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HVAC Water Treatment

Rev9
IssuedAug 29, 2026
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1 Scope

NOTE This standard covers the ongoing chemical and physical treatment program that protects HVAC water systems from corrosion, scale, deposition, and microbiological growth for the operating life of the building. (1.1)
NOTE The systems in scope are closed hydronic loops (heating hot water, chilled water, dual-temperature, water-source and ground-source heat pump loops, and inhibited-glycol loops), open recirculating condenser water systems served by cooling towers and evaporative condensers, and steam and condensate systems operating at or below 150 psig. (1.2)
NOTE The work comprises the treatment design, the chemistry, the equipment that doses and controls it, the monitoring that proves it is working, the documentation the Owner needs to operate it, and the service program that sustains it. (1.3)
NOTE The program begins where construction-phase cleaning ends. Pre-operational cleaning, high-velocity flushing, passivation, corrosion coupon installation, and the initial glycol charge of closed systems are the installing contractor's work under Hydronic Cleaning And FlushingHydronic System Cleaning and FlushingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/hydronic-cleaning-and-flushing, which hands off with a signed report. This standard governs everything after that hand-off, plus the start-up disinfection of open recirculating systems, which that standard does not cover. (1.4)
1.5 The long-term treatment program shall not be placed online on a closed system until the signed cleaning, flushing, and passivation report required by Hydronic Cleaning And FlushingHydronic System Cleaning and FlushingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/hydronic-cleaning-and-flushing has been delivered for that system.
NOTE Water treatment decides whether the equipment specified elsewhere in these documents reaches its design life. A closed loop held at its inhibitor control range runs for decades on its original pipe and pump internals; the same loop run on untreated fill water loses heat-transfer surface to oxygen pitting within a few years and accumulates iron oxide that disables the lowest-velocity branches first. (1.6)
NOTE An open condenser water system without effective scale, corrosion, and biological control fouls tower fill within a single hot-weather season, and on the biological side becomes a documented Legionellosis exposure pathway rather than an asset-protection problem alone. (1.7)
1.8 The systems to be treated under this standard shall be as indicated on the mechanical drawings and equipment schedules.
NOTE The following are outside this scope and are governed by the companion standards named. (1.9)
  • Construction-phase cleaning, flushing, passivation, coupon installation, and glycol charging of closed systems - Hydronic Cleaning And FlushingHydronic System Cleaning and FlushingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/hydronic-cleaning-and-flushing.
  • Domestic potable hot and cold water, including its own treatment equipment and its own Legionella controls - Domestic Water PipingDomestic Water PipingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/domestic-water-piping and Domestic Water Softeners And FiltrationDomestic Water Softeners and FiltrationResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/domestic-water-softeners-and-filtration.
  • Disinfection and bacteriological clearance of newly constructed potable piping - Disinfection Of Water SystemsDisinfection of Domestic Water SystemsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/disinfection-of-water-systems.
  • The cooling tower, fluid cooler, and evaporative condenser as equipment, including drift eliminators, basin construction, and basin heaters - Cooling TowersCooling TowersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/cooling-towers.
  • Backflow prevention assembly installation detail and annual certification testing - Backflow PreventionBackflow PreventionResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/backflow-prevention.
  • Hydronic distribution piping, valves, air separators, and expansion devices - Hydronic PipingHydronic PipingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/hydronic-piping and Expansion Tanks And Air SeparatorsExpansion Tanks and Air SeparatorsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/expansion-tanks-and-air-separators.
  • Steam and condensate distribution piping, traps, and receivers - Steam And Condensate PipingSteam and Condensate PipingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/steam-and-condensate-piping.
  • Boiler pressure vessels, trim, safety devices, and combustion controls - BoilersBoilersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/boilers.
  • Humidifier fill water quality and steam dispersion assemblies - HumidifiersHumidifiersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/humidifiers.
  • Chiller evaporator and condenser waterboxes and tube cleaning - ChillersChillersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/chillers and Heat ExchangersHeat ExchangersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/heat-exchangers.
  • Circulating pumps and their seals - HVAC PumpsHVAC PumpsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/hvac-pumps.
  • Controller point mapping, trending, and alarm integration - Building Automation SystemBuilding Automation SystemResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/building-automation-system.
  • Functional performance testing and systems checkout - CommissioningTotal Building CommissioningResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/commissioning.
1.10 Where an open recirculating water system is present, the treatment program shall be documented within the building water management program required by ANSI/ASHRAE 188.

2 Referenced Standards

2.1 Equipment, chemistry, and the treatment program shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
2.2 Where the contract documents, the adopted code, the local public health authority's water management requirements, or a referenced standard impose conflicting requirements on the same subject, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
Standard Title
ANSI/ASHRAE 188 Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems
ASHRAE Guideline 12 Managing the Risk of Legionellosis Associated with Building Water Systems
ASHRAE Handbook — HVAC Applications Water Treatment: Deposition, Corrosion, and Biological Control
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
CTI STD-159 Acceptable Water for Cooling Tower Make-Up
CTI WTP-148 Legionellosis Guideline: Best Practices for Control of Legionella in Cooling Water Systems
AWT Technical Reference and Training Manual Association of Water Technologies reference for industrial water treatment programs
ABMA Boiler Water Limits Recommended Boiler Water Limits and Steam Purity for Watertube and Firetube Boilers
ASME BPVC Section VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping
ASME A13.1 Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems
ASTM D596 Reporting Results of Analysis of Water
ASTM D1193 Reagent Water
ASTM D2688 Corrosivity of Water in the Absence of Heat Transfer (Weight Loss Methods)
ASTM D3370 Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
ASTM D4012 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Content of Microorganisms in Water
ASTM D5391 Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of a Flowing High Purity Water Sample
ASTM D6161 Terminology Applied to Membrane Processes
ISO 11731 Water Quality — Enumeration of Legionella
AWWA C651 Disinfecting Water Mains
ANSI Z358.1 Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment
ASSE 1013 Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow Prevention Assemblies
ASSE 1015 Double Check Backflow Prevention Assemblies
ASSE 1047 Reduced Pressure Detector Fire Protection Backflow Prevention Assemblies
NSF/ANSI 60 Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals — Health Effects
FDA 21 CFR 173.310 Boiler Water Additives Permitted in Food-Contact Steam
EPA FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act — registration of biocidal products
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication Standard
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
DOT 49 CFR Hazardous Materials Regulations
IBC International Building Code — chemical storage occupancy and construction
IFC International Fire Code — hazardous materials storage, containment, and signage
IPC / UPC International Plumbing Code or Uniform Plumbing Code as adopted — cross-connection control
NOTE Many local public health authorities publish their own requirements for cooling tower registration, Legionella sampling, and water management plan content that go beyond the consensus standards above. (2.3)
2.4 Requirements published by the local public health authority shall be incorporated into the program by the design team and the water treatment service provider.

3 Submittals

3.1 Action Submittals

3.1.1 The Contractor and the water treatment service provider shall submit the following for the Engineer of Record's review and return before treatment equipment is procured and before any chemistry is added to any system:
  • A make-up water analysis for the project's water supply, performed by an independent laboratory using current ASTM or Standard Methods procedures, reporting each analyte required by this standard
  • A written treatment design for each system in scope, identifying the proposed chemistry, the control range for each measured parameter, the target cycles of concentration for open systems, and the control parameter on which automatic feed and bleed act
  • Product data and Safety Data Sheets for every chemical product proposed for the project
  • EPA FIFRA registration documentation for every biocidal product, showing the product is registered for the use proposed
  • A materials compatibility statement covering every wetted material in each treated system
  • Chemical feed and control equipment shop drawings, showing feed pumps, tanks, feed line routing, isolation and calibration provisions, probe locations, bleed equipment, side-stream filtration, and sample ports
  • Side-stream filter product data, including nominal rating, design flow, clean and fouled pressure drop, and the backwash or change-out method
  • Sample port details and a port location list for each system
  • A draft water management program document for the open recirculating systems, prepared in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE 188
  • A service contract proposal identifying visit frequency, parameters tested, laboratory used, coupon reading schedule, emergency response commitment, and the chemical replenishment basis
Action Submittals Requiredcheckbox
☑ Independent laboratory make-up water analysis
☑ Written treatment design per system
☑ Chemical product data and Safety Data Sheets
☑ EPA FIFRA registration for each biocidal product
☑ Materials compatibility statement
☑ Chemical feed and control equipment shop drawings
☐ Side-stream filter product data
☑ Sample port details and location list
☐ Draft ANSI/ASHRAE 188 water management program document
☑ Service contract proposal
3.1.2 Chemistry shall not be added to any system until the submittals covering that system have been returned by the Engineer of Record.
NOTE A chemistry compatibility error is usually irreversible. The wrong pH window strips zinc from a galvanized tower in weeks, and an inhibitor incompatible with a gasket compound is discovered as a leak rather than as a test result. Review before dosing is what makes those errors correctable on paper instead of in the field. (3.1.3)

