Fluid-Applied Waterproofing
Remake for template neutrality (from-scratch field inventory, five-state defaults, parameters and derived fields, schedule deferrals)
Showing changes from Rev 4
to Rev 5
in Fluid-Applied Waterproofing.
−---
−title: Fluid-Applied Waterproofing
−category: Building Envelope
−toc_depth: 3
−description: >
− When to use: Seamless, liquid-applied (fluid-applied) membrane waterproofing of horizontal and vertical concrete and masonry surfaces that enclose or protect occupied space, including plaza decks and amenity decks over occupied areas, planters and landscaped areas, split-slab and topping-slab assemblies, parking-structure intermediate and roof levels, mechanical and equipment rooms, wet areas, between-slab and under-topping conditions, and below-grade walls where a monolithic fluid-applied membrane is preferred to sheet. Covers both hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt (HRA) and cold liquid-applied chemistries (polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate/PMMA, polyurea, and modified bitumen emulsions), in both buried (separate wearing course, ASTM C836) and exposed traffic-bearing (integral wearing surface, ASTM C957) configurations, together with substrate preparation, primer, reinforcing fabric at joints and transitions, protection course, drainage composite, root barrier for planters, terminations and flashings, dry-film thickness control, flood testing, and warranty.
− Not intended for: Sheet-membrane below-grade waterproofing and bentonite/pre-applied blindside systems (see [[sync/below-grade-waterproofing]]); low-slope single-ply roof membranes over occupied space (TPO, PVC, EPDM) (see [[sync/membrane-roofing]]); foundation perimeter and sub-slab drainage design without a waterproofing scope (see [[sync/foundation-drainage]]); building expansion-joint and field-molded sealant systems beyond the waterproofing detail (see [[sync/joint-sealants]]); cementitious crystalline waterproofing admixtures integral to concrete (see [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]]); traffic-bearing deck coatings specified solely for wear and skid resistance without a waterproofing function; water-containment structures such as tanks, reservoirs, fountains, and swimming pools subject to continuous long-term immersion.
−---
−
−# Scope {toc}
−
−## This standard covers the design basis, materials, substrate preparation, application, protection, and field testing of seamless fluid-applied (liquid-applied) waterproofing membranes installed on horizontal and vertical concrete and masonry surfaces. {note}
−## The work includes the primary membrane, the primer, the reinforcing fabric and detail reinforcement at joints, transitions, and penetrations, the protection course, the drainage composite, the root barrier where planting occurs over the membrane, and the terminations and flashings that close the system at its edges. {note}
−
−## Why Fluid-Applied Differs from Sheet and Roof Membranes {toc}
−
−### A fluid-applied membrane is fundamentally different from a sheet membrane and from a roof membrane, and the distinction governs where this standard applies. {note}
−### A fluid-applied membrane is built up in place from a liquid that cures to a monolithic, fully bonded film with no laps or seams in the field. {note}
−### This seamlessness is its defining advantage: at the re-entrant corners, clustered penetrations, drains, and irregular geometry that concentrate failures in any waterproofing system, a fluid-applied membrane forms a continuous skin that a lapped sheet cannot. {note}
−### Its defining liability is the inverse — because the membrane is built from a liquid, its thickness is established by the applicator in the field rather than by the manufacturer in a factory, and a membrane applied too thin will fail under hydrostatic load even though nothing about it looks wrong. {note}
−### Thickness control is therefore as much a part of this standard as the membrane chemistry itself. {note}
−
−## Two Families of Fluid-Applied Membrane {toc}
−
−### This standard addresses two families of fluid-applied membrane that share an installation logic but differ in chemistry and field method. {note}
−### Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt (HRA) is melted in a kettle and applied as a thick, self-healing molten mass that bonds aggressively and bridges cracks well; it is the long-standing choice for plaza decks, split-slabs, and planters over occupied space. {note}
−### Cold liquid-applied membranes — polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyurea, and modified bitumen emulsions — are applied without a kettle, cure chemically, and range from slow-curing single-component products to extremely fast-curing PMMA and polyurea systems used where the deck must be returned to service quickly or where open-flame and hot work are prohibited.
−### The selection between these families is a primary design decision made explicit in this standard. {note}
−
−## Configuration by What Bears on Top of the Membrane {toc}
−
−### The membrane is further configured by what bears on top of it. {note}
−### A membrane installed beneath a separate wearing course — a protection slab, a topping, pavers on pedestals, soil, or insulation — does not see traffic directly and is specified to ASTM C836; this is the buried plaza, planter, and split-slab condition. {note}
−### A membrane that is itself the trafficked surface, with an integral wearing surface that takes pedestrian or vehicular wear directly, is specified to ASTM C957; this is the exposed parking deck, ramp, and walking-surface condition. {note}
−### The two conditions impose different performance requirements, and this standard requires the configuration to be established before the membrane chemistry is selected. {note}
−
−## Fluid-Applied Waterproofing Is a System, Not a Coating {toc}
−
−### A correct membrane applied over an unprepared substrate, without reinforcement at the moving joints, without a protection course before the overburden is placed, or without a root barrier under a planter will fail regardless of the quality of the liquid in the pail. {note}
−### This standard gives proportional weight to substrate preparation, detail reinforcement, and protection because field-failure data consistently locate leaks at those conditions and not in the field of the membrane. {note}
−
−## Coordinate the waterproofing scope with [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]] for substrate quality, slope, and cure.
−
−## Coordinate the waterproofing scope with [[sync/foundation-drainage]] for drainage that relieves head on the assembly.
−
−## Coordinate the waterproofing scope with [[sync/joint-sealants]] for the field-molded sealants and expansion-joint systems that interface with the membrane.
−
−## Differentiate this scope from [[sync/below-grade-waterproofing]] (sheet and bentonite systems) and [[sync/membrane-roofing]] (single-ply roofing over occupied space).
−
−# Referenced Standards {toc}
−
−## Materials, testing, and installation shall comply with the current adopted edition of the following standards and codes.
−
−| Standard | Title |
−|----------|-------|
−| ASTM C836/C836M | Standard Specification for High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane for Use with Separate Wearing Course |
−| ASTM C957/C957M | Standard Specification for High-Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with Integral Wearing Surface |
−| ASTM C898/C898M | Standard Guide for Use of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with Separate Wearing Course |
−| ASTM C1127/C1127M | Standard Guide for Use of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with an Integral Wearing Surface |
−| ASTM C1305/C1305M | Standard Test Method for Crack Bridging Ability of Liquid-Applied Waterproofing Membrane |
−| ASTM D5295/D5295M | Standard Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Adhered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing Systems |
−| ASTM D5957 | Standard Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal Waterproofing Installations |
−| ASTM D7832/D7832M | Standard Guide for Performance Attributes of Waterproofing Membranes Applied to Below-Grade Walls / Vertical Surfaces (Enclosing Interior Spaces) |
−| ASTM D6083/D6083M | Standard Specification for Liquid-Applied Acrylic Coating Used in Roofing |
−| ASTM E96/E96M | Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials |
−| ASTM D412 | Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers — Tension |
−| ASTM D624 | Standard Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers |
−| ASTM D5385/D5385M | Standard Test Method for Hydrostatic Pressure Resistance of Waterproofing Membranes |
−| ASTM D7234 | Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Adhesion Strength of Coatings on Concrete Using Portable Pull-Off Adhesion Testers |
−| ICRI 310.2R | Selecting and Specifying Concrete Surface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings, Polymer Overlays, and Concrete Repair |
−| ACI PRC-515.2 | Guide to Selecting Protective Treatments for Concrete |
−| NRCA Waterproofing Manual | Construction Details for Plaza, Split-Slab, and Below-Grade Waterproofing |
−| IBC Chapter 18 / Section 1805 | Dampproofing and Waterproofing (International Building Code) |
−
−## Where the contract documents, the adopted building code, the membrane manufacturer's published instructions, or a referenced standard conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
−
−# Submittals {toc}
−
−## Action Submittals {toc}
−
−### The Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer's review and approval before procuring or installing any waterproofing materials:
−
−- Manufacturer's product data for the membrane, primer, reinforcing fabric, detail and flashing materials, protection course, drainage composite, and root barrier, including published application rate, wet-film and dry-film thickness, solids content, cure time, recoat and overcoat windows, service temperature range, and substrate moisture limits
−- Manufacturer's written certification that the membrane, primer, reinforcement, sealants, drainage composite, root barrier, and any insulation in contact with the membrane are mutually compatible and compatible with the concrete or masonry substrate
−- Test reports demonstrating conformance with ASTM C836 (separate wearing course) or ASTM C957 (integral wearing surface) as applicable, and supporting reports for crack-bridging per ASTM C1305, tensile properties per ASTM D412, tear strength per ASTM D624, and water-vapor transmission per ASTM E96, where these are part of the basis of selection
−- A thickness-control plan stating the specified dry-film thickness, the corresponding wet-film thickness and application rate (or kettle pour rate and number of passes for HRA), the number of coats or lifts, and the method and frequency of wet-film and cured-film thickness verification
−- Manufacturer-issued certification that the proposed applicator is approved or licensed to install the specific membrane system on this project
−- Shop drawings and project-specific details for every termination, expansion joint, control joint, construction joint, drain, penetration, curb, planter edge, and horizontal-to-vertical transition, coordinated with the structural and architectural drawings; "see manufacturer's standard details" is not an acceptable substitute for project-specific detail drawings at these conditions
−- A mock-up plan identifying the location, size, and the specific conditions the mock-up will include
−- A flood-test and inspection plan conforming to ASTM D5957, identifying tested areas, water head, duration, structural load verification, and the party performing the test
−- Material safety documentation and, for hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt, the kettle operation and hot-work safety plan
−- Sample warranty forms (manufacturer system warranty and installer warranty) in the form proposed for execution
−
−```datasheet
−label: Action Submittals Required
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Membrane, primer, reinforcement, and accessory product data"
− - "Manufacturer compatibility certification for all materials"
− - "Conformance test reports (ASTM C836 or C957; C1305, D412, D624, E96)"
− - "Thickness-control plan (wet-film, dry-film, application rate)"
− - "Manufacturer-approved applicator certification"
− - "Project-specific termination, joint, drain, and penetration details"
− - "Mock-up plan"
− - "Flood-test and inspection plan (ASTM D5957)"
− - "Hot-work / kettle safety plan (HRA systems)"
− - "Sample warranty forms"
−default: "Membrane, primer, reinforcement, and accessory product data"
−```
−
−### No portion of the waterproofing installation shall proceed until the corresponding submittals have been reviewed and returned.
−
−## Samples {toc}
−
−### The Contractor shall submit a cured membrane sample for each fluid-applied system, built to the specified dry-film thickness on a representative substrate coupon showing the primer, the reinforcement, the membrane, and any wearing surface.
−
−### The Contractor shall submit a sample of the protection course, drainage composite, and root barrier for each fluid-applied system.
−
−### The cured-membrane sample establishes the color, finish, and built thickness against which field work is judged. {note}
−
−## Closeout Submittals {toc}
−
−### The Contractor shall provide the following at substantial completion before the waterproofing system is accepted:
−
−- Manufacturer's written system warranty, countersigned by the Contractor, running to the Owner
−- Installer's written warranty for workmanship and watertightness, running to the Owner
−- Flood-test reports per ASTM D5957 and dry-film thickness verification records for all tested and inspected areas, signed by the testing party
−- Documented record of every area repaired after testing or inspection, including the location, the cause, the repair method, and the re-test result
−- As-installed drawings showing the membrane extent, the location of all detail reinforcement, terminations, drains, penetrations, and joints, and any deviation from the approved details
−
−```datasheet
−label: Required Closeout Submittals
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Manufacturer's written system warranty, countersigned, running to Owner"
− - "Installer's written workmanship and watertightness warranty"
− - "Flood-test reports (ASTM D5957) and dry-film thickness verification records"
− - "Documented record of every repaired area (location, cause, method, re-test)"
− - "As-installed drawings (membrane extent, reinforcement, terminations, drains, penetrations, joints)"
−default: "Manufacturer's written system warranty, countersigned, running to Owner"
−```
−
−# Quality Assurance {toc}
−
−## Applicator Qualification and Manufacturer Approval {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Applicator Qualification Basis
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Manufacturer-approved / licensed applicator for the specified system"
− - "Manufacturer-approved applicator and documented experience on minimum 5 comparable projects"
−default: "Manufacturer-approved / licensed applicator for the specified system"
−```
−
−### Fluid-applied waterproofing shall be installed by an applicator that is currently approved, certified, or licensed by the membrane manufacturer to install the specific system, and that can demonstrate a documented history of completed projects of comparable type, chemistry, and scope.
−
−### For fast-curing PMMA and polyurea systems, the applicator's personnel shall additionally be trained on the catalyzed mixing and timed application those chemistries require.
−
−### Fluid-applied membranes are unforgiving of application error in a way that sheet systems are not: thickness, primer condition, reinforcement embedment, and recoat timing are all field-controlled and largely concealed once the next material is placed, so manufacturer approval of the applicator is the mechanism by which the manufacturer's system warranty is made available, and it is required regardless of the applicator's general waterproofing experience. {note}
−
−## Pre-Installation Conference {toc}
−
−### A pre-installation conference shall be held on-site before any waterproofing work begins, attended by the Owner's Representative or Engineer, the General Contractor, the waterproofing applicator, and the membrane manufacturer's technical representative.
