Foundation Drainage
Corpus sync: neutrality remakes, note hygiene, datasheet relocation, transformer-split cross-refs
Showing changes from Rev 3
to Rev 4
in Foundation Drainage.
---
title: Foundation Drainage
…102 unchanged lines
- "Manufacturer's written warranty for sump pumps, controls, check valves"
- "Operation and maintenance manual"
−default: [Record drawings — as-installed alignment, inverts, cleanouts, discharge, Functional flow test report signed by testing technician, Sump pump start-up report — pump down test, alarm, float setpoints, Manufacturer's written warranty for sump pumps, controls, check valves, Operation and maintenance manual]
+default:
+ - "Record drawings — as-installed alignment, inverts, cleanouts, discharge"
+ - "Functional flow test report signed by testing technician"
+ - "Sump pump start-up report — pump down test, alarm, float setpoints"
+ - "Manufacturer's written warranty for sump pumps, controls, check valves"
+ - "Operation and maintenance manual"
```
…98 unchanged lines
```
−# Materials {toc}
+# Perimeter Drain Pipe {toc}
−## Perimeter Drain Pipe {toc}
+## The perimeter drain pipe shall be a perforated thermoplastic pipe of sufficient diameter and stiffness to carry the design flow and to resist construction and backfill loads.
−### The perimeter drain pipe shall be a perforated thermoplastic pipe of sufficient diameter and stiffness to carry the design flow and to resist construction and backfill loads.
+## Three thermoplastic pipe types are accepted by this standard for foundation drainage service: corrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe, smooth-wall high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe, and smooth-wall poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) pipe.
−### Three thermoplastic pipe types are accepted by this standard for foundation drainage service: corrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe, smooth-wall high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe, and smooth-wall poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) pipe.
+## Perimeter Drain Pipe Type Datasheet {toc}
−### Perimeter Drain Pipe Type Datasheet {toc}
−
```datasheet
label: Perimeter Drain Pipe Type
…8 unchanged lines
```
−### The minimum nominal pipe diameter for foundation drainage shall be 4 in. for residential and light commercial applications.
+## The minimum nominal pipe diameter for foundation drainage shall be 4 in. for residential and light commercial applications.
−### Larger diameters shall be used where the design flow, the total run length, or the available pipe slope requires additional hydraulic capacity.
+## Larger diameters shall be used where the design flow, the total run length, or the available pipe slope requires additional hydraulic capacity.
−### The pipe diameter shall be sized by the Engineer.
+## The pipe diameter shall be sized by the Engineer.
−### Specifying the minimum 4-in. diameter on a long, low-slope run with multiple inlet points is a hydraulic shortcut that produces a hydraulically inadequate system. {note}
+## Specifying the minimum 4-in. diameter on a long, low-slope run with multiple inlet points is a hydraulic shortcut that produces a hydraulically inadequate system. {note}
−### Pipe Diameter and Slope Datasheets {toc}
+## Pipe Diameter and Slope Datasheets {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### Pipe perforations shall be sized and patterned to admit water from the surrounding aggregate envelope without admitting the envelope aggregate itself.
+## Pipe perforations shall be sized and patterned to admit water from the surrounding aggregate envelope without admitting the envelope aggregate itself.
−### Two perforation patterns are commonly available: small circular perforations (typically 3/8 in. diameter) arrayed in rows, and longitudinal slots; where a fine-grained envelope or marginal-gradation backfill is in use, slot perforations sized to the envelope gradation reduce the rate of fines intrusion compared to large circular perforations. {note}
+## Two perforation patterns are commonly available: small circular perforations (typically 3/8 in. diameter) arrayed in rows, and longitudinal slots; where a fine-grained envelope or marginal-gradation backfill is in use, slot perforations sized to the envelope gradation reduce the rate of fines intrusion compared to large circular perforations. {note}
−### The pipe shall be installed with the perforations oriented downward unless the manufacturer's installation instructions specifically direct otherwise.
+## The pipe shall be installed with the perforations oriented downward unless the manufacturer's installation instructions specifically direct otherwise.
