Engine Generators
Content update
Showing changes from Rev 7
to Rev 8
in Engine Generators.
−---
−title: Engine Generators
−category: Electrical / Power Distribution Equipment
−toc_depth: 3
−description: >
− When to use: Packaged stationary engine-generator sets serving emergency, legally required standby, and optional standby loads in commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings. Covers diesel and natural gas (and bi-fuel) sets typically in the 30 kW to 2 MW range, with on-board sub-base fuel tanks or external fuel supply, paired with an automatic transfer switch (see [[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]]).
− Not intended for: Portable or towable generators, prime power generation in continuous duty service (off-grid or utility-paralleled prime power), grid-tied microgrid inverters or battery storage systems, photovoltaic backup inverters, or stationary fuel cells. Medium-voltage generators above 600V at the generator terminals are also outside this standard's scope.
−---
−
−# Scope {toc}
−
−## This specification covers packaged engine-generator sets and their accessories for emergency, legally required standby, and optional standby power service in accordance with NFPA 70 Articles 700, 701, and 702, and NFPA 110. {note}
−## Each set comprises a reciprocating internal combustion engine, a directly coupled synchronous alternator, a unit-mounted controller, batteries and charging system, cooling and exhaust systems, fuel system, and an enclosure or base, furnished as a single integrated assembly listed to UL 2200. {note}
−
−## A standby generator is part of a system and shall be coordinated with the automatic transfer switch (see [[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]]), the grounding and bonding system (see [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]]), the raceways and conductors that connect it to the distribution system (see [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]] and [[sync/conductors-and-cables]]), the concrete pad or structural support on which it sits (see [[sync/concrete-pads]]), and the equipment identification scheme (see [[sync/equipment-labeling]]).
−
−## The performance commitments in this standard assume those coordinated scopes are in place. {note}
−
−## This standard does not cover prime power generation in continuous duty service. {note}
−
−### Prime and continuous duty ratings per ISO 8528 imply different engine selection, cooling, fuel infrastructure, and maintenance assumptions and are outside scope. {note}
−
−## This standard does not cover paralleled multi-engine plants beyond the basic provisions needed to add a future paralleling cubicle. {note}
−
−### Full paralleled systems with load sharing, synchronizing, and utility paralleling per IEEE 1547 require additional engineering and shall be specified separately.
−
−# Referenced Standards {toc}
−
−## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of the standards listed below.
−
−| Standard | Title |
−|----------|-------|
−| NFPA 110 | Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems |
−| NFPA 37 | Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines |
−| NFPA 30 | Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code |
−| NFPA 54 | National Fuel Gas Code |
−| NFPA 58 | Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code |
−| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code (Articles 445, 700, 701, 702, 705) |
−| NFPA 70E | Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace |
−| UL 2200 | Stationary Engine Generator Assemblies |
−| UL 142 | Steel Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids |
−| UL 2085 | Protected Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids |
−| UL 1236 | Battery Chargers for Charging Engine-Starter Batteries |
−| ISO 8528 | Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Driven Alternating Current Generating Sets |
−| ISO 3046 | Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines — Performance |
−| IEEE 446 | Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications (Orange Book) |
−| IEEE 1547 | Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces |
−| NEMA MG 1 | Motors and Generators |
−| EGSA 100B | Performance Standard for Engine Cranking Batteries |
−| EGSA 101P | Performance Standard for Engine Driven Generator Sets, Prime Mover |
−| EGSA 109C | Code of Practice for Packaged Engine Generator Sets |
−| 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart IIII | Standards of Performance for Stationary Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engines |
−| 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart JJJJ | Standards of Performance for Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines |
−| 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart ZZZZ | NESHAP for Stationary Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines |
−| 40 CFR Part 1039 | Control of Emissions from New and In-Use Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines (Tier 4) |
−| ASCE 7 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures |
−| IBC | International Building Code (seismic and anchorage provisions) |
−| ICC ES AC156 | Acceptance Criteria for Seismic Certification by Shake-Table Testing |
−| NETA ATS | Acceptance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Equipment and Systems |
−
−## Where the contract documents, the adopted building code, or a referenced standard conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
−
−# Submittals {toc}
−
−## Action Submittals {toc}
−
−### Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer's review prior to procurement and fabrication:
−- Product data for the generator set, alternator, controller, battery charger, jacket water heater, enclosure, sub-base fuel tank, exhaust silencer, and all factory-supplied accessories
−- Dimensioned shop drawings showing plan, elevations, conduit and cable entry locations, fuel piping connections, exhaust outlet location, cooling air intake and discharge openings, and required clearances
−- Single-line diagram showing the generator output, neutral treatment, main line breaker, instrument transformers, and control wiring interfaces with the transfer switch
−- Alternator reactance data, decrement curve, and starting kVA / voltage dip analysis for the project's largest motor and step-load profile
−- Site-specific exhaust emissions calculation and compliance documentation for the applicable EPA standard and any state or local air quality permit
−- Sound data showing octave-band sound pressure and overall A-weighted level at 7 m at full load, and predicted sound at the nearest property line or sensitive receptor
−- Fuel consumption table at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% rated load, and calculated runtime at the specified tank capacity
−- Cooling system performance data at the design ambient temperature, including air flow, static pressure available for ductwork, and radiator restriction limits
−- Seismic certification documentation per ICC ES AC156 or per the project's applicable importance factor
−- Genset controller submittal showing NFPA 110 compliance, all configured alarms and shutdowns, and the remote annunciator point list
−- Factory test certificates (production tests per UL 2200 and ISO 8528) and the proposed factory witness test procedure
−
−```datasheet
−label: Action Submittals Required
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Product data for generator and accessories"
− - "Dimensioned shop drawings"
− - "Single-line diagram and control interfaces"
− - "Alternator reactance and starting kVA analysis"
− - "Emissions compliance documentation"
− - "Sound data at 7 m and at property line"
− - "Fuel consumption and runtime calculation"
− - "Cooling performance at design ambient"
− - "Seismic certification (AC156)"
− - "Controller submittal and annunciator point list"
− - "Factory test plan and certificates"
−default:
− - "Product data for generator and accessories"
− - "Dimensioned shop drawings"
− - "Single-line diagram and control interfaces"
− - "Alternator reactance and starting kVA analysis"
− - "Emissions compliance documentation"
− - "Sound data at 7 m and at property line"
− - "Fuel consumption and runtime calculation"
− - "Cooling performance at design ambient"
− - "Seismic certification (AC156)"
− - "Controller submittal and annunciator point list"
− - "Factory test plan and certificates"
−```
−
−### Fabrication shall not proceed until the action submittals are reviewed and returned.
−
−## Closeout Submittals {toc}
−
−### Contractor shall provide the following at substantial completion before the generator is accepted into emergency or standby service:
−- Operation and maintenance manuals, indexed, including engine, alternator, controller, battery charger, and all accessories
−- As-built drawings reflecting installed conduit and fuel pipe routing, exhaust routing, and any field changes
−- Signed and dated NFPA 110 acceptance test record, including the on-site installation test and any required load bank test
−- Factory and field test reports, including infrared scan of all power terminations under load
−- Emissions source test report, where required by the air quality permit
−- Warranty documentation and the start of the warranty period (commencement date)
−- Spare parts inventory list with manufacturer part numbers
−- Owner training sign-off sheet documenting training topics and attendees
−
−```datasheet
−label: Closeout Submittals Required
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Operation and maintenance manuals (indexed)"
− - "As-built drawings (conduit, fuel, exhaust routing)"
− - "Signed NFPA 110 acceptance test record"
− - "Factory and field test reports with infrared scan"
− - "Emissions source test report (where required)"
− - "Warranty documentation with commencement date"
− - "Spare parts inventory list with part numbers"
− - "Owner training sign-off sheet"
−default:
− - "Operation and maintenance manuals (indexed)"
− - "As-built drawings (conduit, fuel, exhaust routing)"
− - "Signed NFPA 110 acceptance test record"
− - "Factory and field test reports with infrared scan"
− - "Warranty documentation with commencement date"
− - "Spare parts inventory list with part numbers"
− - "Owner training sign-off sheet"
−```
−
−# Quality Assurance {toc}
−
−## Manufacturer Qualifications {toc}
−
−### The generator set shall be manufactured by a single company responsible for the engine selection, alternator selection, controller, base/enclosure, and integration.
−
−### The manufacturer shall have a minimum of ten years documented experience producing UL 2200 listed engine-generator sets in the rating range of the project.
−
−### The manufacturer shall maintain an ISO 9001 certified quality management system.
−
−### A factory-authorized service organization shall be located within a service radius such that a field technician with parts can be on site within four hours of notification, 24 hours a day, throughout the warranty period.
−
−### Local service capability is critical for life safety applications; a fast unit price from a manufacturer without local service is a false economy when the set fails during an outage. {note}
−
−## Source Limitations {toc}
−
−### The complete set — engine, alternator, base, controller, battery charger, enclosure, sub-base tank where provided, and exhaust silencer — shall be furnished by the generator manufacturer as an integrated assembly listed to UL 2200.
−
−### Component-by-component assembly by the installing Contractor is not acceptable.
−
−### UL 2200 listing depends on the integrated assembly and not on the components individually. {note}
−
−## Listing and Labeling {toc}
−
−### The complete generator set assembly shall be listed and labeled to UL 2200 by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory.
−
−### The sub-base fuel tank, where provided, shall be listed and labeled to UL 142 or UL 2085 as applicable.
−
−### The battery charger shall be listed to UL 1236.
−
−### The controller and its protective relaying shall be listed for the purpose.
−
−## Testing Personnel Qualifications {toc}
−
−### Field acceptance testing and commissioning shall be performed by technicians certified by NETA, EGSA, or the generator manufacturer's training program.
−
−### Personnel performing NFPA 110 installation acceptance testing shall have documented experience commissioning at least three sets of the same general type and rating class.
−
−# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
−
−## The generator set shall be suitable for continuous operation, under the engine duty class selected, at the site's ambient conditions.
−
−## Where site conditions exceed the standard rating basis, the set shall be derated per ISO 8528 and the alternator and engine selected accordingly.
−
−## The rating shall be confirmed against the site's design ambient.
−
−### Standard rating conditions per ISO 8528 are 25°C ambient, 100 m altitude, 30 percent relative humidity, and 100 kPa barometric pressure; very few real sites match this basis exactly. {note}
−
−## Ambient Temperature {toc}
−
−### The design maximum ambient temperature at the installation shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Design Ambient Temperature (Maximum)
−type: range
−unit: '°C'
−options:
− min: 40
− max: 55
− setpoints: [40, 45, 50, 55]
−default: 40
−```
−
−### 40°C is the standard outdoor enclosure rating; the higher selections apply where the site design ambient exceeds it. {note}
−
−### The cooling system shall be selected so that the engine coolant and after-cooler air temperatures remain within the engine manufacturer's limits at the design ambient with the set carrying its rated load.
−
−### Radiator-cooled sets shall be sized for the air temperature rise through the enclosure plus the design ambient.
−
−### Radiator-cooled sets require extra margin compared to a bare set in open air. {note}
−
−## Altitude {toc}
−
−### The installation altitude shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Installation Altitude
−type: select
−options:
− - "Below 500 ft (150 m) - no derating"
− - "500 to 3,300 ft (150 to 1,000 m) - verify engine derating"
− - "3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m) - engine derating required"
− - "Above 6,600 ft (2,000 m) - consult engine manufacturer"
−default: "Below 500 ft (150 m) - no derating"
−```
−
−### The published kW rating shall be the derated output at the design altitude and ambient, not the standard-condition rating.
−
−### Naturally aspirated diesel engines lose roughly 3 percent of power per 1,000 ft (300 m) above 500 ft (150 m), and additional derating applies above the engine manufacturer's threshold ambient; turbocharged engines hold output longer but eventually derate as well. {note}
−
−## Cold Weather Service {toc}
−
−### The design minimum temperature at the installation shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Design Minimum Temperature
−type: select
−unit: '°C'
−options:
− - "Above 0°C"
− - "0 to −10°C"
− - "−10 to −25°C"
− - "Below −25°C"
−```
−
−### The design minimum temperature is a site climate value; the Engineer takes it from the project's design weather data and it drives the entire cold-start package. {note}
−
−### Where the design minimum temperature is at or below 0°C, cold weather start aids shall be provided as specified in the Engine and Batteries sections.
−
−### NFPA 110 requires Level 1 systems to be capable of starting within 10 seconds of receiving a start signal; meeting this in cold weather requires a properly sized jacket water heater, battery heater pad, and (for very cold climates) lube oil heating. {note}
−
−## Corrosive and Coastal Environments {toc}
−
−### Where the set is installed within 1 mile of a salt water shoreline, in heavy industrial atmospheres, or in chemically aggressive environments, the enclosure paint system, fasteners, and exposed metal components shall be specified for the corrosivity category.
−
−### Stainless steel hardware should be substituted for plated steel at exterior fasteners.
−
−### The enclosure shall receive an enhanced paint system as described under Enclosure.
−
−# Ratings {toc}
−
−## Continuous Output Rating (kW) {toc}
−
−### The generator set continuous output rating at the project's site conditions and duty class shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Generator Continuous Output (Site-Rated kW)
−type: range
−unit: kW
−drawing_ref: "generator schedule"
−options:
− min: 30
− max: 2000
− setpoints: [30, 60, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000]
−default: deferred
−```
−
−### The Engineer shall provide both the standard-condition rating and the site-rated kW on the generator schedule.
−
−### The site-rated kW is the value that matters for connected-load sizing; it is the kW the set will actually deliver after derating for altitude, ambient, and any fuel selection (for example, the natural-gas rating of a dual-fuel engine is generally lower than its diesel rating). {note}
−
−## Duty Class {toc}
−
−### The generator duty class shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Generator Duty Class (per ISO 8528)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Emergency Standby Power (ESP) - variable load, limited hours"
− - "Limited-Time Prime (LTP) - constant load, limited annual hours"
− - "Prime Power (PRP) - variable load, unlimited hours"
− - "Continuous Operating Power (COP) - constant load, unlimited hours"
−default: "Emergency Standby Power (ESP) - variable load, limited hours"
−```
−
−### For a building emergency or standby system per NFPA 110, the Emergency Standby Power (ESP) rating is appropriate; it permits a variable load with average load not exceeding 70 percent of ESP and limited annual run hours. {note}
−
−### Specifying Prime or Continuous for a building standby application over-sizes the set and increases first cost without operational benefit; Prime and Continuous duty classes are appropriate for sets that run as the principal power source. {note}
−
−## Output Voltage and Configuration {toc}
−
−### The alternator output voltage and configuration shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Output Voltage and Configuration
−type: select
−drawing_ref: "one-line diagram"
−options:
− - "208Y/120V, 3Φ 4-wire"
− - "240/120V, 1Φ 3-wire"
− - "240V delta / 120V, 3Φ 4-wire (high-leg)"
− - "480Y/277V, 3Φ 4-wire"
− - "600Y/347V, 3Φ 4-wire"
−default: deferred
−```
−
−### The output frequency shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Output Frequency
−type: radio
−unit: Hz
−options:
− - "60 Hz"
− - "50 Hz"
−default: "60 Hz"
−```
−
−### 60 Hz is the North American norm and is the datasheet default; a 50 Hz set is a distinct engine-alternator selection at a different rated speed, available for systems that operate at that frequency. {note}
−
−### The selected voltage shall match the transfer switch and downstream distribution.
−
−### For commercial and institutional buildings 100 kW and above, 480Y/277V three-phase four-wire is the standard selection because it minimizes feeder copper between the set and the transfer switch; 208Y/120V is appropriate for smaller buildings whose entire distribution is 208Y/120V. {note}
−
−## NFPA 110 Classification {toc}
−
−### NFPA 110 classifies emergency and standby power systems by Level, Type, and Class. {note}
−
−### The project's NFPA 110 Level, Type, and Class shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: NFPA 110 Level
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Level 1 (failure to perform could result in loss of human life or serious injury)"
− - "Level 2 (less critical to human life and safety)"
−default: "Level 1 (failure to perform could result in loss of human life or serious injury)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: NFPA 110 Type (maximum seconds to load)
−type: select
−options:
− - "Type 10 (10 seconds)"
− - "Type 60 (60 seconds)"
− - "Type 120 (120 seconds)"
− - "Type U (uninterruptible)"
−default: "Type 10 (10 seconds)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: NFPA 110 Class (minimum fuel runtime at full load)
−type: select
−options:
− - "Class 2 (2 hours)"
− - "Class 6 (6 hours)"
− - "Class 8 (8 hours)"
− - "Class 24 (24 hours)"
− - "Class 48 (48 hours)"
− - "Class 96 (96 hours)"
−```
−
−### The combination of Level, Type, and Class drives controller requirements, fuel storage, testing, and maintenance; Level 1 systems serve loads where failure to perform could result in loss of human life or serious injury, and Level 2 systems serve loads less critical to human life. {note}
−
−### For NFPA 70 Article 700 emergency systems, Type 10 is the minimum and shall be confirmed on commissioning.
−
−### Type 60 and Type 120 are appropriate for legally required standby and optional standby loads where a longer interruption is acceptable; Type U (uninterruptible) is generally achieved by combining the generator with a UPS that bridges the engine start interval, and the generator alone is not Type U. {note}
−
−### The project's Class shall be the larger of the value required by the AHJ and the value required by the served occupancy.
−
−### Healthcare facilities under NFPA 99 commonly require Class 96, and common-use buildings often default to Class 8. {note}
−
−# Engine {toc}
−
−## The engine shall be a four-stroke, water-cooled, reciprocating internal combustion engine rated by the engine manufacturer for use in stationary engine-generator service, complying with ISO 3046.
−
−## The engine shall be selected so that, at the alternator's rated output and power factor at the site conditions, the engine operates within its continuous rating for the selected duty class.
−
−## Fuel {toc}
−
−### The engine fuel shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Engine Fuel
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Diesel (No. 2 ULSD)"
− - "Natural gas"
− - "Liquefied petroleum (LP) gas"
− - "Bi-fuel (diesel primary, natural gas supplement)"
− - "Dual-fuel (natural gas or diesel, selectable)"
−```
−
−### The Engineer shall confirm the AHJ's position before selecting natural gas for a Level 1 system.
