Earthwork
Corpus sync: neutrality remakes, note hygiene, datasheet relocation, transformer-split cross-refs
Showing changes from Rev 5
to Rev 6
in Earthwork.
---
title: Earthwork
…18 unchanged lines
## In cases of conflict between this standard and the geotechnical report, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
−## The Contractor shall recognize that the geotechnical investigation report is based on a limited number of borings and test pits that characterize but do not fully describe the subsurface, and that actual conditions encountered may differ from those reported. {note}
+## The Contractor shall recognize that the geotechnical investigation report is based on a limited number of borings and test pits that characterize but do not fully describe the subsurface, and that actual conditions encountered may differ from those reported.
## The Contractor shall promptly notify the Engineer of Record of any differing site condition that materially affects work under this specification, including unexpected groundwater, rock, soft or organic soils, buried utilities, obstructions, or contaminated materials not identified in the geotechnical report.
…201 unchanged lines
### Topsoil is the upper zone of naturally occurring soil containing organic matter, root systems, and biological activity. {note}
+### Topsoil shall be stripped from all areas to be occupied by fills, structures, pavements, and utility trenches.
+
+### Stripping depth shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the grading drawings or as directed by the geotechnical engineer in the field]], typically 4 to 12 inches depending on site conditions.
+
```datasheet
label: Topsoil Stripping Depth
…8 unchanged lines
```
−### Topsoil shall be stripped from all areas to be occupied by fills, structures, pavements, and utility trenches.
−
−### Stripping depth shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the grading drawings or as directed by the geotechnical engineer in the field]], typically 4 to 12 inches depending on site conditions.
−
### Stripped topsoil shall be stockpiled separately from other excavated material for later use in landscaping and permanent vegetative stabilization, unless the geotechnical report indicates that site topsoil is unsuitable for reuse.
…75 unchanged lines
### Mass grading operations remove soil and rock from areas to be lowered in elevation to achieve design grade, or strip and stockpile topsoil, or provide material for placement as fill elsewhere on the site. {note}
+### Cut areas shall be shaped to drain away from any exposed subgrade.
+
+### Where cut slopes are required, temporary and permanent slope angles shall conform to the geotechnical report recommendations.
+
+### Temporary cut slopes shall be classified and designed in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P, Appendix B.
+
```datasheet
label: Maximum Temporary Cut Slope — Soil (No Shoring)
…8 unchanged lines
```
−### Cut areas shall be shaped to drain away from any exposed subgrade.
−
−### Where cut slopes are required, temporary and permanent slope angles shall conform to the geotechnical report recommendations.
−
−### Temporary cut slopes shall be classified and designed in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P, Appendix B.
−
### OSHA soil type classifications (Type A, B, C) are distinct from USCS classifications and are used specifically for determining safe temporary slope angles and excavation support requirements. {note}
…8 unchanged lines
### Structural excavation is excavation performed to create space for foundations, pits, grade beams, retaining walls, and similar structures. {note}
+### Structural excavation shall be performed to the neat lines and grades shown on the structural drawings, plus working space required for forming and waterproofing.
+
+### Final trimming of the bearing surface at the bottom of structural excavation shall be performed by hand or by a smooth-bucket excavator, removing no more than necessary to achieve a clean, undisturbed bearing surface at the design elevation.
+
+### Over-excavation of foundation bearing surfaces is a common and costly error — once the bearing stratum is loosened or saturated, it cannot be simply re-compacted to the same condition. {note}
+
+### If the bearing surface is inadvertently over-excavated, or if soft, loose, or otherwise unsuitable material is encountered at the bearing elevation, the geotechnical engineer shall be consulted before proceeding, and remedial options may include further over-excavation and replacement with lean concrete or compacted structural fill, subgrade improvement, or foundation redesign.
+
```datasheet
label: Over-Excavation Remediation — Foundation Bearing
…6 unchanged lines
```
−### Structural excavation shall be performed to the neat lines and grades shown on the structural drawings, plus working space required for forming and waterproofing.
−
−### Final trimming of the bearing surface at the bottom of structural excavation shall be performed by hand or by a smooth-bucket excavator, removing no more than necessary to achieve a clean, undisturbed bearing surface at the design elevation.
−
−### Over-excavation of foundation bearing surfaces is a common and costly error — once the bearing stratum is loosened or saturated, it cannot be simply re-compacted to the same condition. {note}
−
−### If the bearing surface is inadvertently over-excavated, or if soft, loose, or otherwise unsuitable material is encountered at the bearing elevation, the geotechnical engineer shall be consulted before proceeding, and remedial options may include further over-excavation and replacement with lean concrete or compacted structural fill, subgrade improvement, or foundation redesign.
−
### The bearing surface at the bottom of structural excavation shall be proof-rolled or probed by the geotechnical engineer before any concrete or fill is placed.
…6 unchanged lines
### Trench excavation serves utility installation, including water supply, sanitary sewer, storm drainage, electrical conduit, gas, and communications. {note}
+### Trench excavation shall conform to the alignment, depth, grade, and bedding requirements shown on the utility drawings.
