+---
+title: Facility Liquefied-Petroleum and Fuel Gas Piping
+category: Mechanical / Piping & Pumps
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: interior natural gas and LP (propane/butane) fuel gas distribution piping
+ inside and immediately serving commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings - from
+ the building entry, utility meter/regulator set, or LP tank connection through to individual
+ appliance connections. Covers piping materials (Schedule 40 steel, CSST, copper, buried PE),
+ joints, pressure regulators, relief devices, shutoff valves, flexible appliance connectors,
+ sizing and pressure-drop, bonding, and pressure testing at low (up to 2 psi) and medium
+ (2-5 psi) interior pressures for boiler plants, commercial kitchens, laboratories, process
+ heating, and standby generator fuel trains.
+ Not intended for: site natural gas service piping from the street main to the meter
+ ([[sync/natural-gas-piping]]); fuel oil storage and distribution ([[sync/fuel-oil-systems]]);
+ gas-fired combustion equipment, burners, and venting ([[sync/boilers]], [[sync/furnaces]]);
+ LP bulk storage tank design and siting (NFPA 58 Chapter 6, building/site scope); compressed
+ air piping ([[sync/compressed-air-systems]]); gas equipment control and instrumentation
+ ([[sync/hvac-controls-instrumentation]]); underground site distribution mains beyond the
+ foundation line; and industrial process piping above 125 psi (ASME B31.3).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers interior fuel gas distribution piping conveying natural gas or liquefied-petroleum (LP) gas within and immediately serving commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings.
+
+## The covered system extends from the building point of entry, utility meter and regulator set, or LP storage-tank connection through to the connection at each gas-fired appliance or equipment item.
+
+## Provide all piping, fittings, joints, pressure regulators, relief devices, shutoff and isolation valves, flexible appliance connectors, bonding, identification, and testing necessary for a complete and operable fuel gas distribution system.
+
+### Natural gas and LP gas are conveyed by physically distinct systems whose engineering differs in ways that touch nearly every clause of this standard. Natural gas is lighter than air (specific gravity approximately 0.60) and disperses upward on release; LP gas is denser than air (specific gravity approximately 1.52) and pools in low points, pits, and floor channels on release. This density difference changes pipe sizing tables, leak migration behavior, ventilation and detection strategy, and material compatibility, which is why LP and natural gas distribution are governed by separate code chapters and are kept distinct in this standard. {note}
+
+## The system shall be installed in accordance with the National Fuel Gas Code (NFPA 54 / ANSI Z223.1) or the International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC), whichever is adopted by the authority having jurisdiction, and with NFPA 58 for all LP gas portions.
+
+### Where the jurisdiction adopts the IFGC in lieu of or alongside NFPA 54, both documents cover the same core requirements and the locally adopted code governs; conflicts are resolved in favor of the more stringent provision. {note}
+
+## Boundaries {toc}
+
+### Site natural gas service piping from the street main to the building meter is furnished under the serving utility's scope and is specified in [[sync/natural-gas-piping]], not here. {note}
+
+### Fuel oil storage tanks, day tanks, and fuel oil distribution piping are excluded and are covered by [[sync/fuel-oil-systems]]. {note}
+
+### Gas-fired boilers, burners, combustion controls, and appliance venting are excluded; this standard stops at the appliance shutoff and connector. See [[sync/boilers]] and [[sync/furnaces]]. {note}
+
+### LP bulk storage tank design, siting setbacks, and fill connections are governed by NFPA 58 Chapter 6 as a building and site design matter and are outside this interior-piping standard. {note}
+
+### Compressed air distribution piping is excluded and is covered by [[sync/compressed-air-systems]]. {note}
+
+### Control and instrumentation associated with gas equipment - flame-safeguard, modulating gas valves, and combustion sensors - are excluded and are covered by [[sync/hvac-controls-instrumentation]]. {note}
+
+### Industrial process piping operating above 125 psi is governed by ASME B31.3 and is outside the facility building-distribution scope of this standard. {note}
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited or the authority having jurisdiction has adopted a different edition.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| NFPA 54 / ANSI Z223.1 | National Fuel Gas Code |
+| NFPA 58 | Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code |
+| IFGC | International Fuel Gas Code |
+| ASME B31.2 | Fuel Gas Piping |
+| ASTM A53 / A53M | Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless |
+| ASTM A234 | Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service |
+| ASTM D2513 | Polyethylene (PE) Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings |
+| ANSI LC-1 / CSA 6.26 | Fuel Gas Piping Systems Using Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing (CSST) |
+| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code (Article 250, Grounding and Bonding) |
+| UL 144 | LP-Gas Regulators |
+| UL 132 | Safety Relief Valves for Anhydrous Ammonia and LP-Gas |
+| ANSI Z21.15 / CSA 9.1 | Manually Operated Gas Valves for Appliances, Appliance Connector Valves and Hose End Valves |
+| ANSI Z21.41 / CSA 6.9 | Quick-Disconnect Devices for Use With Gas Fuel |
+| ANSI Z21.45 / CSA 8.3 | Flexible Connectors of Other Than All-Metal Construction for Gas Appliances |
+| NFPA 101 | Life Safety Code |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review before fabrication or installation:
+
+- Gas piping plans and isometrics showing pipe material, size, routing, and operating pressure of each segment.