3.2 Closeout Submittals

3.2.1 The Contractor shall submit the following at substantial completion, before each treated system is accepted by the Owner:
  • The initial treated-water analysis for each system, showing every measured parameter within its control range before the system entered normal operating service
  • Start-up disinfection records for each open recirculating system, with the halogen residual achieved, the contact time held, and the post-disinfection microbiological result
  • Operation and maintenance manuals for all treatment equipment, including parts lists, replacement intervals, and calibration procedures
  • The controller point list and control narrative for every treatment signal reported to the building automation system
  • The completed water management program document for the open recirculating systems, with signature pages for the Owner, the operating engineer, and the service provider
  • A chemical inventory list with the Safety Data Sheet, storage location, maximum stored quantity, and spill response procedure for each chemical present on site
  • The executed service contract for the term included in the base bid, with the visit schedule and a named point of contact
Closeout Submittals Requiredcheckbox
☑ Initial treated-water analysis per system
☑ Start-up disinfection records for open systems
☑ Operation and maintenance manuals for treatment equipment
☑ Controller point list and control narrative
☐ Completed water management program document
☑ Chemical inventory list with Safety Data Sheets
☑ Executed service contract for the base-bid term
NOTE The closeout package is what lets a successor service provider take over the program without re-establishing it, and what the Owner produces when a public health authority audits the water management program. (3.2.2)

4 Quality Assurance

4.1 Service Provider Qualifications

4.1.1 The water treatment service provider shall be a firm whose principal business is water treatment and shall have treated commercial HVAC water systems comparable to this project in size and system mix for not less than the period indicated in the datasheet.
Minimum Service Provider Experiencerange
years
2351015
4.1.2 The technician credentials required of personnel assigned to this project shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Technician Credential Requiredcheckbox
☑ Association of Water Technologies Certified Water Technologist (CWT)
☐ Manufacturer certification for the chemistry program supplied
☐ State-licensed water treatment or boiler water operator where the jurisdiction licenses the trade
☐ Documented in-house training program with records available for review
4.1.3 The service provider shall maintain product liability and professional liability insurance covering the chemistry and the recommendations it supplies.
4.1.4 The service provider shall hold a current EPA establishment number where any treatment product supplied to the project is blended or repackaged at the provider's facility.

4.2 Chemistry Selection Independence

4.2.1 The treatment design shall be described in performance terms — active chemistry, control ranges, dosing basis, and monitoring method — rather than by product name, so that a successor provider can match the program without draining or re-passivating the system.
4.2.2 Where the project is competitively bid, each bidder shall propose chemistry meeting the same performance criteria stated in the treatment design.
NOTE A program described only by a vendor's product names becomes a switching cost. The Owner discovers at the first re-bid that changing providers means changing chemistry, and changing chemistry on an established system means a transition period during which the passive film is neither the old one nor the new one. (4.2.3)

4.3 Materials Compatibility Verification

4.3.1 Before chemistry is added to a system, the service provider shall verify in writing that the proposed chemistry is compatible with every wetted material in that system, including pipe metallurgy at each section, pump and valve bodies, mechanical seal faces and elastomers, gasket compounds at flanges and grooved couplings, heat exchanger tube and shell materials, expansion device diaphragms, and any aluminum component.
4.3.2 The compatibility verification shall identify each incompatibility found and shall propose either a substitute chemistry or a control measure such as a narrowed pH window.
4.3.3 The compatibility verification shall be signed by the service provider's technical authority.
4.3.4 The occasions on which compatibility verification is required shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Materials Compatibility Verification Occasionscheckbox
☑ Before the initial chemical charge
☑ Before any change of chemistry program
☑ Before any single product substitution within an established program
☑ Before any equipment addition that introduces a new wetted material
NOTE Aluminum is the material that most often defeats an otherwise sound program. Aluminum humidifier cylinders, aluminum-cored coils, and light-duty aluminum impellers corrode rapidly above roughly pH 9, which is inside the normal control band for molybdate and nitrite chemistries. Where aluminum is in the wetted path the pH window narrows, and the chemistry has to be chosen for that window rather than adjusted into it later. (4.3.5)

5 Make-Up Water Supply

5.1 Design Basis Water Supply

NOTE Every treatment program is built on the water available at the site, because make-up water continuously refreshes each system — through evaporation on open systems, and through leakage, drain-down, and venting losses on closed systems. (5.1.1)
5.1.2 The treatment design shall be based on Site Water Supply SourceSite Water Supply SourceParameterEach project supplies its own value.site-water-supply-source and Site Water Supply HardnessSite Water Supply HardnessParameterEach project supplies its own value.site-water-supply-hardness, and where more than one supply can serve the building, on the most aggressive of them.
NOTE A program designed for soft, low-conductivity municipal water fails on a project drawing hard well water, and a program designed for hard well water over-treats soft city water for the life of the building. The supply is not a preference; it is a measured fact that the design either accounts for or does not. (5.1.3)

5.2 Pre-Design Water Analysis

5.2.1 An independent laboratory analysis of the make-up water shall be obtained and shall report each analyte indicated in the datasheet.
Make-Up Water Analysis Parameterscheckbox
☑ pH
☑ Total hardness as CaCO3
☑ Calcium hardness as CaCO3
☐ Magnesium hardness as CaCO3
☑ Total alkalinity as CaCO3
☑ Chloride
☑ Sulfate
☑ Silica
☑ Total dissolved solids or specific conductance
☑ Total iron
☐ Manganese
☐ Total organic carbon
☑ Free chlorine residual
☐ Monochloramine residual
☐ Total phosphorus
5.2.2 The analysis used for the treatment design shall be no older at the time of submittal than the age indicated in the datasheet.
Maximum Age of Make-Up Water Analysis at Submittalrange
months
612243660
5.2.3 Where the building can draw from more than one source, each source shall be analyzed separately rather than as a blend.
NOTE Monochloramine consumes oxidizing biocide demand in an open system without contributing the free halogen residual the program controls to, so a supply reported only as total chlorine hides a demand the biocide program has to carry. (5.2.4)
5.2.5 Where the supply is chloraminated, the analysis shall report monochloramine separately from free chlorine.

5.3 Make-Up Water Pretreatment

5.3.1 The make-up water pretreatment provided for each open recirculating system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Make-Up Water Pretreatment for Open Systemsselect
None
Particulate filtration
Softening by ion exchange
Dealkalization
Partial reverse osmosis blended with raw make-up
Full reverse osmosis
Softening combined with partial reverse osmosis
5.3.2 Where the make-up water does not meet the CTI STD-159 limits at the cycles of concentration the design requires, the Engineer of Record shall resolve the conflict by adding pretreatment, by lowering the target cycles, or by both, before the tower selection is fixed.
NOTE Pretreatment buys cycles. Softening removes the hardness that limits scaling and lets a system run at higher cycles on the same tower, at the cost of the softener, its salt, and its regeneration discharge; reverse osmosis removes conductivity as well and lets cycles rise further, at higher capital and reject-water cost. Where make-up water is inexpensive and sewer discharge is unrestricted, neither is likely to repay its cost; where the utility meters both directions and restricts discharge volume, both often do. (5.3.3)
NOTE Softened make-up removes hardness but not alkalinity, so the concentrated water becomes more alkaline and more corrosive to galvanized surfaces than raw make-up at the same cycles. A tower with galvanized construction placed on softened make-up needs its corrosion program set for that condition rather than for the raw supply. (5.3.4)

5.4 Cross-Connection Control

NOTE Every treated system carries FIFRA-registered biocide and other chemistry whose entry into the potable supply is precisely the hazard cross-connection control exists to prevent, which is what makes a make-up connection a cross-connection control matter rather than a piping detail. (5.4.1)
5.4.2 Each make-up water connection to a treated system shall be protected by a backflow prevention assembly of the type required by the adopted plumbing code and the local cross-connection control authority for the degree of hazard the treated system presents.
Make-Up Water Backflow Prevention Assemblyselect
Air gap
Reduced pressure principle assembly
Reduced pressure principle detector assembly
Double check valve assembly
Double check detector assembly
Derived — the degree-of-hazard classification the adopted plumbing code assigns to a chemically treated system, and the assembly type the local cross-connection control authority accepts for that classification (by default)
5.4.3 Treated water shall not be permitted to return to the potable supply under any operating or failure condition, including make-up line depressurization.
5.4.4 The assembly shall be installed in a position accessible for the annual certification test required by the cross-connection control program, and its installation and testing shall comply with Backflow PreventionBackflow PreventionResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/backflow-prevention.
5.4.5 The Contractor shall confirm the assembly type with the local cross-connection control authority before procurement, because acceptance of a double check assembly on an inhibited closed loop varies between jurisdictions that otherwise adopt the same model code.

6 Chemical Storage, Containment, and Handling

6.1 Storage Arrangement

6.1.1 The chemical storage arrangement serving the treatment program shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Chemical Storage Arrangementselect
Dedicated chemical storage room
Enclosed chemical storage cabinet within the mechanical room
Containment pallets and drum stations within the mechanical room
Exterior chemical storage enclosure
Day tanks at the feed skid replenished from off-site bulk supply
6.1.2 The chemical storage area shall be located as indicated on the mechanical drawings, with clearance to change containers without disassembling feed equipment.
NOTE No arrangement is the norm across projects, because the answer follows the chemical quantity the program consumes and the space the plant has. A single tower on solid feed needs no more than a shelf and a containment pallet, while a campus central plant on bulk liquid feed needs a rated room with its own ventilation. (6.1.3)

6.2 Secondary Containment

6.2.1 Secondary containment shall be provided at every chemical storage and feed location, sized not less than the capacity indicated in the datasheet and in no case less than the capacity required by the adopted fire code.
Secondary Containment Capacity as Percent of Largest Containerrange
%
100110125150200300
NOTE Containment sized to the largest single container assumes one container fails at a time. Where incompatible products share a containment area, sizing to the sum of the stored volumes is what prevents a single failure from mixing an acid with an oxidizer inside the containment itself. (6.2.2)
6.2.3 Chemical feed pumps and their suction connections shall be located within secondary containment.
6.2.4 A chemical-resistant floor coating shall be provided throughout the containment area.
6.2.5 Where a floor drain is provided in the containment area, it shall be arranged so that a spill cannot reach a storm or sanitary sewer without passing through a spill isolation provision.