+
```datasheet
label: Trench Bottom Preparation — Pipe Bedding
…7 unchanged lines
```
−### Trench excavation shall conform to the alignment, depth, grade, and bedding requirements shown on the utility drawings.
−
### Trench width shall be the minimum necessary for safe worker access and utility installation and bedding placement, but not less than the pipe outside diameter plus 12 inches on each side for pipes up to 24 inches in diameter.
…82 unchanged lines
### Dewatering removes groundwater from excavations to maintain dry working conditions, prevent bottom heave and piping, and allow compaction of fill to meet density requirements. {note}
+### The Contractor shall provide dewatering systems capable of maintaining the water level at least 2 feet below the working level in every excavation, unless the geotechnical report indicates that a lower drawdown is required.
+
```datasheet
label: Dewatering Method
…9 unchanged lines
```
+### The Contractor shall maintain dewatering continuously during all excavation and fill operations until the fill or structure has progressed to a height where groundwater no longer affects compaction or bearing capacity.
+
+### Dewatering shall not be discontinued abruptly.
+
+### If dewatering equipment fails, the Contractor shall immediately notify the Engineer of Record and take emergency measures to prevent flooding of the excavation.
+
+### Groundwater shall not be discharged in a manner that causes erosion, flooding, or contamination of adjacent properties; all dewatering discharge shall comply with applicable NPDES permit conditions and local stormwater regulations.
+
```datasheet
label: Dewatering Discharge Management
…7 unchanged lines
```
−### The Contractor shall provide dewatering systems capable of maintaining the water level at least 2 feet below the working level in every excavation, unless the geotechnical report indicates that a lower drawdown is required.
−
−### The Contractor shall maintain dewatering continuously during all excavation and fill operations until the fill or structure has progressed to a height where groundwater no longer affects compaction or bearing capacity.
−
−### Dewatering shall not be discontinued abruptly.
−
−### If dewatering equipment fails, the Contractor shall immediately notify the Engineer of Record and take emergency measures to prevent flooding of the excavation.
−
−### Groundwater shall not be discharged in a manner that causes erosion, flooding, or contamination of adjacent properties; all dewatering discharge shall comply with applicable NPDES permit conditions and local stormwater regulations.
−
### Where dewatering causes settlement of adjacent soils or structures, the Contractor shall stop dewatering, notify the Owner and Engineer of Record, and not resume until a revised dewatering plan is approved.
…14 unchanged lines
#### Structural fill is used beneath foundations, floor slabs, pavements, and other load-bearing applications where settlement or inadequate bearing capacity would cause structural damage. {note}
+#### Structural fill shall be granular or low-plasticity cohesive material with USCS classification GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, or SC unless the geotechnical report specifies otherwise.
+
```datasheet
label: Structural Fill Material — USCS Classification
…12 unchanged lines
```
+#### Structural fill maximum particle size shall be 3 inches for lifts up to 8 inches and 6 inches for lifts up to 12 inches, and no particle shall exceed two-thirds of the compacted lift thickness.
+
```datasheet
label: Structural Fill — Maximum Particle Size
…7 unchanged lines
```
−#### Structural fill shall be granular or low-plasticity cohesive material with USCS classification GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, or SC unless the geotechnical report specifies otherwise.
−
−#### Structural fill maximum particle size shall be 3 inches for lifts up to 8 inches and 6 inches for lifts up to 12 inches, and no particle shall exceed two-thirds of the compacted lift thickness.
−
#### Structural fill liquid limit shall not be greater than 40.
…10 unchanged lines
#### Select granular fill is a high-quality, free-draining material used for pipe bedding, drainage layers under slabs, and applications where low compressibility and positive drainage are required. {note}
+#### Select granular fill shall have USCS classification GW, GP, SW, or SP.
+
+#### Select granular fill maximum particle size shall be 1.5 inches unless otherwise specified.
+
+#### Select granular fill shall be non-plastic (liquid limit).
+
+#### Select granular fill fines content (material passing the No. 200 sieve) shall not be greater than 5 percent.
+
```datasheet
label: Select Granular Fill — Fines Content Maximum
…7 unchanged lines
```
−#### Select granular fill shall have USCS classification GW, GP, SW, or SP.
−
−#### Select granular fill maximum particle size shall be 1.5 inches unless otherwise specified.
−
−#### Select granular fill shall be non-plastic (liquid limit).
−
−#### Select granular fill fines content (material passing the No. 200 sieve) shall not be greater than 5 percent.
−
### Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) {toc}
…68 unchanged lines
### The energy is delivered by compaction equipment — vibratory rollers, tamping foot rollers, plate compactors, and pneumatic rollers — and the effectiveness depends on equipment type, lift thickness, number of passes, and most critically, on the moisture content of the soil relative to its optimum. {note}
+### Compaction shall be performed in uniform horizontal lifts of the thickness specified herein, using equipment appropriate for the soil type and application.