+- Pipe sizing calculations indicating the demand load, longest equivalent run, allowable pressure drop, and the sizing table or manufacturer chart used.
+- Product data for pipe, fittings, valves, regulators, relief devices, and flexible connectors, including listing marks and pressure ratings.
+- Manufacturer's design and installation guide and sizing charts for any CSST system proposed.
+- Pressure regulator selection data showing inlet pressure, outlet set pressure, and capacity at the design load.
+- Bonding and grounding details for the gas piping system, including CSST bonding-conductor size and routing where CSST is used.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Gas piping plans and isometrics
+ - Pipe sizing calculations
+ - Product data (pipe, fittings, valves, regulators, relief)
+ - CSST manufacturer design and installation guide
+ - Regulator selection and capacity data
+ - Bonding and grounding details
+default:
+ - Gas piping plans and isometrics
+ - Pipe sizing calculations
+ - Product data (pipe, fittings, valves, regulators, relief)
+ - Regulator selection and capacity data
+ - Bonding and grounding details
+```
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+
+- Welder qualification records (WPS and PQR) for any welded steel gas piping.
+- CSST installer training or certification evidence where required by the manufacturer's listing.
+- Manufacturer's installation instructions for regulators, relief valves, and seismic shutoff devices.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Welder qualification records (WPS/PQR)
+ - CSST installer certification
+ - Regulator and relief manufacturer instructions
+ - Seismic shutoff device instructions
+default:
+ - Manufacturer instructions
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals before final acceptance:
+
+- Signed pressure test report for each tested section, recording test medium, pressure, duration, and result.
+- Purging record confirming the system was purged of air or test gas before being placed in service.
+- As-built drawings showing final routing, valve locations, and operating pressures.
+- Regulator set-pressure and lock-up verification records.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Pressure test reports
+ - Purging records
+ - As-built drawings
+ - Regulator set-pressure verification
+default:
+ - Pressure test reports
+ - Purging records
+ - As-built drawings
+ - Regulator set-pressure verification
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Welders performing joints on steel gas piping shall be qualified in accordance with ASME Section IX or the qualification procedures of NFPA 54.
+
+## CSST shall be installed only by personnel trained in the specific listed CSST system, where such training is required by the manufacturer's listing and installation instructions.
+
+## All piping components shall be listed or labeled by a nationally recognized testing laboratory for fuel gas service at the design operating pressure.
+
+### Component listings are not interchangeable between gas services: a regulator listed for natural gas is not acceptable on an LP system. {note}
+
+## Relief devices on LP gas systems shall be listed to UL 132.
+
+## The installation shall be inspected and accepted by the authority having jurisdiction before the system is placed in service.
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall confirm the gas service - natural gas or LP gas - and the design delivery pressure with the serving utility or LP supplier before sizing and material selection.