6.3 Life Safety and Segregation Provisions

6.3.1 Emergency eyewash and shower equipment meeting ANSI Z358.1 shall be provided within the travel distance that standard requires of every chemical handling position.
6.3.2 Mechanical ventilation meeting the IBC and IFC requirements for the hazard class of the chemicals stored shall be provided.
6.3.3 Incompatible products shall be physically separated in storage, with acids separated from oxidizers and oxidizers separated from organic biocides and reducing agents.
6.3.4 Spill response materials sized for the largest single container shall be provided at the storage area.
6.3.5 Safety Data Sheets for every chemical present shall be posted at the entry to the storage area in a weatherproof enclosure, in addition to the chemical inventory list delivered at closeout.
6.3.6 Where the stored quantity of any chemical exceeds the IFC threshold for hazardous material occupancy classification, the storage area shall be classified and constructed accordingly.
NOTE Hypochlorite and acid together produce chlorine gas within seconds. Segregation and containment sizing are the two provisions that keep an ordinary drum failure from becoming an evacuation, and both are decided at layout rather than corrected later. (6.3.7)

7 Closed System Treatment Program

7.1 Corrosion Inhibitor Chemistry

7.1.1 The primary corrosion inhibitor chemistry for each closed hydronic system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Closed System Corrosion Inhibitor Chemistryselect
Molybdate
Nitrite
Molybdate and nitrite blend
Phosphonate with azole and polymer
Silicate
Borate and nitrite
NOTE No chemistry is the norm across closed hydronic projects, so this field asserts no default. The choice turns on the system metallurgy, the operating temperature, the Owner's tolerance for monitoring effort, and the local discharge rules — inputs that differ from project to project rather than settling on one answer. (7.1.2)
NOTE Molybdate forms a passive film on carbon steel through an oxidative mechanism that does not consume dissolved oxygen, holds across a wide pH and temperature range, and is unaffected by chloride at the concentrations found in closed loops. It costs more per treated gallon than nitrite, needs a pH near the upper end of the common band to protect copper alongside the steel, and faces discharge restrictions on molybdenum in some jurisdictions. (7.1.3)
NOTE Nitrite protects carbon steel at several hundred milligrams per litre, tests easily in the field, and is the least expensive of the common chemistries. Its exposure is biological: Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, and Pseudomonas species metabolize nitrite and can strip a loop from a protective residual to an unprotected one within weeks, so where nitrite is selected the program depends on microbial control to hold the inhibitor rather than on the inhibitor alone. (7.1.4)
7.1.5 Where nitrite is the primary inhibitor, the program shall include microbial monitoring at every service visit and a non-oxidizing biocide rotation.
NOTE A blend of molybdate and nitrite protects at a lower total concentration than either chemistry alone, which reduces chemical cost relative to straight molybdate while reducing the depth of the loss if nitrite-consuming organisms establish. (7.1.6)
NOTE Phosphonate with an azole and a polymer inhibits at a lower pH than molybdate or nitrite chemistry, which is what makes it usable where aluminum or other amphoteric metals are in the wetted path. (7.1.7)
NOTE Silicate forms a protective film on steel, copper, and aluminum simultaneously and is the inhibitor package used in most inhibited glycol formulations, which is why it appears in loops that were charged as glycol systems rather than converted to one. (7.1.8)

7.2 Copper Corrosion Inhibitor

7.2.1 An azole copper inhibitor shall be maintained in every treated system containing copper or copper-alloy surfaces, in addition to the primary corrosion inhibitor.
7.2.2 The azole selected shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Copper Corrosion Inhibitor Azoleselect
Tolyltriazole
Halogen-stable tolyltriazole
Benzotriazole
Mercaptobenzothiazole
None
7.2.3 The minimum azole residual maintained in each closed system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Closed System Copper Inhibitor Residualrange
mg/L
2510152025
NOTE An azole chemisorbs onto copper and stops two things at once: the copper dissolving, and the dissolved copper ions plating out on carbon steel downstream, where each deposit becomes a cathode driving localized attack on the steel. The second mechanism is why a loop with very little copper in it still benefits from azole. (7.2.4)
7.2.5 Where an oxidizing biocide is used in a system carrying azole, the azole feed shall follow the biocide event rather than precede it, and the azole residual shall be measured before and after each event.
NOTE Oxidizing biocides consume azole. Halogen-stable azoles resist that consumption but do not eliminate it, so the ordering of the two feeds is what decides whether the copper film survives the biocide event. (7.2.6)

7.3 Polymer Dispersant

7.3.1 Whether a polymer dispersant is included in the closed-system program shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Closed System Polymer Dispersantradio
● Included in the closed-system program
○ Not included
NOTE The dispersant does two jobs. It holds iron oxide, scale particles, and microbial debris in suspension so a side-stream filter or a dirt separator can remove them rather than letting them settle in the slowest branches, and it modifies crystal habit on incipient scale so what does form stays loose instead of adhering to heat-transfer surfaces. (7.3.2)

7.4 Closed System Control Ranges

7.4.1 The inhibitor control range for each closed system shall be as indicated in the datasheet, and shall be the basis against which every field test result is compared.
Closed System Inhibitor Control Rangetext
Enter value...
Derived — the closed-system inhibitor chemistry selected for this system and the published protective band for that chemistry at the system metallurgy (by default)
7.4.2 The pH control range for each closed system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Closed System pH Control Rangetext
Enter value...
Derived — the closed-system inhibitor chemistry selected and the presence of aluminum or other amphoteric metals in the wetted path (by default)
NOTE Control ranges are not free selections. Once the chemistry and the metallurgy are stated, the protective band follows from published data for that chemistry, and two competent providers given the same two inputs arrive at the same numbers. Recording them as derived keeps the datasheet from offering a choice the chemistry has already made. (7.4.3)
7.4.4 Whether conductivity is measured and trended on each closed system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Closed System Conductivity Trendingradio
● Measured and trended at every service visit
○ Not measured
NOTE Conductivity on a closed loop is a leak detector, not a control parameter. A steady rise means make-up water is entering and concentrating; a fall means the loop is being diluted faster than the inhibitor is being replaced. Either direction shows up in the trend before it shows up as a chemistry excursion. (7.4.5)
7.4.6 A closed system whose measured inhibitor concentration falls below its control range shall be brought back within range and the cause of the loss identified before the next scheduled visit.

7.5 Microbiological Control in Closed Loops

NOTE A closed loop is not a sterile one. Fill water carries organisms, low-velocity branches and dead legs give them somewhere to settle, and a nitrite residual gives some of them something to eat. (7.5.1)
NOTE Oxidizing biocides are not used in closed loops at the concentrations that would be required, because they attack elastomers and consume the corrosion inhibitor faster than they suppress the organisms. (7.5.2)
7.5.3 The non-oxidizing biocide program for each closed system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Closed System Biocide Programselect
Isothiazolone
Glutaraldehyde
Quaternary ammonium compound
Tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate
Two-product alternating rotation
None
7.5.4 Where a biocide rotation is specified, the rotation shall use at least two active ingredients from different chemical families on alternating cycles.
7.5.5 The biocide dosing interval for each closed system on a biocide program shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Closed System Biocide Dosing Intervalrange
days
306090120180365
NOTE Rotating actives suppresses the resistant subpopulation that a single active selects for over repeated doses. A single-product program often reads clean for a year and then stops working, and the reading that shows it is the microbial count rather than the corrosion rate. (7.5.6)

8 Open Recirculating System Treatment Program

8.1 Why Open Systems Concentrate

NOTE An open recirculating system loses water as vapor through the tower fill and leaves every dissolved solid behind in the remaining inventory. Without bleed the inventory concentrates without limit; with controlled bleed it settles at a stable ratio of recirculating water quality to make-up water quality, which is the cycles of concentration. (8.1.1)
NOTE An open system's program has four interlocking parts: scale control, corrosion control across carbon steel, copper, and galvanized surfaces, biological control in the fill, basin, and piping, and the bleed control that holds the concentration where the first three were designed to work. (8.1.2)
NOTE Open systems fall within the scope of ANSI/ASHRAE 188, so the biological part of the program is a public health control measure with documentation obligations, not only an equipment protection measure. (8.1.3)

8.2 Start-Up Disinfection of Open Systems

NOTE A tower set months before start-up collects rainwater, dust, vegetation, bird debris, and construction dirt in its basin, and biological growth establishes in that standing water long before the system is commissioned. (8.2.1)
8.2.2 Each open recirculating system shall be disinfected before it is placed in service, by the method indicated in the datasheet.
Open System Start-Up Disinfection Methodselect
Mechanical cleaning of basin and fill followed by hyperhalogenation
Hyperhalogenation without mechanical cleaning
Chlorine dioxide disinfection
Mechanical cleaning without chemical disinfection
8.2.3 The free halogen residual and contact time achieved during start-up disinfection shall be recorded, and a post-disinfection microbiological sample shall be taken before the long-term program is placed online.
8.2.4 The oxidant residual from start-up disinfection shall be allowed to fall to the program's normal operating residual before the corrosion inhibitor and azole are charged, so that the inhibitor package is not consumed by the disinfection chemistry.