−
−### The conference shall review substrate acceptance criteria, required concrete age and moisture limits, ambient and surface temperature and dew-point constraints, the sequence of detail reinforcement relative to the field membrane, thickness verification methods, protection-course and overburden timing, the flood-test plan, and responsibility for inspection and repair.
−
−### Minutes shall be recorded and distributed.
−
−## Mock-Up {toc}
−
−### The Contractor shall install a field mock-up of the complete fluid-applied system before production work begins, at a location and size accepted by the Engineer and including at minimum one inside corner, one horizontal-to-vertical transition, one drain, one pipe penetration, and one termination.
−
−### The mock-up shall be reviewed and accepted by the Engineer and the manufacturer's technical representative before production application proceeds.
−
−### An accepted mock-up may remain as part of the work if it is in a location that becomes part of the finished installation.
−
−### The mock-up establishes the standard of workmanship — thickness, reinforcement embedment, detail execution, and finish. {note}
−
−## Manufacturer Technical Representative {toc}
−
−### The membrane manufacturer shall provide a technical representative to inspect and accept the prepared substrate before application begins, to observe the first day of production application, and to be available during the work.
−
−### The representative shall confirm in writing that the substrate condition, the application method, and the environmental conditions on the day of first observation meet the manufacturer's requirements.
−
−## Inspection Before Concealment {toc}
−
−### The installed membrane shall be available for inspection, thickness verification, and flood testing before it is concealed by protection course, drainage composite, insulation, wearing course, soil, or pavers.
−
−### The Contractor shall schedule these inspections and tests, and the inspection by the Authority Having Jurisdiction where required, before any concealing work proceeds.
−
−### Concealing the membrane before testing converts a correctable deficiency into a demolition-and-replacement problem. {note}
−
−# Service Configuration and Design Basis {toc}
−
−## Wearing Course Configuration {toc}
−
−### The single configuration decision that governs membrane selection is whether the membrane is buried beneath a separate wearing course or is itself the exposed trafficked surface. {note}
−
−### The wearing course configuration shall be specified for each waterproofed area, stating whether the membrane is buried beneath a separate wearing course or is itself the exposed trafficked surface.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Wearing Course Configuration
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Separate wearing course — membrane buried beneath protection slab, topping, pavers, soil, or insulation (ASTM C836)"
− - "Integral wearing surface — membrane is the exposed trafficked surface (ASTM C957)"
−drawing_ref: true
−default: "Separate wearing course — membrane buried beneath protection slab, topping, pavers, soil, or insulation (ASTM C836)"
−```
−
−### A buried membrane under a protection slab, topping, pavers, soil, or insulation is not exposed to traffic, ultraviolet light, or direct abrasion and shall be specified to ASTM C836 (the plaza-deck, planter, split-slab, and between-slab condition).
−
−### A membrane that is the wearing surface — exposed to pedestrian or vehicular traffic, ultraviolet light, and abrasion — shall be specified to ASTM C957 and shall provide the higher tensile, tear, abrasion, and weathering performance that an exposed traffic surface demands.
−
−### The two specifications are not interchangeable, and selecting a buried-membrane product for an exposed traffic surface, or the reverse, is a fundamental error. {note}
−
−## Service Condition {toc}
−
−### The service condition over the membrane drives the protection, drainage, and root-barrier requirements that follow. {note}
−### A plaza deck over occupied space, a planter, a split-slab, a between-slab condition, and an exposed parking deck each impose a different overburden and a different set of detail risks. {note}
−
−### The primary service condition shall be specified for each fluid-applied waterproofing area so the overburden and detailing appropriate to that condition are addressed.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Primary Service Condition
−type: select
−options:
− - "Plaza / amenity deck over occupied space — pavers or topping over membrane"
− - "Planter / landscaped area over occupied space — soil and vegetation over membrane"
− - "Split-slab / topping-slab — structural slab, membrane, protection, topping slab"
− - "Between-slab / under-topping interior condition (mechanical or wet area)"
− - "Exposed parking deck, ramp, or traffic surface (integral wearing surface)"
− - "Below-grade wall — fluid-applied membrane preferred to sheet"
−drawing_ref: true
−default: "Plaza / amenity deck over occupied space — pavers or topping over membrane"
−```
−
−## Hydrostatic Condition {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Hydrostatic Exposure
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Non-hydrostatic — free-draining assembly, membrane sheds water to drains"
− - "Intermittently hydrostatic — water may stand on the membrane during storms, irrigation, or seasonal high water"
− - "Continuously hydrostatic — below-grade wall or condition with standing groundwater (D5385 resistance required)"
−drawing_ref: true
−default: "Non-hydrostatic — free-draining assembly, membrane sheds water to drains"
−```
−
−### Where the membrane will be subject to standing water or hydrostatic head — at a below-grade wall, a planter that retains irrigation water, or a deck where drainage can be impeded — the membrane and the assembly shall be designed for the design head, and the membrane shall demonstrate hydrostatic pressure resistance per ASTM D5385.
−
−### The Engineer of Record shall establish whether hydrostatic conditions exist; for below-grade walls, this determination shall be based on a geotechnical investigation as required by IBC Section 1805.
−
−### Relief of head by the drainage layer is part of the design, not a substitute for it. {note}
−
−# Membrane Chemistry {toc}
−
−## Each chemistry below is procurable from multiple manufacturers in the configurations described. {note}
−## Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt (HRA) is a blend of asphalt and synthetic rubber and polymers melted in a kettle and applied as a thick, monolithic, self-healing mass, almost always in a buried (ASTM C836) configuration with reinforcing fabric embedded between two heavy passes; it bonds aggressively to properly prepared, dry concrete, bridges cracks well, and is the long-established choice for plaza decks, planters, and split-slabs over occupied space, but it requires a kettle, trained personnel, and hot-work controls, and it cannot be applied in wet conditions. {note}
−## Cold liquid-applied polyurethane is a single- or two-component elastomeric membrane that cures by reaction (with moisture or with a catalyst) to a tough, flexible film with excellent elongation and crack-bridging; it is widely used in both buried (C836) and exposed traffic-bearing (C957) configurations and is the most common cold deck-coating chemistry. {note}
−## Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a reactive resin that cures extremely fast — typically returning to service within hours — and bonds and reinforces well at complex details and in cold weather; it is used where rapid return to service or fast detail work is required, at a higher material cost. {note}
−## Polyurea is a very fast-setting, spray-applied elastomer used where high build, rapid cure, and high abrasion resistance are needed, typically with specialized plural-component spray equipment. {note}
−## Modified bitumen emulsion is a cold, water-based asphalt-emulsion membrane used primarily in buried, non-traffic, below-grade and split-slab conditions where a lower-cost, low-odor, water-based product is acceptable. {note}
−
−## The membrane chemistry shall be selected for the service configuration, the cure speed required by the construction schedule, the temperature and ventilation conditions at application, and the project's hot-work restrictions.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Membrane Chemistry
−type: select
−options:
− - "Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt (HRA) — buried plaza/planter/split-slab (C836)"
− - "Cold liquid-applied polyurethane — single- or two-component elastomeric"
− - "Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) — fast-cure reactive resin"
− - "Polyurea — fast-set spray-applied elastomer"
− - "Modified bitumen emulsion — cold water-based, buried/non-traffic"
−drawing_ref: true
−default: "Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt (HRA) — buried plaza/planter/split-slab (C836)"
−```
−
−# Membrane Specification Class {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Membrane Conformance Specification
−type: radio
−options:
− - "ASTM C836 — cold liquid-applied elastomeric, separate wearing course (buried)"
− - "ASTM C957 — cold liquid-applied elastomeric, integral wearing surface (exposed traffic)"
− - "Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt per manufacturer's published properties (buried; used with C836 design guidance)"
−default: "ASTM C836 — cold liquid-applied elastomeric, separate wearing course (buried)"
−```
−
−## The membrane shall conform to the ASTM specification that matches the wearing-course configuration: ASTM C836 for a separate (buried) wearing course, or ASTM C957 for an integral (exposed) wearing surface.
−
−## This element records the conformance requirement that the submitted product must meet. {note}
−
−# Crack-Bridging Performance {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Crack-Bridging Verification (ASTM C1305)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Required — membrane passes C1305 crack-bridging at lowest expected service temperature"
− - "Required at standard test temperature only"
−default: "Required — membrane passes C1305 crack-bridging at lowest expected service temperature"
−```
−
−## The membrane shall demonstrate crack-bridging ability per ASTM C1305 at the project's lowest expected service temperature.
−
−## A waterproofing membrane over a concrete deck must remain continuous across the shrinkage and thermal cracks that concrete inevitably develops, and it must do so at the low temperatures at which the membrane is least flexible and the crack is widest; crack-bridging is the single most important elastomeric property for a deck membrane, because a membrane that loses continuity over a moving crack leaks even though it remains otherwise sound. {note}
−
−# Primer {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Primer
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Manufacturer's primer for the specified membrane and substrate (standard)"
− - "No primer — only where manufacturer's data confirms the system bonds to this substrate without primer"
−default: "Manufacturer's primer for the specified membrane and substrate (standard)"
−```
−
−## A primer compatible with the membrane and the substrate shall be applied where the manufacturer's data requires it, which for most fluid-applied systems over concrete is always.
−
−## Primer shall be applied at the manufacturer's published rate to a clean, dry, prepared substrate, and the membrane shall be applied within the primer's recoat window.
−
−## The primer application rate shall be verified.
−
−## The primer wets and seals the porous concrete surface, binds residual dust, and establishes the adhesion on which the entire bonded system depends; over-application of primer can leave a weak film that reduces rather than improves adhesion. {note}
−
−# Reinforcing Fabric {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Reinforcing Fabric Extent
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Detail reinforcement at corners, transitions, joints, drains, penetrations, and cracks (cold liquid, standard)"
− - "Full-coverage fabric embedded between membrane passes (HRA standard; cold liquid where specified)"
−default: "Detail reinforcement at corners, transitions, joints, drains, penetrations, and cracks (cold liquid, standard)"
−```
−
−## Reinforcing fabric — a polyester or fiberglass mat embedded in the wet membrane — shall be installed at all moving and high-stress conditions: inside and outside corners, horizontal-to-vertical transitions, construction joints, control joints, around drains, around penetrations, and over cracks wider than the manufacturer's threshold.
−
−## In hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt systems, a continuous fabric shall be embedded between the two membrane passes across the entire field.
−
−## In cold liquid systems, fabric shall be used as detail reinforcement at the conditions above and, where specified, as full-coverage reinforcement.
−
−## The fabric distributes movement across a wider zone of the membrane, increases local thickness, and resists the concentrated tearing that occurs at edges and cracks. {note}
−
−# Protection Course {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Protection Course Type
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Semi-rigid asphaltic protection board"
− - "Extruded polystyrene board (also serves as inverted-roof / protected-membrane insulation)"
− - "Hot-applied protection layer flood-coated over HRA membrane while warm"
− - "Heavy polyethylene / fabric protection sheet (light-duty, short-term protection)"
−default: "Semi-rigid asphaltic protection board"
−```
−
−## A protection course shall be installed over the cured membrane to protect it from mechanical damage during placement of the overburden, before any wearing course, topping slab, drainage composite, insulation, soil, or pavers is placed.
−
−## Placing overburden directly on the membrane is not permitted.
−
−## The protection course is mandatory for buried membranes; placing overburden directly on the membrane is a known cause of puncture. {note}
−
−# Drainage Composite {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Drainage Composite
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Required — geocomposite drainage board with filter fabric over protection course (standard for buried decks and planters)"
− - "Required — high-flow drainage composite for deep planters or high-volume conditions"
− - "Not required — free-draining granular or pedestal-paver assembly provides drainage path"
−default: "Required — geocomposite drainage board with filter fabric over protection course (standard for buried decks and planters)"
−```
−
−## A drainage composite (geocomposite drainage board) shall be installed over the protection course in buried assemblies to carry water to the drains and relieve head on the membrane.
−
−## The drainage composite shall have a filter fabric facing the overburden to prevent fines from clogging the core.
−
−## Coordinate the drainage composite and the deck-drain system with [[sync/foundation-drainage]].
−
−## A waterproofing membrane that holds standing water is a membrane under sustained hydrostatic load; the drainage layer keeps the membrane drained and is part of the waterproofing system, not an accessory to it. {note}
−
−# Root Barrier {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Root Barrier (planted areas only)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Separate root-barrier sheet over the protection course"
− - "Membrane certified root-resistant by manufacturer — no separate barrier required"
− - "Not applicable — no planting over membrane"
−default: "Separate root-barrier sheet over the protection course"
−```
−
−## Where the membrane is overlain by soil and planting — a planter or a landscaped plaza — a root barrier shall be provided to prevent root penetration of the membrane and the protection course.
−
−## The root barrier shall be a dedicated root-resistant sheet or a membrane certified as root-resistant; where the membrane manufacturer certifies the membrane itself as root-resistant, a separate barrier may be omitted only with that written certification.
−
−## Roots will exploit any path to water and will, over years, penetrate a membrane that lacks a barrier. {note}
−
−# Substrate Preparation {toc}
−
−## All surfaces to receive membrane shall be structurally sound and free of standing water, frost, ice, oil, grease, curing compounds not compatible with the membrane, form-release agents, laitance, dust, efflorescence, and loose or unsound material before any primer or membrane is applied.