+
+### Gas type and operating-pressure tier are the two decisions that cascade through the entire design: they set the pipe material, schedule, valve pressure rating, regulator strategy, and which sizing table applies. {note}
+
+### LP gas carries roughly 2.5 times the heating value per cubic foot of natural gas but a much higher specific gravity, so LP and natural gas use different sizing tables; applying natural gas tables to an LP system oversizes the pipe and understates velocity, which can mask regulator instability. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Fuel Gas Service
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Natural gas
+ - LP gas (propane)
+ - LP gas (butane)
+default: Natural gas
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: System Operating Pressure Tier
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Low pressure (up to 0.5 psi / 14 in. WC)
+ - Standard low pressure (0.5 to 2 psi)
+ - Medium pressure (2 to 5 psi)
+ - High pressure (above 5 psi to 125 psi)
+default: Low pressure (up to 0.5 psi / 14 in. WC)
+```
+
+## Interior piping operating above 5 psi shall not be installed in concealed locations unless enclosed in an approved gastight conduit vented to the outdoors.
+
+### NFPA 54 limits concealed interior piping to 5 psi precisely to keep a higher-pressure leak from accumulating inside a wall or chase; medium-pressure distribution above 5 psi inside an occupied building is a frequent and serious code violation. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design Delivery Pressure at Appliance
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 7 in. WC (natural gas low pressure)
+ - 11 in. WC (LP gas low pressure)
+ - 2 psi (medium-pressure two-stage)
+ - 5 psi (medium-pressure two-stage)
+default: 7 in. WC (natural gas low pressure)
+```
+
+# Pipe Materials and Joints {toc}
+
+## Schedule 40 black steel pipe to ASTM A53/A53M Grade B is the default material for interior low- and medium-pressure fuel gas distribution and shall be used unless an alternative listed material is specified.
+
+### Threaded malleable-iron fittings are acceptable for steel piping sized 1/2 in. through 4 in. NPS at low and medium pressure. {note}
+
+## Butt-weld fittings to ASTM A234 WPB shall be used on welded headers 1 in. NPS and larger.
+
+## Copper tubing shall not be used for undiluted LP gas service.
+
+### LP gas can react with copper and copper alloys, so NFPA 54 and most jurisdictions prohibit copper for undiluted LP. {note}
+
+## Steel pipe or listed CSST shall be used for LP gas systems.
+
+## Copper Type L or Type K hard-drawn tubing with flare or brazed joints may be used for natural gas only where permitted by the authority having jurisdiction.
+
+## Corrugated stainless steel tubing (CSST) shall be a complete listed system to ANSI LC-1 / CSA 6.26 and shall be installed strictly per the manufacturer's design and installation guide.
+
+### CSST is dominant in light-commercial and retrofit work because it routes around structure without threaded joints, but it is a listed system, not a generic material - the tubing, fittings, and bonding are qualified together and cannot be mixed across manufacturers. {note}
+
+## Polyethylene (PE) pipe to ASTM D2513, SDR 11 minimum, shall be used only for buried exterior runs and shall transition to steel before entering the building.
+
+## PE pipe shall not penetrate fire-rated assemblies and shall not be run inside the building.
+
+## A listed PE-to-steel transition fitting shall be provided at the building entry point where PE pipe is used.
+
+## For LP gas service, PE pipe operating pressure shall not exceed 30 psi per NFPA 58.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Primary Interior Pipe Material
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Schedule 40 black steel, threaded
+ - Schedule 40 black steel, butt-welded
+ - CSST (listed system)
+ - Copper Type L (natural gas only)
+default: Schedule 40 black steel, threaded
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Buried Run Material (tank/meter to building)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - PE SDR 11 (ASTM D2513)
+ - Coated and wrapped Schedule 40 steel
+ - Not applicable (no buried run)
+default: Not applicable (no buried run)
+```
+
+## Joining and Sealing {toc}
+
+### Threaded joints shall be made up with PTFE tape or pipe-joint compound listed and approved for fuel gas service, applied to the male threads only.
+
+### Only yellow gas-rated PTFE tape or a UL-listed gas-rated thread compound shall be used; standard white plumbing PTFE tape is not rated for gas service.
+
+### Standard white PTFE tape is a frequent source of field RFIs when the wrong product is specified. {note}
+
+### Threaded unions and dresser couplings shall not be installed in concealed locations; concealed joints shall be butt-welded steel or listed CSST fittings.