8.3 Scale Control

8.3.1 The scale inhibitor for each open recirculating system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Open System Scale Inhibitorselect
Phosphonate with polymer dispersant
Polyphosphate with polymer dispersant
All-organic polymer, phosphorus-free
Chelant with polymer dispersant
NOTE A phosphonate works by threshold inhibition — a few milligrams per litre disrupt crystal nucleation far below the concentration that would be needed to sequester the hardness stoichiometrically — while the polymer modifies the crystal habit of whatever does nucleate and keeps the resulting particles dispersed. (8.3.2)
NOTE Where the jurisdiction restricts phosphorus discharge to the sanitary sewer or to surface water, a phosphorus-free program removes the discharge exposure at the cost of a narrower operating window, because all-organic chemistry generally tolerates less scaling potential before it stops holding. (8.3.3)
8.3.4 Whether a supplemental silica scale inhibitor is included shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Supplemental Silica Scale Inhibitorradio
○ Included in the open-system program
○ Not included
Derived — the make-up water silica concentration multiplied by the target cycles of concentration, measured against the silica solubility limit at the system's operating pH and temperature (by default)
NOTE Silica scale is the one deposit that ordinary acid cleaning does not remove, which is why silica rather than calcium sets the cycles ceiling on high-silica make-up water. The threshold is a calculation on the analysis, not a judgment call. (8.3.5)

8.4 Corrosion Control in Open Systems

NOTE Open system corrosion inhibitor concentrations are lower than closed system concentrations because bleed continuously removes inhibitor along with the dissolved solids, so the program feeds continuously to hold a residual rather than charging once and maintaining it. (8.4.1)
8.4.2 The steel corrosion inhibitor for each open recirculating system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Open System Steel Corrosion Inhibitorselect
Orthophosphate
Zinc and orthophosphate
Molybdate
All-organic, phosphorus-free
Alkaline passivation program with no metallic inhibitor
8.4.3 The minimum azole residual maintained in each open recirculating system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Open System Copper Inhibitor Residualrange
mg/L
0.5123510
8.4.4 The inhibitor control range for each open recirculating system shall be as indicated in the datasheet, and shall be the basis against which every field test result is compared.
Open System Inhibitor Control Rangetext
Enter value...
Derived — the open-system scale and steel corrosion inhibitors selected, the make-up water analysis, and the target cycles of concentration at which those inhibitors must hold (by default)

8.5 Galvanized Surface Passivation

NOTE New galvanized steel in a cooling tower needs a controlled period at reduced pH before it carries a stable zinc carbonate patina. Run alkaline from the first fill and the zinc converts instead to loose white zinc hydroxide, which sheds rather than protects and does not re-form once lost. (8.5.1)
8.5.2 Where a system includes new galvanized steel surfaces, the recirculating water pH shall be held at or below the value indicated in the datasheet through the initial passivation period.
Galvanized Surface Passivation pH Ceilingrange
pH units
6.577.27.57.888.59
8.5.3 The initial passivation period for new galvanized surfaces shall be as indicated in the datasheet, measured from the date the system enters continuous operating service.
Galvanized Surface Passivation Periodrange
days
30456090120180
8.5.4 After the passivation period, the pH control range for the system reverts to the range established for the selected chemistry.

8.6 Biocide Program for Open Systems

NOTE The biocide program is the primary engineering control for Legionella in the recirculating water, and its design, dosing, and documentation are the mechanism by which the project demonstrates the control measure required under ANSI/ASHRAE 188. (8.6.1)
8.6.2 The open system biocide program shall combine an oxidizing biocide with a non-oxidizing biocide rotation, unless the datasheet indicates that no oxidizing biocide is used.
8.6.3 The oxidizing biocide for each open recirculating system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Open System Oxidizing Biocideselect
Sodium hypochlorite
Calcium hypochlorite
Activated sodium bromide
Stabilized bromine donor
Chlorine dioxide
None
NOTE Halogen chemistry is pH-dependent in a way that decides which oxidant holds at a given operating band. Hypochlorous acid dissociates to the far less active hypochlorite ion as pH rises, so a chlorine program loses effectiveness across the alkaline band many open systems run in, while hypobromous acid remains largely undissociated across that same band. Below roughly pH 8, and on systems held low for galvanized passivation, chlorine retains its activity and costs less per pound of available halogen. (8.6.4)
NOTE Chlorine dioxide does not hydrolyze with pH and penetrates established biofilm more effectively than either halogen, which is what recommends it where biofilm rather than planktonic count is the controlling problem. It is generated on site rather than delivered, so it adds a generator, its feedstocks, and their own storage and monitoring obligations. (8.6.5)
8.6.6 The non-oxidizing biocides in the rotation shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Open System Non-Oxidizing Biocide Rotationcheckbox
☑ Isothiazolone
☑ Glutaraldehyde
☐ Dibromonitrilopropionamide
☐ Quaternary ammonium compound
☐ Tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate
☐ Carbamate
☐ Bronopol
8.6.7 The rotation shall use at least two active ingredients from different chemical families on alternating cycles.
8.6.8 The non-oxidizing biocide dosing interval shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Open System Non-Oxidizing Biocide Dosing Intervalrange
days
7142130456090
8.6.9 Every biocidal product used shall be registered under FIFRA for the application in which it is used, and shall be dosed within the concentrations and intervals stated on its registered label.
NOTE Off-label dosing of a registered biocide is a federal violation independent of whether it works, and label rates are also what the water management program cites as its control limits. A dose outside the label leaves the program without a defensible control measure. (8.6.10)

8.7 Cycles of Concentration and Bleed Control

NOTE Higher cycles reduce make-up volume and bleed discharge volume, and concentrate every dissolved solid the scale and corrosion inhibitors have to hold in solution. The ceiling is set by whichever species reaches its limit first — calcium carbonate on hard water, silica on high-silica water, chloride on brackish or reclaimed water. (8.7.1)
8.7.2 The target cycles of concentration for each open recirculating system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Target Cycles of Concentrationrange
cycles
1.523456810121520
Derived — the make-up water analysis for the project including Site Water Supply HardnessSite Water Supply HardnessParameterEach project supplies its own value.site-water-supply-hardness, evaluated against whichever scale or corrosion limit is reached first at concentration (by default)
NOTE Cycles of concentration is not a preference and has no norm across projects. Given the analysis and the limiting species, the achievable ceiling is a calculation, and the target sits below that ceiling by whatever margin the program's control tolerance requires. (8.7.3)
8.7.4 Bleed shall be controlled automatically on conductivity, with the bleed valve opening above the set point and closing below it, and make-up entering under level control as the inventory falls.
8.7.5 The conductivity set point at which bleed is initiated shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Bleed Control Conductivity Set Pointrange
µS/cm
20050075010001500200025003000400050006000
Derived — the target cycles of concentration applied to the measured specific conductance of the project's make-up water (by default)
8.7.6 Chemical feed shall be paced so that inhibitor and biocide concentrations are maintained against continuous bleed loss, on the basis indicated in the datasheet.
Open System Chemical Feed Pacing Basisselect
Make-up water meter contact pulse
Bleed valve event pacing
Controller residual feedback
Continuous proportional feed
Timer-based feed
Manual dosing at service visits
NOTE Meter pacing doses in proportion to the water actually entering the system, which tracks evaporation load rather than clock time. Timer pacing runs the same dose on a mild day as on a design day, which either under-treats the peak or wastes chemical through the shoulder seasons. (8.7.7)

8.8 Oxidant Residual Control

8.8.1 The free halogen residual maintained in the recirculating water shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Free Halogen Residual Targetrange
mg/L
0.10.20.511.5235
8.8.2 Where oxidizing biocide feed is controlled automatically, oxidation-reduction potential shall be the control parameter, and the set point shall be established by correlating measured potential against the free halogen residual target in the recirculating water of this system.
Oxidation-Reduction Potential Control Set Pointrange
mV
300400450500550600650700750800900
Derived — the free halogen residual target for this system correlated against measured potential in its own recirculating water at operating pH (by default)
NOTE Oxidation-reduction potential measures oxidizing power rather than halogen concentration, so it already accounts for the pH-driven shift between active and inactive halogen species and responds within seconds to a demand change. What it does not do is transfer between systems: the same potential corresponds to different residuals in different waters, which is why the correlation is established on the installed system rather than taken from a table. (8.8.3)
8.8.4 The correlation between potential and free halogen residual shall be re-verified at the interval indicated in the datasheet.
Oxidant Correlation Re-Verification Intervalrange
days
306090180365

9 Glycol Loop Chemistry Maintenance

9.1 Glycol Program Boundary

NOTE The glycol fluid itself — its type, its design concentration, and its initial charge — is selected and charged under Hydronic Cleaning And FlushingHydronic System Cleaning and FlushingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/hydronic-cleaning-and-flushing. This standard governs what happens to that fluid afterward. (9.1.1)
NOTE Inhibited industrial glycol arrives with its own corrosion inhibitor package and a reserve alkalinity buffer, so a glycol loop is not dosed with a separate closed-system inhibitor unless the compatibility verification establishes that the two packages coexist. (9.1.2)
9.1.3 Supplemental inhibitor, azole, or biocide shall not be added to an inhibited glycol loop unless the compatibility verification required by this standard covers the combination.