−
−## Concrete surface preparation shall conform to ASTM D5295 and shall produce the surface profile required by the membrane manufacturer, referenced to ICRI 310.2R.
−
−## The Contractor shall inspect every portion of the substrate and shall not apply membrane over any area that fails the acceptance criteria.
−
−## Substrate preparation is the most cost-effective quality investment in fluid-applied waterproofing, and an inadequately prepared substrate is the most common root cause of adhesion failure. {note}
−
−## Concrete Age, Strength, and Cure {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Concrete Minimum Age Before Membrane
−type: select
−unit: days
−options:
− - "7 days minimum"
− - "14 days minimum (wet-cured, thick sections, or cool/humid conditions)"
− - "28 days minimum (where manufacturer requires full design strength)"
−default: "7 days minimum"
−```
−
−### New concrete shall reach the minimum age, strength, and dryness required by the membrane manufacturer before the membrane is applied; a minimum age of 7 days and a minimum compressive strength of 2,000 psi are typical thresholds, but the manufacturer's data governs.
−
−### Curing compounds shall be of a type the membrane manufacturer accepts, or shall be removed by mechanical preparation.
−
−### Concrete cured under a wet method or in a thick section may require additional drying time.
−
−### Many membrane failures trace to a curing compound that prevented the primer from bonding. {note}
−
−## Surface Profile {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Concrete Surface Profile (ICRI CSP)
−type: select
−options:
− - "CSP 3 (light shot blast / grind) — typical for cold liquid membranes"
− - "CSP 3 to 5 (medium shot blast) — typical for high-build and HRA systems"
− - "Per manufacturer's published requirement"
−default: "CSP 3 (light shot blast / grind) — typical for cold liquid membranes"
−```
−
−### The prepared concrete shall present the surface profile the membrane manufacturer requires for bond, achieved by shot blasting, grinding, or other mechanical means per ASTM D5295 and referenced to the ICRI Concrete Surface Profile (CSP) chip scale.
−
−### Acid etching shall not be used as a substitute for mechanical preparation where the manufacturer requires a mechanical profile.
−
−### A profile that is too smooth provides insufficient mechanical key; a profile that is too aggressive cannot be filled at the specified membrane thickness. {note}
−
−## Surface Moisture {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Substrate Moisture Acceptance
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Dry — within manufacturer's maximum moisture limit, verified by documented test"
− - "Damp-tolerant primer / membrane confirmed by manufacturer for this substrate condition"
−default: "Dry — within manufacturer's maximum moisture limit, verified by documented test"
−```
−
−### Substrate moisture shall be within the maximum the membrane manufacturer permits, verified by a documented test method — relative-humidity probe, calcium-chloride test, or a plastic-sheet test per the manufacturer's accepted method — not by visual inspection.
−
−### Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt shall not be applied over a damp substrate.
−
−### Fluid-applied membranes are highly sensitive to substrate moisture: most chemistries will not bond to, or will blister over, a damp slab, and a slab that looks dry can carry enough internal moisture to drive a blister once the membrane skins over; for HRA, trapped moisture flashes to steam under the molten material and blows pinholes and blisters in the membrane. {note}
−
−## Surface Defect Repair {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Inside Corner / Cove Treatment
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Coved fillet of manufacturer-compatible patching material at all inside corners"
− - "Reinforced cove — fabric-reinforced membrane fillet at inside corners and transitions"
−default: "Coved fillet of manufacturer-compatible patching material at all inside corners"
−```
−
−### Form-tie holes, bug holes, honeycomb, spalls, and voids shall be filled with a patching material compatible with the membrane and flush with the surrounding surface before the membrane is applied; the membrane shall not be used to bridge an unrepaired void.
−
−### Fins, ridges, and projections shall be ground flush.
−
−### Sharp inside corners and re-entrant angles shall be coved with a fillet of compatible material, and sharp outside corners shall be eased, so the membrane is not required to make an abrupt bend that thins the film and concentrates stress.
−
−# Environmental and Service Conditions for Application {toc}
−
−## Temperature and Dew Point {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Minimum Application Temperature — Air and Surface
−type: select
−unit: °F
−options:
− - "40°F (typical minimum for most cold liquid-applied systems)"
− - "25°F with cold-weather formulation / catalyst (per manufacturer data)"
− - "50°F (some water-based emulsion systems require higher minimum)"
−default: "40°F (typical minimum for most cold liquid-applied systems)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Minimum Surface Temperature Above Dew Point
−type: select
−unit: °F
−options:
− - "5°F above dew point"
− - "10°F above dew point"
−default: "5°F above dew point"
−```
−
−### The membrane and primer shall not be applied when the ambient air temperature or the substrate temperature is below the manufacturer's minimum or above the manufacturer's maximum.
−
−### The substrate temperature shall be at least 5°F above the dew point during application and cure to prevent condensation from forming beneath or within the curing film.
−
−### Cold slows the cure of most cold liquid chemistries and raises their viscosity; heat shortens the working time of catalyzed systems and can cause solvent or moisture to flash before the film levels; PMMA and certain polyurethane systems are formulated for cold-weather application and extend the usable temperature range with manufacturer guidance. {note}
−
−## Moisture and Weather {toc}
−
−### Application shall not proceed during rain, snow, fog, or onto a wet or frost-covered substrate, and shall stop when precipitation is imminent before the membrane has reached the manufacturer's rain-resistance cure point.
−
−### The Contractor shall not apply more membrane in a working period than can reach rain resistance before the next expected weather.
−
−### Water-based emulsion systems are especially vulnerable to rain before cure, and an uncured membrane wetted by rain may have to be removed and reapplied. {note}
−
−# Thickness Control {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Membrane Dry-Film Thickness — Buried (Separate Wearing Course, C836)
−type: range
−unit: mils
−options:
− min: 60
− max: 215
− setpoints: [60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 215]
−default: 90
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Membrane Dry-Film Thickness — Exposed Traffic (Integral Wearing Surface, C957)
−type: range
−unit: mils
−options:
− min: 40
− max: 100
− setpoints: [40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 100]
−default: 60
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Hot Fluid-Applied Rubberized Asphalt — Total Applied Thickness
−type: range
−unit: mils
−options:
− min: 125
− max: 250
− setpoints: [125, 150, 180, 215, 250]
−default: 215
−```
−
−## The Contractor shall apply the membrane to the specified dry-film thickness, established by applying the corresponding wet-film thickness at the manufacturer's application rate and verified during application with a wet-film gauge and after cure by dry-film measurement or by reconciling the quantity of material consumed against the area covered.
−
−## A membrane applied below the specified thickness — whether by spreading material too thin, by over-rolling, or by applying fewer passes than specified — shall be brought to thickness with additional material.
−
−## The dry-film thickness is the governing performance variable of a fluid-applied membrane and the variable most often deficient in the field; a membrane applied too thin will not achieve the rated hydrostatic resistance or crack-bridging, and thickness cannot be judged by eye. {note}
−
−# Number of Coats or Lifts {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Number of Membrane Coats / Lifts (minimum)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "2 coats / lifts (standard)"
− - "3 coats"
− - "Single high-build spray pass with verified wet-film thickness (polyurea)"
−default: "2 coats / lifts (standard)"
−```
−
−## Cold liquid-applied membranes shall be applied in the number of coats the manufacturer specifies to reach the dry-film thickness, with each coat applied within the recoat window and, where practical, in a direction crossing the previous coat to ensure full coverage and to reveal holidays.
−
−## Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt shall be applied in two passes (lifts) with the reinforcing fabric fully embedded between them, the first lift establishing the bond and embedding the fabric and the second lift building thickness over it.
−
−# Detail Reinforcement Sequence {toc}
−
−## Detail reinforcement at corners, transitions, joints, drains, and penetrations shall be installed and allowed to cure (or, for HRA, embedded in the first hot pass) before or integrally with the field membrane, so that the highest-stress conditions receive the reinforcement and the extra thickness they require.
−
−## Reinforcing fabric shall be fully embedded in the wet membrane with no dry spots, wrinkles, fish-mouths, or unsaturated edges; an unsaturated or bridged fabric is a defect that shall be cut out and re-made.
−
−## The field membrane shall lap onto and fully bond to the cured detail reinforcement.
−
−# Reinforcement at Cracks {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Moving Crack / Non-Working Joint Treatment
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Bond-breaker tape or backer over the crack beneath a fabric-reinforced membrane band"
− - "Route, fill with compatible sealant, then fabric-reinforced membrane band"
−default: "Bond-breaker tape or backer over the crack beneath a fabric-reinforced membrane band"
−```
−
−## Existing cracks in the substrate wider than the manufacturer's threshold (commonly on the order of 1/16 in.) shall be detailed before the field membrane is applied.
−
−## Static cracks shall be routed and filled and covered with a fabric-reinforced membrane stripe.
−
−## Moving cracks and joints shall receive a bond-breaker or backer over the crack beneath a reinforced membrane band so that the membrane can stretch across the moving crack without tearing at a hard-bonded edge.
−
−## A membrane bonded tightly across a moving crack with no bond-breaker will split at the crack on the first thermal cycle. {note}
−
−# Terminations {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Membrane Upturn Height at Walls, Curbs, and Upstands (minimum above finished surface)
−type: select
−unit: in
−options:
− - "4 in"
− - "6 in"
− - "8 in"
−drawing_ref: true
−default: "6 in"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Vertical Termination Method
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Termination bar — continuous, mechanically fastened, sealed at top edge"
− - "Reglet or saw-cut termination — membrane embedded and wedge-sealed"
− - "Counter-flashing reglet — membrane lapped behind metal counter-flashing"
−default: "Termination bar — continuous, mechanically fastened, sealed at top edge"
−```
−
−## The membrane shall be terminated at its upper and outer edges so that water cannot enter behind it.
−
−## Vertical terminations shall be carried to the height the design requires and shall be mechanically secured with a termination bar and sealed at the top edge, or terminated into a reglet or saw cut and sealed, so that the edge cannot peel back.
−
−## At a buried plaza or deck, the membrane shall be turned up at all walls, curbs, and upstands a minimum height above the finished wearing surface or drainage course so that water cannot bypass the upturn.
−
−## A membrane edge left simply feathered or folded over without a sealed, secured termination is a common entry point and is not acceptable. {note}
−
−# Drains and Penetrations {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Deck Drain Type
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Clamping-ring drain — membrane clamped between drain body and ring"
− - "Flashing-flange drain — membrane bonded and reinforced onto integral flange"
− - "Two-stage / sub-drain at membrane level with upper drain at wearing surface (split-slab plaza)"
−drawing_ref: true
−default: "Clamping-ring drain — membrane clamped between drain body and ring"
−```
−
−## The membrane shall be carried into the drain bowl and clamped beneath the drain's clamping ring or flashing flange so that the seal is made within the drain, not at its rim; deck drains shall be of a flashing-flange or clamping-ring type compatible with a fluid-applied membrane.
−
−## At pipe and conduit penetrations, the membrane shall be reinforced with fabric and dressed up the penetration, and the annulus shall be sealed with a compatible sealant; where the penetration moves relative to the structure, the seal shall be a flexible detail that accommodates the movement.
−
−## Penetrations shall be grouped and minimized where the design allows, and clustered penetrations too tight to flash individually shall be resolved on the drawings before work begins.
−
−## Every drain and penetration is a discontinuity in the membrane and a concentration point for leaks, and each shall be detailed on the drawings and reinforced. {note}
−
−# Expansion and Construction Joints {toc}
−
−## Expansion joints and construction joints in the structure shall be carried through the waterproofing as designed, not bridged blindly by the membrane.
−
−## Expansion joints shall receive a manufacturer's expansion-joint detail — a bellows or pre-formed joint cover bonded on both sides and free to move at the joint — coordinated with the building expansion-joint system and with [[sync/joint-sealants]].
−
−## The membrane shall be reinforced and detailed at every construction joint.
−
−## The design movement at each expansion joint shall be established by the Engineer and conveyed to the applicator so the correct detail geometry is used.
−
−# Protection and Drainage {toc}
−
−## Protection Course Installation {toc}
−
−### The protection course shall be installed over the cured membrane as soon as the membrane has reached the manufacturer's cure point and has passed inspection and flood testing, and before any other trade works over the membrane or any overburden is placed.
−
−### Protection-board joints shall be butted and, where specified, staggered from membrane detail seams.
−
−### Fasteners that would penetrate the membrane shall not be used to secure the protection course; the board shall be adhered, loose-laid under ballast, or held by the overburden as the assembly allows.
−
−### Where the assembly is a protected-membrane (inverted) configuration, the insulation that serves as protection shall be installed per [[sync/membrane-roofing]] coordination for above-membrane insulation where applicable.
−
−## Drainage and Root Barrier Installation {toc}
−
−### The drainage composite shall be installed over the protection course with the filter fabric facing the overburden and shall be carried to and lapped into the drains so that water reaches the drainage path and is not trapped against the membrane.
−
−### In planted areas, the root barrier shall be installed continuously, with laps and upturns at planter walls per the manufacturer's instructions, before soil is placed.
−
−### The drainage and drain system shall be coordinated with [[sync/foundation-drainage]].
