+---
+title: Hydronic Specialties
+category: Mechanical / Piping & Pumps
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: Specialty in-line devices installed within closed-loop hydronic
+ heating hot water (HHW), chilled water (CHW), and condenser water (CW) piping
+ served by a central plant in commercial, institutional, and industrial
+ buildings operating within ASME B31.9 limits (up to 160 psig / 250°F). Covers
+ manual calibrated balancing valves, automatic flow-limiting valves,
+ pressure-independent control valves (PICVs), Y-pattern and basket strainers,
+ in-line combination air/dirt separators, chemical pot (bypass) feeders,
+ pressure gauges and thermometers with wells, flexible pipe connectors, drain
+ and sample valves, and factory coil connection kits.
+ Not intended for: pipe, fittings, joining, hangers, and pressure testing
+ ([[sync/hydronic-piping]]); pumps and pump-integral accessories
+ ([[sync/hvac-pumps]]); expansion tanks and the primary system air separator
+ ([[sync/expansion-tanks-and-air-separators]]); valve and fitting insulation
+ ([[sync/mechanical-insulation]]); DDC-actuated control valves that are part
+ of the control sequence (HVAC controls); steam and condensate specialties;
+ plumbing and domestic-water specialties; and fire protection specialties
+ (NFPA 13).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard governs the materials, ratings, construction, and installation of in-line hydronic specialties in closed-loop heating hot water, chilled water, and condenser water piping systems served by a central plant. {note}
+
+## Hydronic specialties are the field-installed in-line devices — balancing valves, strainers, air/dirt separators, chemical feeders, gauges, thermometers, flexible connectors, and drain/sample valves — that make a hydronic distribution system balanceable, serviceable, and measurable. They are distinct from the pipe that carries the water and from the rotating and pressurization equipment at the plant. {note}
+
+## Applicability {toc}
+
+### This standard shall apply to all hydronic specialties installed in closed-loop HHW, CHW, and CW distribution systems operating within the pressure-temperature envelope of ASME B31.9 (up to 160 psig and 250°F). {note}
+
+### This standard applies to new construction and to renovation work that adds or replaces hydronic specialties within an existing distribution system. {note}
+
+### Where condenser water serves an open-loop cooling tower circuit, the drain and sample provisions of this standard apply, but tower-side specialties and water treatment hardware are governed by the cooling tower and water treatment standards. {note}
+
+## Exclusions {toc}
+
+### The following are outside the scope of this standard and are governed elsewhere: {note}
+
+- Pipe, fittings, joining methods, hangers and supports, pressure testing, flushing, and cleaning — see [[sync/hydronic-piping]].
+- Centrifugal pump assemblies, motors, baseplates, and pump-integral suction diffusers and triple-duty valves — see [[sync/hvac-pumps]].
+- Expansion tanks (bladder, diaphragm, open) and the primary system air separator — see [[sync/expansion-tanks-and-air-separators]].
+- Insulation of pipe, valves, and fittings, including removable insulation jackets — see [[sync/mechanical-insulation]].
+- DDC/BAS-actuated modulating or two-position control valves that are integral to a control sequence — addressed in HVAC controls. (PICVs specified here are furnished as a single hydronic specialty product complete with actuator.)
+- Steam, steam condensate, and trap specialties — not hydronic.
+- Domestic and plumbing water specialties (potable backflow preventers, plumbing pressure-reducing valves, water hammer arresters) — governed by plumbing standards.
+- Fire protection system specialties — governed by NFPA 13 and related fire protection standards.
+
+## Related standards: [[sync/hydronic-piping]], [[sync/hvac-pumps]], [[sync/expansion-tanks-and-air-separators]], [[sync/mechanical-insulation]], [[sync/testing-adjusting-and-balancing]], and [[sync/hvac-water-treatment]]. {note}
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ASME B31.9 | Building Services Piping |
+| ASME B16.34 | Valves — Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End |
+| ASME B1.20.1 | Pipe Threads, General Purpose, Inch |
+| MSS SP-25 | Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and Unions |
+| MSS SP-80 | Bronze Gate, Globe, Angle and Check Valves |
+| MSS SP-110 | Ball Valves Threaded, Socket-Welding, Solder Joint, Grooved and Flared Ends |
+| ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 | Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |
+| ANSI/ASHRAE 188 | Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems |
+| ASTM A126 | Gray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings |
+| ASTM A536 | Ductile Iron Castings |
+| ASTM B61 | Steam or Valve Bronze Castings |
+| ASTM B62 | Composition Bronze or Ounce Metal Castings |
+| ASTM B584 | Copper Alloy Sand Castings for General Applications |
+| IMC Chapter 12 | Hydronic Piping (International Mechanical Code) |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review before procurement:
+
+- Product data for each specialty type, including body and trim materials, pressure-temperature rating, end connections, and Cv or flow coefficient where applicable.