+
+### Welded steel joints shall be made by qualified welders using procedures qualified to ASME Section IX or NFPA 54.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Steel Pipe Joining Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Threaded (low/medium pressure, exposed)
+ - Butt-welded (headers and concealed runs)
+ - Combination threaded and welded
+default: Threaded (low/medium pressure, exposed)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Thread Sealant
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Yellow gas-rated PTFE tape
+ - UL-listed gas-rated thread compound
+default: UL-listed gas-rated thread compound
+```
+
+# Pressure Regulation {toc}
+
+## LP gas systems shall use two-stage pressure regulation, with a first-stage regulator at the tank and a second-stage regulator at the building or branch.
+
+### Two-stage regulation is required because reducing tank pressure - which varies from roughly 100 to 200 psi with temperature - directly to appliance pressure in a single step produces unstable delivery pressure and is not code-compliant for building installations. {note}
+
+### The first stage typically reduces tank pressure to an intermediate value of about 10 psig, and the second stage reduces that to the appliance delivery pressure of 11 in. WC for standard LP appliances. {note}
+
+## LP gas regulators shall be listed to UL 144 and selected for the design inlet pressure, outlet set pressure, and capacity at the connected load.
+
+## Regulator vents shall be terminated outdoors.
+
+## Regulator vent terminations shall be protected against blockage and weather.
+
+## Regulator vent terminations shall be located away from sources of ignition and building air intakes.
+
+```datasheet
+label: LP Regulation Configuration
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Two-stage (first stage at tank, second stage at building)
+ - Two-stage (first stage at tank, second stage at branch)
+ - Integral two-stage (single body, tank-mounted)
+default: Two-stage (first stage at tank, second stage at building)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: First-Stage Regulator Outlet Set Pressure
+type: range
+unit: psig
+min: 5
+max: 15
+step: 1
+default: 10
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Second-Stage Regulator Outlet Set Pressure
+type: range
+unit: in. WC
+min: 10
+max: 12
+step: 0.5
+default: 11
+```
+
+# Overpressure and Relief Protection {toc}
+
+## Pressure-relief devices shall be provided where required by NFPA 54 or NFPA 58 to protect downstream components from overpressure.
+
+## Relief valves on LP gas systems shall be listed to UL 132 and set no higher than the rated working pressure of the component they protect.
+
+### On LP systems, liquid-side relief is typically set at about 250 psi and vapor-distribution relief at roughly 5 to 15 psi, matched to the protected component's rating. {note}
+
+## Relief and regulator vent discharges shall be piped to a safe outdoor location and shall not discharge into a building, pit, or area where gas could accumulate.
+
+### Because LP vapor is heavier than air, relief discharge points and any low-point accumulation areas must be evaluated for pooling; terminating discharge low or near a pit defeats the protection. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Vapor-Side Relief Set Pressure
+type: range
+unit: psi
+min: 5
+max: 15
+step: 1
+default: 10
+```
+
+# Valves and Shutoffs {toc}
+
+## A manual main gas shutoff valve shall be provided at the building entry.
+
+## The main gas shutoff valve shall be readily accessible.
+
+## The main gas shutoff valve shall be identified with a permanent tag.
+
+### The main shutoff at the building entry is the first device emergency responders and operators reach for; NFPA 54 requires it to be accessible and identified, and a lockable handle is recommended for security in commercial occupancies. {note}
+
+## An accessible manual shutoff valve shall be provided ahead of each appliance or equipment item, upstream of the regulator and flexible connector.
+
+## Manual shutoff valves shall be listed to ANSI Z21.15 / CSA 9.1 for the gas service and pressure of the segment in which they are installed.
+
+## Where required by the authority having jurisdiction in seismic regions, an automatic seismic gas shutoff valve shall be installed at the building entry.