−
−# Testing and Inspection {toc}
−
−## Flood Test {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Flood Test — Water Head (maximum)
−type: select
−unit: in
−options:
− - "1 in"
− - "2 in"
−default: "2 in"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Flood Test — Minimum Duration
−type: range
−unit: hours
−options:
− min: 24
− max: 72
− setpoints: [24, 48, 72]
−default: 24
−```
−
−### All horizontal fluid-applied waterproofing — plaza decks, planters, split-slabs, and between-slab areas — shall be flood tested in accordance with ASTM D5957 before the protection course or any overburden is placed.
−
−### The membrane shall be flooded with water to a head not exceeding 2 in. above the high point (and not exceeding the structural load capacity or the upturn height), held for the test duration, and observed for leakage at the underside and at all terminations and penetrations.
−
−### No flood test shall be performed within the first 24 hours after membrane installation (48 hours where installed below 50°F), so the membrane has cured.
−
−### The Contractor shall confirm the structure can carry the dead load of the test water, shall dam all edges, and shall plug drains for the test.
−
−### Any leak shall be located, the membrane repaired, and the area re-tested until it holds.
−
−## Adhesion Testing {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Pull-Off Adhesion Testing (ASTM D7234)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Required for exposed traffic (C957) membranes and over repaired or questionable substrate"
− - "Required at stated frequency for all horizontal membrane areas"
− - "Not required — flood test is the primary acceptance test for this buried application"
−default: "Required for exposed traffic (C957) membranes and over repaired or questionable substrate"
−```
−
−### Where adhesion to the substrate is critical — exposed traffic membranes and any membrane over a questionable or repaired substrate — pull-off adhesion of the cured membrane shall be verified per ASTM D7234 at the frequency stated in the test plan, and shall meet or exceed the manufacturer's minimum bond strength.
−
−### Adhesion testing confirms that the substrate preparation and primer produced the bond the system depends on, which a flood test alone does not demonstrate. {note}
−
−## Thickness Verification {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Thickness Verification Method
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Wet-film gauge readings recorded during application"
− - "Cured dry-film measurement (gauge or coupon)"
− - "Material-consumption reconciliation against area covered"
−default: "Wet-film gauge readings recorded during application"
−```
−
−### Dry-film thickness shall be verified across the work at the frequency stated in the thickness-control plan, by wet-film gauge readings recorded during application and by cured-film measurement or material-consumption reconciliation after cure.
−
−### Areas found below the specified thickness shall be brought to thickness with additional membrane applied within the manufacturer's recoat window or over a re-primed surface.
−
−### Thickness records shall be included in the closeout submittals.
−
−## Visual Inspection {toc}
−
−### A continuous visual inspection shall be performed over the entire membrane by the applicator's foreman and the manufacturer's technical representative, confirming continuity, full fabric embedment with no fish-mouths or dry spots, absence of pinholes, blisters, and holidays, specified thickness at corners and details, correct termination and upturn heights, and correct drain and penetration treatment.
−
−### Every deficiency shall be repaired before flood testing and before the membrane is concealed.
−
−## Test Reports {toc}
−
−### Flood-test, adhesion, and thickness results shall be recorded on signed reports stating the method, date, ambient and surface temperature, the area covered, the head and duration (flood test), the instrument and calibration (adhesion), a map of any leaks or deficiencies keyed to the as-installed drawing, the repair method for each, and the pass result of each re-test.
−
−### Reports shall be included in the closeout submittals.
−
−# Installation Sequencing {toc}
−
−## The waterproofing work shall be sequenced so that each step is complete and verified before the next conceals it, in the following sequence: prepare and accept the substrate; repair defects and cove corners; prime; install detail reinforcement at corners, transitions, joints, drains, and penetrations; apply the field membrane to the specified thickness in the specified passes; cure; inspect and verify thickness; flood test and adhesion test; repair and re-test; install the protection course; install the drainage composite and root barrier; place the wearing course, topping slab, soil, or pavers.
−
−## The Contractor shall not allow other trades to work on or store materials on the unprotected membrane.
−
−## Placing the protection course or overburden before flood testing is the most damaging sequencing error in fluid-applied waterproofing, because it makes a correctable breach unreachable without removing the overburden. {note}
−
−# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
−
−## Storage Conditions and Shelf Life {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Material Shelf-Life Control
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Use within manufacturer's stated shelf life; reject expired material"
− - "Use within shelf life and re-test material stored beyond a stated interval per manufacturer guidance"
−default: "Use within manufacturer's stated shelf life; reject expired material"
−```
−
−### Materials shall be delivered in the manufacturer's original sealed containers with labels and lot numbers intact and shall be stored within the temperature range and out of the weather and direct sunlight as the manufacturer requires.
−
−### Materials past their shelf life shall not be used.
−
−### Catalysts, primers, and solvents shall be stored separately from sources of ignition.
−
−### Water-based emulsion materials shall be protected from freezing, which can ruin the emulsion irreversibly.
−
−### Reactive cold liquid materials — polyurethane, PMMA, polyurea, and their catalysts — have a limited shelf life and lose cure performance past their expiration date. {note}
−
−## Hot Fluid-Applied Kettle Safety {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Hot-Work Controls for HRA Application
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Trained kettle operator; kettle attended while operating"
− - "Kettle on stable non-combustible base, clear of intakes, exits, and combustibles"
− - "Material held below manufacturer's maximum application temperature"
− - "Fire extinguisher rated for the hazard at the kettle"
− - "Personal protective equipment for hot-asphalt handling"
− - "Project hot-work permit in effect"
−default: "Trained kettle operator; kettle attended while operating"
−```
−
−### The kettle shall be operated only by trained personnel; it shall be located on a stable, non-combustible base, away from building air intakes, exits, and combustible storage, and attended at all times while operating.
−
−### The material shall not be overheated past the manufacturer's maximum application temperature, which degrades the rubber and produces excessive fumes.
−
−### A fire extinguisher rated for the hazard shall be at the kettle, personnel shall wear heat-protective gloves, face protection, and clothing, and the hot-work shall comply with the project's hot-work permit program.
−
−### The kettle and hot-transfer route shall be planned and approved before HRA work begins.
−
−### Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt is melted in a kettle at temperatures above roughly 350°F and presents burn, fire, and fume hazards that require specific controls. {note}
−
−# Warranty {toc}
−
−## Manufacturer System Warranty {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Manufacturer System Warranty Period (minimum)
−type: select
−unit: years
−options:
− - "5 years"
− - "10 years"
− - "15 years"
− - "20 years"
−default: "10 years"
−```
−
−### The membrane manufacturer shall provide a written system warranty to the Owner against defects in the waterproofing materials, for a minimum period from the date of substantial completion as stated below.
−
−### Where the manufacturer offers a system (labor-and-materials) warranty contingent on installation by an approved applicator and on the manufacturer's inspection, that warranty shall be obtained.
−
−### The warranty shall identify the membrane system, the configuration (buried or exposed), the application areas, and the warranted scope as documented by the test reports and as-installed drawings.
−
−### The system warranty is the reason applicator approval and manufacturer inspection are required by this standard. {note}
−
−## Installer Warranty {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Installer Workmanship Warranty Period (minimum)
−type: select
−unit: years
−options:
− - "1 year"
− - "2 years"
− - "5 years"
−default: "2 years"
−```
−
−### The waterproofing applicator shall provide a written warranty to the Owner against defects in workmanship and against water infiltration through the installed system for a minimum period from the date of substantial completion as stated below.
−
−### The installer's warranty shall be in addition to, not in lieu of, the manufacturer's system warranty.
−
−## Exclusions {toc}
−
−### Warranty exclusions shall not relieve the Contractor of responsibility for failures caused by installation methods, substrate preparation, or material handling that deviate from the approved submittals and this standard.
−
−### The Contractor shall review proposed exclusion language with the Owner before execution.
−
−### Exclusions for structural failure of the building, damage by subsequent construction or other trades after the membrane was protected and accepted, and alterations to the assembly by others are customary and acceptable. {note}
−
−# Maintenance {toc}
−
−## The Owner shall be provided with maintenance data describing the installed system, the locations of all terminations, drains, joints, and penetrations, and the recommended inspection interval.
−
−## Deck drains, planter drains, and overflow paths shall be kept clear.
−
−## Exposed traffic membranes shall be inspected periodically for wear, loss of skid resistance, and damage, and shall be recoated within the manufacturer's maintenance schedule before the membrane is worn through.
−
−## Any future penetration of the membrane for new work shall be made and re-flashed by an applicator qualified for the installed system, and the repaired area shall be re-tested.
−
−## A blocked drain converts a free-draining deck into a membrane under sustained hydrostatic load and is the most common cause of distress in an otherwise sound installation. {note}
+---
+title: Fluid-Applied Waterproofing
+category: Building Envelope
+description: >
+ When to use: Seamless membranes built up in place from a liquid on concrete and masonry surfaces that enclose or protect occupied space: plaza and amenity decks, planters and landscaped areas, split-slab and topping-slab assemblies, between-slab and under-topping interior conditions, parking structure intermediate and roof levels with an exposed traffic-bearing membrane, and below-grade walls where a monolithic bonded membrane is selected instead of sheet. Covers hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt and the cold liquid-applied chemistries (polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate, polyurea, and polymer-modified asphalt emulsion), in both the buried configuration under a separate wearing course and the exposed configuration with an integral wearing surface, together with substrate preparation, primer, reinforcement, thickness control, protection course, drainage composite, root barrier, terminations, drains and penetrations, integrity testing, and warranty.
+
+ Not intended for: Sheet, bentonite, and pre-applied blindside waterproofing ([[sync/below-grade-waterproofing]], [[sync/self-adhering-sheet-waterproofing]]); dampproofing without a waterproofing function ([[sync/dampproofing]]); liquid-applied roof coatings and membranes on low-slope roofs ([[sync/fluid-applied-roofing]], [[sync/membrane-roofing]]); the vegetated assembly above the root barrier ([[sync/vegetated-roofing]]); foundation and deck drainage design ([[sync/foundation-drainage]], [[sync/subdrainage]]); building expansion joint assemblies and field-molded sealants beyond the membrane detail ([[sync/expansion-joints]], [[sync/joint-sealants]]); waterstops and crystalline admixtures integral to the concrete ([[sync/concrete-joints-and-waterstops]], [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]]); traffic deck coatings specified for wear or skid resistance alone; and water-containment structures such as tanks, reservoirs, fountains, and pools under continuous long-term immersion.
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard governs the materials, substrate preparation, application, protection, testing, and warranty of waterproofing membranes that are built up in place from a liquid and cure to a monolithic, fully bonded film on concrete and masonry surfaces. {note}
+
+## The work comprises the membrane, its primer, the reinforcing fabric and detail reinforcement at joints, transitions, and penetrations, the protection course, the drainage composite, the root barrier where soil and planting bear on the assembly, and the terminations and flashings that close the membrane at its edges. {note}
+
+## A fluid-applied membrane has no field laps or seams, so at the re-entrant corners, clustered penetrations, drains, and irregular geometry where lapped sheets concentrate their failures it forms one continuous skin; the price of that continuity is that the film thickness is established by the applicator on the deck rather than by a factory, and a membrane applied too thin fails under head even though nothing about it looks wrong. {note}
+
+## Thickness control, substrate preparation, detail reinforcement, and protection before overburden therefore carry the same weight in this standard as the membrane chemistry, because field failure investigations locate leaks at those conditions far more often than in the field of the membrane. {note}
+
+## The standard covers two families that share an installation logic and differ in field method: hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt, melted in a kettle and applied as a thick self-healing mass, and the cold liquid-applied chemistries, which are applied without a kettle and cure by moisture reaction, catalysis, or evaporation. {note}
+
+## Each waterproofed area is configured by what bears on the membrane: a membrane buried under a separate wearing course such as a protection slab, topping, pavers, insulation, or soil never sees traffic or sunlight, while a membrane with an integral wearing surface is itself the trafficked, weathered surface, and the two configurations are governed by different product standards and different performance requirements. {note}
+
+## The following are governed elsewhere and are outside this standard: {note}
+
+- sheet, bentonite, and pre-applied blindside waterproofing, under [[sync/below-grade-waterproofing]] and [[sync/self-adhering-sheet-waterproofing]]
+- dampproofing without a waterproofing function, under [[sync/dampproofing]]
+- liquid-applied roof coatings and membranes, under [[sync/fluid-applied-roofing]] and [[sync/membrane-roofing]]
+- the growing medium, drainage, and plants above the root barrier, under [[sync/vegetated-roofing]]
+- perimeter, sub-slab, and deck drainage design and the drains themselves, under [[sync/foundation-drainage]] and [[sync/subdrainage]]
+- building expansion joint assemblies and field-molded sealants, under [[sync/expansion-joints]] and [[sync/joint-sealants]]
+- waterstops, crystalline admixtures, and the concrete substrate itself, under [[sync/concrete-joints-and-waterstops]] and [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]]
+- above-membrane insulation in a protected membrane assembly, under [[sync/building-thermal-insulation]]
+
+## The extent of each waterproofed area and its wearing course configuration shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the waterproofing plans and building sections]].
+
+## The substrate slope, finish, joint layout, and cure shall be coordinated with [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]] before the substrate is accepted for membrane.
