Fluid-Applied Waterproofing
Corpus sync: neutrality remakes, note hygiene, datasheet relocation, transformer-split cross-refs
Showing changes from Rev 3
to Rev 4
in Fluid-Applied Waterproofing.
---
title: Fluid-Applied Waterproofing
…195 unchanged lines
### The single configuration decision that governs membrane selection is whether the membrane is buried beneath a separate wearing course or is itself the exposed trafficked surface. {note}
+### The wearing course configuration shall be specified for each waterproofed area, stating whether the membrane is buried beneath a separate wearing course or is itself the exposed trafficked surface.
+
```datasheet
label: Wearing Course Configuration
…17 unchanged lines
### A plaza deck over occupied space, a planter, a split-slab, a between-slab condition, and an exposed parking deck each impose a different overburden and a different set of detail risks. {note}
+### The primary service condition shall be specified for each fluid-applied waterproofing area so the overburden and detailing appropriate to that condition are addressed.
+
```datasheet
label: Primary Service Condition
…29 unchanged lines
### Relief of head by the drainage layer is part of the design, not a substitute for it. {note}
−# Materials {toc}
+# Membrane Chemistry {toc}
−## Membrane Chemistry {toc}
+## Each chemistry below is procurable from multiple manufacturers in the configurations described. {note}
+## Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt (HRA) is a blend of asphalt and synthetic rubber and polymers melted in a kettle and applied as a thick, monolithic, self-healing mass, almost always in a buried (ASTM C836) configuration with reinforcing fabric embedded between two heavy passes; it bonds aggressively to properly prepared, dry concrete, bridges cracks well, and is the long-established choice for plaza decks, planters, and split-slabs over occupied space, but it requires a kettle, trained personnel, and hot-work controls, and it cannot be applied in wet conditions. {note}
+## Cold liquid-applied polyurethane is a single- or two-component elastomeric membrane that cures by reaction (with moisture or with a catalyst) to a tough, flexible film with excellent elongation and crack-bridging; it is widely used in both buried (C836) and exposed traffic-bearing (C957) configurations and is the most common cold deck-coating chemistry. {note}
+## Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a reactive resin that cures extremely fast — typically returning to service within hours — and bonds and reinforces well at complex details and in cold weather; it is used where rapid return to service or fast detail work is required, at a higher material cost. {note}
+## Polyurea is a very fast-setting, spray-applied elastomer used where high build, rapid cure, and high abrasion resistance are needed, typically with specialized plural-component spray equipment. {note}
+## Modified bitumen emulsion is a cold, water-based asphalt-emulsion membrane used primarily in buried, non-traffic, below-grade and split-slab conditions where a lower-cost, low-odor, water-based product is acceptable. {note}
−### Each chemistry below is procurable from multiple manufacturers in the configurations described. {note}
−### Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt (HRA) is a blend of asphalt and synthetic rubber and polymers melted in a kettle and applied as a thick, monolithic, self-healing mass, almost always in a buried (ASTM C836) configuration with reinforcing fabric embedded between two heavy passes; it bonds aggressively to properly prepared, dry concrete, bridges cracks well, and is the long-established choice for plaza decks, planters, and split-slabs over occupied space, but it requires a kettle, trained personnel, and hot-work controls, and it cannot be applied in wet conditions. {note}
−### Cold liquid-applied polyurethane is a single- or two-component elastomeric membrane that cures by reaction (with moisture or with a catalyst) to a tough, flexible film with excellent elongation and crack-bridging; it is widely used in both buried (C836) and exposed traffic-bearing (C957) configurations and is the most common cold deck-coating chemistry. {note}
−### Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a reactive resin that cures extremely fast — typically returning to service within hours — and bonds and reinforces well at complex details and in cold weather; it is used where rapid return to service or fast detail work is required, at a higher material cost. {note}
−### Polyurea is a very fast-setting, spray-applied elastomer used where high build, rapid cure, and high abrasion resistance are needed, typically with specialized plural-component spray equipment. {note}
−### Modified bitumen emulsion is a cold, water-based asphalt-emulsion membrane used primarily in buried, non-traffic, below-grade and split-slab conditions where a lower-cost, low-odor, water-based product is acceptable. {note}
+## The membrane chemistry shall be selected for the service configuration, the cure speed required by the construction schedule, the temperature and ventilation conditions at application, and the project's hot-work restrictions.
```datasheet
…10 unchanged lines
```
−### The membrane chemistry shall be selected for the service configuration, the cure speed required by the construction schedule, the temperature and ventilation conditions at application, and the project's hot-work restrictions.