−### Downward orientation allows water to enter throughout the entire surrounding envelope and keeps the upper pipe surface available as a freeboard reservoir during peak flow. {note}
+## Downward orientation allows water to enter throughout the entire surrounding envelope and keeps the upper pipe surface available as a freeboard reservoir during peak flow. {note}
−### Perforation Pattern and Orientation Datasheets {toc}
+## Perforation Pattern and Orientation Datasheets {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### A factory-installed geotextile sock around corrugated PE pipe is acceptable as a fines-exclusion device in clean granular soils but shall not be substituted for the perimeter aggregate envelope and the field-installed filter fabric in fine-grained or marginal soils.
+## A factory-installed geotextile sock around corrugated PE pipe is acceptable as a fines-exclusion device in clean granular soils but shall not be substituted for the perimeter aggregate envelope and the field-installed filter fabric in fine-grained or marginal soils.
−### A sock alone in silty or clayey backfill is a known failure mode; the sock clogs from the outside in, the perimeter drain loses inflow capacity, and the system fails silently. {note}
+## A sock alone in silty or clayey backfill is a known failure mode; the sock clogs from the outside in, the perimeter drain loses inflow capacity, and the system fails silently. {note}
−## Drainage Aggregate Envelope {toc}
+# Drainage Aggregate Envelope {toc}
−### The drainage aggregate envelope around the perimeter drain pipe shall be a clean, washed, open-graded crushed stone of sufficient void space to convey water freely to the pipe and of sufficient particle size to be retained by the pipe perforations without entering the pipe.
+## The drainage aggregate envelope around the perimeter drain pipe shall be a clean, washed, open-graded crushed stone of sufficient void space to convey water freely to the pipe and of sufficient particle size to be retained by the pipe perforations without entering the pipe.
−### The two most common gradations accepted by this standard are AASHTO #57 (nominal 1 in. top size) and AASHTO #67 (nominal 3/4 in. top size); both are washed open-graded materials available throughout the US construction market. {note}
+## The two most common gradations accepted by this standard are AASHTO #57 (nominal 1 in. top size) and AASHTO #67 (nominal 3/4 in. top size); both are washed open-graded materials available throughout the US construction market. {note}
−### Drainage Envelope Aggregate Gradation Datasheet {toc}
+## Drainage Envelope Aggregate Gradation Datasheet {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### The aggregate shall be washed at the source to remove fines (material passing the No. 200 sieve).
+## The aggregate shall be washed at the source to remove fines (material passing the No. 200 sieve).
−### Unwashed pit-run stone with significant fines content shall not be used in the drainage envelope, even where the parent gradation envelope is correct.
+## Unwashed pit-run stone with significant fines content shall not be used in the drainage envelope, even where the parent gradation envelope is correct.
−### The aggregate gradation report submitted before delivery shall confirm both the size gradation and the percent passing the No. 200 sieve (which should be less than 2 percent).
+## The aggregate gradation report submitted before delivery shall confirm both the size gradation and the percent passing the No. 200 sieve (which should be less than 2 percent).
−### Envelope Dimension Datasheets {toc}
+## Envelope Dimension Datasheets {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−## Filter Fabric {toc}
+# Filter Fabric {toc}
−### A nonwoven needle-punched geotextile filter fabric shall be installed around the drainage aggregate envelope, separating it from the native soil or backfill on all sides.
+## A nonwoven needle-punched geotextile filter fabric shall be installed around the drainage aggregate envelope, separating it from the native soil or backfill on all sides.
−### The fabric shall pass water freely from the soil into the envelope while retaining soil fines that would migrate into and clog the envelope under groundwater flow.
+## The fabric shall pass water freely from the soil into the envelope while retaining soil fines that would migrate into and clog the envelope under groundwater flow.
−### The fabric is the long-term protection that determines whether the drainage envelope retains its design void space through the service life of the building; an aggregate envelope without filter fabric, or with the wrong filter fabric, is a one-season drainage system. {note}
+## The fabric is the long-term protection that determines whether the drainage envelope retains its design void space through the service life of the building; an aggregate envelope without filter fabric, or with the wrong filter fabric, is a one-season drainage system. {note}
−### Filter Fabric Type Datasheet {toc}
+## Filter Fabric Type Datasheet {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### The fabric shall meet the following performance properties, with test reports submitted before installation.
+## The fabric shall meet the following performance properties, with test reports submitted before installation.