9.2 Glycol Degradation

NOTE Glycol oxidizes slowly in service, faster at heating hot water temperatures than at chilled water temperatures, and the oxidation products are organic acids. The reserve alkalinity in the fluid neutralizes those acids until it is consumed, after which pH falls, the inhibitor package depletes, and the degraded fluid becomes more aggressive to carbon steel than plain water would have been. (9.2.1)
NOTE Falling pH at a stable glycol concentration is the signature of a depleted buffer rather than of dilution, which is why the two parameters are read together rather than separately. (9.2.2)
9.2.3 The lower pH action limit for each glycol loop shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Glycol Loop Lower pH Action Limitrange
pH units
6.577.588.599.5

9.3 Routine Glycol Testing

9.3.1 Each glycol loop shall be tested at every service visit for the parameters indicated in the datasheet.
Glycol Loop Test Parameterscheckbox
☑ pH
☑ Glycol concentration by refractometer
☑ Inhibitor reserve by the fluid supplier's test method
☑ Reserve alkalinity
☑ Conductivity
☐ Total iron and total copper
☐ Microbial activity
☐ Degradation acids by chromatography
9.3.2 Glycol concentration shall be measured by refractometer rather than by hydrometer, because a hydrometer reading shifts with temperature and with the dissolved solids a service loop accumulates.
9.3.3 A concentration that has fallen since the previous visit indicates make-up water entering the loop, and shall be investigated as a leak or an unrecorded drain-down rather than corrected by adding concentrate alone.

9.4 Inhibitor Replenishment and Fluid Replacement

9.4.1 Where the inhibitor reserve or the pH of a glycol loop falls below its action limit, the corrective action shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Glycol Inhibitor Depletion Corrective Actionselect
Supplement with the fluid supplier's concentrated inhibitor package
Partial fluid replacement to restore reserve
Complete fluid replacement and recharge
Complete fluid replacement preceded by flushing
NOTE No corrective action is the norm, because the right answer depends on how far the fluid has degraded and on what the replacement fluid costs relative to the loop volume. Supplementing restores the inhibitor but not the fluid, and a loop whose glycol has broken down to organic acids will consume a supplemental package as quickly as the last one. (9.4.2)
9.4.3 Drained glycol shall be disposed of in accordance with applicable environmental regulations and shall not be discharged to a storm sewer.

10 Steam and Condensate Treatment

10.1 Steam Program Boundaries

NOTE A steam program addresses three regions with three different failure modes: the boiler water, where solids concentrate and scale, corrode, and carry over; the steam, where a neutralizing agent has to travel with the vapor to reach the condensate; and the condensate return, where carbonic acid grooves the bottom of horizontal carbon steel runs. (10.1.1)
10.1.2 This standard's steam program applies to systems operating at or below 150 psig serving humidifiers, sterilizers, kitchen equipment, and heating loads.
10.1.3 Steam systems above 150 psig shall be treated under a process-grade boiler water program designed under separate cover.
NOTE The boiler pressure vessel, its trim, and its safety devices are governed by BoilersBoilersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/boilers, and the distribution piping, traps, and receivers by Steam And Condensate PipingSteam and Condensate PipingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/steam-and-condensate-piping. (10.1.4)

10.2 Boiler Feedwater Pretreatment

10.2.1 The boiler feedwater pretreatment shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Boiler Feedwater Pretreatmentselect
None
Softening by ion exchange
Softening with dealkalization
Softening with mechanical deaeration
Softening with reverse osmosis
Demineralization
NOTE Hardness entering a boiler precipitates on the hottest surface it reaches, and a scale layer measured in thousandths of an inch raises tube metal temperature enough to matter. Removing hardness ahead of the boiler is cheaper than conditioning it inside the boiler, and it is what allows the boiler to run at useful cycles. (10.2.2)
10.2.3 The oxygen scavenger for the boiler feedwater shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Boiler Water Oxygen Scavengerselect
Sodium sulfite
Catalyzed sodium sulfite
Diethylhydroxylamine
Erythorbate
Carbohydrazide
Mechanical deaeration without a chemical scavenger
NOTE Sulfite adds dissolved solids to the boiler water in proportion to the oxygen it removes, which matters on a system already near its solids limit; the volatile scavengers add none and carry into the steam, which is what makes them the usable choice where the steam contacts food or where the solids budget is tight. (10.2.4)
10.2.5 Where steam contacts food, the scavenger and every other boiler additive shall appear on the FDA 21 CFR 173.310 list.

10.3 Boiler Internal Treatment

10.3.1 The boiler internal treatment shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Boiler Internal Treatmentselect
Coordinated phosphate
Phosphate with polymer
Chelant
All-polymer
Chelant with polymer
10.3.2 An alkalinity builder shall be fed to hold the boiler water pH within the program's control range.
NOTE Internal treatment is the second line behind pretreatment, conditioning whatever hardness gets past the softener into a sludge the blowdown can carry out rather than a scale bonded to the tube. A chelant program does that by sequestering hardness in solution, which works well on consistently soft feedwater and attacks boiler metal where feedwater hardness swings and the chelant runs in excess. (10.3.3)

10.4 Boiler Cycles and Blowdown

10.4.1 The boiler water cycles of concentration shall be as indicated in the datasheet, and blowdown shall be controlled to hold them.
Boiler Water Cycles of Concentrationrange
cycles
251015202530405060
Derived — the feedwater analysis after the selected pretreatment, evaluated against the ABMA boiler water and steam purity limits for this boiler's operating pressure (by default)
NOTE Boiler cycles are bounded by published limits rather than by preference. The ABMA tables state maximum total dissolved solids, alkalinity, and silica for each pressure band, and the achievable cycles follow from dividing those limits by the feedwater analysis. (10.4.2)
10.4.3 Continuous surface blowdown shall be provided where the boiler is equipped for it, with intermittent bottom blowdown used to remove settled sludge rather than to control dissolved solids.
NOTE Surface blowdown removes water from where the solids are most concentrated and can run continuously against a conductivity signal; bottom blowdown removes sludge from the mud drum in short bursts and controls solids only crudely. Using bottom blowdown for solids control swings the boiler water between over-concentrated and over-diluted at every blow. (10.4.4)

10.5 Condensate Corrosion Control

NOTE Carbon dioxide released from feedwater alkalinity travels with the steam, dissolves in the condensate as carbonic acid, and drives condensate pH down toward 5. The attack that follows concentrates at the bottom of horizontal returns, where the condensate runs, and produces the characteristic longitudinal groove rather than general thinning. (10.5.1)
10.5.2 A neutralizing amine shall be fed so that it volatilizes with the steam, condenses with the water, and holds the condensate above its lower pH limit.
Steam Neutralizing Amineselect
Cyclohexylamine
Morpholine
Diethylaminoethanol
Blended amine
Filming amine
Derived — the distribution ratio required by this system's steam main length and its condensing profile from the first to the last condensing point, and the FDA 21 CFR 173.310 list where the steam contacts food (by default)
NOTE Amines differ in how far they travel before condensing. A low-distribution-ratio amine concentrates at the first condensing point and leaves the far end of a long main unprotected; a high-distribution-ratio amine reaches the far end and under-protects the near end. Which one a system needs follows from the geometry of its distribution rather than from a preference, and long mains are commonly protected by a blend chosen to cover both ends. (10.5.3)
NOTE A filming amine protects by laying a hydrophobic barrier on the metal rather than by neutralizing acid, so it does not raise condensate pH and its performance is not verified by a pH reading. (10.5.4)

10.6 Condensate Quality Limits

10.6.1 The lower pH limit for returned condensate shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Condensate Return Lower pH Limitrange
pH units
77.588.28.58.899.5
10.6.2 The maximum total iron in returned condensate shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Condensate Maximum Total Ironrange
mg/L
0.10.20.511.523
10.6.3 Condensate shall be sampled at the receiver and at a point representative of the longest return run.
10.6.4 Where condensate iron exceeds its limit while pH is within range, the cause shall be investigated as oxygen ingress at the receiver or as under-protection of the most distant returns, rather than corrected by increasing the amine dose alone.
NOTE Iron in the condensate is the boiler's own return piping arriving in solution. It is the earliest quantitative warning that the return system is being consumed, and it usually appears a year or more before the first pinhole. (10.6.5)

11 Chemical Feed Equipment

11.1 Feed Form

11.1.1 The feed form for the inhibitor and scale chemistry shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Inhibitor and Scale Chemistry Feed Formradio
● Bulk liquid with metering pump
○ Solid tablet or briquette feeder
11.1.2 The feed form for the oxidizing halogen shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Oxidizing Halogen Feed Formradio
○ Bulk liquid with metering pump
○ Solid tablet or briquette feeder
○ On-site electrochemical generation
○ Gas chlorination
NOTE Solid feeders remove the bulk tank, the containment volume that goes with it, and much of the spill exposure, and they extend the interval between replenishment visits. What they give up is dose resolution: a feeder erodes product at a rate set by flow and water temperature rather than at a rate a controller commands, so the residual moves with conditions instead of being held. Where mechanical room space or spill exposure is the binding constraint, that trade often favors solids; where a tight residual band is the binding constraint, it does not. (11.1.3)

11.2 Metering Pumps

11.2.1 The metering pump type for each chemical product shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Chemical Metering Pump Typeselect
Solenoid-driven diaphragm
Motor-driven diaphragm
Peristaltic
Pneumatic drum pump
NOTE Sodium hypochlorite and some other products release gas in the pump head. A diaphragm pump loses prime when that gas collects and can run for days delivering nothing while its stroke counter says otherwise; a peristaltic pump displaces the tube volume regardless of what is in it, so it keeps metering. Where an off-gassing product is fed, that difference decides whether a missed dose is visible. (11.2.2)
11.2.3 Each metering pump shall be capable of pacing from the pulse or analog signal that the treatment controller provides for that product.
11.2.4 Each chemical product shall have its own dedicated metering pump and its own dedicated feed line.
11.2.5 Feed lines shall not be shared between chemical products, because residual product in a shared suction or discharge line mixes with the next product fed and can react in the tubing.
11.2.6 A calibration column shall be provided on the suction of each metering pump so that delivered volume can be verified against commanded volume.