+# Membrane Specification Class {toc}
−## Membrane Specification Class {toc}
−
```datasheet
label: Membrane Conformance Specification
…6 unchanged lines
```
−### The membrane shall conform to the ASTM specification that matches the wearing-course configuration: ASTM C836 for a separate (buried) wearing course, or ASTM C957 for an integral (exposed) wearing surface.
+## The membrane shall conform to the ASTM specification that matches the wearing-course configuration: ASTM C836 for a separate (buried) wearing course, or ASTM C957 for an integral (exposed) wearing surface.
−### This element records the conformance requirement that the submitted product must meet. {note}
+## This element records the conformance requirement that the submitted product must meet. {note}
−## Crack-Bridging Performance {toc}
+# Crack-Bridging Performance {toc}
```datasheet
…6 unchanged lines
```
−### The membrane shall demonstrate crack-bridging ability per ASTM C1305 at the project's lowest expected service temperature.
+## The membrane shall demonstrate crack-bridging ability per ASTM C1305 at the project's lowest expected service temperature.
−### A waterproofing membrane over a concrete deck must remain continuous across the shrinkage and thermal cracks that concrete inevitably develops, and it must do so at the low temperatures at which the membrane is least flexible and the crack is widest; crack-bridging is the single most important elastomeric property for a deck membrane, because a membrane that loses continuity over a moving crack leaks even though it remains otherwise sound. {note}
+## A waterproofing membrane over a concrete deck must remain continuous across the shrinkage and thermal cracks that concrete inevitably develops, and it must do so at the low temperatures at which the membrane is least flexible and the crack is widest; crack-bridging is the single most important elastomeric property for a deck membrane, because a membrane that loses continuity over a moving crack leaks even though it remains otherwise sound. {note}
−## Primer {toc}
+# Primer {toc}
```datasheet
…6 unchanged lines
```
−### A primer compatible with the membrane and the substrate shall be applied where the manufacturer's data requires it, which for most fluid-applied systems over concrete is always.
+## A primer compatible with the membrane and the substrate shall be applied where the manufacturer's data requires it, which for most fluid-applied systems over concrete is always.
−### Primer shall be applied at the manufacturer's published rate to a clean, dry, prepared substrate, and the membrane shall be applied within the primer's recoat window.
+## Primer shall be applied at the manufacturer's published rate to a clean, dry, prepared substrate, and the membrane shall be applied within the primer's recoat window.
−### The primer application rate shall be verified.
+## The primer application rate shall be verified.
−### The primer wets and seals the porous concrete surface, binds residual dust, and establishes the adhesion on which the entire bonded system depends; over-application of primer can leave a weak film that reduces rather than improves adhesion. {note}
+## The primer wets and seals the porous concrete surface, binds residual dust, and establishes the adhesion on which the entire bonded system depends; over-application of primer can leave a weak film that reduces rather than improves adhesion. {note}
−## Reinforcing Fabric {toc}
+# Reinforcing Fabric {toc}
```datasheet
…6 unchanged lines
```
−### Reinforcing fabric — a polyester or fiberglass mat embedded in the wet membrane — shall be installed at all moving and high-stress conditions: inside and outside corners, horizontal-to-vertical transitions, construction joints, control joints, around drains, around penetrations, and over cracks wider than the manufacturer's threshold.
+## Reinforcing fabric — a polyester or fiberglass mat embedded in the wet membrane — shall be installed at all moving and high-stress conditions: inside and outside corners, horizontal-to-vertical transitions, construction joints, control joints, around drains, around penetrations, and over cracks wider than the manufacturer's threshold.
−### In hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt systems, a continuous fabric shall be embedded between the two membrane passes across the entire field.
+## In hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt systems, a continuous fabric shall be embedded between the two membrane passes across the entire field.
−### In cold liquid systems, fabric shall be used as detail reinforcement at the conditions above and, where specified, as full-coverage reinforcement.
+## In cold liquid systems, fabric shall be used as detail reinforcement at the conditions above and, where specified, as full-coverage reinforcement.
−### The fabric distributes movement across a wider zone of the membrane, increases local thickness, and resists the concentrated tearing that occurs at edges and cracks. {note}
+## The fabric distributes movement across a wider zone of the membrane, increases local thickness, and resists the concentrated tearing that occurs at edges and cracks. {note}
−## Protection Course {toc}
+# Protection Course {toc}
```datasheet
…8 unchanged lines
```
−### A protection course shall be installed over the cured membrane to protect it from mechanical damage during placement of the overburden, before any wearing course, topping slab, drainage composite, insulation, soil, or pavers is placed.