−
−### Fuel selection is a project decision with no universally correct answer, which is why no fuel is preselected here. Diesel No. 2 ultra-low sulfur (ULSD) is the usual choice for sets serving NFPA 110 Level 1 systems because the on-site fuel inventory provides predictable runtime independent of the gas utility; natural gas eliminates on-site fuel storage but ties the set's availability to the gas utility, which is not always acceptable for life-safety loads in seismic or high-wind regions. {note}
−
−### Combustion Air {toc}
−
−#### The engine shall be furnished with a dry-type air cleaner sized for the engine's full-load air flow and the design ambient air quality.
−
−#### Combustion air shall be drawn from outside the enclosure for sound-attenuated and walk-in enclosures, with a service indicator showing filter restriction.
−
−## Engine Mechanical Components {toc}
−
−### Each engine shall be furnished with a lube oil cooler, full-flow lube oil filtration, fuel filtration with water separation (for diesel), thermostatically controlled coolant, a flexible exhaust connection, and a starter motor sized for the engine and the design minimum temperature.
−
−## Emissions {toc}
−
−### The emissions compliance basis for the engine furnished shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Diesel Engine EPA Tier
−type: select
−options:
− - "Tier 2 (existing legacy installation)"
− - "Tier 3"
− - "Tier 4 Interim"
− - "Tier 4 Final"
−default: "Tier 4 Final"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Spark-Ignition Engine Emissions Compliance
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Not applicable — compression-ignition (diesel) engine"
− - "40 CFR Part 60 Subpart JJJJ (emergency rating)"
− - "40 CFR Part 60 Subpart JJJJ (non-emergency rating)"
−```
−
−### Diesel engines installed in stationary service shall comply with the applicable subpart of 40 CFR Part 60 (Subpart IIII for compression-ignition) at the manufacturing date of the engine, and with 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart ZZZZ for in-use operation where applicable.
−
−### Spark-ignition engines on natural gas or LP shall comply with 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart JJJJ.
−
−### Where the AHJ or air permit authorizes a lower tier for emergency-only service, the documentation supporting the lower tier shall be included with the submittal.
−
−### New compression-ignition engines manufactured to current standards meet EPA Tier 4 Final for the regulated power range under 40 CFR Part 1039. {note}
−
−### Tier 4 Final compliance for diesel engines in the typical commercial size range generally requires aftertreatment — diesel oxidation catalyst, diesel particulate filter, and/or selective catalytic reduction with urea (DEF) injection — depending on engine size and the engine manufacturer's certification pathway, and the aftertreatment imposes physical space, exhaust temperature, and consumable handling requirements that shall be coordinated early. {note}
−
−### Annual Run-Hour Limitations {toc}
−
−#### The Engineer shall confirm the project's permit limits and document them in the O&M manual.
−
−#### EPA emergency-engine designations cap non-emergency operating hours, typically at 100 hours per year for maintenance and testing combined, with further restrictions on emergency demand response participation; exceeding the limit re-classifies the engine and triggers additional emission control requirements that may not be practical to add after installation. {note}
−
−## Start Aids {toc}
−
−### Each start aid below is fully determined by the NFPA 110 Type and the design minimum temperature already selected, so each is stated as a requirement rather than offered as a separate project selection. {note}
−
−### Jacket Water Heater {toc}
−
−#### A thermostatically controlled jacket water heater shall be provided on every NFPA 110 Type 10 system and wherever the design minimum temperature is at or below 0°C.
−
−#### The heater shall maintain engine coolant temperature at a value that allows reliable starting within the NFPA 110 Type time.
−
−#### Heater wattage shall be sized for the engine displacement and the design minimum ambient.
−
−#### Power for the heater shall be from a dedicated branch circuit on the normal source so that the heater is energized whenever the engine is not running.
−
−### Battery Heater Pad {toc}
−
−#### Where the design minimum temperature is below 0°C, a thermostatically controlled battery heater pad shall be provided so that cranking capacity is preserved.
−
−#### Lead-acid battery cranking capacity drops sharply below 0°C, and an unheated battery in a cold enclosure may not crank a cold engine within 10 seconds. {note}
−
−### Lube Oil Heater {toc}
−
−#### Where the design minimum temperature is below −15°C, or where the engine manufacturer requires it, a lube oil heater shall be provided.
−
−#### Cold lube oil increases cranking torque and lengthens start time; the heater maintains the oil at a temperature that allows the engine to crank and accept load within the required time. {note}
−
−# Alternator {toc}
−
−## The alternator shall be a brushless, salient pole, synchronous machine with rotating field and permanent magnet generator (PMG) excitation, conforming to NEMA MG 1, Part 32, and rated for the selected duty class per ISO 8528.
−
−## The alternator shall be directly coupled to the engine through a flexible coupling on a common skid.
−
−## Belt-driven or remote-coupled alternators are not acceptable.
−
−## Excitation {toc}
−
−### The alternator excitation type shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Excitation Type
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Permanent magnet generator (PMG) excitation"
− - "Shunt excitation"
−default: "Permanent magnet generator (PMG) excitation"
−```
−
−### PMG excitation provides reliable short-circuit current for a defined time (typically 300 percent of rated current for 10 seconds) and is recommended for any set whose loads include selective coordination requirements or large motor starting; shunt excitation collapses field current under a bolted fault and cannot reliably trip downstream overcurrent devices, which is a significant safety and selectivity issue. {note}
−
−## Insulation Class and Temperature Rise {toc}
−
−### The alternator insulation class and temperature rise shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Alternator Insulation Class and Rise
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Class H insulation, Class H temperature rise"
− - "Class H insulation, Class F temperature rise"
− - "Class F insulation, Class B temperature rise"
−default: "Class H insulation, Class F temperature rise"
−```
−
−### Alternator insulation classes here are the NEMA MG 1 rotating-machine letter classes, which remain the correct US designation for generator windings. {note}
−
−### Specifying Class H insulation with a Class F temperature rise is the industry recommended practice because the insulation life is materially extended by operating at a lower temperature than its limit. {note}
−
−## Voltage Regulation {toc}
−
−### The voltage regulator shall be electronic, with three-phase RMS sensing, and shall maintain steady-state voltage regulation within ±0.5 percent of rated voltage over no-load to full-load and 0.8 lagging to unity power factor.
−
−### The regulator shall include a volts-per-hertz limiter to protect the alternator and connected loads on underspeed, an overvoltage limiter, and a separately adjustable underfrequency knee.
−
−## Where a specific alternator subtransient reactance is required to limit motor-starting voltage dip, it shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Alternator Reactance (Subtransient, Xd")
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Standard reactance alternator"
− - "Low reactance alternator (for stiff system / motor starting)"
−default: manufacturer
−```
−
−## Where no reactance requirement is indicated, the manufacturer's standard alternator for the rating shall apply, and the manufacturer shall report the subtransient reactance and decrement curve in the action submittals.
−
−## The maximum instantaneous voltage dip on step load shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Maximum Instantaneous Voltage Dip on Step Load
−type: range
−unit: '%'
−options:
− min: 10
− max: 35
− setpoints: [10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35]
−default: 25
−```
−
−## Voltage dip during the worst case starting step (typically the largest fire pump or chiller) shall not exceed the value selected.
−
−## The submittal shall include a starting kVA / voltage dip analysis demonstrating compliance.
−
−## The Engineer shall verify both the voltage dip during the largest motor start and the short-circuit current rating of downstream equipment before selecting a low reactance alternator.
−
−## Low reactance alternators reduce voltage dip during motor starting at the cost of higher available short-circuit current, which the downstream equipment must be rated to interrupt. {note}
−
−# Controller {toc}
−
−## The genset controller shall be a microprocessor-based unit, listed for the purpose, mounted on the generator set with a vibration-isolated bracket, with an alphanumeric or graphical display visible from the set's normal service position.
−
−## The controller shall be NFPA 110 compliant for the project's Level and Type, providing all required alarms, shutdowns, and metering.
−
−## Required Functions {toc}
−
−### The controller shall provide as a minimum the following functions:
−- Cranking and starting per the selected NFPA 110 Type
−- Cool-down cycle on transfer back to normal (engine continues to run unloaded for a programmable period)
−- Generator output metering (voltage, current, kW, kVAR, kVA, kWh, power factor, frequency, and run hours)
−- Engine instrumentation (oil pressure, coolant temperature, battery voltage, fuel level)
−- Programmable exerciser to start and (optionally) load the set on a periodic schedule
−- Programmable cool-down and warm-up times
−- Alarm log and event history with date and time stamp
−- Communication interface (Modbus TCP/IP at a minimum) for integration with the building management system
−
−### The controller communications protocol shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Controller Communications Protocol
−type: select
−options:
− - "Modbus RTU (RS-485)"
− - "Modbus TCP/IP (Ethernet)"
− - "BACnet IP"
− - "DNP3"
− - "Modbus TCP/IP and BACnet IP"
−default: "Modbus TCP/IP (Ethernet)"
−```
−
−## NFPA 110 Alarms and Shutdowns {toc}
−
−### The alarm and shutdown set is fully determined by the NFPA 110 Level already selected, so it is stated here as a requirement rather than offered as a second selection. {note}
−
−### The controller shall be configured for the full alarm and shutdown set required by the project Level.
−
−### For Level 1 systems, NFPA 110 Table 4.7.3 requires specific alarms and shutdowns including overcrank, low coolant temperature, high coolant temperature pre-alarm and shutdown, low oil pressure pre-alarm and shutdown, overspeed shutdown, low fuel pre-alarm, low coolant level, battery charger malfunction, low battery voltage, and EPS supplying load. {note}
−
−## Remote Annunciator {toc}
−
−### A remote annunciator shall be provided per NFPA 110 4.6.4 at a continuously monitored location outside the generator room, [[drawing: as indicated on the contract documents]].
−
−### The fire command center, the security desk, and the facility operations room are the usual locations. {note}
−
−### The remote annunciator communication path shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Remote Annunciator Communications
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Dedicated copper run from the controller in two separate raceways"
− - "Network-attached (IP) annunciator with redundant link"
−default: "Dedicated copper run from the controller in two separate raceways"
−```
−
−### The annunciator shall display all required NFPA 110 alarms with a common audible alarm, a means to silence the audible, and a means to test the lamps.
−
−### NFPA 110 requires the wiring from the controller to the annunciator to be supervised.
−
−### The most common implementation is a dedicated copper run; a network-attached annunciator is acceptable where the network meets the supervision requirements and the network is itself supplied from the standby system. {note}
−
−## Main Line Circuit Breaker {toc}
−
−### A main line circuit breaker shall be provided on the generator set output per NEC 445.18, sized for the alternator's rated output.
−
−### The breaker trip unit shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Generator Main Line Breaker Trip Unit
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Thermal-magnetic"
− - "Electronic LSI (Long-time, Short-time, Instantaneous)"
− - "Electronic LSIG (with ground fault)"
−default: "Electronic LSI (Long-time, Short-time, Instantaneous)"
−```
−
−### The breaker shall be molded case or insulated case as appropriate and shall be field-accessible for maintenance and testing.
−
−### An electronic trip unit is required wherever the generator breaker participates in a selective coordination study; a thermal-magnetic unit remains acceptable on smaller sets that do not. {note}
−
−# Cooling System {toc}
−
−## The cooling system shall be sized for the engine's full-load heat rejection at the site design ambient, with the air flow path that the enclosure or room imposes.
−
−## The cooling arrangement shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Cooling Arrangement
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Unit-mounted radiator (set-mounted, engine-driven fan)"
− - "Remote radiator (separate radiator, set-mounted heat exchanger)"
− - "City water (heat exchanger to building cooling system)"
−default: "Unit-mounted radiator (set-mounted, engine-driven fan)"
−```
−
−## City-water cooling shall not be used for NFPA 110 Level 1 systems because the cooling source must remain available during the same events that may have caused the outage.
−
−## The usual arrangement is a unit-mounted radiator with a blower fan driven by the engine, drawing air from one face of the enclosure and discharging through the radiator; for very large sets, sets in walk-in enclosures with sound attenuation, or sets inside buildings without acceptable air flow, a remote radiator or heat exchanger arrangement may be required. {note}
−
−## Radiator {toc}
−
−### The radiator fan drive shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Radiator Fan Drive
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Engine-driven (belt or direct)"
− - "Electric (separately driven)"
−default: "Engine-driven (belt or direct)"
−```
−
−### The engine coolant shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Coolant
−type: select
−options:
− - "50/50 ethylene glycol / water"
− - "50/50 propylene glycol / water"
− - "Pre-mixed inhibited long-life coolant"
−default: "50/50 ethylene glycol / water"
−```
−
−### The radiator shall be sized for the engine manufacturer's published heat rejection at the site ambient with at least 10°C margin on coolant outlet temperature.
−
−### Radiator core construction shall be copper-brass or aluminum, with corrosion protection appropriate to the environment.
−
−### Aluminum cores in salt air shall not be specified.
−
−## Coolant Recovery and Make-up {toc}
−
−### A coolant recovery bottle shall be provided so that overflow on thermal expansion does not result in coolant loss.
−
−### For unattended sets or sets in remote locations, a low coolant level pre-alarm shall be wired to the controller and the remote annunciator.
−
−# Fuel System {toc}
−
−## Diesel Fuel Storage {toc}
−
−### The diesel fuel storage configuration shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Diesel Fuel Storage Configuration
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Sub-base tank at the generator"
− - "External aboveground bulk tank with day tank at the generator"
− - "Underground bulk tank with day tank at the generator"
−default: "Sub-base tank at the generator"
−```
−
−### Sub-Base Fuel Tank {toc}
−
−#### A sub-base tank is a fuel tank constructed as the base of the generator set, listed to UL 142 or UL 2085, carrying the set's weight and providing its fuel storage in one assembly. {note}
−
−#### The sub-base tank capacity shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Sub-Base Tank Capacity
−type: range
−unit: gal
−drawing_ref: "generator schedule"
−options:
− min: 50
− max: 4000
− setpoints: [50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000]
−default: deferred
−```
−
−#### Tank construction is set by the applicable fire and environmental code, the spill-containment approach, and the AHJ; a UL 2085 protected tank is required where the set sits close to a building or a property line and the AHJ enforces the fire-rated construction provisions of NFPA 30 and NFPA 37. {note}
−
−#### The sub-base tank construction shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Sub-Base Tank Construction
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Single-wall steel (UL 142)"
− - "Double-wall steel with interstitial space (UL 142)"
− - "Double-wall with interstitial leak detection sensor"
− - "Concrete-encased UL 2085 (two-hour fire rated)"
−default: "Double-wall with interstitial leak detection sensor"
−```
−
−#### Sub-base tanks are practical up to roughly 4,000 gal (15,000 L); larger storage typically requires an external bulk tank with a smaller day tank at the set. {note}
−
−#### The tank capacity shall provide the NFPA 110 Class runtime at the alternator's full-load fuel consumption.
−
−#### The submittal shall include a fuel consumption table at 25, 50, 75, and 100 percent load and the calculated runtime so that the Engineer can confirm that the selected tank meets the Class requirement.
−
−#### Double-wall construction with interstitial leak detection is the default because it provides secondary containment without requiring a separate concrete or steel dike, and the leak detector provides early warning of either a primary tank failure or condensation in the interstitial space; single-wall tanks require a separate containment basin sized for the tank capacity per NFPA 30. {note}
−
−#### The tank shall be furnished with normal and emergency vents per NFPA 30, a fill connection with overfill protection per NFPA 30, a level indicator readable without opening the tank, a low-fuel pre-alarm contact wired to the controller, and a fuel return port.
−
−#### Interconnection between an external tank and a day tank shall include a transfer pump, day tank float controls, and an overflow return to the bulk tank.
−
−### Fuel Quality {toc}
−
−#### Diesel fuel shall be ultra-low sulfur (ULSD), No. 2-D per ASTM D975, with a cold-flow point suitable for the climate.
−
−#### The Owner's operating instructions shall include a fuel quality program: at minimum, quarterly testing for water, particulates, and microbial growth, and a fuel polishing program for sets stored at high fill levels for extended periods.
−
−## Natural Gas and LP Supply {toc}
−
−### Where a specific gas supply pressure at the generator is required, it shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Natural Gas Supply Pressure at Generator
−type: select
−unit: psig
−options:
− - "Low pressure (less than 1 psig)"
− - "Medium pressure (1 to 5 psig)"
− - "Elevated pressure (5 to 15 psig)"
−default: manufacturer
−```
−
−### Where no supply pressure is indicated, the engine manufacturer's required inlet pressure range shall govern, and the manufacturer shall state that range in the action submittals.
−
−### Where the set is fueled by natural gas or LP, the supply piping shall comply with NFPA 54 (natural gas) or NFPA 58 (LP), be sized for the engine's full-load fuel demand at the worst-case supply pressure, and terminate with a manual shutoff valve and a flexible connector at the engine.
−
−### A solenoid valve interlocked with the controller shall close on engine shutdown.
−
−### The supply pressure at the engine inlet, with the engine at full load, shall remain within the manufacturer's required range.
−
−### The supply piping shall be sized with margin and verified at commissioning.
−
−### Inadequate gas supply pressure at full load is one of the most common causes of NFPA 110 test failures on natural-gas sets. {note}
−
−# Exhaust System {toc}
−
−## The exhaust system shall convey engine exhaust from the engine outlet to a discharge point that does not allow re-entry into the building, into the generator combustion air, or to areas where people congregate.
−
−## The exhaust system shall include a silencer sized for the project's sound attenuation requirement, a flexible exhaust connection between the engine and the silencer, condensate drains at low points, and aftertreatment components where required for emissions compliance.
−
−## Silencer Selection {toc}
−
−### The exhaust silencer grade shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Exhaust Silencer Grade
−type: select
−options:
− - "Industrial (12 to 18 dB(A) insertion loss)"
− - "Residential (18 to 25 dB(A) insertion loss)"
− - "Critical / Hospital (25 to 35 dB(A) insertion loss)"
− - "Super-critical (above 35 dB(A) insertion loss)"
−```
−
−### Silencer grade shall be selected to achieve the project's sound limit at the nearest sensitive receptor.