+
+## Where the contract documents, the adopted building code, and the membrane manufacturer's published instructions conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Materials, testing, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where two referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ASTM C836/C836M | High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane for Use with Separate Wearing Course |
+| ASTM C957/C957M | High-Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with Integral Wearing Surface |
+| ASTM C898/C898M | Use of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with Separate Wearing Course |
+| ASTM C1127/C1127M | Use of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with an Integral Wearing Surface |
+| ASTM C1305/C1305M | Crack Bridging Ability of Liquid-Applied Waterproofing Membrane |
+| ASTM D412 | Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers — Tension |
+| ASTM D624 | Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers |
+| ASTM D4263 | Indicating Moisture in Concrete by the Plastic Sheet Method |
+| ASTM D5295/D5295M | Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Adhered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing Systems |
+| ASTM D5385/D5385M | Hydrostatic Pressure Resistance of Waterproofing Membranes |
+| ASTM D5957 | Flood Testing Horizontal Waterproofing Installations |
+| ASTM D7234 | Pull-Off Adhesion Strength of Coatings on Concrete Using Portable Pull-Off Adhesion Testers |
+| ASTM D7832/D7832M | Performance Attributes of Waterproofing Membranes Applied to Below-Grade Walls and Vertical Surfaces |
+| ASTM D7877 | Electronic Methods for Detecting and Locating Leaks in Waterproof Membranes |
+| ASTM E96/E96M | Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials |
+| ASTM F1869 | Measuring Moisture Vapor Emission Rate of Concrete Subfloor Using Anhydrous Calcium Chloride |
+| ASTM F2170 | Determining Relative Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in situ Probes |
+| CGSB 37.50-M | Hot Applied, Rubberized Asphalt for Roofing and Waterproofing |
+| ICRI 310.2R | Selecting and Specifying Concrete Surface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings, Polymer Overlays, and Concrete Repair |
+| ANSI/SPRI VR-1 | Procedure for Investigating Resistance to Root Penetration on Vegetative Green Roofs |
+| ACI PRC-515.2 | Guide to Selecting Protective Treatments for Concrete |
+| NRCA Waterproofing Manual | Construction Details for Plaza, Split-Slab, and Below-Grade Waterproofing |
+| NFPA 51B | Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work |
+| IBC Chapter 18 | International Building Code — Soils and Foundations (Section 1805, Dampproofing and Waterproofing) |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following for review before any waterproofing material is procured or installed:
+
+- product data for the membrane, primer, reinforcing fabric, detail and flashing materials, protection course, drainage composite, and root barrier, giving for each liquid product the published application rate, the wet-film and dry-film thickness per coat, the solids content, the cure time to rain resistance and to overburden, the recoat window, the service temperature range, and the substrate moisture limit
+- the membrane manufacturer's written statement that the membrane, primer, reinforcement, sealants, protection course, drainage composite, root barrier, and any insulation in contact with the membrane are mutually compatible and are compatible with the substrate
+- test reports demonstrating that each membrane conforms to the product standard this standard assigns to its configuration, and the supporting reports for crack bridging, tensile properties, tear strength, water vapor transmission, and hydrostatic pressure resistance where those properties are part of the basis of selection
+- a thickness-control plan stating the specified dry-film thickness, the wet-film thickness and application rate that produces it, the number of coats or lifts, and the method and frequency of wet-film and cured-film verification
+- the membrane manufacturer's written approval of the applicator for the specific system on this project
+- shop drawings and project-specific details for every termination, expansion joint, control joint, construction joint, drain, penetration, curb, planter edge, and horizontal-to-vertical transition, coordinated with the structural and architectural drawings
+- a mock-up plan identifying the location, the size, and the conditions the mock-up will include
+- an integrity test and inspection plan identifying the test method for each area, the water head and duration or the electronic test parameters, the structural load verification for flooded areas, and the party performing the test
+- for hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt, the kettle operation and hot-work plan
+- sample warranty forms for the manufacturer's warranty and the installer's warranty, in the form proposed for execution
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittal Package
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Membrane and accessory product data"
+ - "Manufacturer compatibility statement"
+ - "Product standard conformance test reports"
+ - "Thickness-control plan"
+ - "Manufacturer approval of the applicator"
+ - "Project-specific termination, joint, drain, and penetration details"
+ - "Mock-up plan"
+ - "Integrity test and inspection plan"
+ - "Kettle operation and hot-work plan"
+ - "Sample warranty forms"
+default:
+ - "Membrane and accessory product data"
+ - "Manufacturer compatibility statement"
+ - "Product standard conformance test reports"
+ - "Thickness-control plan"
+ - "Manufacturer approval of the applicator"
+ - "Project-specific termination, joint, drain, and penetration details"
+ - "Mock-up plan"
+ - "Integrity test and inspection plan"
+ - "Sample warranty forms"
+```
+
+### A reference to the manufacturer's standard details in place of a project-specific detail drawing shall not be accepted at any termination, joint, drain, or penetration.
+
+### No portion of the waterproofing shall be installed until the submittals covering it have been reviewed and returned.
+
+## Samples {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit a cured sample of each membrane system, built on a substrate coupon to the specified dry-film thickness and showing the primer, the reinforcement, the membrane, and any wearing surface.
+
+### The Contractor shall submit a sample of the protection course, the drainage composite, and the root barrier for each system.
+
+### The cured sample fixes the color, texture, and built thickness against which the field work is judged, and it is the reference the thickness-control plan is checked against. {note}
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following before the waterproofing is accepted:
+
+- the manufacturer's written warranty, countersigned by the Contractor and running to the Owner
+- the installer's written workmanship and watertightness warranty, running to the Owner
+- integrity test reports and thickness verification records for every tested and inspected area, signed by the party that performed the test
+- a record of every area repaired after testing or inspection, giving the location, the cause, the repair method, and the re-test result
+- as-installed drawings showing the membrane extent, every detail reinforcement, termination, drain, penetration, and joint, and every deviation from the reviewed details
+- maintenance data describing the installed system, the location of every termination, drain, joint, and penetration, and the inspection interval the manufacturer publishes
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittal Package
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Manufacturer's warranty, countersigned"
+ - "Installer's workmanship and watertightness warranty"
+ - "Integrity test reports and thickness verification records"
+ - "Repair record for every repaired area"
+ - "As-installed drawings"
+ - "Maintenance data"
+default:
+ - "Manufacturer's warranty, countersigned"
+ - "Installer's workmanship and watertightness warranty"
+ - "Integrity test reports and thickness verification records"
+ - "Repair record for every repaired area"
+ - "As-installed drawings"
+ - "Maintenance data"
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Applicator Qualification {toc}
+
+### The membrane shall be installed by an applicator currently approved by the membrane manufacturer to install the specific system, so that the manufacturer's warranty is available for the installation.
+
+### The applicator shall have completed not fewer than the number of comparable projects indicated in the datasheet using the selected membrane family, where a comparable project is one of similar configuration, chemistry, and area.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Comparable Projects Completed by the Applicator
+type: range
+unit: projects
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [0, 1, 3, 5, 10]
+```
+
+### Where a fast-curing catalyzed chemistry is selected, the personnel who mix and apply it shall have been trained by the manufacturer in the mixing ratio, pot life, and timed application that chemistry requires.
+
+### Thickness, primer condition, reinforcement embedment, and recoat timing are all controlled in the field and all concealed once the next material is placed, which is why the manufacturer's approval of the applicator is required on top of the applicator's general waterproofing experience. {note}
+
+## Manufacturer Technical Representative {toc}
+
+### The membrane manufacturer shall provide a technical representative on site at the occasions indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer Technical Representative Site Presence
+type: select
+options:
+ - "At substrate acceptance and on the first day of application"
+ - "At substrate acceptance, on the first day of application, and at each integrity test"
+ - "At substrate acceptance and weekly during application"
+ - "Full time during application"
+default: "At substrate acceptance and on the first day of application"
+```
+
+### The representative shall confirm in writing that the substrate condition, the application method, and the environmental conditions observed meet the manufacturer's published requirements.
+
+### The representative's written confirmation at substrate acceptance shall be delivered before primer is applied to the accepted area.
+
+## Pre-Installation Conference {toc}
+
+### A pre-installation conference shall be held at the site before any waterproofing work begins, attended by the Owner's representative or the Engineer of Record, the General Contractor, the applicator, and the manufacturer's technical representative.
+
+### The conference shall review the substrate acceptance criteria, the concrete age and moisture limits, the temperature and dew point limits, the sequence of detail reinforcement relative to the field membrane, the thickness verification method, the timing of protection and overburden, the integrity test plan, and the responsibility for inspection and repair.
+
+### Minutes of the conference shall be recorded and distributed to every attendee.
+
+## Mock-Up {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall install a mock-up of the complete system before production work begins, at a location accepted by the Engineer of Record and of not less than the area indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mock-Up Area
+type: range
+unit: sq ft
+options:
+ min: 25
+ max: 400
+ setpoints: [25, 50, 100, 200, 400]
+```
+
+### The mock-up shall include the conditions indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Conditions Included in the Mock-Up
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Inside corner"
+ - "Outside corner"
+ - "Horizontal-to-vertical transition"
+ - "Drain"
+ - "Pipe penetration"
+ - "Vertical termination"
+ - "Construction joint"
+ - "Expansion joint"
+ - "Treated crack"
+default:
+ - "Inside corner"
+ - "Horizontal-to-vertical transition"
+ - "Drain"
+ - "Pipe penetration"
+ - "Vertical termination"
+```
+
+### The mock-up shall be reviewed by the Engineer of Record and the manufacturer's technical representative and accepted in writing before production application proceeds.
+
+### An accepted mock-up may remain as part of the work where its location becomes part of the finished installation.
+
+### The mock-up is the standard of workmanship for thickness, reinforcement embedment, detail execution, and finish, and a production area that does not match it is deficient. {note}
+
+## Inspection Before Concealment {toc}
+
+### The installed membrane shall remain available for inspection, thickness verification, and integrity testing until those have been completed and recorded, and shall not be concealed by protection course, drainage composite, insulation, wearing course, soil, or pavers before then.
+
+### The Contractor shall schedule these inspections and tests, and the inspection by the Authority Having Jurisdiction where one is required, before any concealing work proceeds.
+
+### Concealing the membrane before it is tested converts a repair made with a brush into a repair made with a demolition crew. {note}
+
+# Hydrostatic Exposure and Design Head {toc}
+
+## Whether the membrane shall carry a hydrostatic head rating shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hydrostatic Head Rating Required of the Membrane
+type: radio
+derived: "[[parameter: seasonal-high-groundwater-elevation]] relative to the lowest membrane elevation on walls, and whether any deck or planter assembly can hold standing water on the membrane"
+options:
+ - "Membrane tested to ASTM D5385 for the design head"
+ - "No hydrostatic head rating required"
+default: derived
+```
+
+## Where a hydrostatic head rating is required, the design head shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the foundation and waterproofing sections]].
+
+## Where a hydrostatic head rating is required, the membrane shall have demonstrated resistance to not less than the design head when tested to ASTM D5385.
+
+## For below-grade walls the hydrostatic determination shall be based on a geotechnical investigation as required by IBC Section 1805, and the membrane shall be selected for the head that [[parameter: seasonal-high-groundwater-elevation]] imposes at the lowest point of the membrane.
+
+## A deck that drains freely sees water only in transit, while a planter that retains irrigation water, a deck whose drains can be blocked by overburden, or a wall below the water table sees standing water on the membrane for days at a time; relieving head with a drainage layer is part of the design, and it does not remove the requirement that the membrane itself resist the head that reaches it. {note}
+
+# Membrane Chemistry {toc}
+
+## Chemistry for Buried Areas {toc}
+
+### The membrane chemistry for areas buried under a separate wearing course shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Membrane Chemistry for Buried Areas
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt"
+ - "Single-component moisture-cure polyurethane"
+ - "Two-component polyurethane"
+ - "Polymethyl methacrylate"
+ - "Spray-applied polyurea"
+ - "Cold-applied polymer-modified asphalt emulsion"
+ - "Not applicable"
+```
+
+### Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt is melted in a kettle and applied as a thick, self-healing monolithic mass that bonds aggressively to dry concrete and tolerates a coarser substrate than the cold chemistries; it needs a kettle, trained hot-work personnel, and a dry substrate, and it is applied only in the buried configuration. {note}
+
+### Single-component polyurethane cures by reaction with atmospheric moisture, which makes its cure time depend on humidity and temperature, while two-component polyurethane cures by catalyst on a schedule set by the mixing ratio; both give high elongation and crack bridging and are applied in both configurations. {note}
+
+### Polymethyl methacrylate cures within an hour of application across a wide temperature range and bonds and reinforces well at complex details, at a higher material cost and with a strong odor during cure that governs where and when it can be applied in an occupied building. {note}
+
+### Spray-applied polyurea sets within seconds through plural-component spray equipment, builds thickness in one pass, and resists abrasion well; it depends entirely on equipment calibration and substrate preparation, because nothing about the film can be adjusted once it has set. {note}
+
+### Polymer-modified asphalt emulsion is water-based and low in odor, cures by evaporation, and is applied in buried and below-grade conditions that do not carry traffic; it is vulnerable to rain and to freezing until it has cured, and it does not reach the tensile and crack-bridging values of the reactive chemistries. {note}
+
+## Chemistry for Exposed Traffic Areas {toc}
+
+### The membrane chemistry for areas with an integral wearing surface shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Membrane Chemistry for Exposed Traffic Areas
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Single-component moisture-cure polyurethane"
+ - "Two-component polyurethane"
+ - "Polymethyl methacrylate"
+ - "Spray-applied polyurea"
+ - "Not applicable"
+```
+
+### The exposed chemistries are the same resins used buried, built up with a wear coat and a topcoat that carry the abrasion, ultraviolet exposure, and tire loading the buried membrane never sees; where a deck must return to service within hours, the fast-curing chemistries shorten the closure, and where an area is occupied during the work, the odor and ventilation demands of each chemistry decide which can be applied. {note}
+
+## Product Standard by Configuration {toc}
+
+### Each membrane shall conform to the product standard assigned to its configuration and chemistry in the following table:
+
+| Configuration and chemistry | Product standard |
+|-----------------------------|------------------|
+| Buried, cold liquid-applied | ASTM C836/C836M |
+| Exposed traffic, cold liquid-applied | ASTM C957/C957M |
+| Buried, hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt | CGSB 37.50-M |
+
+### There is no ASTM product standard for hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt waterproofing membrane; CGSB 37.50-M is the standard the North American market tests that product to, and the ASTM C898 design guidance for buried membranes applies to its assembly. {note}
+
+### A buried-configuration product shall not be installed as an exposed wearing surface, and an exposed-configuration product shall not be substituted for a buried one without the Engineer of Record's written acceptance.