+## A protection course shall be installed over the cured membrane to protect it from mechanical damage during placement of the overburden, before any wearing course, topping slab, drainage composite, insulation, soil, or pavers is placed.
−### Placing overburden directly on the membrane is not permitted.
+## Placing overburden directly on the membrane is not permitted.
−### The protection course is mandatory for buried membranes; placing overburden directly on the membrane is a known cause of puncture. {note}
+## The protection course is mandatory for buried membranes; placing overburden directly on the membrane is a known cause of puncture. {note}
−## Drainage Composite {toc}
+# Drainage Composite {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### A drainage composite (geocomposite drainage board) shall be installed over the protection course in buried assemblies to carry water to the drains and relieve head on the membrane.
+## A drainage composite (geocomposite drainage board) shall be installed over the protection course in buried assemblies to carry water to the drains and relieve head on the membrane.
−### The drainage composite shall have a filter fabric facing the overburden to prevent fines from clogging the core.
+## The drainage composite shall have a filter fabric facing the overburden to prevent fines from clogging the core.
−### Coordinate the drainage composite and the deck-drain system with [[sync/foundation-drainage]].
+## Coordinate the drainage composite and the deck-drain system with [[sync/foundation-drainage]].
−### A waterproofing membrane that holds standing water is a membrane under sustained hydrostatic load; the drainage layer keeps the membrane drained and is part of the waterproofing system, not an accessory to it. {note}
+## A waterproofing membrane that holds standing water is a membrane under sustained hydrostatic load; the drainage layer keeps the membrane drained and is part of the waterproofing system, not an accessory to it. {note}
−## Root Barrier {toc}
+# Root Barrier {toc}
```datasheet
…7 unchanged lines
```
−### Where the membrane is overlain by soil and planting — a planter or a landscaped plaza — a root barrier shall be provided to prevent root penetration of the membrane and the protection course.
+## Where the membrane is overlain by soil and planting — a planter or a landscaped plaza — a root barrier shall be provided to prevent root penetration of the membrane and the protection course.
−### The root barrier shall be a dedicated root-resistant sheet or a membrane certified as root-resistant; where the membrane manufacturer certifies the membrane itself as root-resistant, a separate barrier may be omitted only with that written certification.
+## The root barrier shall be a dedicated root-resistant sheet or a membrane certified as root-resistant; where the membrane manufacturer certifies the membrane itself as root-resistant, a separate barrier may be omitted only with that written certification.
−### Roots will exploit any path to water and will, over years, penetrate a membrane that lacks a barrier. {note}
+## Roots will exploit any path to water and will, over years, penetrate a membrane that lacks a barrier. {note}
# Substrate Preparation {toc}
−## General Requirements {toc}
+## All surfaces to receive membrane shall be structurally sound and free of standing water, frost, ice, oil, grease, curing compounds not compatible with the membrane, form-release agents, laitance, dust, efflorescence, and loose or unsound material before any primer or membrane is applied.
−### All surfaces to receive membrane shall be structurally sound and free of standing water, frost, ice, oil, grease, curing compounds not compatible with the membrane, form-release agents, laitance, dust, efflorescence, and loose or unsound material before any primer or membrane is applied.
+## Concrete surface preparation shall conform to ASTM D5295 and shall produce the surface profile required by the membrane manufacturer, referenced to ICRI 310.2R.
−### Concrete surface preparation shall conform to ASTM D5295 and shall produce the surface profile required by the membrane manufacturer, referenced to ICRI 310.2R.
+## The Contractor shall inspect every portion of the substrate and shall not apply membrane over any area that fails the acceptance criteria.
−### The Contractor shall inspect every portion of the substrate and shall not apply membrane over any area that fails the acceptance criteria.
+## Substrate preparation is the most cost-effective quality investment in fluid-applied waterproofing, and an inadequately prepared substrate is the most common root cause of adhesion failure. {note}
−### Substrate preparation is the most cost-effective quality investment in fluid-applied waterproofing, and an inadequately prepared substrate is the most common root cause of adhesion failure. {note}
−
## Concrete Age, Strength, and Cure {toc}
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### Water-based emulsion systems are especially vulnerable to rain before cure, and an uncured membrane wetted by rain may have to be removed and reapplied. {note}
−# Application {toc}
+# Thickness Control {toc}
−## Thickness Control {toc}
−
```datasheet
label: Membrane Dry-Film Thickness — Buried (Separate Wearing Course, C836)
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```
−### The Contractor shall apply the membrane to the specified dry-film thickness, established by applying the corresponding wet-film thickness at the manufacturer's application rate and verified during application with a wet-film gauge and after cure by dry-film measurement or by reconciling the quantity of material consumed against the area covered.