−
−### The silencer's back-pressure shall not exceed the engine manufacturer's allowable back-pressure at full load.
−
−### Excess back-pressure reduces power and increases exhaust temperature, which can damage the engine. {note}
−
−## Exhaust Routing {toc}
−
−### The exhaust shall be routed in seamless steel pipe with welded or flanged joints, supported clear of combustible construction with the clearances of NFPA 37 maintained.
−
−### The exhaust pipe material shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Exhaust Pipe Material
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Schedule 40 carbon steel"
− - "Schedule 80 carbon steel"
− - "Stainless steel (corrosive environments or condensate)"
−default: "Schedule 40 carbon steel"
−```
−
−### The extent of exhaust pipe insulation shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Exhaust Pipe Insulation
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Insulated where exposed within 8 ft of personnel routes"
− - "Insulated entire run inside building"
− - "Not insulated (fully outdoor routing)"
−default: "Insulated entire run inside building"
−```
−
−### Exhaust pipe shall be insulated wherever it is exposed to personnel or to combustible materials, whichever extent is selected.
−
−### The discharge shall point away from building air intakes, with the separation from openings in the building required by NFPA 37.
−
−### A condensate trap and drain shall be provided at the low point of any exhaust run that can collect condensate, with discharge to a suitable waste connection.
−
−### Exhaust condensate is acidic and shall not be discharged onto building materials or to a storm drain.
−
−## Aftertreatment {toc}
−
−### Where the engine requires aftertreatment to meet EPA Tier 4 Final or another applicable standard, the diesel oxidation catalyst, diesel particulate filter, and/or SCR catalyst shall be furnished by the generator manufacturer as part of the exhaust system, with all sensors and the DEF (urea) tank and dosing system as applicable.
−
−### The aftertreatment shall be sized for the engine and located so that the exhaust temperature at its inlet remains above the catalyst's activation temperature during the project's typical operating cycle.
−
−# Enclosure and Sound Attenuation {toc}
−
−## The enclosure type shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Enclosure Type
−type: select
−options:
− - "Open set (indoor, mechanical room installation)"
− - "Weather-protective enclosure (basic outdoor housing)"
− - "Sound-attenuated enclosure"
− - "Walk-in sound-attenuated enclosure"
−```
−
−## The maximum sound pressure at full load shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Maximum Sound Pressure at 7 m (Full Load)
−type: range
−unit: dB(A)
−drawing_ref: "generator schedule"
−options:
− min: 60
− max: 85
− setpoints: [60, 65, 70, 72, 75, 80, 85]
−default: deferred
−```
−
−## The sound limit is set by the local noise ordinance and the nearest sensitive receptor, so the Engineer records it on the generator schedule rather than the standard preselecting a decibel figure. Unlike transformers, engine generators have no consensus-standard sound table indexed to rating against which a relative limit could be written. {note}
−
−## An open set is appropriate where the generator is installed inside a building room dedicated to it and the room provides weather protection, ventilation, and sound attenuation; a weather-protective enclosure is the minimum for outdoor installations, and sound-attenuated and walk-in enclosures incorporate acoustic lining, sound-attenuating intake and discharge openings, and exhaust silencer integration to meet a specified sound limit. {note}
−
−## The sound rating shall be specified at the manufacturer's standard measurement condition (typically 7 m from the enclosure under free-field conditions at the rated load).
−
−## The Engineer shall verify property line compliance separately.
−
−## Sound at the property line will generally be lower than the 7 m value because of distance attenuation, but reflections, intervening surfaces, and other sources may complicate the relationship. {note}
−
−## Enclosure Construction {toc}
−
−### The enclosure material shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Enclosure Material
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Galvanized steel with powder coat"
− - "Aluminum (coastal applications)"
− - "Stainless steel (severe corrosion)"
−default: "Galvanized steel with powder coat"
−```
−
−### The enclosure shall be fabricated from minimum 14 gauge steel with all seams welded or sealed, internal acoustic lining selected for moisture and fire resistance, hinged and lockable access doors on both sides for engine and alternator service, and a removable end panel or roof for major component removal.
−
−### The enclosure paint system shall be a polyester powder coat over corrosion-resistant primer with a minimum total dry film thickness of 3 mils; coastal and industrial environments shall receive an enhanced 5 mil minimum system.
−
−## Ventilation Openings {toc}
−
−### Intake and discharge openings shall be sized for the radiator air flow plus the combustion air, with motorized or gravity louvers that close when the engine is not running to keep wind-driven rain, snow, and animals out of the enclosure.
−
−### Louvers shall open before cranking begins so that they do not obstruct the radiator air path on starting.
−
−# Batteries and Charger {toc}
−
−## Starting Batteries {toc}
−
−### The starting battery type shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Battery Type
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Flooded lead-acid"
− - "Absorbed glass mat (AGM) sealed lead-acid"
−default: "Absorbed glass mat (AGM) sealed lead-acid"
−```
−
−### The starting battery system voltage shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Battery Voltage
−type: radio
−options:
− - "12V"
− - "24V"
−default: manufacturer
−```
−
−### Where no battery voltage is indicated, the starting system voltage shall be the engine manufacturer's standard for the engine furnished, and the manufacturer shall state it in the action submittals.
−
−### Cranking batteries shall be lead-acid (flooded or AGM), sized for the engine manufacturer's required cranking capacity at the design minimum temperature, conforming to EGSA 100B, mounted in a vibration-resistant rack on the set or in the enclosure.
−
−### NFPA 110 4.7.4 requires the battery to be capable of three complete cranking cycles at the design temperature without exceeding the manufacturer's limits.
−
−### AGM batteries are recommended over flooded for stationary generator service because they tolerate vibration better, do not require watering, do not vent acid gases in normal service, and are orientation-independent; flooded batteries remain acceptable where the lower first cost is preferred and the Owner has an established maintenance program. {note}
−
−## Battery Charger {toc}
−
−### A two-rate (float / equalize), temperature-compensated battery charger listed to UL 1236 shall be provided.
−
−### Where a specific charger output rating is required, it shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Battery Charger Rating
−type: range
−unit: A
−options:
− min: 5
− max: 20
− setpoints: [5, 10, 20]
−```
−
−### Where no charger rating is indicated, the charger shall be sized to the battery manufacturer's recommended charge rate for the battery furnished, and the rating shall be stated in the action submittals.
−
−### The charger shall maintain the battery at float voltage during normal standby and transition to bulk/absorption charging after an engine start without sulfating the battery on extended floats.
−
−### A battery charger malfunction contact shall be wired to the controller per NFPA 110.
−
−### The charger shall be powered from a dedicated branch circuit on the normal source, and shall be wired so that on loss of normal power the charger does not become a load on the generator.
−
−### The charger output shall include reverse polarity protection and short-circuit protection.
−
−# Vibration Isolation and Seismic {toc}
−
−## Vibration Isolation {toc}
−
−### The generator set shall be mounted on factory-installed vibration isolators between the engine-alternator skid and the base or sub-base tank.
−
−### The vibration isolation arrangement shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Vibration Isolation
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Factory isolation only (outdoor pad-mount, no occupied space below)"
− - "Factory isolation plus external spring isolators with seismic restraints"
− - "Factory isolation plus restrained spring isolators on inertia base"
−```
−
−### Where the set is installed inside an occupied building, additional spring isolators with seismic restraints shall be provided between the base and the housekeeping pad to limit structure-borne noise transmission.
−
−### A restrained spring isolator with an inertia base is appropriate where the set is installed above or adjacent to acoustically sensitive occupied spaces and the additional mass and isolation are needed to meet a noise criterion. {note}
−
−## Seismic Certification and Anchorage {toc}
−
−### The seismic certification basis shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Seismic Certification Basis
−type: select
−drawing_ref: "structural drawings"
−options:
− - "Not required (no seismic risk)"
− - "ASCE 7 Seismic Design Category C - Importance Factor 1.0"
− - "ASCE 7 SDC D, E, or F - Importance Factor 1.0"
− - "ASCE 7 SDC D, E, or F - Importance Factor 1.5 (essential facility)"
− - "OSHPD pre-approval (California healthcare)"
−default: deferred
−```
−
−### The Seismic Design Category and Importance Factor are established by the project's structural design and are recorded on the structural drawings; the electrical scope adopts them rather than setting them. {note}
−
−### Where seismic certification is required, the complete generator set as assembled — including engine, alternator, controller, sub-base tank, and enclosure — shall be certified by shake-table testing per ICC ES AC156 or by analysis acceptable to the AHJ.
−
−### Anchorage to the housekeeping pad shall be by post-installed anchors sized for the certified base shear and overturning moment, installed per the certification documentation.
−
−### Anchor design shall be coordinated with [[sync/concrete-pads]].
−
−### Where the project is an essential facility per ASCE 7 (Importance Factor 1.5), the set shall also be functional after the design seismic event; certification shall demonstrate operability and not only structural survival.
−
−# Testing {toc}
−
−## Factory Tests {toc}
−
−### The manufacturer shall perform the following production tests on every set prior to shipment per UL 2200 and ISO 8528-6:
−- Full-load run at rated kW, voltage, and frequency
−- Single-step rated load pickup
−- Safety shutdown verification (overspeed, low oil pressure, high coolant temperature)
−- Voltage regulation test through the load range
−- Phase rotation and polarity verification
−- Insulation resistance test on the alternator
−- Visual and dimensional inspection
−
−### The extent of factory witness testing shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Factory Witness Test
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Not required beyond manufacturer's production tests"
− - "Certified test report (unwitnessed)"
− - "Witnessed by Owner's representative"
− - "Witnessed and instrumented to ISO 8528-6 test protocol"
−default: "Certified test report (unwitnessed)"
−```
−
−### Where witnessed testing is specified, the manufacturer shall provide at least two weeks notice of test readiness and submit the test procedure for review.
−
−## Field Acceptance Tests {toc}
−
−### The Contractor shall perform the NFPA 110 installation acceptance test on the completed installation, per NFPA 110 Chapter 7, including as a minimum:
−- Cold start test demonstrating the NFPA 110 Type time from start signal to load acceptance
−- A minimum of two hours of operation at not less than 30 percent of the rated load, with one of the loads being a step load representative of the building's largest single step
−- Verification of all NFPA 110 alarms and shutdowns
−- Verification of the remote annunciator function
−- Transfer and re-transfer testing with the automatic transfer switch
−- Verification of cool-down operation on return to normal source
−- Functional test of the exerciser and any load bank interface
−
−### The field load bank test scope shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Field Load Bank Test
−type: select
−options:
− - "Building loads only (where they meet NFPA 110 30 percent threshold)"
− - "Load bank to NFPA 110 minimum (typically 30 percent)"
− - "Load bank to 100 percent of rated kW for two hours"
− - "Load bank to 100 percent and four-hour endurance run"
−default: "Load bank to 100 percent of rated kW for two hours"
−```
−
−### A 100 percent rated load bank test is recommended at acceptance even when building loads alone would meet NFPA 110, because most building loads at the time of commissioning are well below the generator's rating, and wet stacking on a chronically under-loaded diesel is a common in-service problem. {note}
−
−## Commissioning Documentation {toc}
−
−### The Contractor shall provide a written, signed NFPA 110 installation acceptance test record.
−
−### The witness to the NFPA 110 acceptance test shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: NFPA 110 Acceptance Test Witness
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Authority Having Jurisdiction witness required"
− - "Owner's commissioning agent witness"
− - "Engineer of Record witness"
− - "Test report certified by Contractor"
−```
−
−### Whether the AHJ elects to witness is the AHJ's determination on each project, so no witness arrangement is preselected here. {note}
−
−### The record shall include the date of test, the technicians performing the test, the instruments used, the measured start time, the load profile, observed alarms, corrective actions if any, and the AHJ witness signature where the AHJ elects to witness.
−
−## Infrared Scanning {toc}
−
−### The infrared thermographic inspection scope shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Infrared Thermographic Inspection
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Initial scan within 90 days plus follow-up at 11 months"
− - "Initial scan within 90 days"
− - "Not required"
−default: "Initial scan within 90 days plus follow-up at 11 months"
−```
−
−### Each scheduled scan shall cover all power terminations and bus connections and shall be performed under full load.
−
−### The follow-up scan at 11 months catches connections that loosen during the first year of thermal cycling, while the equipment is still under warranty. {note}
−
−### Connections showing more than 10°C rise above ambient or 5°C rise above similar adjacent connections shall be corrected.
−
−# Installation {toc}
−
−## Concrete Housekeeping Pad {toc}
−
−### The generator set shall be set on a reinforced concrete housekeeping pad sized to extend at least 6 in. beyond the set's footprint on all sides, with a minimum thickness sufficient to accept the anchor embedment depth required by the seismic anchorage design, and an upper surface elevation of at least 4 in. above the surrounding floor or grade.
−
−### Pad construction shall be coordinated with [[sync/concrete-pads]] and with the structural drawings.
−
−### Conduit penetrations, fuel line penetrations, and grounding electrode connection points shall be cast or sleeved into the pad before concrete placement.
−
−### Drilling and chipping the housekeeping pad after the fact for cable entries is poor practice and weakens the anchorage. {note}
−
−## Clearances {toc}
−
−### The service clearance provided around the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Service Clearance Around Set
−type: select
−options:
− - "NFPA 70 110.26 working space minimum"
− - "The greater of NFPA 70 110.26 and the engine manufacturer's published service access requirement"
− - "Walk-around access on all four sides"
−```
−
−### The codes set a floor; the clearance actually provided is a site-planning decision, and walk-around access on all four sides is frequently specified where the Owner's maintenance staff services the set in place, so the field carries no default. {note}
−
−### Working clearances around the generator set and its controller, transfer switch, and main line breaker shall comply with NFPA 70 Article 110.26.
−
−### The Contractor shall confirm that the planned location accommodates the larger of the NFPA 70 working clearances and the NFPA 37 clearances between the engine and combustible construction, between the exhaust pipe and combustibles, and around the enclosure for service access.
−
−## Conduit, Cable, and Grounding {toc}
−
−### The generator neutral treatment shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Generator Neutral Treatment
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: "one-line diagram"
−options:
− - "Switched neutral at ATS - generator is a separately derived system"
− - "Solid (non-switched) neutral at ATS - generator is not separately derived"
−default: deferred
−```
−
−### Power and control conduit entries shall be located per the shop drawings, with watertight fittings on outdoor enclosures and bushings or hubs as required for the cable system.
−
−### Conduits shall be coordinated with [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]] and conductors with [[sync/conductors-and-cables]].
−
−### The generator frame and the alternator neutral (where applicable) shall be grounded per NEC Article 250 and per [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]].
−
−### The Contractor shall confirm the transfer switch arrangement before bonding the neutral, and shall coordinate with the transfer switch submittal under [[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]].
−
−### A generator that is a separately derived system shall have its neutral bonded to ground at the set and a grounding electrode connection per NEC 250.30.
−
−### A generator with a solid (non-switched) neutral through the ATS shall not have its neutral bonded to ground at the set, because the service main bonding jumper already provides the system bond and a second bond creates objectionable parallel neutral current.
−
−### Whether the generator is a separately derived system depends on the transfer switch's neutral treatment. {note}
−
−## Fuel and Exhaust {toc}
−
−### Fuel piping, fuel tank vents, and fuel fill connections shall be installed per NFPA 30 (diesel) or NFPA 54 / 58 (gas).
−
−### Exhaust piping shall be supported and routed per NFPA 37 with the required clearances from combustibles, and discharge shall comply with the air permit and with NFPA 37 separation from building openings.
−
−# Identification and Labeling {toc}
−
−## Field-installed labels shall be provided as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Generator Identification
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Equipment designation matched to one-line diagram"
− - "EPS supply identification per NEC 700.10(A) (emergency systems)"
− - "Available fault current label per NEC 110.24"
− - "Arc flash warning label per NFPA 70E and IEEE 1584"
− - "NFPA 110 Level and Type identification at the set"
− - "Emergency power source identification at served panelboards"
−default:
− - "Equipment designation matched to one-line diagram"
− - "EPS supply identification per NEC 700.10(A) (emergency systems)"
− - "Available fault current label per NEC 110.24"
− - "Arc flash warning label per NFPA 70E and IEEE 1584"
− - "NFPA 110 Level and Type identification at the set"
−```
−
−## Each emergency system component, including the generator, shall be marked at its enclosure as part of an emergency system per NEC 700.10(A).
−
−## The available fault current at the generator main breaker and at the load side of the transfer switch shall be calculated, labeled, and dated per NEC 110.24.
−
−## Equipment labeling format shall follow [[sync/equipment-labeling]] conventions.
−
−# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
−
−## The generator set shall be shipped from the factory with the engine pre-filled with the manufacturer's recommended lubricant, the cooling system filled or drained-and-tagged per the storage plan, batteries shipped dry or wet per the manufacturer's recommendation, and all shipping braces and weather seals in place.
−
−## Sets stored on site for more than 30 days before energization shall be stored under cover, with the jacket water heater and battery charger connected to a temporary source if available, and shall be turned over periodically per the manufacturer's storage instructions.
−
−## The Contractor shall verify clearances along the entire delivery path — gates, doors, ramps, elevators, structural floor capacity — before the set arrives.
−
−## Large sets are routinely re-routed at the last minute because someone discovered a doorway that the set will not pass through; this is avoidable with a pre-delivery survey. {note}
−
−# Warranty {toc}
−
−## The manufacturer shall warrant each generator set for the period indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Warranty Period
−type: select
−options:
− - "1 year from substantial completion or first start, whichever is earlier"
− - "2 years / 1,000 hours, whichever occurs first"
− - "5 years / 1,500 hours extended (premium)"
−default: "2 years / 1,000 hours, whichever occurs first"
−```
−
−## The warranty shall cover defects in materials and workmanship under normal standby use.
−
−## The warranty period shall include the manufacturer's commitment to provide a field-service technician on site within four hours of notification of a critical failure, 24 hours per day, for the duration of the warranty.