11.3 Feed Line Integrity

11.3.1 Feed lines shall be routed in full view along their length rather than concealed, and shall be supported so that a failure discharges into containment.
11.3.2 Each feed line shall be labeled at both ends and at each intermediate fitting with the chemical product, the pump identification, and the receiving system.
11.3.3 An injection quill or corporation stop shall be provided at each injection point so that the feed line can be isolated and withdrawn without draining the system.
NOTE A feed line that fails between the pump and the injection point discharges concentrated chemical continuously until someone notices. Full-view routing and containment turn that from a discovery-by-damage event into a discovery-by-inspection event. (11.3.4)

12 Treatment Controllers and BAS Integration

12.1 Controller Capabilities

12.1.1 A treatment controller shall be provided for each open recirculating system and for each system whose feed is paced automatically, with the capabilities indicated in the datasheet.
Treatment Controller Capabilities Requiredcheckbox
☑ Conductivity measurement with an isolated probe
☑ Oxidation-reduction potential measurement
☐ pH measurement
☑ Make-up water meter pulse input
☑ Bleed valve output with flow verification
☑ Independent pacing output for each chemical feed pump
☑ No-flow interlock that inhibits feed when recirculation stops
☑ Alarm output on any control parameter excursion
☑ Local display of every measured parameter with recent trend
☑ Local data logging
☑ Building automation system communication
☐ Remote access for the service provider
12.1.2 The local data retention period of the controller shall be not less than the period indicated in the datasheet.
Controller Local Data Retention Periodrange
days
73090180365730
NOTE The no-flow interlock is the provision that prevents a controller from dosing into a stopped system. Without it, a pump failure produces a slug of undiluted chemical sitting against the nearest metal surface until circulation resumes. (12.1.3)

12.2 Probe Calibration

12.2.1 Controller probes shall be calibrated against reference solutions at the intervals indicated in the datasheets, with calibration records retained as part of the service documentation.
pH and Oxidation-Reduction Potential Probe Calibration Intervalrange
days
714306090180365
Conductivity Probe Calibration Intervalrange
days
306090180365
12.2.2 A probe that fails to hold calibration between two consecutive scheduled calibrations shall be replaced rather than recalibrated again.
NOTE An out-of-calibration probe is worse than no probe, because the controller acts on its reading. A drifting conductivity probe holds a system at twice or half its intended cycles while the log shows the set point being met. (12.2.3)

12.3 Building Automation System Integration

12.3.1 Treatment data shall be reported to the building automation system through the controller's communication port, with the points indicated in the datasheet, configured in coordination with Building Automation SystemBuilding Automation SystemResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/building-automation-system.
Treatment Points Reported to the Building Automation Systemcheckbox
☑ Conductivity
☑ Oxidation-reduction potential
☐ pH
☑ Make-up water flow rate and cumulative volume
☑ Bleed flow rate and cumulative volume
☑ Calculated cycles of concentration
☐ Side-stream filter differential pressure
☑ Chemical container low-level alarm for each product
☐ Bleed valve command and verified position
☑ Controller fault and no-flow alarm
NOTE Cumulative make-up and bleed volumes reported to the building automation system let the Owner verify achieved cycles against target cycles continuously, which is a check the service report cannot provide between visits. (12.3.2)

13 Side-Stream Filtration

13.1 Filtration on Open Systems

NOTE An open tower is an air washer. It scrubs the airstream it draws and deposits everything the air carried into the basin, so the particulate load on an open system is continuous and independent of the piping. (13.1.1)
13.1.2 The side-stream filtration provided for each open recirculating system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Side-Stream Filtration for Open Systemsselect
Sand or multimedia filter
Centrifugal separator
Bag filter
Cartridge filter
Disc filter
Not provided
NOTE Media filters and separators differ in what they remove and in what they cost to keep running. A centrifugal separator removes dense particles above roughly 40 µm with no media to replace and no consumable, and passes the fine organic solids that feed biofilm; a sand or multimedia filter reaches the low tens of microns across a wider particle density range and needs backwash water and a backwash discharge path. (13.1.3)

13.2 Filtration on Closed Systems

13.2.1 The side-stream filtration provided for each closed system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Side-Stream Filtration for Closed Systemsselect
Bag filter
Cartridge filter
Centrifugal separator
Magnetic separator
Magnetic separator with bag filter
Not provided
NOTE No arrangement is the norm on closed loops. A small loop with a properly sized dirt separator needs nothing more, while a large steel loop generates magnetite continuously and benefits from a magnetic element that captures it before it settles in the slowest branches. (13.2.2)
NOTE The particulate a closed loop generates is mostly iron oxide from its own surfaces, so a magnetic element captures a large fraction of it with no consumable, while non-magnetic debris still requires a filter element. (13.2.3)

13.3 Side-Stream Flow and Connection

13.3.1 The side-stream flow rate shall be as indicated in the datasheet, expressed as a percentage of the system's total recirculation flow.
Side-Stream Flow Rate as Percent of System Flowrange
%
12357101520
13.3.2 The side-stream nominal filtration rating shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Side-Stream Nominal Filtration Ratingrange
µm
1510254050100
NOTE A side-stream filter processes a fraction of the flow continuously and reaches an effective removal over hours rather than in one pass, which is what lets it use a fine rating without imposing the pressure drop and the equipment size that full-flow filtration at the same rating would require. (13.3.3)
13.3.4 On open systems the side-stream shall draw from the tower basin or from the condenser water return main and shall discharge at a point that does not short-circuit back to the draw.
13.3.5 On closed systems the side-stream shall draw from the return main downstream of the air and dirt separator and shall discharge to the return main downstream of the draw connection.
13.3.6 Side-stream filter differential pressure shall be monitored, and the element or media shall be serviced on differential pressure rather than on elapsed time alone.

14 Sample Ports

14.1 Port Locations

14.1.1 Sample ports shall be provided so that representative water can be drawn from each treated system without interrupting its operation.
14.1.2 Each closed system shall have, at minimum, one port on the supply main downstream of the air and dirt separator and one port on the return main upstream of the chiller or boiler.
14.1.3 Each open recirculating system shall have, at minimum, one port on the tower basin, one on the condenser water supply to the chiller, and one on the condenser water return from the chiller.
14.1.4 Additional ports at risers and at major terminal branches shall be provided where indicated on the contract drawings.
NOTE A sample drawn from a stagnant leg reads the leg rather than the system, and a program corrected against that reading moves the whole system to fix a local condition. Port placement in flowing water is what makes every subsequent test result mean what it appears to mean. (14.1.5)

14.2 Port Construction

14.2.1 The sample port configuration shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Sample Port Configurationselect
Full-port ball valve with hose-bib outlet and cap
Full-port ball valve with quick-connect coupling
Full-port ball valve with hose-bib outlet and sample cooler
Dedicated sample panel with isolation and flow control
14.2.2 Each port shall be a full-port valve, so that the port itself does not collect the particulate the sample is meant to measure.
14.2.3 Each port shall be located within reach from the floor or from a permanent working surface, in a position accessible without moving equipment or removing insulation.
14.2.4 Each port shall carry a permanent label identifying the system and the port location.
14.2.5 Ports on steam and high-temperature systems shall discharge through a sample cooler, and shall not be arranged so that a sample can be drawn as flashing steam.