+
```datasheet
label: Maximum Compacted Lift Thickness — Structural Fill
…17 unchanged lines
```
−### Compaction shall be performed in uniform horizontal lifts of the thickness specified herein, using equipment appropriate for the soil type and application.
−
### No fill shall be placed on frozen subgrade, and no compaction shall be performed on material that is frozen.
…8 unchanged lines
### Soil compaction achieves its maximum density at optimum moisture content, as determined by the Proctor test. {note}
+### The moisture content range for compaction shall be specified relative to the Proctor optimum, appropriate to the fill soil type.
+
```datasheet
label: Moisture Content Range for Compaction
…32 unchanged lines
min: 92
max: 100
− setpoints: [95, 97, 98, 100]
+ setpoints: [92, 95, 97, 98, 100]
default: 95
```
…14 unchanged lines
min: 90
max: 100
− setpoints: [92, 95, 98]
+ setpoints: [90, 92, 95, 98, 100]
default: 95
```
…12 unchanged lines
min: 90
max: 100
− setpoints: [90, 92, 95, 98]
+ setpoints: [90, 92, 95, 98, 100]
default: 95
```
…6 unchanged lines
min: 85
max: 98
− setpoints: [85, 90, 92, 95]
+ setpoints: [85, 90, 92, 95, 98]
default: 90
```
…25 unchanged lines
### Compaction equipment shall be selected based on soil type and application.
−### Vibratory smooth-drum rollers are effective for granular materials. {note}
−### Tamping foot (sheepsfoot) rollers are effective for cohesive fine-grained soils. {note}
−### Plate compactors and jumping jack tampers are used in confined areas and around utilities where large rollers cannot operate. {note}
```datasheet
…9 unchanged lines
default: "Vibratory smooth-drum roller"
```
+### Vibratory smooth-drum rollers are effective for granular materials. {note}
+### Tamping foot (sheepsfoot) rollers are effective for cohesive fine-grained soils. {note}
+### Plate compactors and jumping jack tampers are used in confined areas and around utilities where large rollers cannot operate. {note}
### The compaction equipment shall be of adequate size to achieve the required density in the specified lift thickness.
…61 unchanged lines
### Proof rolling consists of driving a fully loaded, rubber-tired vehicle over the prepared subgrade surface to identify soft, pumping, or yielding areas that indicate inadequate bearing or insufficient compaction. {note}
−```datasheet
−label: Proof Rolling Required
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Required — all areas under structural fill, slabs, and pavements"
− - "Required — areas as directed by geotechnical engineer"
− - "Not required on this project"
−default: "Required — all areas under structural fill, slabs, and pavements"
−```
+### The proof rolling vehicle shall be specified, loaded sufficiently to reveal soft, pumping, or yielding subgrade areas.
```datasheet
…9 unchanged lines
### Proof rolling shall be performed on all areas to receive structural fill under foundations or slabs, on all subgrades to receive base course under pavements, and at any location where the geotechnical engineer suspects inconsistent subgrade conditions.
+```datasheet
+label: Proof Rolling Required
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required — all areas under structural fill, slabs, and pavements"
+ - "Required — areas as directed by geotechnical engineer"
+ - "Not required on this project"
+default: "Required — all areas under structural fill, slabs, and pavements"
+```
+
### The geotechnical engineer shall observe all proof rolling.
…55 unchanged lines
## Regulatory Framework and SWPPP {toc}
−### Construction activities that disturb 1 acre or more of land — or less if part of a common plan of development that totals 1 acre or more — require coverage under the EPA Construction General Permit (CGP) or the applicable state NPDES stormwater permit before grading begins. {note}
+### Construction activities that disturb 1 acre or more of land — or less if part of a common plan of development that totals 1 acre or more — require coverage under the EPA Construction General Permit (CGP) or the applicable state NPDES stormwater permit before grading begins.
```datasheet
…68 unchanged lines
### Temporary seeding with fast-germinating annual grasses provides cost-effective erosion protection for exposed slopes during construction. {note}
+### Disturbed slopes shall be protected from erosion by temporary seeding, erosion control blankets, compost applications, or other approved methods when the slope will be exposed for more than 7 days on slopes steeper than 3:1 or more than 14 days on slopes 3:1 or flatter.
+
```datasheet
label: Temporary Slope Erosion Protection Method
…8 unchanged lines
```
−### Disturbed slopes shall be protected from erosion by temporary seeding, erosion control blankets, compost applications, or other approved methods when the slope will be exposed for more than 7 days on slopes steeper than 3:1 or more than 14 days on slopes 3:1 or flatter.
−
## Storm Inlet Protection {toc}
…147 unchanged lines
### Failing tests shall be flagged immediately and shall not be buried in a batch report delivered days later.
−### The Contractor must have immediate notice to stop work and address the failure. {note}
+### The Contractor must have immediate notice to stop work and address the failure.
# Warranty {toc}
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## Accelerated settlement that exceeds the predicted range shall be reported immediately.