+## The Contractor shall apply the membrane to the specified dry-film thickness, established by applying the corresponding wet-film thickness at the manufacturer's application rate and verified during application with a wet-film gauge and after cure by dry-film measurement or by reconciling the quantity of material consumed against the area covered.
−### A membrane applied below the specified thickness — whether by spreading material too thin, by over-rolling, or by applying fewer passes than specified — shall be brought to thickness with additional material.
+## A membrane applied below the specified thickness — whether by spreading material too thin, by over-rolling, or by applying fewer passes than specified — shall be brought to thickness with additional material.
−### The dry-film thickness is the governing performance variable of a fluid-applied membrane and the variable most often deficient in the field; a membrane applied too thin will not achieve the rated hydrostatic resistance or crack-bridging, and thickness cannot be judged by eye. {note}
+## The dry-film thickness is the governing performance variable of a fluid-applied membrane and the variable most often deficient in the field; a membrane applied too thin will not achieve the rated hydrostatic resistance or crack-bridging, and thickness cannot be judged by eye. {note}
−## Number of Coats or Lifts {toc}
+# Number of Coats or Lifts {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### Cold liquid-applied membranes shall be applied in the number of coats the manufacturer specifies to reach the dry-film thickness, with each coat applied within the recoat window and, where practical, in a direction crossing the previous coat to ensure full coverage and to reveal holidays.
+## Cold liquid-applied membranes shall be applied in the number of coats the manufacturer specifies to reach the dry-film thickness, with each coat applied within the recoat window and, where practical, in a direction crossing the previous coat to ensure full coverage and to reveal holidays.
−### Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt shall be applied in two passes (lifts) with the reinforcing fabric fully embedded between them, the first lift establishing the bond and embedding the fabric and the second lift building thickness over it.
+## Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt shall be applied in two passes (lifts) with the reinforcing fabric fully embedded between them, the first lift establishing the bond and embedding the fabric and the second lift building thickness over it.
−## Detail Reinforcement Sequence {toc}
+# Detail Reinforcement Sequence {toc}
−### Detail reinforcement at corners, transitions, joints, drains, and penetrations shall be installed and allowed to cure (or, for HRA, embedded in the first hot pass) before or integrally with the field membrane, so that the highest-stress conditions receive the reinforcement and the extra thickness they require.
+## Detail reinforcement at corners, transitions, joints, drains, and penetrations shall be installed and allowed to cure (or, for HRA, embedded in the first hot pass) before or integrally with the field membrane, so that the highest-stress conditions receive the reinforcement and the extra thickness they require.
−### Reinforcing fabric shall be fully embedded in the wet membrane with no dry spots, wrinkles, fish-mouths, or unsaturated edges; an unsaturated or bridged fabric is a defect that shall be cut out and re-made.
+## Reinforcing fabric shall be fully embedded in the wet membrane with no dry spots, wrinkles, fish-mouths, or unsaturated edges; an unsaturated or bridged fabric is a defect that shall be cut out and re-made.
−### The field membrane shall lap onto and fully bond to the cured detail reinforcement.
+## The field membrane shall lap onto and fully bond to the cured detail reinforcement.
−## Reinforcement at Cracks {toc}
+# Reinforcement at Cracks {toc}
```datasheet
…6 unchanged lines
```
−### Existing cracks in the substrate wider than the manufacturer's threshold (commonly on the order of 1/16 in.) shall be detailed before the field membrane is applied.
+## Existing cracks in the substrate wider than the manufacturer's threshold (commonly on the order of 1/16 in.) shall be detailed before the field membrane is applied.
−### Static cracks shall be routed and filled and covered with a fabric-reinforced membrane stripe.
+## Static cracks shall be routed and filled and covered with a fabric-reinforced membrane stripe.
−### Moving cracks and joints shall receive a bond-breaker or backer over the crack beneath a reinforced membrane band so that the membrane can stretch across the moving crack without tearing at a hard-bonded edge.
+## Moving cracks and joints shall receive a bond-breaker or backer over the crack beneath a reinforced membrane band so that the membrane can stretch across the moving crack without tearing at a hard-bonded edge.