+
+### California, Oregon, and Nevada require automatic seismic shutoff valves in defined seismic design categories; projects in these jurisdictions that omit them will fail inspection. {note}
+
+### Seismic shutoff valves typically trip at 0.15g to 0.25g horizontal ground acceleration per the locally adopted code. {note}
+
+## An electrically operated emergency shutoff valve interconnected with the fire alarm system or a manual pull station shall be provided at the building entry where required by NFPA 54, NFPA 101, or the authority having jurisdiction in commercial occupancies.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Equipment Isolation Valve Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Lubricated plug valve
+ - Lever-handle ball valve (listed for gas)
+ - Listed gas cock
+default: Lever-handle ball valve (listed for gas)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Seismic Gas Shutoff Valve
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Required (seismic jurisdiction)
+ - Not required
+default: Not required
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Emergency Shutoff Interconnected With Fire Alarm
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Required
+ - Not required
+default: Not required
+```
+
+# Appliance Connections {toc}
+
+## Flexible appliance connectors shall be listed to ANSI Z21.45 / CSA 8.3 and shall not exceed 6 ft (72 in.) in length.
+
+## Flexible appliance connectors shall not pass through walls, floors, ceilings, or partitions.
+
+## A new listed flexible connector shall be provided at each reconnected appliance.
+
+### Corrugated stainless-steel appliance connectors are not reusable after disconnection; reusing one risks a fatigue failure at the corrugations, so reconnected equipment always gets a new connector. {note}
+
+## Quick-disconnect devices used with movable gas appliances shall be listed to ANSI Z21.41 / CSA 6.9.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Appliance Connector Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Corrugated stainless steel (Z21.45)
+ - Semi-rigid copper (natural gas only)
+default: Corrugated stainless steel (Z21.45)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Appliance Connector Maximum Length
+type: range
+unit: in.
+min: 18
+max: 72
+step: 6
+default: 48
+```
+
+# Pipe Sizing and Pressure Drop {toc}
+
+## Piping shall be sized for the connected demand load at the design operating pressure so that the pressure drop from the meter or regulator to the most remote appliance outlet does not exceed the allowable value.
+
+### Low-pressure systems shall be sized to a maximum pressure drop of 0.5 in. WC by default per the NFPA 54 sizing tables; medium-pressure systems may be sized to a 1 psi maximum drop. {note}
+
+### Natural gas piping shall be sized using the NFPA 54 Schedule 40 steel table at specific gravity 0.60; LP gas piping shall be sized using the LP table at specific gravity 1.52; CSST shall be sized using the listed manufacturer's charts. {note}
+
+## The sizing basis shall account for identified future loads, and capped stub-outs or oversized mains shall be provided where future equipment is identified.
+
+### Omitting future-load provisions is a common and costly mistake: adding capacity after the fact often means replacing entire mains, so the sizing basis should state which future loads are included. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pipe Sizing Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Longest-length method (NFPA 54 Annex C)
+ - Branch-length method
+ - CSST manufacturer sizing chart
+default: Longest-length method (NFPA 54 Annex C)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Allowable Pressure Drop
+type: range
+unit: in. WC
+min: 0.3
+max: 3
+step: 0.1
+default: 0.5
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Total Connected Demand Load
+type: range
+unit: MBH
+min: 100
+max: 5000
+step: 50
+default: 1000
+drawing_ref: "appliance schedule"
+```
+
+# Bonding and Electrical Continuity {toc}
+
+## The gas piping system shall be bonded to the building grounding electrode system in accordance with NEC Article 250.
+
+## Standard-jacket CSST shall be bonded with a dedicated bonding conductor not smaller than 6 AWG copper, run from the CSST system to the grounding electrode system.
+
+### Connecting CSST only to a grounded appliance does not satisfy the bonding requirement; standard-jacket CSST needs a dedicated bonding conductor back to the grounding electrode to dissipate energy from a nearby lightning strike. {note}
+
+## Listed arc-resistant-jacket CSST may use the single-point bonding method permitted by its listing where accepted by the authority having jurisdiction.
+
+### Arc-resistant CSST (a listed conductive or jacketed system) carries relaxed bonding rules under ANSI LC-1; that relaxation applies only when the specific listed product and the manufacturer's instructions are explicitly invoked and the authority having jurisdiction accepts them. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: CSST Bonding Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Dedicated 6 AWG bond to grounding electrode (standard jacket)
+ - Single-point bond per listing (arc-resistant jacket)
+ - Not applicable (no CSST)
+default: Not applicable (no CSST)
+```
+
+# Testing {toc}
+
+## The piping system shall be pressure-tested with air or an inert gas before being placed in service; combustible gas shall not be used as the test medium.