−### Filter Fabric Performance Property Datasheets {toc}
+## Filter Fabric Performance Property Datasheets {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### Where the in-situ soil is fine-grained, dispersive, internally unstable (gap-graded), or otherwise of questionable filter compatibility with the proposed AOS, a soil-geotextile gradient ratio evaluation per ASTM D5101 shall be performed before fabric selection is finalized.
+## Where the in-situ soil is fine-grained, dispersive, internally unstable (gap-graded), or otherwise of questionable filter compatibility with the proposed AOS, a soil-geotextile gradient ratio evaluation per ASTM D5101 shall be performed before fabric selection is finalized.
−### The gradient ratio test identifies clogging potential and piping potential that are not predictable from AOS and permittivity alone. {note}
+## The gradient ratio test identifies clogging potential and piping potential that are not predictable from AOS and permittivity alone. {note}
−### A gradient ratio greater than 3 indicates clogging risk and the fabric specification shall be revised before installation.
+## A gradient ratio greater than 3 indicates clogging risk and the fabric specification shall be revised before installation.
−### The geotechnical engineer is responsible for identifying soils that require this evaluation, and the Contractor shall not waive this requirement on the basis of a "standard" fabric specification.
+## The geotechnical engineer is responsible for identifying soils that require this evaluation, and the Contractor shall not waive this requirement on the basis of a "standard" fabric specification.
−### Gradient Ratio Evaluation Datasheet {toc}
+## Gradient Ratio Evaluation Datasheet {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−## Drainage Composite (Walls) {toc}
+# Drainage Composite (Walls) {toc}
−### A prefabricated drainage composite, also termed a drainage board or geocomposite drainage panel, shall be installed against the waterproofed face of below-grade walls where the design groundwater condition is hydrostatic or intermittently hydrostatic.
+## A prefabricated drainage composite, also termed a drainage board or geocomposite drainage panel, shall be installed against the waterproofed face of below-grade walls where the design groundwater condition is hydrostatic or intermittently hydrostatic.
−### The composite consists of a dimpled or molded HDPE core that provides an open flow channel against the wall, faced on the soil side by a nonwoven geotextile filter fabric that retains backfill fines, and serves three functions: a high-transmissivity vertical drainage path conveying groundwater downward to the perimeter drain, relief of hydrostatic pressure against the waterproofing membrane, and protection of the membrane from mechanical damage during backfill. {note}
+## The composite consists of a dimpled or molded HDPE core that provides an open flow channel against the wall, faced on the soil side by a nonwoven geotextile filter fabric that retains backfill fines, and serves three functions: a high-transmissivity vertical drainage path conveying groundwater downward to the perimeter drain, relief of hydrostatic pressure against the waterproofing membrane, and protection of the membrane from mechanical damage during backfill. {note}
−### Drainage Composite Requirement Datasheet {toc}
+## Drainage Composite Requirement Datasheet {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### Drainage Composite Core and Transmissivity Datasheets {toc}
+## Drainage Composite Core and Transmissivity Datasheets {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### Compressive creep resistance per ASTM D7140 shall be considered for deep walls where soil overburden produces sustained pressure on the composite core.
+## Compressive creep resistance per ASTM D7140 shall be considered for deep walls where soil overburden produces sustained pressure on the composite core.
−### A core that loses thickness under sustained load loses the void space that provides its drainage capacity, and a single transmissivity report at low pressure is not a sufficient design basis for deep applications. {note}
+## A core that loses thickness under sustained load loses the void space that provides its drainage capacity, and a single transmissivity report at low pressure is not a sufficient design basis for deep applications. {note}
−### The drainage composite face filter fabric shall meet the same performance properties specified in the Filter Fabric section above.
+## The drainage composite face filter fabric shall meet the same performance properties specified in the Filter Fabric section above.
−### Compatibility of the composite manufacturer's factory-laminated fabric with the in-situ backfill soil shall be confirmed before specification.
+## Compatibility of the composite manufacturer's factory-laminated fabric with the in-situ backfill soil shall be confirmed before specification.
−### The factory fabric is fixed when the composite is ordered and cannot be field-substituted. {note}
+## The factory fabric is fixed when the composite is ordered and cannot be field-substituted. {note}
−### The composite shall be installed with the dimpled core against the wall and the fabric face outward (against the soil).