−
−## Owners commonly extend the warranty to five years on critical-mission installations. {note}
−
−# Spare Parts and Maintenance Materials {toc}
−
−## Spare parts shall be furnished as indicated in the datasheet.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Spare Parts Package
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "One set of engine filters (oil, fuel, air, coolant)"
− - "One set of belts and hoses"
− - "Spare battery (matched to installed set)"
− - "Spare control fuses and indicating lamps"
− - "Touch-up paint matching enclosure finish"
−default:
− - "One set of engine filters (oil, fuel, air, coolant)"
− - "One set of belts and hoses"
− - "Spare control fuses and indicating lamps"
− - "Touch-up paint matching enclosure finish"
−```
−
−## Spare parts shall be stored on site in a labeled cabinet in the generator room or electrical room.
−
−## The O&M manual shall list the part numbers, supplier, and reorder lead times so that the Owner can replenish without relying on the original Contractor.
−
−## Owner Training {toc}
−
−### The generator manufacturer's authorized service representative shall provide on-site training to the Owner's operating personnel for the duration indicated in the datasheet, and in no case less than four hours.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Owner Training Duration
−type: range
−unit: hours
−options:
− min: 4
− max: 16
− setpoints: [4, 8, 16]
−default: 8
−```
−
−### An 8-hour session shall be split between operations and maintenance, and a 16-hour session shall be split between operations, maintenance, and troubleshooting.
−
−### Training shall cover normal operation, the controller interface, the exerciser configuration, the alarm and shutdown response procedure, NFPA 110 testing and recordkeeping, and routine maintenance intervals.
+---
+title: Engine Generators
+category: Electrical / Power Distribution Equipment
+description: >
+ When to use: Packaged stationary engine-generator sets rated 1000 V and below, listed to UL 2200, furnished as the alternate source for emergency, legally required standby, optional standby, and critical operations loads, and sets the project applies as a prime or continuous source. Covers the engine and its fuel requirements by fuel type, the alternator and its excitation, the governor and voltage regulator, the set-mounted controller and the remote annunciator, the main line circuit breaker and the neutral bonding at the set, the cooling system, the fuel system on the skid including the sub-base tank, the exhaust silencer and aftertreatment, the enclosure and its sound attenuation, the starting batteries and charger, vibration isolation and seismic certification, factory and field testing, installation, warranty, and spare parts.
+
+ Not intended for: The system-level design of the emergency and standby power system, including load classification, the NFPA 110 level, type, and class, the alternate source capacity, the transfer scheme, and selective coordination ([[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]]); the automatic transfer switch and its time delays, exerciser, and neutral treatment ([[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]]); bulk fuel storage tanks as vessels ([[sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks]]) and the fuel-oil transfer, polishing, day-tank control, and piping system beyond the skid ([[sync/fuel-oil-systems]]); the fuel gas piping to the engine connection ([[sync/fuel-gas-piping]]); paralleling switchgear and the load sharing of more than one set on a common bus; alternators rated above 1000 V; distributed generation operated in parallel with the utility for economic dispatch under IEEE 1547; portable and towable generators; combustion turbines; fuel cells; and stored-energy sources ([[sync/uninterruptible-power-supply-systems]], [[sync/dc-battery-systems]]).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard governs the packaged engine-generator set: a reciprocating internal combustion engine, a directly coupled synchronous alternator, the governor and voltage regulator, the set-mounted controller, the starting and charging system, the cooling, fuel, and exhaust systems on the skid, and the enclosure or base, furnished as one integrated assembly listed to UL 2200. {note}
+
+## Several product decisions are made independently of one another and are stated as independent selections in this standard: the engine fuel, the installation configuration and enclosure, the cooling arrangement, the excitation system, the fuel storage arrangement at the set, and the starting battery type. Every combination is manufactured, and this standard does not assume that one selection implies another. {note}
+
+## The set is one component of a system whose classification, capacity, and transfer scheme are decided elsewhere, so the values that follow from that system, including the rating category, the runtime, the cold-start provisions, the emissions rule, and the neutral bonding at the set, are stated on the datasheet as derived values that point at their cause rather than as decisions made at the set. {note}
+
+## The following are governed elsewhere and are outside this standard: {note}
+
+- the classification of loads, the NFPA 110 level, type, and class of the system, the capacity the alternate source must carry at each load step, the number of sets, and the transfer scheme ([[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]])
+- the automatic transfer switch, its engine-start contacts, its time delays and exerciser, and the neutral treatment that decides whether the set is a separately derived system ([[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]])
+- the bulk fuel storage tank as a vessel, including a remote aboveground or underground tank and its containment, venting, overfill prevention, and leak detection ([[sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks]])
+- the fuel-oil transfer pumps, the day-tank fill and overflow controls, fuel polishing, and the supply and return piping between the bulk tank and the skid connection ([[sync/fuel-oil-systems]])
+- the natural gas and propane piping from the meter, regulator, or tank to the connection at the engine gas train ([[sync/fuel-gas-piping]])
+- the feeders from the set to the transfer switch and the raceways that carry them and the control wiring ([[sync/conductors-and-cables]], [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]])
+- the grounding electrode system and the bonding of a separately derived system ([[sync/grounding-and-bonding]])
+- the short-circuit, coordination, and arc-flash studies that establish the breaker settings and the labels ([[sync/short-circuit-study]], [[sync/protective-coordination-study]], [[sync/arc-flash-study]])
+- the concrete pad as a structure ([[sync/concrete-pads]]) and the room an indoor set occupies ([[sync/electrical-rooms]])
+- paralleling switchgear, medium-voltage alternators, utility-interactive operation, portable sets, turbines, fuel cells, and stored-energy sources
+
+## The location of the set shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the electrical plans]].
+
+## The Contractor shall coordinate the rating category, the runtime, the neutral bonding, the engine-start interface, the fuel supply, and the annunciation of the set with the standards named in this section before the set is released for manufacture.
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where the contract documents, the air permit, the Authority Having Jurisdiction, or two referenced standards impose conflicting requirements, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| UL 2200 | Stationary Engine Generator Assemblies |
+| UL 1236 | Battery Chargers for Charging Engine-Starter Batteries |
+| UL 142 | Steel Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids |
+| UL 2085 | Protected Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids |
+| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code (Articles 110, 250, 445, 700, 701, 702, 705, and 708) |
+| NFPA 70E | Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace |
+| NFPA 110 | Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems |
+| NFPA 99 | Health Care Facilities Code |
+| NFPA 37 | Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines |
+| NFPA 30 | Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code |
+| NFPA 54 | National Fuel Gas Code |
+| NFPA 58 | Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code |
+| ISO 8528-1 | Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Driven Alternating Current Generating Sets, Part 1: Application, Ratings and Performance |
+| ISO 8528-3 | Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Driven Alternating Current Generating Sets, Part 3: Alternating Current Generators for Generating Sets |
+| ISO 8528-5 | Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Driven Alternating Current Generating Sets, Part 5: Generating Sets |
+| ISO 8528-6 | Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Driven Alternating Current Generating Sets, Part 6: Test Methods |
+| ISO 8528-10 | Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Driven Alternating Current Generating Sets, Part 10: Measurement of Airborne Noise |
+| ISO 3046-1 | Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines, Performance, Part 1: Declarations of Power, Fuel and Lubricating Oil Consumptions, and Test Methods |
+| NEMA MG 1 | Motors and Generators |
+| IEEE 446 | Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications |
+| IEEE 1547 | Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces |
+| EGSA 100B | Performance Standard for Engine Cranking Batteries Used with Engine Generator Sets |
+| ASTM D975 | Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel |
+| 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart IIII | Standards of Performance for Stationary Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engines |
+| 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart JJJJ | Standards of Performance for Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines |
+| 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart ZZZZ | National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines |
+| 40 CFR Part 1039 | Control of Emissions from New and In-Use Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines |
+| ASCE 7 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures (Chapter 13) |
+| ICC-ES AC156 | Acceptance Criteria for Seismic Certification by Shake-Table Testing of Nonstructural Components |
+| ANSI/NETA ATS | Standard for Acceptance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Equipment and Systems |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following for review before the set is released for manufacture:
+
+- product data for the engine, the alternator, the governor and voltage regulator, the controller, the main line circuit breaker, the battery charger, the cold-start provisions, the enclosure, the sub-base tank, the silencer, the aftertreatment, and every accessory, identifying the UL 2200 listing of the complete assembly
+- the rating statement giving the standard-condition output, the site-rated output at the ambient temperature and altitude of the installation, the rating category under ISO 8528-1, and the ISO 8528-5 performance class
+- shop drawings giving plan and elevations, weight with and without fuel, the lifting points, the conduit and cable entry areas, the fuel, exhaust, and coolant connections, the cooling air intake and discharge openings, and the service clearances the manufacturer requires
+- a one-line diagram of the set showing the alternator, the neutral bonding at the set, the main line circuit breaker, the instrument transformers, and the control interfaces with the transfer switch and the remote annunciator
+- alternator data giving the reactances, the decrement curve, the sustained short-circuit current, and the temperature rise at the site-rated output
+- the step-load analysis giving the transient voltage and frequency deviation and the recovery time for the load steps established under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]], with the largest single step identified
+- the emissions certificate of the engine under the rule and tier derived under this standard, and the aftertreatment data where aftertreatment is furnished
+- sound data giving the octave-band and A-weighted sound pressure level at 7 m at full load for the configuration furnished
+- the fuel consumption table at 25, 50, 75, and 100 percent of the site-rated output, and the calculated runtime for the tank capacity furnished
+- cooling data giving the heat rejection, the air flow, the static pressure available at the radiator discharge, and the coolant and after-cooler temperatures at the site design ambient
+- the seismic certification for the set, where the datasheet requires one
+- the proposed initial value of every programmable setting and alarm set point, on a settings record the Engineer of Record will review
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Product data with the UL 2200 listing of the complete assembly"
+ - "Rating statement with the site-rated output, rating category, and performance class"
+ - "Shop drawings with dimensions, weights, connections, and clearances"
+ - "One-line diagram of the set"
+ - "Alternator reactance, decrement, and short-circuit data"
+ - "Step-load voltage and frequency analysis"
+ - "Emissions certificate and aftertreatment data"
+ - "Sound data at 7 m"
+ - "Fuel consumption table and runtime calculation"
+ - "Cooling performance data at the site design ambient"
+ - "Seismic certification"
+ - "Proposed settings record"
+default:
+ - "Product data with the UL 2200 listing of the complete assembly"
+ - "Rating statement with the site-rated output, rating category, and performance class"
+ - "Shop drawings with dimensions, weights, connections, and clearances"
+ - "One-line diagram of the set"
+ - "Alternator reactance, decrement, and short-circuit data"
+ - "Step-load voltage and frequency analysis"
+ - "Emissions certificate and aftertreatment data"
+ - "Sound data at 7 m"
+ - "Fuel consumption table and runtime calculation"
+ - "Cooling performance data at the site design ambient"
+ - "Proposed settings record"
+```
+
+### The set shall not be released for manufacture until the action submittals covering it have been reviewed and returned.
+
+### The rating statement is the submittal that most often comes back wrong, because the output printed on a catalog page is the standard-condition rating at the manufacturer's reference ambient and altitude, and the output the set delivers on the project is the site-rated output after the corrections for the actual ambient, the actual altitude, and the fuel furnished. {note}
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following with or before the action submittals:
+
+- the manufacturer's qualification statement required under Quality Assurance
+- the factory test procedure, where the datasheet selects witnessed factory testing
+- the field testing firm's qualification statement and the proposed field test procedure
+- the seismic anchorage calculation and anchor detail for the installed condition
+- the air permit application or the registration the air quality authority requires for the engine, and the permit or registration when issued
+- the manufacturer's statement of the required fuel supply pressure and full-load fuel flow at the engine connection, where the set is fueled by natural gas or propane
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Manufacturer's qualification statement"
+ - "Factory test procedure"
+ - "Field testing firm qualification and test procedure"
+ - "Seismic anchorage calculation and detail"
+ - "Air permit application and permit"
+ - "Required gas supply pressure and flow statement"
+default:
+ - "Manufacturer's qualification statement"
+ - "Field testing firm qualification and test procedure"
+ - "Seismic anchorage calculation and detail"
+ - "Air permit application and permit"
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following before the set is accepted:
+
+- the certified factory production test report for the set, identified by serial number
+- the manufacturer's field startup report, where the datasheet requires manufacturer startup
+- the field acceptance test report, giving every measured value, the acceptance criterion applied, and the tester's determination
+- the installation acceptance test record required by NFPA 110 Chapter 7, where the set serves a system classified under NFPA 110
+- the settings record as commissioned, giving the final value of every programmable setting and alarm set point
+- as-built drawings reflecting the installed fuel, exhaust, coolant, and cable routing and every field change
+- operation and maintenance data giving the controller programming procedure, the alarm and shutdown response procedure, the maintenance intervals and consumables, the fuel quality program, the run-hour limits of the air permit, and the torque values for every accessible connection
+- the warranty documentation for the set and for the installation, with the warranty commencement date
+- a signed receipt from the Owner for the spare parts delivered
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Certified factory production test report"
+ - "Manufacturer field startup report"
+ - "Field acceptance test report"
+ - "NFPA 110 installation acceptance test record"
+ - "Settings record as commissioned"
+ - "As-built drawings"
+ - "Operation and maintenance data"
+ - "Warranty documentation with commencement date"
+ - "Spare parts receipt"
+default:
+ - "Certified factory production test report"
+ - "Field acceptance test report"
+ - "Settings record as commissioned"
+ - "As-built drawings"
+ - "Operation and maintenance data"
+ - "Warranty documentation with commencement date"
+```
+
+### The run-hour limits of the air permit belong in the operation and maintenance data because they bind the Owner for the life of the engine, and an Owner who exercises the set under load every week without knowing the limit can exceed it within the first year. {note}
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Manufacturer Qualifications {toc}
+
+### The set shall be produced by a manufacturer that has manufactured UL 2200 listed engine-generator sets of the same fuel type and output range for not less than the period indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Manufacturer Production Experience
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 20
+ setpoints: [0, 3, 5, 10, 20]
+```
+
+### The manufacturer shall maintain a factory-authorized service organization able to reach the site, and shall state in the qualification statement the location of the nearest service center, the parts stocked there, and the number of technicians trained on the controller furnished.
+
+## Single-Source Responsibility {toc}
+
+### The engine, the alternator, the governor and voltage regulator, the controller, the base or sub-base tank, the enclosure, and every set-mounted accessory shall be furnished by the generator manufacturer as one integrated assembly, and the generator manufacturer shall be responsible for the matching of the engine to the alternator and for the performance of the assembly.
+
+### A set assembled by the installing Contractor from separately procured components shall not be furnished.
+
+## UL 2200 Listing {toc}
+
+### The complete set as furnished, including the enclosure and the sub-base tank where furnished, shall be listed and labeled to UL 2200 by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory.
+
+### The sub-base tank shall be listed to UL 142 or UL 2085 as selected under [[sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks]], and the battery charger shall be listed to UL 1236.
+
+### UL 2200 is a listing of the assembly and not of its parts, so a listed engine on a listed alternator inside a listed enclosure is not a listed set unless the assembly itself carries the mark. {note}
+
+## Field Testing Firm Qualifications {toc}
+
+### Field acceptance testing shall be performed by a testing firm qualified in accordance with [[sync/electrical-acceptance-testing]], or by the manufacturer's factory-trained technicians where the datasheet requires manufacturer startup.
+
+### The technician who performs the load test and the NFPA 110 installation acceptance test shall have documented experience commissioning sets of the same fuel type and controller family.
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## Rating Basis {toc}
+
+### ISO 8528-1 states the output of a set at standard reference conditions of 25°C air temperature, 100 kPa barometric pressure, and 30 percent relative humidity, and every site departs from that basis in at least one respect; the engine loses power as the air thins and warms, and the alternator loses margin as its cooling air warms, so the output the set delivers on the project is the standard-condition output after both corrections. {note}
+
+### The set shall deliver the rated output selected under this standard at the ambient temperature and altitude of the installation, and the manufacturer shall state the corrections applied in the rating statement.
+
+## Ambient Temperature {toc}
+
+### A set installed outdoors, or in a space that follows the outdoor temperature, shall be rated for [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-maximum]], and the cooling system shall hold the coolant and after-cooler temperatures within the engine manufacturer's limits at that temperature with the set carrying its rated output.
+
+### The design ambient temperature of the room for a set installed indoors in a ventilated room shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Indoor Room Design Ambient Temperature
+type: range
+unit: °C
+options:
+ min: 25
+ max: 55
+ setpoints: [25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55]
+default: 40
+```
+
+### A 40°C room ambient is the condition most manufacturers rate a set-mounted radiator for without a larger core, so it is the value at which the catalog cooling data applies; a generator room whose ventilation cannot hold that temperature at full load with the radiator discharging into the room, or a room in a hot climate, carries a higher value at the cost of a larger radiator or a reduced rating. {note}
+
+### The room ventilation and combustion air openings shall be sized for the radiator air flow, the combustion air, and the heat radiated from the engine and exhaust at the room design ambient, and shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the mechanical drawings]].
+
+## Altitude {toc}
+
+### The engine and the alternator shall be de-rated for [[parameter: altitude]] in accordance with the manufacturer's published correction factors, and the site-rated output shall reflect the correction.
+
+### A naturally aspirated engine loses power steadily with altitude because the mass of air in each cylinder falls with the barometric pressure, and a turbocharged engine holds its output to a higher altitude and then de-rates more steeply; the alternator de-rates separately for the thinner cooling air, so the two corrections are applied to the two components and the site rating is the lower of the results. {note}
+
+### Ambient temperature de-rating and altitude de-rating shall be applied cumulatively where both conditions apply.
+
+## Cold Weather {toc}
+
+### The cold-start provisions furnished on the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cold-Start Provisions
+type: checkbox
+derived: "the NFPA 110 level and type assigned under the emergency and standby power standard, and [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] for a set installed outdoors or in a space that follows the outdoor temperature"
+options:
+ - "Jacket water heater"
+ - "Battery warmer"
+ - "Lube oil heater"
+ - "Intake air heater or glow plugs"
+ - "Diesel fuel heater"
+ - "Enclosure heater"
+default: derived
+```
+
+### A thermostatically controlled jacket water heater shall be furnished on every set serving a system classified as Level 1 under NFPA 110, in accordance with NFPA 110 Chapter 5, and on every set installed outdoors or in a space that follows the outdoor temperature where [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] is below 4°C.