+
+## Systems operating above 0.5 psig shall be tested at not less than 1.5 times the design pressure and not less than 3 psig.
+
+## Low-pressure systems operating at 0.5 psig or less shall be tested at 9 in. WC ± 0.5 in. WC for a minimum of 10 minutes with no observable drop on a manometer.
+
+### The test medium, pressure, and duration must be stated explicitly because using combustible gas to test is prohibited and an under-specified test is a common cause of rejected inspections. {note}
+
+## Leak location shall be performed with a manometer, a listed leak-detection solution, or an electronic gas detector; an open flame shall not be used to check for leaks.
+
+## After successful testing, the system shall be purged of air or test gas in accordance with NFPA 54 before being placed in service.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Test Medium
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Air
+ - Nitrogen
+default: Air
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Test Pressure
+type: range
+unit: psig
+min: 3
+max: 60
+step: 1
+default: 3
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Test Duration
+type: range
+unit: minutes
+min: 10
+max: 240
+step: 10
+default: 30
+```
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Piping shall be installed with adequate support, protection from physical damage, and clearance from sources of heat and corrosion in accordance with NFPA 54.
+
+## CSST without an arc-resistant jacket shall be kept at least 1-1/2 in. clear of electrical wiring and metal objects and shall not contact sharp edges.
+
+## CSST shall not be installed in return-air plenums unless protected by a listed conduit or covering.
+
+## Gas piping penetrating fire-rated walls and floors shall be firestopped with a listed firestop system in accordance with the building code.
+
+### PE pipe cannot penetrate a fire-rated assembly; it must transition to steel before reaching the rated wall or floor, and the steel penetration is then firestopped. {note}
+
+## Piping in egress paths and penetrations of fire-rated assemblies shall be located and protected in accordance with NFPA 101.
+
+## Cold-climate LP systems with high peak demand shall be coordinated with a vaporizer where natural vaporization from the tank is insufficient for the design load.
+
+### Liquid LP must vaporize before it can be burned; in cold climates a high-demand load can outrun the tank's natural vaporization rate, so an electric immersion or atmospheric vaporizer is added - a coordination item with [[sync/boilers]] and the LP supplier. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Concealed Routing Joint Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Butt-welded steel (no unions concealed)
+ - Listed CSST fittings
+ - Not applicable (all exposed)
+default: Butt-welded steel (no unions concealed)
+```
+
+# Identification {toc}
+
+## Gas piping shall be identified with the gas service and flow direction at intervals and at each side of wall penetrations in accordance with the project's piping identification requirements.
+
+## The main shutoff and each equipment isolation valve shall carry a permanent identification tag indicating the equipment served.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pipe Identification Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Color-coded banding with legend
+ - Stenciled service and flow arrows
+ - Snap-around pipe markers
+default: Snap-around pipe markers
+```
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Pipe, fittings, valves, and regulators shall be delivered with end caps or plugs in place and shall be stored to protect threads, sealing surfaces, and listing labels from damage and contamination.
+
+## CSST shall be stored in its original packaging and protected from kinking, abrasion, and ultraviolet exposure until installed.
+
+## Regulators and relief devices shall be kept clean, dry, and protected from impact until set in place.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall warrant the fuel gas piping installation against defects in materials and workmanship for the project warranty period, including correction of leaks discovered during the warranty term.
+
+## Manufacturers' standard warranties for regulators, valves, and CSST systems shall be transferred to the Owner at closeout.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Installation Warranty Period
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 1 year
+ - 2 years
+ - 5 years
+default: 1 year
+```
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall furnish spare appliance connectors, listed thread sealant, and replacement regulator vent screens as identified for Owner maintenance stock.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare Parts Package
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Spare flexible appliance connectors
+ - Listed gas-rated thread sealant
+ - Replacement regulator vent screens
+ - Spare equipment isolation valves
+default:
+ - Spare flexible appliance connectors
+ - Listed gas-rated thread sealant
+```