15 Routine Monitoring and Testing

15.1 Service Visit Intervals

15.1.1 The intervals indicated in the datasheets below are the minimum frequency of routine service, and shall be increased during start-up, after any chemistry change, after any system upset, and through the first operating season of a new system.
Service Visit Interval — Open Systems, Cooling Seasonrange
days
13714306090
Service Visit Interval — Open Systems, Off-Seasonrange
days
714306090180
Service Visit Interval — Closed Systemsrange
days
306090180365
Service Visit Interval — Steam Systemsrange
days
1714306090180
NOTE Open systems are tested far more often than closed ones because they change far faster. An open system's chemistry moves with weather, load, and make-up quality between one visit and the next; a closed system that is not leaking is close to the same water it held a quarter ago. (15.1.2)

15.2 Field Test Parameters

15.2.1 Each closed system shall be tested at every service visit for the parameters indicated in the datasheet.
Closed System Field Test Parameterscheckbox
☑ Primary inhibitor concentration
☑ Azole residual
☑ pH
☑ Conductivity
☑ Total iron
☐ Total copper
☐ Microbial activity
☐ Suspended solids or visual clarity
15.2.2 Each open recirculating system shall be tested at every service visit for the parameters indicated in the datasheet.
Open System Field Test Parameterscheckbox
☑ Conductivity of recirculating water and of make-up water
☑ Calculated cycles of concentration
☑ Free halogen residual
☑ Oxidation-reduction potential
☑ pH
☑ Total and calcium hardness
☑ Total alkalinity
☑ Scale inhibitor residual
☑ Steel corrosion inhibitor residual
☑ Azole residual
☐ Total iron
☑ Microbial activity
15.2.3 Each steam system shall be tested at every service visit for the parameters indicated in the datasheet.
Steam System Field Test Parameterscheckbox
☑ Boiler water conductivity
☑ Boiler water pH
☑ Boiler water alkalinity
☑ Sulfite or scavenger residual
☐ Boiler water phosphate or polymer residual
☑ Feedwater hardness
☑ Condensate pH
☐ Condensate conductivity
☑ Condensate total iron
15.2.4 Test reagents shall meet the reagent grade required by the test method, shall be within their stated expiration date, and shall be stored as the reagent supplier requires.
15.2.5 Expired reagents shall not be used.
NOTE An expired reagent does not fail visibly. It returns a plausible number that is wrong in a consistent direction, and the chemistry adjustment made against it moves the system away from its control range rather than toward it. (15.2.6)

15.3 Corrosion Coupon Reading

NOTE Corrosion coupon racks are installed at passivation under Hydronic Cleaning And FlushingHydronic System Cleaning and FlushingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/hydronic-cleaning-and-flushing; this standard governs the reading of those coupons through the life of the program. (15.3.1)
15.3.2 Coupons shall be removed, cleaned, weighed, and analyzed per ASTM D2688 at the intervals indicated in the datasheets, and shall be replaced with fresh coupons at each removal.
Corrosion Coupon Read Interval — Open Systemsrange
days
306090180365
Corrosion Coupon Read Interval — Closed Systemsrange
days
90180365730
15.3.3 Each coupon analysis shall report weight-loss corrosion rate, pitting depth or a pitting index, deposit character, and surface appearance, rather than corrosion rate alone.
15.3.4 The acceptance criteria for coupon corrosion rate shall be as indicated in the datasheets.
Maximum Corrosion Rate — Carbon Steel, Closed Systemsrange
mpy
0.10.20.51235
Maximum Corrosion Rate — Carbon Steel, Open Systemsrange
mpy
0.5123510
Maximum Corrosion Rate — Copperrange
mpy
0.050.10.20.51
15.3.5 Where a coupon result exceeds its acceptance criterion, the service provider shall report the exceedance with a proposed corrective action within the reporting interval for that visit, and shall reduce the coupon interval until two consecutive results fall within criteria.
NOTE A general corrosion rate within criteria alongside visible pitting is the result that matters most and the one a rate-only report hides. Uniform loss consumes wall slowly and predictably; a pit consumes it in one place and produces the leak. (15.3.6)

15.4 Microbiological Monitoring

15.4.1 Each open recirculating system shall be monitored for microbial activity at every service visit by the methods indicated in the datasheet.
Microbiological Monitoring Methodscheckbox
☑ Dip slide for total aerobic bacteria
☑ Adenosine triphosphate test per ASTM D4012
☐ Sulfate-reducing bacteria test
☐ Nitrifying bacteria test
☐ Fungal and yeast dip slide
☐ Laboratory heterotrophic plate count
15.4.2 Each closed system on nitrite chemistry shall be monitored for nitrifying bacteria at every service visit.
15.4.3 Action levels for each microbiological method shall be recorded in the water management program document and shall be the basis for corrective action.
NOTE A dip slide incubates for a day or two before it reads, and it counts only organisms that grow on its medium. An adenosine triphosphate test reads in minutes and measures total living biomass including organisms that never culture, so the two answer different questions and are commonly run together rather than one instead of the other. (15.4.4)
NOTE Planktonic counts describe the water, not the surfaces. A system with a clean count and an established biofilm is the common presentation, which is why deposit character on the coupons and visual inspection of the basin and fill carry weight alongside the count. (15.4.5)

16 Legionella Risk Management

16.1 Applicability of the Water Management Program

16.1.1 Where the project includes an open cooling tower, an evaporative condenser, a decorative fountain, or any other open recirculating water system, ANSI/ASHRAE 188 obligates the Owner to establish and maintain a water management program for the building.
NOTE The treatment program in this standard supplies the control measures, control limits, monitoring, and corrective actions for the open recirculating systems within that program. (16.1.2)
NOTE Other building water systems within the ANSI/ASHRAE 188 boundary, including domestic hot water and humidification, are covered by their own program sections developed under their own scopes. (16.1.3)
NOTE ANSI/ASHRAE 188 sets out a management process rather than a numerical limit. It does not tell an Owner what count is acceptable; it obligates the Owner to identify the hazard, state a control measure, set a control limit, monitor against it, act when it is exceeded, and document all of it. (16.1.4)

16.2 Program Content for Treated Systems

  • A description of each open recirculating system, with recirculation rate, drift loss rating, make-up source, normal cycles of concentration, normal operating temperature range, and the occupancy of the areas surrounding the tower and its air intake path
  • The control measures for each system, being the chemistry program, the automatic control configuration, the side-stream filtration, the drift eliminators, and the shutdown, restart, and lay-up procedures
  • The control limit for each measured parameter, stated as the bound within which the control measure remains effective
  • The monitoring procedures, being the tests performed, their frequency, who performs them, and the records kept
  • The corrective action for each control limit, stating the steps, who performs each, the timing, the notification path, and the re-monitoring that confirms resolution
  • The verification procedures that confirm the program is working, being coupon analysis, microbial trending, and scheduled physical inspection
  • The documentation procedures, being what records are kept, where, for how long, and who has access
  • The roles and responsibilities of each member of the water management team by name or position
Water Management Program Document Formatselect
Printed binder maintained on site
Digital records system with controlled access
Printed binder with a digital records system
16.2.2 The events that trigger a review and update of the water management program shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Water Management Program Review Triggerscheckbox
☑ Scheduled annual review
☑ Change to the chemistry program
☑ Change of water treatment service provider
☑ Addition or removal of water system equipment
☑ Change in building occupancy or operating hours affecting water use
☑ Any corrective-action event
☑ Change in applicable regulation or public health authority requirement

16.3 Legionella Sampling

16.3.1 The Legionella sampling method for each open recirculating system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Legionella Sampling Methodselect
Culture per ISO 11731
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Culture per ISO 11731 with confirmatory polymerase chain reaction
Not sampled routinely
16.3.2 The Legionella sampling interval shall be as indicated in the datasheet, and shall be shortened where the local public health authority requires a shorter interval.
Legionella Sampling Intervalrange
days
714306090180365
NOTE Culture takes days to return and counts only what grows, which understates the population but produces the viable count that action levels are written against. Molecular methods return in hours and detect genetic material from organisms that are dead or unculturable, so they trend faster and read higher. A program that changes methods mid-stream loses its baseline. (16.3.3)
16.3.4 The Legionella corrective-action threshold shall be as indicated in the datasheet, established with the local public health authority and recorded in the water management program document.
Legionella Corrective-Action Thresholdrange
CFU/mL
0.11101001000
NOTE No threshold is the norm, because jurisdictions and facility types set different action levels for the same organism and a healthcare facility's threshold is not a commercial office building's. The threshold is a decision the Owner makes with the public health authority, which is why the template asks for it rather than asserting one. (16.3.5)

16.4 Corrective Action for a Positive Result

16.4.1 A result above the corrective-action threshold shall trigger the corrective-action procedure recorded in the water management program document, and the procedure shall be executed within the time the document states.
16.4.2 The corrective-action procedure shall be developed by the design team and the service provider before the system is commissioned, and shall be included in the closeout water management program document.
16.4.3 The corrective-action procedure shall identify who notifies building management, and shall state the conditions under which the local public health authority is notified.
16.4.4 The corrective-action procedure shall require re-sampling after remediation and shall state the result that closes the event.
NOTE The one thing a corrective-action procedure cannot be written during is the event itself. Deciding who calls the health department, and at what count, while a positive result sits on the desk is how a manageable exposure becomes an unmanaged one. (16.4.5)

17 Service Contract

17.1 Routine Service Scope

17.1.1 The service contract shall provide routine on-site service at the intervals established in this standard for each system in scope.
17.1.3 Each routine service visit shall produce the deliverables indicated in the datasheet.
Routine Service Visit Deliverablescheckbox
☑ Written service report with every field test result against its control range
☐ Photographs of system condition
☑ Probe calibration record
☑ Feed pump calibration record
☑ Chemistry trend chart against control ranges
☑ Written recommendations for chemistry or system action
☐ Chemical inventory and consumption record
☑ Upload to the Owner's records system
17.1.4 The service report for each visit shall be delivered within the interval indicated in the datasheet, measured from the end of the visit.
Service Report Delivery Intervalrange
days
123571430
NOTE A service report that arrives a month after the visit documents history rather than enabling action, and it arrives after the next visit has already been performed against conditions nobody reviewed. (17.1.5)