+
+### The jacket water heater shall hold the coolant at the temperature the engine manufacturer requires for a start and load acceptance within the type time assigned under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]], and shall be sized for the heat loss of the engine at the lowest temperature of the space.
+
+### A battery warmer shall be furnished on every set installed outdoors or in a space that follows the outdoor temperature where [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] is at or below 0°C.
+
+### A lube oil heater shall be furnished on every set installed outdoors or in a space that follows the outdoor temperature where [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] is at or below −18°C, and wherever the engine manufacturer requires one for the start time assigned.
+
+### A diesel fuel heater shall be furnished on every diesel set installed outdoors or in a space that follows the outdoor temperature where [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] is below the cloud point of the fuel the Owner will stock.
+
+### Cold coolant lengthens the crank, cold lube oil raises the cranking torque, and a cold lead-acid battery loses the capacity to deliver it, so the three heaters act on the three things that decide whether a cold engine reaches rated speed within ten seconds; a diesel fuel heater addresses the separate failure in which wax crystals block the filter before the engine has warmed the fuel. {note}
+
+### Every heater shall be powered from a dedicated branch circuit on the normal source, so that the heater is energized whenever the engine is not running, and the heater circuits shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the panel schedules]].
+
+## Seismic Qualification {toc}
+
+### The seismic certification required for the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Seismic Certification Requirement
+type: select
+derived: "[[parameter: seismic-design-category]] and the component importance factor assigned to the set under ASCE 7 Chapter 13"
+options:
+ - "No seismic certification required"
+ - "Anchorage design only, in accordance with ASCE 7 Chapter 13"
+ - "Special certification of the set as an active component in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 13.2.2"
+ - "Special certification with a state health care pre-approval listing"
+default: derived
+```
+
+### Anchorage keeps the set on its pad; special certification demonstrates that the set still starts and carries load after the design earthquake, which ASCE 7 requires of a component whose importance factor is above 1.0. A set serving egress lighting, fire pumps, smoke control, or another life-safety load carries an importance factor of 1.5 under ASCE 7, and so does a set needed for the continued operation of a Risk Category IV facility. {note}
+
+### Where special certification is required, the certification shall be by shake-table test in accordance with ICC-ES AC156 or by analysis accepted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction under the seismic provisions of [[parameter: adopted-building-code]], and the certificate shall cover the set as furnished, including the engine, the alternator, the controller, the sub-base tank, the enclosure, and the vibration isolators.
+
+# Rating and Application {toc}
+
+## Rating Category {toc}
+
+### The ISO 8528-1 rating category of the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: ISO 8528-1 Rating Category
+type: select
+derived: "the duty assigned to the set under the emergency and standby power standard, in accordance with ISO 8528-1"
+options:
+ - "Emergency standby power (ESP)"
+ - "Prime rated power (PRP)"
+ - "Limited-time running power (LTP)"
+ - "Continuous operating power (COP)"
+default: derived
+```
+
+### A set that runs only while the normal source is lost, with a variable load and a limited number of hours in a year, shall be rated at emergency standby power.
+
+### A set that is the principal source for a variable load without a limit on annual hours shall be rated at prime rated power.
+
+### A set that is the principal source for a constant load for a limited number of hours in a year shall be rated at limited-time running power.
+
+### A set that carries a constant load without a limit on annual hours shall be rated at continuous operating power.
+
+### The four ratings are four outputs of the same engine, ordered from the highest to the lowest: the emergency standby rating is the most power the engine can be asked for, on the condition that it is asked rarely and the average load stays below the limit ISO 8528-1 sets; the prime and continuous ratings are lower because the engine is expected to deliver them for its life. A set rated at prime or continuous power for a duty that is standby carries a larger engine than the load needs, and a set rated at standby power for a duty that is prime wears out early. {note}
+
+## Rated Output {toc}
+
+### The site-rated output of the set at its rating category shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Site-Rated Output
+type: range
+unit: kW
+drawing_ref: "the one-line diagram"
+options:
+ min: 10
+ max: 3000
+ setpoints: [10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 750, 800, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2250, 2500, 3000]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### The rated output shall be the output at the site conditions, after the ambient and altitude corrections, and on the fuel selected under this standard; where the datasheet selects a dual-fuel engine, the rated output shall be met on each fuel unless the one-line diagram states a separate rating for each.
+
+### The rated power factor shall be 0.8 lagging for a three-phase set and 1.0 for a single-phase set, in accordance with ISO 8528-1, and the alternator shall carry the rated kilowatts at that power factor and at the temperature rise selected under this standard.
+
+### The capacity the alternate source must carry at each load step, including the starting of the largest motor and the sequence in which the transfer switches pick up their loads, is established under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]], and the rated output selected here shall be not less than that capacity.
+
+## Voltage, Phase, and Frequency {toc}
+
+### The rated voltage and winding configuration of the alternator shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Rated Voltage and Configuration
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "the one-line diagram"
+options:
+ - "120/240 V, 1Φ, three-wire"
+ - "208Y/120 V, 3Φ, four-wire"
+ - "240 V, 3Φ, three-wire"
+ - "240/120 V, 3Φ, four-wire high-leg delta"
+ - "480Y/277 V, 3Φ, four-wire"
+ - "480 V, 3Φ, three-wire"
+ - "600Y/347 V, 3Φ, four-wire"
+ - "600 V, 3Φ, three-wire"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### The rated voltage shall match the alternate-source terminals of the transfer switch selected under [[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]] and the distribution the switch serves.
+
+### The rated frequency of the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Rated Frequency
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "60 Hz"
+ - "50 Hz"
+default: "60 Hz"
+```
+
+### The rated speed of the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Rated Speed
+type: range
+unit: rpm
+options:
+ min: 1000
+ max: 3600
+ setpoints: [1000, 1200, 1500, 1800, 3000, 3600]
+default: 1800
+```
+
+### The rated speed shall be a synchronous speed of the alternator at the rated frequency.
+
+### A four-pole alternator turns 1800 rpm at 60 Hz and 1500 rpm at 50 Hz, and a four-pole set is the construction of nearly every liquid-cooled set from a few tens of kilowatts to several megawatts, which is why 1800 rpm carries the default; a two-pole set at 3600 rpm is a small air-cooled or light-duty construction with a shorter engine life, and a six-pole set at 1200 rpm is a large, slow-speed engine bought for its life and its low sound. A project that selects 50 Hz corrects the speed to the four-pole or six-pole value at that frequency. {note}
+
+## Dynamic Performance {toc}
+
+### The ISO 8528-5 performance class of the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: ISO 8528-5 Performance Class
+type: select
+options:
+ - "G1"
+ - "G2"
+ - "G3"
+ - "G4"
+```
+
+### ISO 8528-5 groups the steady-state and transient voltage and frequency limits of a set into four classes: G1 for loads that need only basic voltage and frequency, G2 for loads that expect the voltage and frequency behavior of a public utility, G3 for loads that place severe demands on frequency, voltage, and waveform, including telecommunications equipment and thyristor-controlled loads, and G4 for limits agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer. The class follows from the most sensitive load the set serves, so no class is the norm across projects. {note}
+
+### The maximum transient voltage deviation on the largest single load step shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Transient Voltage Deviation on the Largest Load Step
+type: range
+unit: '% of rated voltage'
+options:
+ min: 5
+ max: 40
+ setpoints: [5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40]
+```
+
+### The step-load analysis submitted under this standard shall demonstrate that the transient voltage deviation on the largest single step, and the recovery time to the steady-state band of the performance class, are within the limits selected, with the largest step taken from the load steps established under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]].
+
+### Where the analysis shows that the limits cannot be met with the alternator the manufacturer matches to the engine, the manufacturer shall propose an oversized alternator under the alternator sizing article of this standard, and shall not propose a larger engine to correct a voltage deviation.
+
+### The voltage dip on a motor start is set by the alternator's reactance and its excitation response, and the frequency dip is set by the engine's torque reserve and the governor, so a set that meets the voltage limit and misses the frequency limit needs a different engine or a smaller step, and a set that meets the frequency limit and misses the voltage limit needs a larger alternator on the same engine. {note}
+
+# Engine {toc}
+
+## Engine Construction {toc}
+
+### The engine shall be a four-stroke, liquid-cooled, reciprocating internal combustion engine, rated by the engine manufacturer for stationary generator service at the rating category selected under this standard, with its power declared in accordance with ISO 3046-1.
+
+### The engine aspiration shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Engine Aspiration
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Naturally aspirated"
+ - "Turbocharged"
+ - "Turbocharged and aftercooled"
+default: manufacturer
+```
+
+### The aspiration is fixed by the engine the manufacturer matches to the rated output, so the manufacturer's selection is acceptable, and the field exists so that a project that needs a naturally aspirated engine for altitude or a turbocharged engine for a step-load requirement can record it. {note}
+
+### The engine shall be furnished with a full-flow lube oil filter with a replaceable element, a lube oil cooler where the engine manufacturer requires one, a thermostatically controlled coolant circuit, a coolant drain, an oil drain extended to the edge of the base with a valve, and a dry-type combustion air cleaner with a restriction indicator.
+
+### The engine shall be furnished with an electronic engine control unit that governs fuel delivery and reports oil pressure, coolant temperature, speed, and fault codes to the set controller.
+
+## Engine Fuel {toc}
+
+### The engine fuel shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Engine Fuel
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Diesel"
+ - "Natural gas"
+ - "Propane"
+ - "Bi-fuel"
+ - "Dual-fuel"
+```
+
+### No fuel is the norm across projects. Diesel stores its energy on the site in a tank whose contents are known, which is why it is chosen where the runtime must not depend on a gas utility and where the Authority Having Jurisdiction requires an on-site supply for a Level 1 system; natural gas needs no tank, no fuel quality program, and no spill containment, and is chosen where the gas service is reliable through the events that take the normal source down and the authority accepts it; propane stores on the site like diesel and burns like natural gas, at the cost of a vapor supply that falls with the tank temperature; bi-fuel keeps a diesel engine and displaces most of its diesel with natural gas while it runs, extending the tank; and dual-fuel is a spark-ignition engine that runs on natural gas or propane as selected at the set. {note}
+
+### The fuel selected shall satisfy the alternate source availability basis established under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]], and where that basis requires an on-site supply the fuel shall be diesel, propane, or bi-fuel with the runtime derived under this standard provided on the stored fuel alone.
+
+### The requirements in the fuel articles that follow apply where the datasheet selects the fuel each article names, and the requirements of two articles apply to a bi-fuel or dual-fuel set. {note}
+
+## Diesel Fuel Requirements {toc}
+
+### Where the datasheet selects diesel, the engine shall be a compression-ignition engine rated for ultra-low-sulfur No. 2-D diesel fuel in accordance with ASTM D975.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects diesel, the engine shall be furnished with a primary fuel filter and water separator with a water-in-fuel sensor wired to the controller, a secondary fuel filter, an engine-driven lift pump, and flexible fuel supply and return connections at the edge of the base.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects diesel, the engine shall accept a fuel blend containing biodiesel up to the percentage the engine manufacturer certifies, and the manufacturer shall state that percentage in the product data.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects diesel, the operation and maintenance data shall include a fuel quality program giving the sampling interval, the tests for water, particulates, and microbial growth, and the conditions under which the fuel is to be polished or replaced.
+
+### Diesel fuel in a standby tank ages for years between refills, absorbs water from the tank breathing, and grows microbial colonies at the fuel-water interface, so a set that starts on every monthly exercise can still fail on the day the filter plugs with the sludge of an unmanaged tank. {note}
+
+## Natural Gas Requirements {toc}
+
+### Where the datasheet selects natural gas, the engine shall be a spark-ignition engine rated for pipeline natural gas at the heating value and methane number the manufacturer states in the product data.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects natural gas, the Contractor shall confirm that [[parameter: site-natural-gas-service]] delivers the inlet pressure and the full-load fuel flow the engine requires at the engine gas train with every other gas appliance on the service operating, and shall report any shortfall to the Engineer of Record before the set is released for manufacture.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects natural gas, the gas train shall be mounted on the set, listed as part of the UL 2200 assembly, and terminated at a single connection at the edge of the base, and shall include a manual shutoff valve, a strainer, a pressure regulator, two automatic safety shutoff valves in series that close on engine shutdown and on loss of control power, a low gas pressure switch and a high gas pressure switch wired to the controller, a test port for the supply pressure at the engine inlet, and a flexible connector at the engine, in accordance with NFPA 37 and NFPA 54.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects natural gas, the supply piping to the gas train connection shall be furnished under [[sync/fuel-gas-piping]] and sized for the full-load flow at the lowest supply pressure the utility guarantees.
+
+### A gas engine that receives the pressure it needs at no load and not at full load runs on the exercise and stalls on the outage, because the pressure at the engine falls as the flow rises through an undersized service or a regulator at the edge of its capacity; the confirmation clause exists because this is the most common cause of a failed acceptance test on a gas set. {note}
+
+## Propane Requirements {toc}
+
+### Where the datasheet selects propane, the engine shall be a spark-ignition engine rated for propane vapor at the heating value the manufacturer states in the product data.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects propane, the gas train on the set shall satisfy the natural gas article of this standard and NFPA 58, with the regulator and the safety shutoff valves rated for propane.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects propane, the supply shall be vapor withdrawal from the storage tank, and the Contractor shall confirm that the tank delivers the full-load vapor rate at [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] for the runtime derived under this standard, or shall furnish a vaporizer sized for that rate.
+
+### Propane vaporizes at the surface of the liquid in the tank, and the rate at which it does so falls with the tank temperature and with the liquid level, so a tank that carries enough propane by volume can still starve the engine on a cold night near the end of its charge. {note}
+
+### Where the datasheet selects propane, the storage tank and its siting shall be furnished under [[sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks]] and NFPA 58, and the piping from the tank to the gas train under [[sync/fuel-gas-piping]].
+
+## Bi-Fuel and Dual-Fuel Requirements {toc}
+
+### Where the datasheet selects bi-fuel, the engine shall be a compression-ignition engine that satisfies the diesel article of this standard, fitted with a natural gas induction system listed as part of the UL 2200 assembly, and the gas train shall satisfy the natural gas article.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects bi-fuel, the set shall start and accept load on diesel alone, shall introduce natural gas only after the engine has reached the operating condition the manufacturer requires, and shall revert to full diesel operation automatically on loss of gas pressure, on a combustion fault, or on any condition outside the substitution limits, without interrupting the output.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects bi-fuel, the manufacturer shall state the diesel substitution rate at each load point in the product data, and the runtime derived under this standard shall be calculated on diesel alone.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects dual-fuel, the engine shall be a spark-ignition engine rated for natural gas and for propane, the gas train shall satisfy both the natural gas article and the propane article of this standard, and the fuel shall be selectable at the set by a means that changes the fuel map and the regulator setting together.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects dual-fuel, the manufacturer shall state the rated output on each fuel in the rating statement.
+
+## Emissions {toc}
+
+### The federal emissions rule under which the engine is certified shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Federal Emissions Rule
+type: select
+derived: "the ignition type that follows from the fuel selected under this standard, and whether the set is applied as an emergency or a non-emergency stationary engine under the duty assigned by the emergency and standby power standard"
+options:
+ - "40 CFR 60 Subpart IIII, emergency stationary compression-ignition engine"
+ - "40 CFR 60 Subpart IIII, non-emergency stationary compression-ignition engine"
+ - "40 CFR 60 Subpart JJJJ, emergency stationary spark-ignition engine"
+ - "40 CFR 60 Subpart JJJJ, non-emergency stationary spark-ignition engine"
+default: derived
+```
+
+### The nonroad emissions tier to which a compression-ignition engine is certified shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Compression-Ignition Engine Emissions Tier
+type: select
+derived: "the emissions rule derived under this standard, the displacement and the site-rated output of the engine furnished, and the model year, under the tier table 40 CFR 60 Subpart IIII applies to emergency and to non-emergency engines by reference to 40 CFR Part 1039"
+options:
+ - "Tier 2"
+ - "Tier 3"
+ - "Tier 4 Interim"
+ - "Tier 4 Final"
+ - "Not applicable, spark-ignition engine"
+default: derived
+```
+
+### The engine shall be certified under the rule and to the tier derived, and the certificate shall be delivered with the action submittals.
+
+### The tier is not a choice: 40 CFR 60 Subpart IIII assigns an emergency compression-ignition engine the nonroad tier that applied to its power band in its model year, which for an emergency engine stops short of the aftertreatment-based Tier 4 Final standards, and assigns a non-emergency engine the current tier, which for most power bands is Tier 4 Final with aftertreatment; a spark-ignition engine is certified to the emission limits of Subpart JJJJ rather than to a tier. Whether the engine is emergency or non-emergency is decided by the duty the system assigns, not by the set. {note}
+
+### Where the air quality authority applies a limit stricter than the federal rule, or a state rule requires a non-emergency certification for an emergency engine, the stricter requirement shall govern, and the Contractor shall report it to the Engineer of Record before the set is released for manufacture.
+
+### The engine shall comply with 40 CFR 63 Subpart ZZZZ for its operation and maintenance, and the operation and maintenance data shall state the recordkeeping the rule requires of the Owner.
+
+### The operation and maintenance data shall state the annual run-hour limits the emissions rule and the air permit impose on an emergency engine, including the limit on maintenance checks and readiness testing and the smaller allowance within it for other non-emergency operation.
+
+### An emergency engine is permitted unlimited hours in an actual emergency and a limited number of hours for maintenance and readiness testing, and an Owner who runs the set for load management, peak shaving, or an extended exercise beyond the allowance has re-classified it as a non-emergency engine, which it was not certified to be. {note}
+
+# Alternator {toc}
+
+## Alternator Construction {toc}
+
+### The alternator shall be a brushless, salient-pole, synchronous machine with a rotating field, complying with NEMA MG 1 and ISO 8528-3, directly coupled to the engine flywheel through a flexible coupling or a flexible disc, on a common skid with the engine.
+
+### The alternator shall be single-bearing or two-bearing as the manufacturer's construction for the frame provides, and shall not be belt-driven.