+## The composite shall be installed with the dimpled core against the wall and the fabric face outward (against the soil).
−### The bottom edge of the composite shall terminate at or extend slightly below the top of the perimeter drain aggregate envelope so that water collected in the composite is conveyed directly into the envelope, not deposited at the soil-envelope interface where fabric clogging can occur.
+## The bottom edge of the composite shall terminate at or extend slightly below the top of the perimeter drain aggregate envelope so that water collected in the composite is conveyed directly into the envelope, not deposited at the soil-envelope interface where fabric clogging can occur.
−### Drainage Composite Bottom Termination Datasheet {toc}
+## Drainage Composite Bottom Termination Datasheet {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−## Sump Pit and Pump Assembly {toc}
+# Sump Pit and Pump Assembly {toc}
−### Where gravity discharge is not feasible — typically because no point on the perimeter drain is high enough above an available outlet to maintain positive slope — collected water shall be conveyed to a sump pit and pumped through a discharge line to the discharge destination.
+## Where gravity discharge is not feasible — typically because no point on the perimeter drain is high enough above an available outlet to maintain positive slope — collected water shall be conveyed to a sump pit and pumped through a discharge line to the discharge destination.
−### The sump pit shall be sized to receive the design flow at peak conditions and to provide sufficient working volume between pump-on and pump-off setpoints to limit pump cycling.
+## The sump pit shall be sized to receive the design flow at peak conditions and to provide sufficient working volume between pump-on and pump-off setpoints to limit pump cycling.
−### A pump that cycles excessively due to an undersized pit fails prematurely. {note}
+## A pump that cycles excessively due to an undersized pit fails prematurely. {note}
−### Minimum pit interior diameter for residential applications is 18 in., and commercial applications shall be sized by the Engineer to the design flow and the pump curve.
+## Minimum pit interior diameter for residential applications is 18 in., and commercial applications shall be sized by the Engineer to the design flow and the pump curve.
−### Sump Pit Diameter Datasheet {toc}
+## Sump Pit Diameter Datasheet {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### Sump Pump Configuration Datasheet {toc}
+## Sump Pump Configuration Datasheet {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### A pump that does not have backup against its own failure or against utility power failure is a pump that has not been protected against its two most common failure modes. {note}
+## A pump that does not have backup against its own failure or against utility power failure is a pump that has not been protected against its two most common failure modes. {note}
−### Battery backup, generator backup, or duplex configuration shall be provided for any sump serving a finished or occupied below-grade space.
+## Battery backup, generator backup, or duplex configuration shall be provided for any sump serving a finished or occupied below-grade space.
−### Sump Pump Backup and Alarm Datasheets {toc}
+## Sump Pump Backup and Alarm Datasheets {toc}
```datasheet
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```
−### A high-water alarm float independent of the pump on/off floats shall be provided in every sump pit so that a pump failure is detected before water level reaches a flooding elevation.
+## A high-water alarm float independent of the pump on/off floats shall be provided in every sump pit so that a pump failure is detected before water level reaches a flooding elevation.
−### The alarm shall be audible at the sump and shall, for commercial and institutional buildings, report to the building management system or to a monitored alarm service.
+## The alarm shall be audible at the sump and shall, for commercial and institutional buildings, report to the building management system or to a monitored alarm service.
−### The pump discharge piping shall include a check valve to prevent backflow of discharged water into the pit when the pump cycles off, and a union or other dismantling connection to permit pump removal for service without cutting the discharge piping.
+## The pump discharge piping shall include a check valve to prevent backflow of discharged water into the pit when the pump cycles off, and a union or other dismantling connection to permit pump removal for service without cutting the discharge piping.
−### The check valve shall be installed in a horizontal or near-vertical orientation per manufacturer instructions and shall be accessible for service.
+## The check valve shall be installed in a horizontal or near-vertical orientation per manufacturer instructions and shall be accessible for service.
−### Sump Discharge Check Valve Datasheet {toc}
+## Sump Discharge Check Valve Datasheet {toc}
```datasheet
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## The pit shall be sized for the design flow and the pump curve to limit cycling to manufacturer-recommended frequency.