17.2 Emergency Response

17.2.1 The service contract shall define an emergency response commitment covering chemistry excursion beyond control limits, a suspected biological event, a chemical spill, and feed or control equipment failure while the system is in operating service.
17.2.2 The emergency telephone response time shall be as indicated in the datasheet, measured from the Owner's notification.
Emergency Telephone Response Timerange
hours
0.250.5124824
17.2.3 The emergency on-site response time shall be as indicated in the datasheet, measured from the Owner's notification.
Emergency On-Site Response Timerange
hours
124812244872
NOTE Response time is priced. A commitment that a healthcare campus needs is not one a single-tower office building will pay for, which is why the two intervals are stated as project values rather than assumed. (17.2.4)

17.3 Annual Comprehensive Review

17.3.1 The service contract shall include an annual comprehensive review for each treated system, in addition to routine service visits.
17.3.2 The annual comprehensive review shall include a complete independent laboratory analysis of each system, a coupon analysis, a review of the year's trend data, a re-evaluation of the chemistry program against that data, a written annual report with recommendations, and a review meeting with the Owner's facility staff.
NOTE The annual review is the one scheduled occasion on which the program is measured against a year of evidence rather than against the last reading. It is also where a program that has quietly stopped fitting the building — after an occupancy change, an equipment addition, or a shift in make-up water quality — is identified. (17.3.3)

17.4 Contract Term and Transfer

17.4.1 The service contract term included in the base bid shall be as indicated in the datasheet, beginning at substantial completion of the last treated system.
Service Contract Term Included in the Base Bidrange
months
3612243660
17.4.2 At the end of the base-bid term, the service provider shall deliver the complete program record — chemistry history, trend data, coupon results, microbiological results, and calibration records — to the Owner in a form a successor provider can use without re-establishing a baseline.
NOTE A base-bid term that covers a full annual cycle carries the program through one complete cooling season and one complete heating season, which is the shortest interval over which the trend data shows how the systems actually behave. (17.4.3)

18 Identification and Labeling

18.1 Chemical Container and Feed Identification

18.1.1 Every chemical container, day tank, and bulk tank shall be labeled with the chemical name, the hazard information required by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200, the maximum capacity, and an identification number matching the feed pump that draws from it.
18.1.2 Every chemical feed line shall be labeled with the chemical name, the direction of flow, and the hazard warnings appropriate to its contents, in accordance with ASME A13.1 and OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200.
18.1.3 The feed line labeling method shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Chemical Feed Line Labeling Methodselect
Adhesive markers at each end and at intervals along the run
Wraparound printed sleeves at each end and at each fitting
Adhesive markers along the run with printed sleeves at fittings
Engraved permanent tags at each end and at each fitting
18.1.4 The maximum spacing of feed line markers along a run shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Maximum Feed Line Marker Spacingrange
ft
5101520253050
18.1.5 Labels shall be replaced when faded, damaged, or made illegible by chemical contact.

18.2 Sample Port and Equipment Identification

18.2.1 Every sample port shall be labeled with the system it serves and its location within that system.
18.2.2 Every treatment controller, feed pump, side-stream filter, and coupon rack shall be labeled with an identification consistent with the equipment identification convention in Mechanical IdentificationMechanical IdentificationResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/mechanical-identification.
NOTE The identification exists so that a service technician new to the site can tell which pump feeds which product into which system without tracing tubing, and so that an emergency responder can identify a container without finding the Safety Data Sheet binder first. (18.2.3)

19 Seasonal Lay-Up and Restart

19.1 Lay-Up Method

19.1.1 A system taken out of service for a season shall be laid up so that its metal surfaces remain protected through the out-of-service period.
19.1.2 The lay-up method for each cooling tower and open recirculating system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Lay-Up Method — Open Recirculating Systemsselect
Dry lay-up with basin and piping drained, dried, and sealed
Partial dry lay-up with basin and fill drained and interior piping kept wet
Wet lay-up with basin heater energized and circulation maintained
No lay-up, system remains in continuous service
19.1.3 The lay-up method for each closed system taken out of service shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
Lay-Up Method — Closed Systemsselect
Wet lay-up at elevated inhibitor concentration
Wet lay-up at elevated inhibitor concentration with periodic circulation
Wet lay-up with an inert gas blanket on the expansion tank
Drained lay-up
No lay-up, system remains in continuous service
NOTE Wet lay-up keeps the passive film wet and intact and keeps oxygen out by filling the volume, and it exposes the system to freeze damage wherever any part of it sits below freezing. Dry lay-up removes the freeze exposure and leaves bare metal in contact with humid air, which flash-rusts unless the system is genuinely dried and sealed rather than merely drained. (19.1.4)
NOTE A partially drained system is the worst of both. It holds water where the drain did not reach, at the air-water interface where corrosion runs fastest, with no inhibitor circulating to protect it. (19.1.5)
19.1.6 The elevated inhibitor concentration held during wet lay-up shall be as indicated in the datasheet, expressed as a multiple of the system's normal operating concentration.
Wet Lay-Up Inhibitor Concentration Multiplierrange
× operating concentration
11.251.522.53
19.1.7 Chemistry shall be tested during lay-up at the interval indicated in the datasheet, and shall be corrected where it falls outside the lay-up control range.
Lay-Up Chemistry Test Intervalrange
days
714306090180

19.2 Restart from Lay-Up

19.2.1 The restart procedure shall be documented in the water management program document or in the service contract, and shall be executed by qualified personnel.
19.2.2 A system restarted from wet lay-up shall have its chemistry verified within its operating control range before the system is returned to occupied service.
19.2.3 A system restarted from dry lay-up shall be flushed, refilled, and re-dosed, and shall be re-passivated where carbon steel surfaces were dry for longer than the period the program's restart procedure states.
19.2.4 An open recirculating system restarted from any lay-up shall receive a start-up disinfection before it is returned to service, by the same method the datasheet specifies for initial start-up.
NOTE Restarting an open tower is the highest-risk moment in its annual cycle. A basin that has stood warm and stagnant grows what a full-year of controlled operation was designed to prevent, and the first minutes of fan operation aerosolize it. (19.2.5)

20 Decommissioning and Chemical Disposal

20.1 Fluid Disposal

NOTE Treated water at the end of a system's life carries corrosion inhibitor, biocide residue, and dissolved iron and copper, at concentrations that on a concentrated open system commonly exceed sewer discharge limits. (20.1.1)
20.1.2 Before a treated system is drained for decommissioning, the service provider shall characterize the fluid for the parameters of concern to the receiving authority.
20.1.3 The drained fluid shall be disposed of in accordance with applicable environmental regulations, by the route indicated in the datasheet.
Decommissioning Fluid Disposal Routeselect
Sanitary sewer with prior authority coordination
Sanitary sewer after neutralization and dilution
Off-site disposal as regulated industrial waste
Recovery and reprocessing by the fluid supplier
20.1.4 The Contractor shall obtain any discharge authorization the receiving authority requires before draining begins.
20.1.5 Discharge of treated system water to a storm sewer shall not be permitted.

20.2 Chemical Removal

20.2.1 Remaining chemical inventory shall be removed from the site by the service provider at the close of the program, in original labeled containers, transported in accordance with DOT 49 CFR.
20.2.2 Empty chemical containers shall be triple-rinsed or disposed of as the product label directs, and shall not be reused for another product.

21 Warranty and Program Performance

21.1 Treatment Equipment Warranty

21.1.1 Treatment equipment furnished under this standard shall be warranted against defects in material and workmanship for the period indicated in the datasheet, from the date of substantial completion.
Treatment Equipment Warranty Periodrange
months
1218243660
21.1.2 The warranty shall cover the labor to remove and replace a failed component in addition to the component itself.
NOTE Probes, reagents, filter media and elements, and pump tubing are consumables and are excluded from the equipment warranty, and are covered instead by the service contract. (21.1.3)

21.2 Program Performance

21.2.1 The service provider shall correct, at its own cost, any chemistry excursion beyond a control limit that results from its own dosing, calibration, or program design, including the cost of the corrective chemistry and of the additional visits required to return the system to its control range.
21.2.2 Where a coupon corrosion rate exceeds its acceptance criterion for two consecutive readings on a system operated within the program's control limits, the service provider shall revise the treatment design at its own cost.
21.2.3 Where the parties disagree whether a corrosion result or a chemistry excursion arose from the treatment program or from a condition outside the provider's control, the Engineer of Record shall make the initial determination.
NOTE Splitting responsibility this way is what keeps the coupon result meaningful. A provider that owns the corrosion outcome only when the system was operated as the program required has an incentive to state the operating requirement clearly and to report an excursion when it happens. (21.2.4)

21.3 Spare Parts and Consumables

21.3.1 The spare parts and consumables indicated in the datasheet shall be turned over to the Owner at substantial completion.
Spare Parts and Consumables Turned Overcheckbox
☐ One spare probe of each type installed
☑ Calibration solutions for each probe type
☑ One complete field test reagent kit for each system type
☑ One spare pump head, diaphragm, or tube set for each metering pump
☑ One set of spare filter elements, bags, or media charge
☑ One spare set of corrosion coupons for each rack
☐ Spare feed line tubing and injection fittings
NOTE Spare probes and reagents are what let a service visit correct a problem on the day it is found rather than on the day a part arrives. (21.3.2)

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