+
+### The stator winding shall be a two-thirds pitch winding, so that the third-harmonic voltage between the neutral and ground is suppressed and the neutral current from nonlinear loads is limited.
+
+### The alternator shall be furnished with a resistance temperature detector or thermistor in the stator winding wired to the controller where the site-rated output is 500 kW or more.
+
+## Excitation {toc}
+
+### The excitation system of the alternator shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Excitation System
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Permanent magnet generator excitation"
+ - "Auxiliary winding excitation"
+ - "Shunt excitation"
+```
+
+### A permanent magnet generator and an auxiliary winding each supply the voltage regulator from a source that is independent of the output voltage, so the field can be forced during a fault and during a motor start; a shunt-excited alternator draws its excitation from its own output, so its field collapses as the output voltage collapses into a bolted fault. Permanent magnet and auxiliary winding excitation are both standard constructions across the output range, so neither carries a default. {note}
+
+### Unless the datasheet selects shunt excitation, the excitation system shall sustain not less than 300 percent of rated current for not less than 10 seconds on a three-phase fault at the alternator terminals, so that the downstream overcurrent devices coordinated under [[sync/protective-coordination-study]] clear the fault before the field is removed.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects shunt excitation, the Contractor shall confirm under [[sync/protective-coordination-study]] that every overcurrent device the set feeds clears a fault within the decrement of the alternator furnished, and shall report to the Engineer of Record any device that does not.
+
+## Insulation and Temperature Rise {toc}
+
+### The alternator winding insulation class under NEMA MG 1 shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Alternator Insulation Class
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Class F"
+ - "Class H"
+default: "Class H"
+```
+
+### The temperature rise of the alternator winding at the site-rated output, above the 40°C reference ambient of NEMA MG 1, shall not exceed the value indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Alternator Winding Temperature Rise
+type: range
+unit: °C
+options:
+ min: 80
+ max: 150
+ setpoints: [80, 105, 125, 150]
+```
+
+### The insulation class states the temperature the winding survives, and the temperature rise states how close to it the set will run at its rated output; NEMA MG 1 permits a higher rise for standby duty than for continuous duty on the same class, and a winding run at a rise below what its class permits lasts longer, for a larger frame. The rise selected is therefore a trade between winding life and alternator size that depends on the duty and the hours expected, and it carries no default. {note}
+
+### The alternator insulation classes in this standard are the NEMA MG 1 rotating-machine letter classes, which remain the correct US designation for generator windings. {note}
+
+## Voltage Regulation {toc}
+
+### The voltage regulator shall be electronic, with three-phase root-mean-square sensing, and shall hold the steady-state voltage within the band indicated in the datasheet from no load to the site-rated output and from 0.8 lagging to unity power factor.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Steady-State Voltage Regulation
+type: range
+unit: '± % of rated voltage'
+options:
+ min: 0.5
+ max: 5
+ setpoints: [0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5]
+default: 0.5
+```
+
+### A band of ±0.5 percent is what an electronic regulator with three-phase sensing holds as a matter of course, which is why it carries the default; a wider band is selected where the performance class permits it and the regulator furnished is a simpler construction. {note}
+
+### The voltage regulator shall include an underfrequency roll-off that reduces the voltage in proportion to frequency below an adjustable knee, an overvoltage limit, an overexcitation limit, and a voltage adjustment of not less than ±5 percent at the controller.
+
+### Where the set is furnished with a governor that supports droop for paralleling, the voltage regulator shall include reactive droop compensation and a paralleling provision, and the paralleling itself shall be furnished under a separate standard.
+
+## Alternator Sizing for Motor Starting {toc}
+
+### The basis on which the alternator frame is selected shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Alternator Sizing Basis
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Standard-frame alternator"
+ - "Oversized alternator for motor starting"
+default: manufacturer
+```
+
+### The manufacturer matches an alternator frame to each engine at its rating, and that frame is acceptable wherever the step-load analysis meets the transient voltage deviation selected under this standard; an oversized alternator on the same engine has a lower subtransient reactance and a lower voltage dip on a motor start, at the cost of a higher available fault current that the downstream equipment must be rated to withstand and interrupt. {note}
+
+### The manufacturer shall state the subtransient reactance and the decrement curve of the alternator furnished in the action submittals, whichever sizing basis applies.
+
+### Where an oversized alternator is furnished, the Contractor shall report the increased available fault current to the Engineer of Record so that the ratings established under [[sync/short-circuit-study]] can be confirmed before the downstream equipment is released for manufacture.
+
+### Whether an anti-condensation heater is furnished in the alternator shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Alternator Anti-Condensation Heater
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Not furnished"
+ - "Furnished"
+```
+
+### An anti-condensation heater shall be furnished in the alternator of every set installed outdoors or in a space that is not conditioned, unless the datasheet selects an alternator without one and the Engineer of Record accepts the omission in writing.
+
+# Governor and Controller {toc}
+
+## Governor {toc}
+
+### The engine governor shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Engine Governor
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Electronic isochronous"
+ - "Electronic with selectable droop"
+ - "Mechanical"
+default: "Electronic isochronous"
+```
+
+### An isochronous governor returns the frequency to its set point after every load change, so the frequency at steady state is the same at no load and at full load; a droop governor lets the frequency fall with load, which is what two sets need in order to share load on a common bus and what a single set serving a building does not need; a mechanical governor is a construction of small sets that holds the frequency within a wider band. An isochronous electronic governor is the construction of nearly every liquid-cooled set applied as a single source, which is why it carries the default. {note}
+
+### The governor shall hold the steady-state frequency within the band of the performance class selected under this standard, and shall return the frequency to that band within the recovery time of that class after the largest load step.
+
+### The governor shall include an overspeed shutdown independent of the speed control, set at the value the engine manufacturer specifies, wired to the controller.
+
+## Controller Functions {toc}
+
+### The set shall be furnished with a microprocessor-based controller, listed as part of the UL 2200 assembly, mounted on the set on vibration isolators, with a display readable from the normal service position and an interface at which every setting can be read and changed.
+
+### The controller shall provide automatic starting on a remote start signal, cranking with a programmable crank and rest cycle and an overcrank limit, a programmable warm-up before load acceptance where the type time permits one, a programmable cool-down run after the load is removed, and automatic shutdown at the end of the cool-down.
+
+### The controller shall provide alternating-current metering of voltage on each phase, current on each phase, frequency, kilowatts, kilovolt-amperes, kilovolt-amperes reactive, power factor, and kilowatt-hours, and engine metering of oil pressure, coolant temperature, battery voltage, speed, fuel level, and run hours.
+
+### The controller shall retain every setting and an event log of not fewer than 100 events with date and time stamps in non-volatile memory through loss of the battery.
+
+### Changes to settings at the controller shall be protected by a password or a keyed switch so that a setting cannot be changed by an unauthorized person.
+
+### The controller shall provide an off, manual run, and automatic mode selection, and shall raise a not-in-automatic alarm at the controller and at the remote annunciator whenever the mode is not automatic.
+
+### The controller display shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Controller Display
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Alphanumeric display with status indicators"
+ - "Graphical display with menu navigation"
+ - "Color touchscreen"
+default: manufacturer
+```
+
+### The display does not affect the function of the set, and every listed controller gives local access to the metering, the alarms, and the settings, so the manufacturer's offering is acceptable unless the Owner's operating program calls for one interface across its equipment. {note}
+
+## NFPA 110 Alarms and Shutdowns {toc}
+
+### Where the set serves a system classified under NFPA 110, the controller shall provide every alarm, pre-alarm, and shutdown the alarm and annunciation table of NFPA 110 Chapter 5 requires for the level assigned under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]], and shall annunciate each at the controller and at the remote annunciator.
+
+### The alarm and shutdown set is fixed by the level the system assigns, so it is stated here as a requirement and not offered as a selection at the set. {note}
+
+### The controller shall shut the engine down on overspeed, on low oil pressure, on high coolant temperature, on overcrank, and on operation of the emergency stop, and shall not shut the engine down on any other engine condition while the set serves a Level 1 system except as NFPA 110 permits.
+
+### A Level 1 set is required to keep running through conditions that would shut a prime-power set down, because the life-safety load it carries is worth more than the engine; NFPA 110 therefore limits the shutdowns to the few that protect against immediate destruction and requires everything else to be a pre-alarm. {note}
+
+### The controller shall provide a low fuel pre-alarm at the fuel level the system's runtime class requires under NFPA 110, a low coolant level alarm, a low coolant temperature alarm, a low battery voltage alarm, a high battery voltage alarm, and a battery charger malfunction alarm, in addition to the engine shutdowns.
+
+## Remote Annunciator {toc}
+
+### Where the set serves a system classified as Level 1 under NFPA 110, a remote annunciator shall be furnished at a location that is continuously attended, as indicated on [[drawing: the electrical plans]].
+
+### The remote annunciator shall display every alarm, pre-alarm, and shutdown the controller provides under this standard, the set running condition, the not-in-automatic condition, and the position of each transfer switch wired to it under [[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]], with a common audible alarm, a silence control, and a lamp test.
+
+### The communication path between the controller and the remote annunciator shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Remote Annunciator Communication Path
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Hardwired from the controller"
+ - "Network connection from the controller"
+```
+
+### The communication path shall be supervised so that a break, a short, or a loss of the network link is annunciated as a trouble at the annunciator, in accordance with NFPA 110.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects a network connection, the network equipment between the controller and the annunciator shall be supplied from the alternate source, so that the annunciator continues to report while the normal source is lost.
+
+### A hardwired path is a pair of conductors in a raceway that carries the annunciation whether or not any network is up; a network path carries the same points over the building network and adds the points to the monitoring platform at once, at the cost of a path whose availability during an outage depends on every switch between the two ends. Neither is the norm across projects. {note}
+
+## Communications {toc}
+
+### The communications interfaces furnished at the controller shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Controller Communications Interfaces
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Dry contacts only"
+ - "Modbus RTU serial"
+ - "Modbus TCP"
+ - "BACnet MS/TP"
+ - "BACnet/IP"
+ - "SNMP"
+ - "DNP3"
+ - "Proprietary protocol over Ethernet"
+```
+
+### The protocol follows from the monitoring platform the project uses, so the field carries no default; dry contacts are listed so that a set reporting only through contact closures is recorded as such rather than left blank. {note}
+
+### Where a protocol interface is furnished, the controller shall report at least the running condition, the mode, every alarm and shutdown, the alternating-current and engine metering, the fuel level, the run hours, and each event in its log, and the point list shall be coordinated with [[sync/building-automation-system]].
+
+### The controller shall provide dry contacts for the set running, common alarm, common shutdown, not-in-automatic, and low fuel conditions, rated for the pilot duty of the circuits they serve, wired to terminal blocks that can be reached without exposing energized power conductors.
+
+## Engine Start Interface {toc}
+
+### The controller shall start the engine on closure of a two-wire remote start contact and shall stop it, after the cool-down run, on opening of that contact, and shall accept the engine-start contacts of every transfer switch furnished under [[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]] in parallel.
+
+### The controller shall accept a three-wire start signal where the datasheet under [[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]] selects a three-wire arrangement.
+
+### The remote start circuit shall be arranged so that loss of the control wiring between the transfer switch and the set, or loss of control power at the switch, calls for the engine to start.
+
+### Where the set serves an Article 700 emergency system, the remote start wiring between the transfer switch and the set shall be installed and separated in accordance with NEC 700.10, and where an Article 701 system, in accordance with NEC 701.10.
+
+# Output Protection and Neutral {toc}
+
+## Main Line Circuit Breaker {toc}
+
+### The overcurrent protection at the output of the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Set Output Overcurrent Protection
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "One set-mounted main line circuit breaker"
+ - "Two or more set-mounted main line circuit breakers"
+ - "Overcurrent protection at the downstream distribution equipment with no set-mounted breaker"
+default: "One set-mounted main line circuit breaker"
+```
+
+### A set-mounted breaker gives the set the overload protection NEC 445.12 requires and a disconnecting means at the set, and it is the construction of nearly every packaged set, which is why it carries the default; more than one breaker is furnished where the set feeds more than one transfer switch directly, and a set without a breaker relies on the protection at the first downstream equipment and on the inherent design provisions NEC 445.12 permits. {note}
+
+### Where a set-mounted breaker is furnished, it shall be a molded-case or insulated-case circuit breaker listed as part of the UL 2200 assembly, rated for not less than the rated current of the alternator at the site-rated output and the rated power factor, mounted in an enclosure on the set, and accessible for operation and maintenance from the service side of the set.
+
+### Where a set-mounted breaker is furnished, the trip unit of the breaker shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Main Line Breaker Trip Unit
+type: select
+derived: "the settings the protective device coordination study requires of the set breaker so that it coordinates with the transfer switch and the downstream devices"
+options:
+ - "Thermal-magnetic"
+ - "Electronic with long-time, short-time, and instantaneous functions"
+ - "Electronic with long-time, short-time, instantaneous, and ground-fault functions"
+default: derived
+```
+
+### The trip unit follows from the coordination the system requires: where the set serves an Article 700, 701, or 708 system, NEC 700.32, 701.32, and 708.54 require the set breaker to coordinate selectively with every downstream device, which a thermal-magnetic trip achieves only on the smallest systems, so the trip unit is derived from [[sync/protective-coordination-study]] rather than selected at the set. {note}
+
+### The breaker shall be furnished with a shunt trip wired to the controller emergency stop circuit, and with auxiliary contacts indicating the breaker position wired to the controller and to the remote annunciator.
+
+### The breaker interrupting rating shall be not less than the available fault current at the set terminals from the alternator, as established under [[sync/short-circuit-study]] with the reactances of the alternator furnished.
+
+## Ground-Fault Provisions {toc}
+
+### Where the set serves an Article 700 emergency system, is solidly grounded, operates at more than 150 V to ground, and has a set breaker rated 1000 A or more, the set shall be furnished with ground-fault indication at the set breaker in accordance with NEC 700.31, with the sensor located where the neutral bonding at the set places the fault current.
+
+### Where the set serves an Article 700 emergency system, the ground-fault provision at the set shall indicate and shall not trip the set breaker, in accordance with NEC 700.31.
+
+### Where the datasheet under this standard derives a trip unit with a ground-fault function for a set serving other than an Article 700 system, the ground-fault function shall be set to coordinate with the downstream ground-fault devices under [[sync/protective-coordination-study]].
+
+### A ground fault on the emergency system during an outage is a fault the code chooses to tolerate rather than to clear, because clearing it de-energizes the egress lighting; the indication tells the Owner to find the fault, and the trip that would ordinarily follow is withheld. {note}
+
+## Neutral Bonding at the Set {toc}
+
+### Whether the alternator neutral is bonded to ground at the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Neutral-to-Ground Bond at the Set
+type: radio
+derived: "the neutral treatment of the transfer switch selected under the automatic transfer switches standard, bonded at the set where the neutral is switched and not bonded where the neutral is solid"
+options:
+ - "Bonded at the set, separately derived system"
+ - "Not bonded at the set, not a separately derived system"
+default: derived
+```
+
+### Where the neutral is bonded at the set, the set shall be a separately derived system, the system bonding jumper shall be installed at the set, and the grounding electrode connection shall be made in accordance with NEC 250.30 and [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]].
+
+### Where the neutral is not bonded at the set, the manufacturer shall ship the set with the neutral isolated from the frame, the alternator neutral shall be carried to the transfer switch as an insulated conductor, and the Contractor shall confirm the absence of a neutral-to-ground bond at the set before the set is energized.
+
+### The bond exists at one point in a system and nowhere else. A set bonded at its neutral behind a switch whose neutral is solid puts a second bond on the system, and the neutral current then divides between the neutral conductor and the equipment grounding path; a set not bonded behind a switch whose neutral is switched leaves the load with no ground reference while it runs on the set. Either mismatch is a wiring error, so the bonding at the set is derived from the switch rather than decided here. {note}
+
+### The alternator frame, the engine, the enclosure, and the sub-base tank shall be bonded to the equipment grounding conductor of the feeder in accordance with NEC Article 250 and [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]], whichever neutral bonding applies.
+
+# Cooling System {toc}
+
+## Cooling Arrangement {toc}
+
+### The cooling arrangement of the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cooling Arrangement
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Set-mounted radiator"
+ - "Remote radiator"
+ - "Heat exchanger with a remote heat rejection source"
+default: "Set-mounted radiator"
+```
+
+### A set-mounted radiator with its fan on the engine is the construction of nearly every packaged set, needs no cooling connection beyond the air path, and rejects the engine heat wherever the set stands, which is why it carries the default; a remote radiator moves the heat rejection and its fan noise out of a room that cannot pass the air, at the cost of coolant piping and an electric fan; a heat exchanger rejects the engine heat to a building cooling loop or a cooling tower, at the cost of a source that must stay available through the outage. {note}
+
+### The cooling system shall reject the full-load heat of the engine, including the after-cooler and the lube oil cooler, at the site design ambient of this standard, with the coolant outlet temperature not less than 10°C below the engine manufacturer's limit.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects a remote radiator, the radiator shall be sized for the coolant flow and head the engine pump delivers through the piping, or shall be furnished with an auxiliary coolant pump, and the fan motor shall be supplied from the set output through a circuit that is energized whenever the engine runs.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects a heat exchanger, the heat rejection source shall satisfy the availability basis established under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]], and a source that depends on a utility that may fail in the same event as the normal source shall not be used for a set serving an Article 700 system unless the Authority Having Jurisdiction accepts it in writing.
+
+## Radiator and Fan {toc}
+
+### The radiator fan drive shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Radiator Fan Drive
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Engine-driven"
+ - "Electric motor-driven"
+default: "Engine-driven"
+```
+
+### The radiator shall be sized for the engine manufacturer's published heat rejection at the site design ambient, with the air temperature rise through the enclosure or the room added to the ambient, and with the external static pressure of the discharge duct or the enclosure louvers where either is furnished.
+
+### The radiator core shall be copper-brass or aluminum, and where the set is installed within 1 mile of a salt-water shoreline or in a corrosive atmosphere the core shall be copper-brass or shall carry a corrosion-resistant coating the manufacturer rates for that exposure.
+
+### The fan and every belt-driven accessory shall be fitted with guards that prevent contact from the service side of the set.