−### A membrane bonded tightly across a moving crack with no bond-breaker will split at the crack on the first thermal cycle. {note}
+## A membrane bonded tightly across a moving crack with no bond-breaker will split at the crack on the first thermal cycle. {note}
−## Terminations {toc}
+# Terminations {toc}
```datasheet
…19 unchanged lines
```
−### The membrane shall be terminated at its upper and outer edges so that water cannot enter behind it.
+## The membrane shall be terminated at its upper and outer edges so that water cannot enter behind it.
−### Vertical terminations shall be carried to the height the design requires and shall be mechanically secured with a termination bar and sealed at the top edge, or terminated into a reglet or saw cut and sealed, so that the edge cannot peel back.
+## Vertical terminations shall be carried to the height the design requires and shall be mechanically secured with a termination bar and sealed at the top edge, or terminated into a reglet or saw cut and sealed, so that the edge cannot peel back.
−### At a buried plaza or deck, the membrane shall be turned up at all walls, curbs, and upstands a minimum height above the finished wearing surface or drainage course so that water cannot bypass the upturn.
+## At a buried plaza or deck, the membrane shall be turned up at all walls, curbs, and upstands a minimum height above the finished wearing surface or drainage course so that water cannot bypass the upturn.
−### A membrane edge left simply feathered or folded over without a sealed, secured termination is a common entry point and is not acceptable. {note}
+## A membrane edge left simply feathered or folded over without a sealed, secured termination is a common entry point and is not acceptable. {note}
−## Drains and Penetrations {toc}
+# Drains and Penetrations {toc}
```datasheet
…8 unchanged lines
```
−### The membrane shall be carried into the drain bowl and clamped beneath the drain's clamping ring or flashing flange so that the seal is made within the drain, not at its rim; deck drains shall be of a flashing-flange or clamping-ring type compatible with a fluid-applied membrane.
+## The membrane shall be carried into the drain bowl and clamped beneath the drain's clamping ring or flashing flange so that the seal is made within the drain, not at its rim; deck drains shall be of a flashing-flange or clamping-ring type compatible with a fluid-applied membrane.
−### At pipe and conduit penetrations, the membrane shall be reinforced with fabric and dressed up the penetration, and the annulus shall be sealed with a compatible sealant; where the penetration moves relative to the structure, the seal shall be a flexible detail that accommodates the movement.
+## At pipe and conduit penetrations, the membrane shall be reinforced with fabric and dressed up the penetration, and the annulus shall be sealed with a compatible sealant; where the penetration moves relative to the structure, the seal shall be a flexible detail that accommodates the movement.
−### Penetrations shall be grouped and minimized where the design allows, and clustered penetrations too tight to flash individually shall be resolved on the drawings before work begins.
+## Penetrations shall be grouped and minimized where the design allows, and clustered penetrations too tight to flash individually shall be resolved on the drawings before work begins.
−### Every drain and penetration is a discontinuity in the membrane and a concentration point for leaks, and each shall be detailed on the drawings and reinforced. {note}
+## Every drain and penetration is a discontinuity in the membrane and a concentration point for leaks, and each shall be detailed on the drawings and reinforced. {note}
−## Expansion and Construction Joints {toc}
+# Expansion and Construction Joints {toc}
−### Expansion joints and construction joints in the structure shall be carried through the waterproofing as designed, not bridged blindly by the membrane.
+## Expansion joints and construction joints in the structure shall be carried through the waterproofing as designed, not bridged blindly by the membrane.
−### Expansion joints shall receive a manufacturer's expansion-joint detail — a bellows or pre-formed joint cover bonded on both sides and free to move at the joint — coordinated with the building expansion-joint system and with [[sync/joint-sealants]].
+## Expansion joints shall receive a manufacturer's expansion-joint detail — a bellows or pre-formed joint cover bonded on both sides and free to move at the joint — coordinated with the building expansion-joint system and with [[sync/joint-sealants]].
−### The membrane shall be reinforced and detailed at every construction joint.
+## The membrane shall be reinforced and detailed at every construction joint.
−### The design movement at each expansion joint shall be established by the Engineer and conveyed to the applicator so the correct detail geometry is used.
+## The design movement at each expansion joint shall be established by the Engineer and conveyed to the applicator so the correct detail geometry is used.
# Protection and Drainage {toc}
…214 unchanged lines
## A blocked drain converts a free-draining deck into a membrane under sustained hydrostatic load and is the most common cause of distress in an otherwise sound installation. {note}