve tag material
+type: select
+options:
+ - Engraved brass, 1-1/2 in. round
+ - Engraved anodized aluminum, 1-1/2 in. round
+ - Engraved laminated phenolic
+default: Engraved brass, 1-1/2 in. round
+```
+
+## A laminated valve-schedule nameplate shall be mounted in each mechanical room correlating tag numbers to service, location, and normal position.
+
+# Pipe Sleeves, Escutcheons, and Firestopping {toc}
+
+## Every pipe passing through a wall, floor, or ceiling shall be sleeved. {note}
+
+## A sleeve protects the pipe at the penetration, accommodates movement, and -- at rated assemblies -- carries the firestop system. The sleeve and its annular fill are selected for whether the assembly is fire-rated. {note}
+
+## Each pipe penetration of a wall, floor, or ceiling shall be provided with a sleeve.
+
+## Sleeve material and annular fill
+
+```datasheet
+label: Sleeve material and annular fill
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Galvanized steel sleeve with UL-listed intumescent firestop sealant (rated assemblies)
+ - PVC sleeve, sealant fill (non-rated assemblies)
+default: Galvanized steel sleeve with UL-listed intumescent firestop sealant (rated assemblies)
+```
+
+## At fire-rated assemblies, the penetration shall be firestopped with a UL-listed firestop system appropriate to the pipe, sleeve, and rating.
+
+## The annular space shall provide a minimum clearance of 1/2 in. on each side of the pipe, including its insulation, and shall not exceed the maximum gap of the listed firestop system.
+
+## An escutcheon shall be provided at each exposed pipe penetration in finished areas. {note}
+
+## Escutcheons must be sized for the insulated outside diameter of the pipe, not the bare pipe. Where the pipe is insulated under a separate section, the insulated OD is a coordination item and a common RFI source; confirm the insulated OD before ordering. {note}
+
+## Each exposed pipe penetration in a finished area shall be fitted with an escutcheon sized for the insulated outside diameter of the pipe.
+
+## Escutcheon type and finish
+
+```datasheet
+label: Escutcheon type and finish
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Split-ring, chrome-plated brass
+ - One-piece, chrome-plated brass
+ - Split-ring, stainless steel
+ - Split-ring, painted to match finish
+default: Split-ring, chrome-plated brass
+```
+
+# Testing {toc}
+
+## The completed system shall be hydrostatically tested before it is concealed or placed in service. {note}
+
+## The hydrostatic test verifies that every joint and specialty connection in the assembled system holds pressure. PRVs and expansion tanks are isolated or removed during the test because their working pressure and acceptance volume would otherwise mask or be damaged by the test pressure. {note}
+
+## The piping system, including specialty connections, shall be hydrostatically tested at 1.5 times the working pressure or 100 psi above the working pressure, whichever is greater, for not less than 4 hours with no visible leakage, per IPC Section 312.5.
+
+## PRVs and expansion tanks shall be isolated or removed during the hydrostatic test to protect them from the test pressure.
+
+## After the system is filled and pressurized, the PRV setpoint shall be verified and adjusted to the specified downstream pressure.
+
+## After the system is filled, the expansion tank pre-charge shall be verified against the static cold-fill pressure at the tank and adjusted as required.
+
+## Each inline strainer shall be blown down and the screen inspected after the system has been flushed.
+
+## Hydrostatic test pressure basis
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hydrostatic test pressure basis
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 1.5 x working pressure or working + 100 psi, whichever is greater
+ - Fixed value as directed by the authority having jurisdiction
+default: 1.5 x working pressure or working + 100 psi, whichever is greater
+```
+
+## Hydrostatic test duration
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hydrostatic test duration
+type: range
+unit: hr
+min: 4
+max: 24
+step: 1
+default: 4
+```
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Specialties shall be installed in the orientation and flow direction shown by the manufacturer and shall be accessible for service.
+
+## Each PRV station shall be installed with clearance to read the gauge, adjust the setpoint, and remove the valve without disturbing adjacent work.
+
+## Each expansion tank shall be supported independently of the connected piping and located where its pre-charge can be checked and adjusted in service. {note}
+
+## A tank that hangs on the piping it serves overloads the connection and makes the air valve inaccessible; mount it on a dedicated support with the air valve reachable. {note}
+
+## Each expansion tank shall be mounted on a dedicated support with its air valve accessible.
+
+## Dielectric fittings shall be installed at the metal transition with the insulating insert oriented per the manufacturer's installation instructions.
+
+## Dielectric fittings shall not be bridged by a metallic bonding jumper that would defeat the galvanic isolation.
+
+## Inline strainers shall be installed with the screen pocket oriented to drain and with the blow-down valve accessible.
+
+## Pipe identification, valve tags, and the valve-schedule nameplate shall be installed after the system is flushed, tested, and accepted.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Specialties shall be delivered in the manufacturer's original packaging with certification labels intact.
+
+## Components in contact with potable water shall be kept capped or bagged until installed to keep the wetted surfaces clean.
+
+## Expansion tanks shall be stored upright and protected from impact that could damage the bladder or diaphragm.
+
+## Gauges and flexible connectors shall be protected from impact and from exposure that could degrade elastomers before installation.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## Each specialty shall be warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for the manufacturer's standard period.
+
+## Warranty period
+
+```datasheet
+label: Warranty period
+type: select
+options:
+ - 1 year from substantial completion
+ - 2 years from substantial completion
+ - Manufacturer standard period
+default: 1 year from substantial completion
+```
+
+## The warranty shall cover replacement of defective PRV cartridges, expansion tank bladders, and strainer screens within the warranty period.
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall furnish spare parts to support first-year maintenance.
+
+### The Contractor shall furnish the following spare parts:
+
+- One spare strainer screen for each strainer size installed
+- One spare PRV repair cartridge for each PRV size installed
+- One set of replacement gaskets for each dielectric flange size installed
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare parts
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - One spare strainer screen per size
+ - One spare PRV repair cartridge per size
+ - One set of dielectric flange gaskets per size
+default:
+ - One spare strainer screen per size
+ - One spare PRV repair cartridge per size
+```