+
+### The radiator shall be furnished with a discharge flange for a duct connection where the set is installed indoors, and the duct shall carry the radiator discharge to the outdoors through an opening as indicated on [[drawing: the mechanical drawings]].
+
+## Coolant {toc}
+
+### The engine coolant shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Engine Coolant
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Ethylene glycol and water"
+ - "Propylene glycol and water"
+ - "Extended-life organic acid technology coolant"
+default: manufacturer
+```
+
+### The coolant is matched to the engine's wet liners, seals, and heater by the engine manufacturer, so the manufacturer's specified coolant is acceptable, and the field exists so that a project that requires propylene glycol for a food, pharmaceutical, or water-facility location can record it. {note}
+
+### The coolant shall be mixed to protect against freezing at [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] where the set is installed outdoors or in a space that follows the outdoor temperature, and against freezing at the lowest temperature of the room where the set is installed indoors.
+
+### The cooling system shall be furnished with a coolant recovery bottle, a low coolant level sensor wired to the controller, a coolant drain valve, and a coolant heater connection where a jacket water heater is furnished.
+
+# Fuel System on the Skid {toc}
+
+## Diesel Fuel Storage Arrangement {toc}
+
+### Where the datasheet selects diesel or bi-fuel, the fuel storage arrangement at the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Diesel Fuel Storage Arrangement at the Set
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Sub-base tank"
+ - "Sub-base tank with automatic make-up from remote bulk storage"
+ - "Day tank at the set fed from remote bulk storage"
+ - "Direct supply from remote bulk storage without a day tank"
+```
+
+### A sub-base tank carries the set's fuel in its own base and is bought with the set, so the fuel system is complete at the skid connection and the runtime is fixed by the tank the base can hold; a remote bulk tank stores more fuel than a base can carry, feeds a day tank or a sub-base tank at the set through a transfer system, and moves the storage away from the set, at the cost of pumps, controls, and piping furnished under [[sync/fuel-oil-systems]]. The arrangement follows from the runtime and from where the fuel can be stored, so no arrangement is the norm across projects. {note}
+
+### Where the datasheet selects a day tank or make-up from remote bulk storage, the transfer pumps, the day-tank level controls, the overflow return, and the supply and return piping shall be furnished under [[sync/fuel-oil-systems]], and the day tank as a vessel under [[sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks]].
+
+### Where the datasheet selects direct supply from remote bulk storage, the engine lift pump shall be rated for the suction lift and the line length to the bulk tank, or a transfer pump shall be furnished under [[sync/fuel-oil-systems]].
+
+## Runtime and Tank Capacity {toc}
+
+### The runtime the fuel stored at the set shall provide at the site-rated output shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Fuel Runtime at the Site-Rated Output
+type: range
+unit: hours
+derived: "the NFPA 110 class assigned to the system under the emergency and standby power standard, or the runtime the Owner requires of a system outside NFPA 110"
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 168
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168]
+default: derived
+```
+
+### The usable capacity of the sub-base tank or the day tank at the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Usable Fuel Capacity at the Set
+type: range
+unit: gal
+derived: "the runtime derived under this standard, the fuel consumption of the set furnished at the site-rated output, and the unusable volume and fill limit the tank listing imposes"
+options:
+ min: 25
+ max: 6000
+ setpoints: [25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000]
+default: derived
+```
+
+### The runtime is a property of the system, fixed by the class NFPA 110 assigns it, and the tank capacity follows from the runtime and from how much fuel the engine furnished burns at full load, so neither is decided at the set; the fuel consumption table in the action submittals is the document that closes the calculation. {note}
+
+### Where the datasheet selects a day tank fed from remote bulk storage, the runtime derived under this standard shall be provided by the bulk storage under [[sync/fuel-oil-systems]] and the day tank capacity shall be the capacity the day-tank controls and the transfer system require.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects a sub-base tank with automatic make-up, the runtime derived under this standard shall be provided by the sub-base tank and the bulk storage together, and the sub-base tank alone shall provide not less than the runtime the Engineer of Record establishes for operation with the transfer system out of service.
+
+## Sub-Base Tank {toc}
+
+### Where a sub-base tank is furnished, it shall be furnished by the generator manufacturer as part of the UL 2200 assembly, shall carry the weight of the set with the vibration isolators between the set and the tank, and shall be listed to UL 142 or UL 2085 with the construction, containment, venting, overfill prevention, and leak detection selected under [[sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks]].
+
+### The sub-base tank shall be furnished with a fuel level sender wired to the controller, a low fuel pre-alarm contact at the level required under this standard, a fill connection with overfill protection reachable without entering the enclosure, normal and emergency vents terminated as NFPA 30 requires, a fuel supply outlet with a shutoff valve, a fuel return connection, and a drain.
+
+### The sub-base tank shall be furnished with a leak detection sensor in the interstitial space wired to the controller and annunciated as an alarm where the tank is of double-wall construction.
+
+### The height the sub-base tank adds to the set shall be shown on the shop drawings, and the Contractor shall confirm before the set is released for manufacture that the set with its tank passes through every opening on the delivery path and that the fill connection and the controller remain reachable from grade.
+
+## Engine Fuel Piping and Filtration {toc}
+
+### Fuel piping on the skid between the tank or the skid connection and the engine shall be steel or the material the engine manufacturer furnishes, with flexible connectors at the engine, and shall satisfy NFPA 37 and NFPA 30.
+
+### A fuel return cooler shall be furnished where the engine manufacturer requires one to hold the return fuel below the temperature the tank and the injection system permit.
+
+### The primary fuel filter and water separator furnished under the diesel article of this standard shall have its drain reachable from the service side of the set.
+
+# Exhaust System {toc}
+
+## Silencer {toc}
+
+### The exhaust silencer grade shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exhaust Silencer Grade
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Industrial"
+ - "Residential"
+ - "Critical"
+ - "Hospital"
+ - "Super-critical"
+```
+
+### Silencer grades are named by the industry for the insertion loss they provide, from an industrial grade of roughly 12 to 18 dB through residential and critical grades to a hospital grade of roughly 25 to 35 dB and a super-critical grade above that; the grade follows from the sound level selected under this standard and from the share of the set's sound that leaves through the exhaust rather than through the enclosure, so no grade is the norm across projects. {note}
+
+### The silencer shall be sized for the full-load exhaust flow of the engine at a back pressure that, with the exhaust piping and the aftertreatment, does not exceed the engine manufacturer's allowable back pressure at full load.
+
+### Excess back pressure raises the exhaust temperature, reduces the power, and shortens the life of the turbocharger and the valves, so the allowable back pressure is a limit the silencer, the piping, and the aftertreatment share. {note}
+
+### The silencer shall be mounted on the set inside the enclosure where the enclosure is furnished, and on isolated supports clear of the engine where the set is an open set, with a flexible exhaust connection between the engine outlet and the silencer.
+
+## Exhaust Piping {toc}
+
+### The exhaust pipe material shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exhaust Pipe Material
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Carbon steel, Schedule 40"
+ - "Carbon steel, Schedule 80"
+ - "Stainless steel"
+default: "Carbon steel, Schedule 40"
+```
+
+### Where the exhaust condensate cannot be drained before it reaches a horizontal run, or where the set is installed in a corrosive atmosphere, the exhaust piping shall be stainless steel.
+
+### The extent of exhaust pipe insulation shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exhaust Pipe Insulation
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Insulated throughout inside the building and inside the enclosure"
+ - "Insulated where within reach of personnel or within the clearance to combustibles"
+ - "Not insulated"
+```
+
+### Exhaust piping shall be insulated where it passes within the clearance to combustible construction NFPA 37 requires, whichever extent the datasheet selects.
+
+### The exhaust shall be routed with welded or flanged joints, supported clear of the engine so that no exhaust load bears on the engine outlet, and terminated with a rain cap or a rain-shedding elbow at a point from which the exhaust cannot re-enter the building, the combustion air, or the cooling air, in accordance with NFPA 37, and the routing shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the mechanical drawings]].
+
+### Where the exhaust passes through a wall or a roof, it shall pass through a listed thimble sized for the pipe and its insulation, with the clearance to combustibles the thimble listing requires.
+
+### A condensate trap and drain shall be furnished at every low point of the exhaust that can collect condensate, and the drain shall discharge to a waste connection that accepts an acidic condensate and not onto building materials or into a storm drain.
+
+## Aftertreatment {toc}
+
+### The exhaust aftertreatment furnished with the engine shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exhaust Aftertreatment
+type: checkbox
+derived: "the emissions rule and tier derived under this standard and the certification pathway of the engine furnished"
+options:
+ - "None"
+ - "Diesel oxidation catalyst"
+ - "Diesel particulate filter"
+ - "Selective catalytic reduction with diesel exhaust fluid"
+ - "Three-way catalyst"
+default: derived
+```
+
+### Where aftertreatment is furnished, it shall be furnished by the generator manufacturer as part of the exhaust system, with its sensors, its controller, and, for selective catalytic reduction, the diesel exhaust fluid tank, the dosing system, and the fluid heater, and the assembly shall be certified with the engine.
+
+### Where aftertreatment is furnished, it shall be located so that the exhaust temperature at its inlet stays above the temperature the catalyst needs during the operating cycle the duty imposes, and the operation and maintenance data shall state the loading at which the exhaust reaches that temperature.
+
+### Aftertreatment that never gets hot does nothing, and a diesel particulate filter that never regenerates plugs; a standby set that exercises at light load can fail its own emissions device, which is why the loading the device needs is a maintenance instruction and not a footnote. {note}
+
+# Enclosure and Sound {toc}
+
+## Installation Configuration {toc}
+
+### The installation configuration of the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Installation Configuration
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Open set for indoor installation"
+ - "Weather-protective enclosure"
+ - "Sound-attenuated enclosure"
+ - "Walk-in sound-attenuated enclosure"
+```
+
+### An open set is installed in a room that provides the weather protection, the ventilation, the fire separation, and the sound attenuation, and every one of those becomes a building cost; a weather-protective enclosure is a housing that keeps the rain off an outdoor set and nothing more; a sound-attenuated enclosure adds acoustic lining, attenuated intake and discharge openings, and an integrated silencer to meet a sound level; a walk-in enclosure adds the space to service the set inside it. The configuration follows from where the set stands and what sound level it must meet, so none is the norm across projects. {note}
+
+### Where the datasheet selects an open set, the room shall satisfy [[sync/electrical-rooms]] and the fire separation NFPA 110 Chapter 7 requires for the level assigned, and the ventilation and combustion air shall be as required under the ambient temperature article of this standard.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects an enclosure, the enclosure shall be listed as part of the UL 2200 assembly and shall be rated for the design wind speed as indicated on [[drawing: the structural drawings]].
+
+## Control and Terminal Enclosures {toc}
+
+### The enclosure type of the controller, the breaker, and the terminal compartments on the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Control and Terminal Enclosure Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - "NEMA Type 1"
+ - "NEMA Type 3R"
+ - "NEMA Type 4"
+ - "NEMA Type 4X"
+ - "NEMA Type 12"
+default: "NEMA Type 1"
+```
+
+### A set inside a weather-protective or sound-attenuated enclosure, and an open set in a dry indoor room, both place the controller and the breaker in a dry location, which is why Type 1 is the default; every other location named in the clauses of this article calls for the type those clauses require. {note}
+
+### Where the set is installed outdoors without an enclosure, or where the controller or the breaker is mounted on the exterior of the enclosure, the controller, breaker, and terminal compartments shall be Type 3R, Type 4, or Type 4X.
+
+### Where the set is installed where the atmosphere carries salt, chemical vapor, or another corrosive agent, the controller, breaker, and terminal compartments mounted outside the enclosure shall be Type 4X.
+
+### Where the set is installed indoors where airborne dust, lint, or fibers accumulate, the controller, breaker, and terminal compartments shall be Type 12, Type 4, or Type 4X.
+
+### Where a rating higher than the datasheet selection is required by the clauses of this article for the installed location, the higher rating shall be furnished and the conflict reported to the Engineer of Record before the set is released for manufacture.
+
+## Enclosure Construction {toc}
+
+### The enclosure material shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Enclosure Material
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Galvanized steel"
+ - "Aluminum"
+ - "Stainless steel"
+default: "Galvanized steel"
+```
+
+### Galvanized steel with a powder-coat finish serves every location that is not corrosive, which is why it carries the default; aluminum resists salt air without a coating and is lighter, and stainless steel holds up where chemical vapor attacks both. {note}
+
+### Where the set is installed within 1 mile of a salt-water shoreline or in a corrosive atmosphere, the enclosure shall be aluminum or stainless steel, or galvanized steel with a coating system the manufacturer rates for that exposure, and the fasteners and hinges shall be stainless steel.
+
+### The enclosure shall be fabricated with welded or sealed seams, a finish of powder coat or a coating system of not less than the dry film thickness the manufacturer publishes for the exposure, lockable hinged doors on both sides giving access to the engine, the alternator, the controller, and the breaker, and a removable roof section or end panel for the removal of the engine or the alternator.
+
+### The enclosure shall be furnished with intake and discharge openings sized for the radiator air flow and the combustion air at the site design ambient, with rain hoods or louvers that exclude wind-driven rain and snow, with bird and rodent screens, and, where the datasheet selects a sound-attenuated enclosure, with attenuated openings and acoustic lining rated for moisture and fire.
+
+### Where motorized louvers are furnished, they shall open before cranking begins, shall fail open on loss of control power, and shall be proven open before the set accepts load.
+
+### A walk-in enclosure shall be furnished with interior lighting on a circuit from the set output, a convenience receptacle, a personnel door at each end with panic hardware, and a floor that drains to the outside.
+
+### Where the cold-start provisions derived under this standard include an enclosure heater, the enclosure shall be furnished with a thermostatically controlled heater sized to hold the interior above the temperature the battery and the controller require at [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]].
+
+## Sound Level {toc}
+
+### The sound pressure level of the set at full load, measured at 7 m, shall not exceed the value indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Sound Pressure Level at 7 m at Full Load
+type: range
+unit: dB(A)
+drawing_ref: "the generator schedule"
+options:
+ min: 55
+ max: 90
+ setpoints: [55, 60, 65, 68, 70, 72, 75, 78, 80, 85, 90]
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### The sound pressure level shall be measured in accordance with ISO 8528-10 as the average of the positions the standard specifies around the set, at 7 m, in a free field, with the set at the site-rated output and the exhaust silencer and aftertreatment furnished in place.
+
+### The sound limit is fixed by the noise ordinance and by the nearest receptor, which are facts of the site, and engine generators have no consensus-standard sound table indexed to rating against which a relative limit could be written, so the limit is recorded on the generator schedule rather than selected in the template. {note}
+
+### The manufacturer shall state in the sound data the octave-band levels from which the A-weighted level is derived and the contribution of the exhaust outlet, so that the silencer grade and the enclosure can be checked against the limit separately.
+
+### Compliance at the property line or at a receptor, where the noise ordinance measures there, shall be demonstrated by the Engineer of Record from the 7 m data and the distance, the intervening barriers, and the reflections of the site, and is not a requirement placed on the set.
+
+# Starting System {toc}
+
+## Starter {toc}
+
+### The starting system of the engine shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Starting System
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Electric"
+ - "Pneumatic"
+default: "Electric"
+```
+
+### An electric starter on a battery is the starting system of nearly every packaged set, which is why it carries the default; a pneumatic starter on a compressed air receiver is a construction of large engines and of installations where an air system already exists and a battery is not wanted. {note}
+
+### The starter shall be sized for the engine at the lowest temperature the cold-start provisions of this standard hold the engine to, and the controller shall limit cranking to the crank and rest cycle the engine manufacturer specifies with an overcrank shutdown at the end of the cycle.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects a pneumatic starter, the air receiver shall hold the volume for the cranking cycle NFPA 110 Chapter 5 requires without recharge, and the compressor shall be supplied from the normal source with an alarm on low receiver pressure wired to the controller.
+
+## Starting Batteries {toc}
+
+### Where the datasheet selects an electric starter, the starting battery type shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Starting Battery Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Flooded lead-acid"
+ - "Absorbed glass mat lead-acid"
+ - "Nickel-cadmium"
+ - "Lithium iron phosphate"
+```
+
+### A flooded lead-acid battery is the least costly and is what most sets ship with, and it needs watering and vents acid gas on charge; an absorbed glass mat battery is sealed, tolerates vibration, and needs no watering, for a higher price and a shorter life at high temperature; a nickel-cadmium battery holds its cranking capacity across the widest temperature range and the longest life, at the highest price; a lithium iron phosphate battery is the lightest and holds its voltage through the crank, and carries its own management system and charging requirements as part of its listing. No type is the norm across projects. {note}
+
+### The battery type furnished shall be one NFPA 110 Chapter 5 permits for the level assigned under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]], and where the type selected is not named there it shall be accepted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction in writing before the set is released for manufacture.
+
+### The battery shall be sized in accordance with EGSA 100B for the cranking cycle NFPA 110 Chapter 5 requires, at the lowest temperature the battery reaches with the battery warmer furnished under this standard in operation, and the manufacturer shall state the sizing basis in the product data.
+
+### The starting system voltage shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Starting System Voltage
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "12 V"
+ - "24 V"
+default: manufacturer
+```
+
+### The starting voltage is fixed by the engine the manufacturer matches to the rated output, so the manufacturer's selection is acceptable, and the manufacturer shall state it in the product data.
+
+### The batteries shall be mounted on the set or in the enclosure in a rack that resists vibration and that holds the batteries clear of the engine heat, with the terminals protected from contact and the cables sized for the cranking current at the length installed.
+
+### A battery disconnect switch shall be furnished at the battery rack, reachable without opening the controller enclosure, so that the set can be made safe for service.
+
+## Battery Charger {toc}
+
+### A battery charger listed to UL 1236 shall be furnished on the set, with automatic float and equalize charging, temperature compensation, current limiting, reverse-polarity and short-circuit protection, and a direct-current ammeter and voltmeter.