+
+# Membrane Performance {toc}
+
+## The membrane shall demonstrate crack-bridging ability when tested to ASTM C1305 at the low temperature that ASTM C836 or ASTM C957 prescribes for its configuration.
+
+## Concrete cracks with shrinkage and thermal movement, and the crack is widest at the same low temperature at which the membrane is least flexible, which is why the crack-bridging test is run cold and why it is the single elastomeric property that most reliably separates a membrane that leaks over a moving crack from one that does not. {note}
+
+## Tensile strength and elongation shall be reported to ASTM D412 and tear strength to ASTM D624 for each membrane, and the values shall meet or exceed those the assigned product standard requires.
+
+## Water vapor transmission shall be reported to ASTM E96 for each membrane installed where the assembly design relies on the membrane as a vapor retarder.
+
+## A membrane installed on a below-grade wall shall additionally meet the performance attributes of ASTM D7832 that apply to the selected chemistry.
+
+# Reinforcement {toc}
+
+## Hot Rubberized Asphalt Reinforcement {toc}
+
+### Where hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt is selected, its lift and reinforcement configuration shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hot Rubberized Asphalt Lift and Reinforcement Configuration
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Two lifts with full-coverage reinforcing fabric embedded between the lifts"
+ - "Single lift without field reinforcing fabric"
+default: "Two lifts with full-coverage reinforcing fabric embedded between the lifts"
+```
+
+### The reinforced two-lift system is the configuration the product's published test data and warranties are built around, and the fabric between the lifts is what holds the membrane together across a moving crack; the single-lift system is offered for conditions with little expected movement where a thinner, faster installation is acceptable to the Engineer of Record. {note}
+
+## Cold Liquid-Applied Field Reinforcement {toc}
+
+### Where a cold liquid-applied chemistry is selected, the extent of fabric reinforcement in the field of the membrane shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cold Liquid-Applied Field Reinforcement
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Detail reinforcement only"
+ - "Full-coverage reinforcing fabric embedded in the field membrane"
+default: "Detail reinforcement only"
+```
+
+### Full-coverage fabric raises the tear resistance and the built thickness of the field membrane and is used where the substrate is expected to crack broadly, where the membrane is thin relative to the movement, or where the manufacturer's warranty for the selected term requires it; it adds a saturation step across the whole area and a place for voids to hide if the fabric is not fully wetted. {note}
+
+## Reinforcing Fabric Material {toc}
+
+### The reinforcing fabric shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Reinforcing Fabric Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Spunbond polyester"
+ - "Woven fiberglass"
+ - "Polyester and fiberglass composite"
+ - "Chopped-strand fiberglass mat"
+default: manufacturer
+```
+
+### The fabric shall be a product the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected membrane, and a fabric from another source shall not be substituted.
+
+### Detail reinforcement shall be installed at every inside and outside corner, horizontal-to-vertical transition, construction joint, control joint, drain, penetration, and treated crack, whether or not full-coverage reinforcement is selected.
+
+### The fabric spreads the movement at an edge or crack across a wider zone of membrane and adds local thickness where the film would otherwise thin over an arris, which is why it belongs at every location where the substrate changes plane or can open. {note}
+
+# Membrane Thickness {toc}
+
+## Buried Cold Liquid-Applied Thickness {toc}
+
+### The dry-film thickness of a cold liquid-applied membrane in a buried area shall be not less than the value indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Buried Cold Liquid-Applied Membrane Dry-Film Thickness
+type: range
+unit: mils
+options:
+ min: 40
+ max: 250
+ setpoints: [40, 60, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180, 215, 250]
+```
+
+### Where the datasheet leaves the buried cold liquid-applied thickness unselected, the thickness shall be the minimum the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected chemistry and the hydrostatic exposure, and the thickness-control plan shall state that value.
+
+## Exposed Traffic Membrane Thickness {toc}
+
+### The total dry-film thickness of an exposed traffic membrane, measured through the base coat, wear coat, and topcoat and excluding the broadcast aggregate, shall be not less than the value indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exposed Traffic Membrane Total Dry-Film Thickness
+type: range
+unit: mils
+options:
+ min: 30
+ max: 120
+ setpoints: [30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 100, 120]
+```
+
+### Where the datasheet leaves the exposed traffic thickness unselected, the thickness shall be the minimum the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected chemistry and traffic grade, and the thickness-control plan shall state that value.
+
+## Hot Rubberized Asphalt Thickness {toc}
+
+### The total applied thickness of hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt, measured through both lifts and the embedded fabric where the two-lift configuration is selected, shall be not less than the value indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hot Rubberized Asphalt Total Applied Thickness
+type: range
+unit: mils
+options:
+ min: 90
+ max: 250
+ setpoints: [90, 125, 180, 215, 250]
+default: 215
+```
+
+### The published thickness for the reinforced two-lift system is 215 mils, made up of a 90 mil first lift, the fabric, and a 125 mil second lift; a single-lift system is published at a lower total, and the datasheet value governs the configuration selected. {note}
+
+## Thickness as the Governing Variable {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall apply each membrane to the specified thickness by applying the corresponding wet-film thickness at the published application rate, verified during application with a wet-film gauge and after cure by the method this standard requires.
+
+### A membrane found below the specified thickness, whether by spreading the material too thin, by over-rolling, or by applying fewer coats or lifts than specified, shall be brought to thickness with additional material applied within the recoat window or over a re-primed surface, at the Contractor's expense.
+
+### Dry-film thickness is the performance variable most often deficient in the field, because it cannot be judged by eye and because every pail spread a little thinner than the published rate looks exactly like one spread correctly. {note}
+
+# Primer {toc}
+
+## Whether primer is applied shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Primer
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Primer applied over the full substrate receiving membrane"
+ - "No primer"
+default: manufacturer
+```
+
+## Where the datasheet is left in the manufacturer's state, primer shall be applied wherever the membrane manufacturer's published data requires it for the selected membrane on the substrate present, and the applicator shall record the published basis for any area left unprimed.
+
+## Primer shall be the product the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected membrane and substrate.
+
+## Primer shall be applied at the published rate to a clean, dry, prepared substrate, and the membrane shall be applied within the primer's published recoat window.
+
+## Primer applied beyond its recoat window shall be re-applied before membrane is placed over it.
+
+## The primer wets and seals the pores of the concrete, binds residual dust, and forms the bond the whole system hangs on; primer applied too heavily cures to a weak glossy film that reduces adhesion rather than improving it, which is why the rate is verified and not merely the coverage. {note}
+
+# Exposed Traffic Wearing Surface {toc}
+
+## Traffic Grade {toc}
+
+### The traffic grade of the exposed membrane shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exposed Membrane Traffic Grade
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "the parking and deck plans"
+options:
+ - "Pedestrian"
+ - "Light vehicular"
+ - "Heavy vehicular"
+ - "Not applicable"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### Ramps, turning lanes, drive aisles at entries, and areas where vehicles stop and start shall receive the heavy vehicular grade regardless of the grade selected for the field of the deck, because the tire scrub at those locations wears through a lighter wear coat first.
+
+## Wearing Surface Construction {toc}
+
+### The integral wearing surface shall be built as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Integral Wearing Surface Construction
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Aggregate broadcast into a wear coat and sealed by a topcoat"
+ - "Aggregate broadcast to refusal into a wear coat and sealed by a topcoat"
+ - "Textured topcoat without broadcast aggregate"
+```
+
+### Broadcast aggregate carries the abrasion and gives the surface its skid resistance; broadcast to refusal produces the most durable surface for vehicular wear at the cost of a rougher texture and a heavier topcoat, while a textured topcoat without aggregate gives a smoother surface suited to pedestrian areas where a rough finish is unwanted. {note}
+
+### Aggregate shall be clean, dry, kiln-dried silica or the aggregate the membrane manufacturer publishes for the wear coat, in the gradation published for the selected traffic grade.
+
+### Loose aggregate shall be removed before the topcoat is applied, so that the topcoat bonds to seated aggregate and to the wear coat rather than to loose grains.
+
+### The topcoat shall be ultraviolet-stable and shall be the product the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected system.
+
+# Protection Course {toc}
+
+## Protection Course Type {toc}
+
+### The protection course over buried membranes shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Protection Course Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Semi-rigid asphaltic protection board"
+ - "Modified bitumen protection sheet set into the hot membrane"
+ - "Extruded polystyrene insulation serving as protection"
+ - "Cementitious protection board"
+ - "Drainage composite with an integral protective facing"
+```
+
+### An asphaltic board is the general protection layer over cold membranes; a protection sheet set into the still-warm hot rubberized asphalt bonds to it and protects it from the moment it is placed; insulation doubles as protection in a protected membrane assembly; a cementitious board is used where the overburden is placed with equipment that would crush a softer board; and a composite with a protective facing combines the protection and drainage layers where the overburden load allows. {note}
+
+### The protection board thickness shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Protection Board Thickness
+type: range
+unit: in.
+options:
+ min: 0.0625
+ max: 0.25
+ setpoints: [0.0625, 0.125, 0.25]
+```
+
+### A thicker board resists the point loads of reinforcing chairs, pedestal feet, and wheelbarrow traffic during overburden placement, and a thinner one conforms more readily at transitions; the thickness that suits the overburden being placed is the one to select. {note}
+
+### Where extruded polystyrene serves as the protection course, it shall be installed under [[sync/building-thermal-insulation]] and shall be compatible with the membrane in contact with it.
+
+## Protection Course Requirement {toc}
+
+### A protection course shall be installed over every buried membrane before any wearing course, topping slab, drainage composite, insulation, soil, or pavers is placed on it.
+
+### Overburden shall not be placed directly on the membrane.
+
+### Placing overburden directly on a membrane is a known cause of puncture, and the puncture is discovered as a leak after the overburden is in place. {note}
+
+# Drainage Composite {toc}
+
+## The drainage layer over buried membranes shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Drainage Composite
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Prefabricated drainage composite with filter fabric"
+ - "High-flow drainage composite with filter fabric"
+ - "None"
+default: "Prefabricated drainage composite with filter fabric"
+```
+
+## A high-flow composite is used where the overburden is deep or where irrigation and storm flows exceed what a standard core carries, and a composite is omitted only where the assembly above the protection course, such as a pedestal-supported paver system or a free-draining granular layer, already provides an open drainage path to the drains. {note}
+
+## Where a drainage composite is selected, it shall be installed over the protection course with the filter fabric facing the overburden and shall be carried to and lapped into every drain, so that water reaching the membrane plane is conveyed to the drain rather than trapped against the membrane.
+
+## The drainage layer and the deck drains it serves shall be coordinated with [[sync/foundation-drainage]].
+
+## A membrane holding standing water is a membrane under sustained head; the drainage layer keeps the head off the membrane between storms, and it is part of the waterproofing system rather than an accessory to it. {note}
+
+# Root Barrier {toc}
+
+## A root barrier shall be provided wherever soil and planting are placed over the membrane, as indicated on [[drawing: the landscape plans]].
+
+## Where a root barrier is required, its form shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Root Barrier
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Separate root barrier sheet over the protection course"
+ - "Membrane certified root-resistant with no separate sheet"
+ - "Drainage composite with an integral root barrier facing"
+```
+
+## A membrane relied on as its own root barrier shall have passed the root penetration procedure of ANSI/SPRI VR-1, and the manufacturer shall state that resistance in writing for the installed thickness.
+
+## The root barrier shall be continuous under every planted area, with laps and upturns at planter walls made in the manner the barrier manufacturer publishes, and shall be installed before soil is placed.
+
+## The growing medium, the drainage and water retention layers above the root barrier, and the plants themselves are governed by [[sync/vegetated-roofing]]. {note}
+
+## Roots follow water, and over years they find any path through a protection course to the membrane below it; the barrier is the only element of the assembly whose job is to stop them. {note}
+
+# Substrate Preparation {toc}
+
+## Substrate Condition {toc}
+
+### Every surface to receive membrane shall be sound and free of standing water, frost, ice, oil, grease, form release agent, laitance, dust, efflorescence, incompatible curing compound, and loose or unsound material before primer or membrane is applied.
+
+### Concrete surface preparation shall conform to ASTM D5295.
+
+### The Contractor shall inspect every portion of the substrate and shall not apply primer or membrane over an area that fails the acceptance criteria of this standard.
+
+### Where the parties disagree whether a substrate area is acceptable, the Engineer of Record shall make the initial determination.
+
+### An unprepared substrate is the most common root cause of adhesion failure, and preparation is the least expensive quality investment in the system by a wide margin. {note}
+
+## Concrete Age and Moisture {toc}
+
+### New concrete shall have reached the age indicated in the datasheet before primer or membrane is applied.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Concrete Age Before Membrane
+type: range
+unit: days
+options:
+ min: 3
+ max: 28
+ setpoints: [3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28]
+```
+
+### Where the datasheet leaves the concrete age unselected, the age shall be the minimum the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected chemistry.
+
+### A fast-curing reactive chemistry with a moisture-tolerant primer can be applied to concrete only a few days old, while a moisture-sensitive chemistry or a thick, wet-cured section needs the full drying period; the age that suits the chemistry and the section is the one to select, and the manufacturer's published minimum governs where it is longer. {note}
+
+### Substrate moisture shall be verified by the method indicated in the datasheet, and not by visual inspection.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Substrate Moisture Test Method
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Plastic sheet method to ASTM D4263"
+ - "In situ relative humidity probe to ASTM F2170"
+ - "Anhydrous calcium chloride to ASTM F1869"
+ - "Electronic moisture meter per the membrane manufacturer's procedure"
+```
+
+### Where the in situ relative humidity probe is selected, the substrate relative humidity shall not exceed the value indicated in the datasheet at the time of application.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Substrate Relative Humidity (ASTM F2170)
+type: range
+unit: '%'
+options:
+ min: 75
+ max: 100
+ setpoints: [75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100]
+```
+
+### Where the datasheet leaves the substrate relative humidity unselected, or where a method other than the probe is selected, the substrate moisture shall not exceed the limit the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected chemistry by the selected method.
+
+### Curing compounds on the substrate shall be of a type the membrane manufacturer accepts in writing, or shall be removed by mechanical preparation.
+
+### Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt shall not be applied over a damp substrate.
+
+### Most chemistries will not bond to a damp slab or will blister over one, and a slab that looks dry can hold enough internal moisture to drive a blister once the film skins over; under molten rubberized asphalt, trapped moisture flashes to steam and blows pinholes and blisters through the membrane. {note}
+
+### A curing compound that prevented the primer from bonding is one of the most frequently identified causes of membrane debonding, and it is invisible once the membrane is on. {note}
+
+## Surface Profile and Preparation Method {toc}
+
+### The prepared concrete shall present a surface profile not less than the minimum indicated in the datasheet, referenced to the ICRI 310.2R concrete surface profile scale.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Concrete Surface Profile (ICRI 310.2R CSP)
+type: range
+unit: CSP
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+default: 3
+```
+
+### The prepared concrete shall present a surface profile not greater than the maximum indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Concrete Surface Profile (ICRI 310.2R CSP)
+type: range
+unit: CSP
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+```
+
+### Where the datasheet leaves the maximum profile unselected, the profile shall fall within the range the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected chemistry.
+
+### Where the datasheet range and the manufacturer's published range do not overlap, the Contractor shall report the conflict to the Engineer of Record before preparation begins.
+
+### A profile too smooth gives the membrane no mechanical key; a profile too coarse cannot be filled at the specified thickness, and the membrane thins over every peak. A thick hot-applied membrane tolerates a coarser profile than a cold membrane applied at a fraction of the thickness. {note}
+
+### The surface preparation methods permitted on the project shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Permitted Surface Preparation Methods
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Steel shot blasting"
+ - "Diamond grinding"
+ - "Scarifying"
+ - "Abrasive blasting"
+ - "High-pressure water jetting"
+ - "Acid etching"
+default:
+ - "Steel shot blasting"
+ - "Diamond grinding"
+```
+
+### A method not selected in the datasheet shall not be used, and an area prepared by an unselected method shall be re-prepared by a selected method at the Contractor's expense.
+
+### Acid etching leaves the surface salts it produces in the pores and does not open a mechanical profile in dense concrete, so where it is selected the substrate shall be flushed and tested for residual acid and the profile verified against the datasheet minimum before primer is applied.
+
+### Water jetting and abrasive blasting introduce water or grit that has to be removed before primer, and both leave a wetted substrate that must dry to the moisture limit before application. {note}
+
+## Defect Repair and Corners {toc}
+
+### Form-tie holes, bug holes, honeycomb, spalls, and voids shall be filled with a patching material compatible with the membrane, finished flush with the surrounding surface, and cured before membrane is applied.
+
+### The membrane shall not be used to bridge an unrepaired void.
+
+### Fins, ridges, and projections shall be ground flush with the surrounding surface.
+
+### Inside corners and re-entrant angles shall be treated as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Inside Corner Treatment
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Mortar fillet of compatible patching material"
+ - "Sealant cant bead compatible with the membrane"
+ - "Fabric-reinforced membrane cove without a fillet"
+```
+
+### A fillet or cant gives the membrane a gradual change of plane so that the film does not thin and crack over a sharp arris; a fabric-reinforced cove achieves the same continuity with membrane alone, which suits a thick hot-applied system and a detail where a mortar fillet would not cure before the membrane is due. {note}
+
+### Sharp outside corners shall be eased to a radius or chamfer before membrane is applied.
+
+## Crack Treatment {toc}
+
+### Substrate cracks wider than the width indicated in the datasheet shall be treated before the field membrane is applied.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Crack Width Requiring Treatment
+type: range
+unit: in.
+options:
+ min: 0.016
+ max: 0.125
+ setpoints: [0.016, 0.031, 0.0625, 0.125]
+default: 0.0625
+```
+
+### Cracks and non-working joints expected to move shall be treated as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Moving Crack Treatment
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Bond-breaker tape over the crack under a fabric-reinforced membrane band"
+ - "Routed, sealed with a compatible sealant, and covered by a fabric-reinforced membrane band"
+ - "Treated as a joint with a preformed movement detail"
+```
+
+### Cracks that do not move shall be treated as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Static Crack Treatment
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Fabric-reinforced membrane stripe over the crack"
+ - "Routed and filled, then covered by a fabric-reinforced membrane stripe"
+```
+
+### A membrane bonded tightly across a moving crack with no bond-breaker splits at the crack on the first thermal cycle, because the whole strain of the crack opening is taken by the film at one line; a bond-breaker lets the strain spread across the width of the unbonded zone. {note}
+
+### Whether a crack is moving or static shall be determined by the Engineer of Record where the drawings do not indicate it.
+
+# Application Conditions {toc}
+
+## Temperature and Dew Point {toc}
+
+### Primer and membrane shall not be applied when the air temperature or the substrate temperature is below the value indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Air and Substrate Temperature at Application
+type: range
+unit: °F
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 50
+ setpoints: [0, 20, 25, 32, 40, 45, 50]
+```
+
+### Where the datasheet leaves the minimum temperature unselected, the minimum shall be the value the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected chemistry and formulation.
+
+### Primer and membrane shall not be applied when the air temperature or the substrate temperature is above the maximum the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected chemistry.
+
+### Polymethyl methacrylate and cold-weather polyurethane formulations are applied at temperatures well below freezing with an adjusted catalyst, while a water-based emulsion cannot cure below freezing at all, so the minimum temperature is a property of the chemistry and formulation rather than a single number; cold slows cure and raises viscosity, and heat shortens the working time of a catalyzed system and can flash solvent or moisture before the film levels. {note}
+
+### The substrate temperature shall be not less than the margin indicated in the datasheet above the dew point during application and until the membrane has reached its published rain-resistance cure.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Substrate Temperature Margin Above Dew Point
+type: range
+unit: °F
+options:
+ min: 3
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [3, 5, 10]
+default: 5
+```
+
+### Condensation forming on the substrate or within the curing film produces the same blistering and debonding as a damp slab, and it forms without anyone seeing it whenever the surface is colder than the dew point of the air above it. {note}
+
+## Weather {toc}
+
+### Application shall not proceed during rain, snow, or fog, or onto a wet or frost-covered substrate.
+
+### Application shall stop when precipitation is forecast to arrive before the membrane already placed has reached its published rain-resistance cure.
+
+### The Contractor shall not apply more membrane in a working period than can reach rain resistance before the next forecast precipitation.
+
+### Membrane wetted by rain before it has reached rain resistance shall be evaluated by the manufacturer's technical representative and shall be removed and re-applied where the representative finds it damaged, at the Contractor's expense.
+
+### A water-based emulsion wetted before cure re-emulsifies and washes off the deck, and a moisture-cure polyurethane wetted before it skins foams and blisters; neither can be repaired by overcoating. {note}
+
+# Detailing {toc}
+
+## Detail Reinforcement Sequence {toc}
+
+### Detail reinforcement at corners, transitions, joints, drains, and penetrations shall be installed and cured, or for hot rubberized asphalt embedded in the first lift, before or integrally with the field membrane, so that the highest-stress conditions receive their reinforcement and added thickness first.
+
+### Reinforcing fabric shall be fully embedded in wet membrane with no dry spots, wrinkles, fish-mouths, or unsaturated edges.
+
+### Fabric found unsaturated, bridged, or wrinkled shall be cut out and re-made at the Contractor's expense.
+
+### The field membrane shall lap onto and bond fully to the cured detail reinforcement.
+
+## Terminations {toc}
+
+### The membrane shall be terminated at its upper and outer edges so that water cannot enter behind it.
+
+### At a buried deck or planter, the membrane shall be turned up at every wall, curb, and upstand to not less than the height above the finished wearing surface indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Membrane Upturn Height Above the Finished Wearing Surface
+type: range
+unit: in.
+drawing_ref: "the wall sections and waterproofing details"
+options:
+ min: 2
+ max: 12
+ setpoints: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### A higher upturn keeps splash, ponded water, and drifted snow above the finished surface from bypassing the membrane; a lower one is used where the finished surface is set close to a door sill or where the wall finish above cannot accept the membrane. {note}
+
+### Vertical terminations shall be made by the method indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Vertical Termination Method
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "the termination details"
+options:
+ - "Termination bar, mechanically fastened and sealed at the top edge"
+ - "Reglet or saw cut, membrane embedded and sealed"
+ - "Counterflashing reglet, membrane lapped behind metal counterflashing"
+ - "Membrane carried over the top of the wall or curb"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### Every termination shall be mechanically secured or embedded so that the edge cannot peel back, and sealed so that water cannot enter behind the edge.
+
+### A membrane edge left feathered or folded over without a secured, sealed termination is a common entry point, and the leak it produces appears far from the edge that admitted it. {note}
+
+## Drains {toc}
+
+### Deck drains shall be of the type indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Deck Drain Type
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "the plumbing drawings"
+options:
+ - "Clamping-ring drain with the membrane clamped in the drain body"
+ - "Flange drain with the membrane bonded and reinforced onto the flange"
+ - "Two-level drain with a clamping ring at the membrane and a grate at the wearing surface"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### The membrane shall be carried into the drain bowl and clamped beneath the clamping ring or bonded and reinforced onto the flange, so that the seal is made within the drain and not at its rim.
+
+### In a split-slab or paver assembly, a drain that collects only at the wearing surface leaves the water that reaches the membrane plane with nowhere to go; the two-level drain collects at both planes. {note}
+
+### Drain locations shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the plumbing drawings]].
+
+## Penetrations {toc}
+
+### At every pipe, conduit, and sleeve penetration, the membrane shall be reinforced with fabric, dressed up the penetration to the height the detail shows, and sealed at the annulus with a sealant compatible with the membrane.
+
+### Where a penetration moves relative to the structure, the seal shall be a flexible detail that accommodates the movement without tearing the membrane.
+
+### Penetrations shall be grouped and held to the number the design requires, and clustered penetrations too close to flash individually shall be resolved on the drawings before membrane work begins.
+
+### Every drain and penetration is a hole in the membrane surrounded by a detail, and the details are where the leaks are found. {note}
+
+## Expansion and Construction Joints {toc}
+
+### Expansion joints in the structure shall be carried through the waterproofing with a movement detail designed for the joint, and shall not be bridged by field membrane alone.
+
+### The expansion joint detail shall be coordinated with the building expansion joint assembly under [[sync/expansion-joints]] and with the sealants under [[sync/joint-sealants]].
+
+### The design movement at each expansion joint shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the structural drawings]].
+
+### Construction joints and control joints shall receive detail reinforcement across the joint before the field membrane is applied.
+
+# Application {toc}
+
+## Cold Liquid-Applied Application {toc}
+
+### A cold liquid-applied membrane shall be applied in the number of coats the thickness-control plan states, each coat within the published recoat window of the coat below it.
+
+### Successive coats shall be applied in a direction crossing the previous coat where the method allows, so that thin spots and holidays in one coat are covered by the next.
+
+### A coat applied after the recoat window has closed shall be preceded by the surface preparation or tie coat the manufacturer publishes for an overcoated cured film.
+
+### Two-component and catalyzed materials shall be mixed in the published ratio with mechanical mixing for the published time, and material that has exceeded its pot life shall be discarded.