+
+### The output rating of the battery charger shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Battery Charger Output Rating
+type: range
+unit: A
+options:
+ min: 2
+ max: 50
+ setpoints: [2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50]
+```
+
+### Where the datasheet does not select a charger rating, the charger shall be rated for the recharge of a fully discharged battery within the time NFPA 110 Chapter 5 requires, at the charge rate the battery manufacturer recommends for the battery furnished, and the rating shall be stated in the product data.
+
+### The charger shall be powered from a dedicated branch circuit on the normal source, and shall be wired so that on loss of the normal source the charger is de-energized and the engine alternator carries the charging while the set runs.
+
+### The charger shall provide a charger malfunction contact, a low battery voltage contact, and a high battery voltage contact wired to the controller, in accordance with NFPA 110 Chapter 5.
+
+### Where the datasheet selects a lithium iron phosphate battery, the charger shall be one the battery manufacturer lists for the battery and its management system, and the charger and battery shall be furnished together.
+
+# Mounting, Vibration Isolation, and Anchorage {toc}
+
+## The vibration isolation of the set shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Vibration Isolation
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Isolators between the engine-alternator and the base"
+ - "Isolators between the engine-alternator and the base, and restrained isolators between the base and the pad"
+ - "Restrained spring isolators on an inertia base"
+default: manufacturer
+```
+
+## Every packaged set carries isolators between the engine-alternator and its base or sub-base tank as the manufacturer's construction, and that is enough where the set stands on a pad outdoors or on grade with nothing occupied beneath it; a set inside an occupied building or on a framed floor puts its vibration into the structure through the base, so a second stage of isolation under the base, or an inertia base on restrained springs, is added to meet the vibration and noise criterion of the spaces around it. {note}
+
+## Where the set is installed inside an occupied building or on a framed floor, restrained isolators shall be furnished between the base and the pad unless the datasheet selects an inertia base.
+
+## Every isolator between the base and the pad shall be a restrained isolator, so that the set cannot leave the isolators under the seismic and wind loads applicable to the installation, and the restraints shall be included in the seismic certification where one is required.
+
+## The set shall be anchored at the manufacturer's anchor points with anchors sized for the seismic and wind loads applicable to the installation, in accordance with the seismic anchorage calculation submitted under this standard, and the anchor design shall be coordinated with [[sync/concrete-pads]].
+
+## The set shall be furnished with lifting points on the base or the enclosure rated for the weight of the set with its tank empty, and the shop drawings shall show the lifting arrangement.
+
+# Identification and Labeling {toc}
+
+## Field-installed labels shall be provided as indicated in the datasheet and shall comply with [[sync/equipment-labeling]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: Generator Labeling
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Equipment designation matching the one-line diagram"
+ - "Emergency system identification"
+ - "Available fault current with the calculation date"
+ - "Arc-flash warning label"
+ - "NFPA 110 level and type identification"
+ - "Neutral bonding condition at the set"
+ - "Fuel type and tank capacity"
+ - "Remote emergency stop location"
+ - "Air permit identification and run-hour limit"
+default:
+ - "Equipment designation matching the one-line diagram"
+ - "Available fault current with the calculation date"
+ - "Arc-flash warning label"
+ - "Neutral bonding condition at the set"
+ - "Fuel type and tank capacity"
+ - "Remote emergency stop location"
+```
+
+## The set shall carry the nameplate NEC 445.11 requires, giving the manufacturer, the rated frequency, the number of phases, the rated kilowatts and kilovolt-amperes, the power factor, the rated voltage and current, the rated speed, the insulation class and the temperature rise, the rating category, and whether the neutral is bonded to the frame.
+
+## The available fault current at the set terminals shall be field-marked with the date of the calculation in accordance with NEC 110.24.
+
+## Where the set serves an Article 700 emergency system, the set and its enclosure shall be marked as a component of the emergency system in accordance with NEC 700.10(A), and the sign NEC 700.7 requires at the service equipment shall identify the location of the set.
+
+## The arc-flash warning label shall carry the values established under [[sync/arc-flash-study]] for the set breaker enclosure, and shall be placed so that it is read before the enclosure is opened.
+
+## Labels shall be permanent, resistant to the environment the enclosure is selected for, and legible from the operating position without removing a cover.
+
+# Testing {toc}
+
+## Factory Tests {toc}
+
+### The manufacturer shall perform the following production tests on the set before shipment, in accordance with UL 2200 and ISO 8528-6, and shall record the results on a certified test report identified by serial number:
+
+- a run at the site-rated output, rated voltage, and rated frequency for not less than one hour, with the coolant, oil, and exhaust temperatures recorded
+- a single-step load acceptance at the largest step established under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]], with the transient voltage and frequency deviation and the recovery time recorded
+- verification of the steady-state voltage regulation and the frequency regulation through the load range
+- verification of every shutdown, including overspeed, low oil pressure, high coolant temperature, and overcrank, and of every alarm and pre-alarm
+- verification of the phase rotation, the voltage on each phase, and the neutral bonding condition against the order
+- an insulation resistance test of the alternator winding
+- a dielectric withstand test of the control and power wiring in accordance with UL 2200
+- a functional test of the controller, the breaker, the shunt trip, the charger, and every communications output
+- a visual and dimensional inspection, including the nameplate against the order
+
+### Factory test witnessing shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Factory Test Witnessing
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Witnessed by the Owner's representative"
+ - "Certified test report without witnessing"
+default: "Certified test report without witnessing"
+```
+
+### Where witnessing is selected, the manufacturer shall give not less than two weeks' notice of test readiness, shall submit the test procedure for review before the test, and shall not ship the set until the witness has accepted the results or has waived attendance in writing.
+
+## Field Acceptance Tests {toc}
+
+### Field acceptance tests shall be performed on the set in accordance with NETA ATS and [[sync/electrical-acceptance-testing]] after installation is complete and before the set is placed in service, and shall include the tests indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Field Acceptance Tests
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Visual and mechanical inspection including anchorage, isolators, nameplate, clearances, and fluid levels"
+ - "Bolted connection resistance or torque verification"
+ - "Insulation resistance of the alternator winding and the feeder"
+ - "Neutral bonding condition verified against the derived value"
+ - "Phase rotation and voltage on each phase"
+ - "Controller settings verified against the reviewed settings record"
+ - "Cold start from the remote start contact with the time to rated voltage and frequency measured"
+ - "Load test at the load source and duration selected under this standard"
+ - "Step-load test at the largest step with the transient deviation and recovery time recorded"
+ - "Operation of every alarm, pre-alarm, and shutdown by simulation"
+ - "Operation of the remote annunciator and every communications point"
+ - "Operation of the emergency stop at the set and at the remote station"
+ - "Fuel level, low fuel alarm, and leak detection operation"
+ - "Gas supply pressure at the engine inlet at full load"
+ - "Battery load test and charger operation"
+ - "Exhaust back pressure at full load"
+ - "Sound pressure level at 7 m at full load"
+ - "Infrared scan of the breaker and power terminations under load"
+default:
+ - "Visual and mechanical inspection including anchorage, isolators, nameplate, clearances, and fluid levels"
+ - "Bolted connection resistance or torque verification"
+ - "Insulation resistance of the alternator winding and the feeder"
+ - "Neutral bonding condition verified against the derived value"
+ - "Phase rotation and voltage on each phase"
+ - "Controller settings verified against the reviewed settings record"
+ - "Cold start from the remote start contact with the time to rated voltage and frequency measured"
+ - "Load test at the load source and duration selected under this standard"
+ - "Step-load test at the largest step with the transient deviation and recovery time recorded"
+ - "Operation of every alarm, pre-alarm, and shutdown by simulation"
+ - "Operation of the remote annunciator and every communications point"
+ - "Operation of the emergency stop at the set and at the remote station"
+ - "Fuel level, low fuel alarm, and leak detection operation"
+ - "Battery load test and charger operation"
+```
+
+### The load source for the acceptance load test shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Acceptance Load Test Source
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Building load"
+ - "Building load supplemented by a load bank"
+ - "Load bank"
+```
+
+### The duration of the acceptance load test shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Acceptance Load Test Duration
+type: range
+unit: hours
+options:
+ min: 2
+ max: 24
+ setpoints: [2, 4, 8, 12, 24]
+default: 2
+```
+
+### Where the set serves a system classified under NFPA 110, the load test shall reach the load steps and the total duration the installation acceptance test of NFPA 110 Chapter 7 requires, and the duration selected in the datasheet shall be not less than that total.
+
+### A two-hour test at the steps NFPA 110 Chapter 7 requires is the code minimum, which is why it carries the default; a longer run is bought where the Owner wants the cooling system, the fuel system, and the aftertreatment proven at full load for a working day, and a run of a day or more is the practice of facilities whose outage plan assumes it. {note}
+
+### The building load at the time of acceptance is usually a fraction of the rated output, and a diesel engine that is never loaded above a fraction of its rating deposits unburned fuel in its exhaust; the load bank is what brings the set to the rated output it was bought for, so that the cooling, the exhaust temperature, and the aftertreatment are proven and not assumed. {note}
+
+### The measured time from the remote start signal to rated voltage and frequency shall be within the type time assigned under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]], and a set whose measured time exceeds it shall not be placed in service until the cause is corrected and the test repeated.
+
+### The field acceptance tests of the set shall be scheduled with the transfer switch field tests required under [[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]] so that they roll up into the integrated system test required under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]], and the chain from source failure to load restoration is verified as one system.
+
+### A set that fails a field acceptance test shall not be placed in service, the Contractor shall report the failure to the Engineer of Record within one working day with the measured values, and the cost of the correction and of every repeated test shall be borne by the Contractor.
+
+## Manufacturer Startup {toc}
+
+### Whether the manufacturer performs a field startup shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer Field Startup
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required, with a startup report"
+ - "Not required"
+default: "Required, with a startup report"
+```
+
+### A manufacturer's startup is the condition of the warranty on nearly every packaged set, which is why it carries the default, and it is the visit at which the engine is first run under the manufacturer's eye, the controller is set to the reviewed settings record, and the warranty commences. {note}
+
+### Where manufacturer startup is required, the manufacturer's technician shall verify the installation against the shop drawings, shall fill and check every fluid, shall set the controller to the reviewed settings record, shall witness the cold start and the load test, and shall furnish the startup report required in the closeout submittals.
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Placement and Clearances {toc}
+
+### The set shall be installed at the location and in the orientation indicated on [[drawing: the electrical plans]], with the service sides accessible.
+
+### Working space at the controller, the breaker, and every terminal compartment shall comply with NEC 110.26 for the rated voltage, and the enclosure doors shall not reduce that space when open.
+
+### The clearance around the set shall be not less than the larger of the working space NEC 110.26 requires, the clearance to combustible construction NFPA 37 requires, and the service clearance the manufacturer publishes on the shop drawings, and the clearance to openings in the building shall satisfy NFPA 37.
+
+### Where the set serves a system classified as Level 1 under NFPA 110, the set shall be located with the separation from other structures and the fire separation NFPA 110 Chapter 7 requires, and where installed indoors, in a room that serves no other purpose than the set and its accessories.
+
+### The cooling air intake shall be located where it does not draw the radiator discharge, the exhaust, or the discharge of any other equipment, and the exhaust outlet shall be located where the prevailing wind does not carry the exhaust into a building opening.
+
+## Housekeeping Pad {toc}
+
+### The set shall be set on a reinforced concrete housekeeping pad constructed under [[sync/concrete-pads]], extending not less than 6 in. beyond the base on every side, not less than 4 in. above the finished floor indoors or 6 in. above finished grade outdoors, and thick enough for the anchor embedment the seismic anchorage calculation requires.
+
+### Conduit sleeves, the fuel piping penetrations, and the grounding electrode connection shall be cast into the pad before the concrete is placed, at the locations shown on the shop drawings.
+
+## Electrical Connections {toc}
+
+### The feeder from the set breaker to the transfer switch shall be sized for not less than 115 percent of the rated current of the set in accordance with NEC 445.13, and shall be installed under [[sync/conductors-and-cables]] and [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]].
+
+### Power conductors shall be terminated on the lugs furnished with the set breaker, torqued to the manufacturer's published value with a calibrated torque tool, and the value shall be recorded on the field test report.
+
+### Where the set is installed on vibration isolators, the power and control conduits shall be connected to the set through flexible conduit or cable of a length that does not transmit vibration to the raceway system.
+
+### The control wiring between the set and the transfer switch, the remote annunciator, and the remote emergency stop shall be installed in raceways separate from the power conductors, and where the set serves an Article 700 system, separated in accordance with NEC 700.10.
+
+### The neutral bonding at the set shall be installed, or omitted, in accordance with the derived value under this standard, and the Contractor shall record the as-installed condition on the as-built one-line diagram.
+
+## Remote Emergency Stop {toc}
+
+### A remote emergency stop station shall be installed outside the enclosure of an outdoor set, or outside the room of an indoor set, at the location indicated on [[drawing: the electrical plans]], in accordance with NEC 445.18, and shall shut the engine down and trip the set breaker.
+
+### The remote emergency stop shall be a maintained-contact station with a protective cover that prevents unintended operation, labeled with the equipment designation of the set it stops, and its circuit shall be supervised so that a broken circuit is annunciated and does not shut the engine down.
+
+### An emergency stop that opens the engine on a broken wire turns every failure of its circuit into a shutdown of a life-safety source, which is why the circuit is supervised and the stop is a positive action. {note}
+
+## Fuel and Exhaust Connections {toc}
+
+### Diesel fuel piping to the skid connection shall be installed under [[sync/fuel-oil-systems]], the bulk tank under [[sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks]], and gas piping to the gas train under [[sync/fuel-gas-piping]], and every connection at the set shall be made with the flexible connector the set furnishes.
+
+### The exhaust shall be installed under the exhaust article of this standard, and where the exhaust back pressure measured during the field acceptance tests exceeds the engine manufacturer's limit, the Contractor shall correct the installation and repeat the measurement at the Contractor's expense.
+
+### Fuel fill, vent, and gas piping shall not be routed through the cooling air discharge, over the exhaust, or where they can be struck from the service side of the set.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## The set shall be delivered with the engine filled with the manufacturer's lubricant, the cooling system filled with the coolant selected under this standard or drained and tagged, the batteries shipped dry or charged as the manufacturer directs, and every shipping brace and weather seal in place.
+
+## The Contractor shall verify the delivery path, including gates, doors, ramps, floor capacity, and the crane or rigging position, against the shipping dimensions and weight on the shop drawings before the set is shipped.
+
+## The set shall be lifted at the lifting points the manufacturer identifies with rigging that clears the enclosure and the controller, and shall not be lifted by the enclosure, the radiator, or the exhaust.
+
+## Where the set stands more than 30 days on the site before startup, it shall be stored under cover or in its enclosure with the doors closed, the jacket water heater and the battery charger shall be energized from a temporary source, and the engine shall be barred over or run at the interval the manufacturer's storage instructions state.
+
+## A set damaged in transit, in storage, or in handling shall be repaired or replaced as the manufacturer directs and as the Engineer of Record accepts in writing.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The manufacturer shall warrant the set, including the engine, the alternator, the controller, the enclosure, and every set-mounted accessory, against defects in materials and workmanship for the period indicated in the datasheet, measured from the date of substantial completion or the date of manufacturer startup, whichever is later.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer's Warranty Period
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 5, 10]
+```
+
+## The period is a term the Owner buys, from the manufacturer's base offering to an extended term on a facility whose outage plan depends on the set, so no period is the norm and the field carries no default. {note}
+
+## Where the manufacturer's warranty carries a limit on operating hours, the limit shall be stated in the warranty documentation, and a warranty whose hour limit is not stated shall be read as having none.
+
+## Where the contract documents state a longer warranty period than the datasheet, the longer period shall govern.
+
+## The Contractor shall warrant the installation, including every termination, the anchorage, the fuel and exhaust connections, the grounding, and the field-installed accessories, for the project warranty period.
+
+## A repair or replacement performed under this warranty shall itself be warranted for a full new term equal to the original period from the date the repair is completed, or for the remainder of the original period, whichever ends later.
+
+## The emergency field service response time committed for the warranty period shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Emergency Field Service Response Time
+type: range
+unit: hours
+options:
+ min: 4
+ max: 72
+ setpoints: [4, 8, 24, 48, 72]
+```
+
+## Where the set serves a system classified as Level 1 under NFPA 110, the response time shall be coordinated with the facility's continuity-of-operations plan and with the response commitment made under [[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]].
+
+## The extended service provisions furnished shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Extended Service Provisions
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Annual preventive maintenance visit for the warranty period"
+ - "Controller firmware updates for the warranty period"
+ - "Parts stocking commitment at the nearest service center"
+ - "Annual load bank test for the warranty period"
+ - "Extended warranty beyond the period stated"
+```
+
+# Spare Parts and Training {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall deliver the spare parts indicated in the datasheet to the Owner before the set is accepted, and shall obtain a signed receipt for them.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare Parts to Be Furnished
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "One set of engine filters for oil, fuel, air, and coolant"
+ - "One set of belts and hoses"
+ - "One spare starting battery matched to the set furnished"
+ - "One set of control fuses and indicator lamps"
+ - "One spare fuel level sender and one spare coolant level sensor"
+ - "Touch-up paint matching the enclosure finish"
+ - "Keys for every lock furnished"
+default:
+ - "One set of engine filters for oil, fuel, air, and coolant"
+ - "One set of belts and hoses"
+ - "One set of control fuses and indicator lamps"
+ - "Touch-up paint matching the enclosure finish"
+ - "Keys for every lock furnished"
+```
+
+## Spare parts shall be of the same manufacturer and rating as the installed items, shall be delivered in their original packaging, shall be labeled with the equipment designation of the set they serve, and the operation and maintenance data shall list the part numbers and the reorder source for each.
+
+## The Owner's operating personnel shall be trained on the set for the period indicated in the datasheet, covering normal and manual operation, the controller interface, the settings record, the alarm and shutdown response procedure, the fuel quality program, the run-hour limits of the air permit, and the routine inspection, exercise, and testing NFPA 110 Chapter 8 requires where it applies.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Operator Training Period
+type: range
+unit: hours
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 16
+ setpoints: [0, 2, 4, 8, 16]
+```
+
+## Training shall be delivered by the manufacturer's authorized service representative at the site with the set in service, and a sign-in record of the topics covered and the personnel attending shall be delivered with the closeout submittals.