+
+### Spray-applied polyurea shall be applied with plural-component equipment calibrated to the published ratio and temperature at the start of each shift and after any interruption.
+
+## Hot Rubberized Asphalt Application {toc}
+
+### Hot fluid-applied rubberized asphalt shall be heated in a double-jacketed, oil-bath, thermostatically controlled kettle fitted with a mechanical agitator and a calibrated thermometer.
+
+### The material shall be applied within the temperature range the manufacturer publishes, and material heated above the published maximum, or held at application temperature longer than the published time, shall be discarded.
+
+### Where the two-lift configuration is selected, the first lift shall be applied to its published thickness, the reinforcing fabric rolled into it while the lift is still hot, and the second lift applied over the fabric to bring the membrane to the datasheet thickness.
+
+### The protection sheet, where selected, shall be set into the second lift while the membrane is still warm enough to bond it.
+
+### Overheating degrades the rubber that gives the membrane its elasticity and drives off volatiles as fume; the material that comes out of an overheated kettle looks the same going onto the deck and cracks in service. {note}
+
+## Kettle Operation and Hot Work {toc}
+
+### The kettle shall be located on a stable, non-combustible base, clear of building air intakes, exits, and combustible storage, at a location acceptable to the Owner and the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
+
+### The kettle shall be operated only by personnel trained in its operation.
+
+### The kettle shall be attended continuously while it is operating.
+
+### A fire extinguisher rated for the hazard shall be kept at the kettle throughout its operation.
+
+### Personnel handling hot material shall wear heat-protective gloves, face protection, and clothing.
+
+### Hot work shall comply with NFPA 51B and with the project's hot-work permit program.
+
+### The hot transfer route from the kettle to the point of application shall be planned and accepted before hot rubberized asphalt work begins.
+
+### Fume control at the kettle shall be as indicated in the datasheet, and where no control is selected the kettle location is the only fume provision.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Kettle Fume Controls
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Afterburner-equipped kettle"
+ - "Low-fume asphalt formulation"
+```
+
+### Asphalt fume at a kettle running above 350°F is an irritant and an odor that carries into occupied buildings through air intakes and open windows; an afterburner consumes the fume at the kettle and a low-fume formulation reduces it at the source, and which is needed depends on how close the kettle sits to occupied space. {note}
+
+# Testing and Inspection {toc}
+
+## Visual Inspection {toc}
+
+### The applicator's foreman and the manufacturer's technical representative shall inspect the entire membrane after cure and before any protection or overburden is placed, confirming continuity, full fabric embedment, the absence of pinholes, blisters, and holidays, the specified thickness at corners and details, the termination and upturn heights, and the drain and penetration treatment.
+
+### Every deficiency found shall be repaired before integrity testing and before the membrane is concealed.
+
+## Thickness Verification {toc}
+
+### Membrane thickness shall be verified by the methods indicated in the datasheet, at the frequency stated in the thickness-control plan.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Thickness Verification Methods
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Wet-film gauge readings recorded during application"
+ - "Cured dry-film measurement by coupon or destructive gauge"
+ - "Material consumption reconciled against the area covered"
+ - "Non-destructive electronic dry-film gauge"
+default:
+ - "Wet-film gauge readings recorded during application"
+ - "Material consumption reconciled against the area covered"
+```
+
+### Wet-film readings shall be taken at not less than the frequency indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wet-Film Reading Frequency
+type: range
+unit: readings per 100 sq ft
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 4, 5, 10]
+```
+
+### Each destructive thickness measurement shall be repaired with membrane applied within the recoat window or over a re-primed surface, and the repair shall be inspected.
+
+### Thickness records shall identify the area, the reading, the date, and the person who took it, and shall be included in the closeout submittals.
+
+## Integrity Testing {toc}
+
+### Every horizontal membrane area shall be integrity-tested by the methods indicated in the datasheet before the protection course or any overburden is placed.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Integrity Test Methods for Horizontal Areas
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Flood test to ASTM D5957"
+ - "Low-voltage electronic leak detection to ASTM D7877"
+ - "High-voltage electronic leak detection to ASTM D7877"
+default:
+ - "Flood test to ASTM D5957"
+```
+
+### A flood test finds a leak by showing water on the underside and confirms the drains and terminations under head, but it needs the structure to carry the water, edges to be dammed, and the drains to be plugged; electronic leak detection locates a breach to the inch without loading the structure and can be run on a deck the flood test cannot reach, but it requires a conductive substrate or a conductive medium under the membrane and does not load the terminations. {note}
+
+### Where a flood test is selected, the membrane shall be flooded to the head indicated in the datasheet, measured above the high point of the area, and not exceeding the structural load capacity or the upturn height.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flood Test Head Above the High Point
+type: range
+unit: in.
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 4
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 4]
+default: 2
+```
+
+### Where a flood test is selected, the head shall be held for not less than the duration indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flood Test Duration
+type: range
+unit: hours
+options:
+ min: 24
+ max: 72
+ setpoints: [24, 48, 72]
+default: 24
+```
+
+### A longer hold finds a slow leak that a 24-hour hold cannot separate from evaporation, and is used where the membrane will carry standing water in service; a deeper head loads the terminations and drains harder, and is limited by what the structure and the upturn can hold. {note}
+
+### A flood test shall not begin until the membrane has reached its published cure for water exposure.
+
+### Before a flood test, the Contractor shall confirm in writing that the structure can carry the dead load of the test water, shall dam every edge, and shall plug every drain.
+
+### During a flood test, the underside of the deck and every termination and penetration shall be observed for leakage at the start of the hold, at intervals during it, and at its end.
+
+### Vertical membrane areas shall be integrity-tested by electronic leak detection where the datasheet selects it for horizontal areas, and otherwise by the visual inspection this standard requires.
+
+### Any breach found shall be located, repaired, and re-tested by the same method until the area passes, and the cost of every repair and re-test shall be borne by the Contractor.
+
+## Adhesion Testing {toc}
+
+### Pull-off adhesion of the cured membrane shall be tested to ASTM D7234 in the areas indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Areas Requiring Pull-Off Adhesion Testing
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Mock-up"
+ - "Exposed traffic areas"
+ - "Buried areas"
+ - "Vertical areas"
+ - "Areas over repaired substrate"
+```
+
+### Where adhesion testing is selected, tests shall be made at not less than the frequency indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Adhesion Test Frequency
+type: range
+unit: sq ft per test
+options:
+ min: 500
+ max: 10000
+ setpoints: [500, 1000, 2500, 5000, 10000]
+```
+
+### Where adhesion testing is selected, the tensile bond shall be not less than the value indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Pull-Off Adhesion
+type: range
+unit: psi
+options:
+ min: 50
+ max: 400
+ setpoints: [50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400]
+```
+
+### Where the datasheet leaves the minimum adhesion unselected, the bond shall be not less than the value the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected membrane on the substrate present.
+
+### A failure within the concrete rather than at the bond line shall be recorded as a pass.
+
+### Each adhesion test site shall be repaired with membrane applied within the recoat window or over a re-primed surface.
+
+### A flood test proves that the membrane is continuous; it does not prove that the membrane is bonded, and an unbonded membrane that passes a flood test lets water travel behind it to the nearest termination once a breach occurs anywhere. Adhesion testing is what shows that the preparation and primer produced the bond. {note}
+
+## Test Reports {toc}
+
+### Integrity, adhesion, and thickness results shall be recorded on signed reports stating the method, the date, the air and substrate temperature, the area covered, the head and duration or the electronic test parameters, the instrument and its calibration, a map of every breach or deficiency keyed to the as-installed drawing, the repair made at each, and the result of each re-test.
+
+### Reports shall be included in the closeout submittals.
+
+# Protection and Overburden Installation {toc}
+
+## Sequence {toc}
+
+### The work shall be sequenced so that each step is complete and verified before the next conceals it: substrate preparation and acceptance, defect repair and corner treatment, primer, detail reinforcement, field membrane to the specified thickness, cure, inspection and thickness verification, integrity and adhesion testing, repair and re-test, protection course, drainage composite and root barrier, and then the wearing course, topping, soil, or pavers.
+
+### No trade shall work on, store material on, or move equipment across the unprotected membrane.
+
+### Placing the protection course or overburden before the membrane is tested is the most damaging sequencing error in this work, because it makes a breach that a brush could have fixed unreachable without removing the overburden. {note}
+
+## Exposure Limit Before Protection {toc}
+
+### A buried membrane shall be covered by its protection course within the number of days after application indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Exposure of a Buried Membrane Before Protection
+type: range
+unit: days
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 30
+ setpoints: [0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 30]
+```
+
+### Where the datasheet leaves the exposure limit unselected, the membrane shall be covered within the ultraviolet exposure period the membrane manufacturer publishes for the selected chemistry.
+
+### A buried membrane is not formulated for sunlight, and hot rubberized asphalt in particular is protected the same day by the sheet set into it; the exposure limit that suits the chemistry is the one to select, and it is shorter than any construction schedule finds convenient. {note}
+
+## Protection Course Installation {toc}
+
+### The protection course shall be installed as soon as the membrane has reached its published cure for overburden and has passed inspection and integrity testing.
+
+### Protection board joints shall be butted tight, and where the detail shows it, staggered from membrane detail seams.
+
+### Fasteners that would penetrate the membrane shall not be used to secure the protection course; the board shall be adhered, set into the hot membrane, loose-laid under ballast, or held by the overburden as the assembly allows.
+
+## Drainage Composite and Root Barrier Installation {toc}
+
+### The drainage composite shall be installed with its filter fabric facing the overburden, with joints lapped in the direction of flow, and carried into every drain so that the core is open to the drain.
+
+### The root barrier shall be installed continuously over the protection course or drainage composite in every planted area, with laps and upturns made as the barrier manufacturer publishes, before any soil is placed.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Materials shall be delivered in the manufacturer's original sealed containers with labels, lot numbers, and expiration dates intact.
+
+## Materials shall be stored within the temperature range the manufacturer publishes, under cover, and out of direct sunlight.
+
+## Material past its published shelf life shall not be used and shall be removed from the site.
+
+## Material stored beyond the interval the manufacturer publishes for re-testing shall not be used until the manufacturer has re-tested it and confirmed in writing that it meets its published properties.
+
+## Catalysts, primers, and solvent-bearing materials shall be stored away from sources of ignition and in the quantities the adopted fire code permits at the storage location.
+
+## Water-based emulsion materials shall be protected from freezing.
+
+## Hot rubberized asphalt cakes shall be stored off the ground and kept clean, and a cake contaminated with soil, water, or debris shall not be charged into the kettle.
+
+## Reactive materials and their catalysts lose cure performance past their expiration date, and an emulsion that has frozen separates and does not recover; neither failure is visible in the container. {note}
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## Manufacturer's Warranty {toc}
+
+### The membrane manufacturer shall provide a written warranty to the Owner of the type indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer's Warranty Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Materials-only warranty"
+ - "System warranty covering labor and materials"
+```
+
+### A system warranty is offered by the manufacturer only where an approved applicator installed the membrane and the manufacturer's representative inspected the work, which is why this standard requires both; a materials-only warranty covers the product in the pail and leaves workmanship to the installer's warranty alone. {note}
+
+### The manufacturer's warranty shall run for not less than the period indicated in the datasheet from the date of substantial completion.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer's Warranty Period
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 30
+ setpoints: [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30]
+```
+
+### The warranty shall identify the membrane system, the configuration of each area, the areas covered, and the warranted scope as documented by the test reports and the as-installed drawings.
+
+## Installer's Warranty {toc}
+
+### The applicator shall provide a written warranty to the Owner against defects in workmanship and against water infiltration through the installed system for not less than the period indicated in the datasheet from the date of substantial completion.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Installer's Workmanship Warranty Period
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 5
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 5]
+default: 2
+```
+
+### The installer's warranty shall be in addition to the manufacturer's warranty and not in place of it.
+
+### Work performed under the installer's warranty shall itself be warranted for a full new term equal to the original period measured from the date the correction is completed, or for the remainder of the original period, whichever ends later.
+
+### The Contractor's cost of a warranty correction shall include removal and replacement of the overburden, protection course, drainage composite, and root barrier needed to reach the membrane, and repair of finishes damaged in gaining access.
+
+## Exclusions {toc}
+
+### Warranty exclusions shall not relieve the Contractor of responsibility for a failure caused by substrate preparation, application, or material handling that deviates from the reviewed submittals or from this standard.
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the proposed exclusion language with the sample warranty forms, and the Owner shall accept or reject it before the warranty is executed.
+
+### Exclusions for structural failure of the building, for damage by other trades after the membrane was protected and accepted, and for alterations to the assembly by others are customary. {note}
+
+# Maintenance {toc}
+
+## Deck drains, planter drains, and overflow paths shall be kept clear by the Owner, and the maintenance data shall say so.
+
+## An exposed traffic membrane shall be inspected by the Owner at the interval the manufacturer publishes for wear, loss of skid resistance, and damage, and shall be recoated before the wear coat is worn through.
+
+## Any future penetration of the membrane for new work shall be made and re-flashed by an applicator approved for the installed system, and the repaired area shall be integrity-tested.
+
+## A blocked drain turns a free-draining deck into a membrane under sustained head, and it is the most common cause of distress in an otherwise sound installation. {note}