+- A balancing valve and flow control device schedule listing tag, location, design flow rate, and selected device for each terminal and branch.
+- Strainer schedule listing location, body material, screen mesh size, and blow-down provisions.
+- Pressure-independent control valve (PICV) selection data showing design flow, minimum controllable flow, control range, actuator type, and signal compatibility with the BAS.
+- Manufacturer cut sheets for gauges, thermometers, thermowells, flexible connectors, and chemical feeders, with ranges and ratings highlighted for the specified application.
+- Coil connection kit assembly drawings where factory-assembled kits are specified.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Specialty product data with materials and ratings
+ - Balancing and flow control device schedule
+ - Strainer schedule with mesh sizes
+ - PICV selection data (flow range, actuator, signal)
+ - Gauge, thermometer, and thermowell cut sheets
+ - Flexible connector product data
+ - Chemical feeder product data
+ - Coil connection kit assembly drawings
+defaults:
+ - Specialty product data with materials and ratings
+ - Balancing and flow control device schedule
+ - Strainer schedule with mesh sizes
+ - Gauge, thermometer, and thermowell cut sheets
+```
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+
+- Manufacturer installation instructions for each specialty type, including required upstream and downstream clearances.
+- Pressure-temperature rating certifications confirming compliance with the system design conditions.
+- Coordination drawings showing specialty locations relative to terminal units, access panels, and service clearances.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Manufacturer installation instructions
+ - Pressure-temperature rating certifications
+ - Coordination drawings with service clearances
+defaults:
+ - Manufacturer installation instructions
+ - Pressure-temperature rating certifications
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals:
+
+- Operation and maintenance data for strainers, feeders, and flow control devices.
+- Record balancing valve settings (memory-stop positions and measured flow) as recorded by the balancing agency.
+- Warranty documentation for all furnished specialties.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Operation and maintenance data
+ - Record balancing valve settings
+ - Warranty documentation
+defaults:
+ - Operation and maintenance data
+ - Record balancing valve settings
+ - Warranty documentation
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Identification and Marking {toc}
+
+### Valves and specialty fittings shall be marked in accordance with MSS SP-25. {note}
+
+## Each specialty device shall bear permanent identification of manufacturer, size, pressure rating, and material in accordance with MSS SP-25.
+
+## Bronze gate, globe, angle, and check valve components within specialty assemblies shall conform to MSS SP-80.
+
+## Ball valve components within coil connection kits and isolation assemblies shall conform to MSS SP-110.
+
+## Threaded end connections shall conform to the pipe thread form and dimensions of ASME B1.20.1.
+
+## Each specialty device shall carry a pressure-temperature rating not less than the system design pressure and temperature, verified against ASME B16.34 selection criteria.
+
+## All specialties shall be selected for a pressure class of at least 1.5 times the system design pressure.
+
+### Selecting devices at a pressure class of at least 1.5 times the system design pressure provides margin for pressure transients, pump shut-off head, and static head in tall buildings without operating any device at its rated limit. {note}
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## Hydronic specialties operate continuously in a wetted, often glycol-bearing environment across a wide temperature band; material selection and pressure class must be matched to the actual service fluid and operating envelope, not to a generic rating. {note}
+
+## System design pressure and temperature shall be established for each circuit and used as the selection basis for every specialty in that circuit.
+
+```datasheet
+label: System Design Pressure
+type: range
+unit: psig
+min: 30
+max: 160
+step: 5
+default: 125
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: System Design Temperature (Maximum)
+type: range
+unit: °F
+min: 40
+max: 250
+step: 5
+default: 200
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Service Fluid
+type: select
+options:
+ - Water
+ - Water with corrosion inhibitor
+ - Propylene glycol solution (up to 50%)
+ - Ethylene glycol solution (up to 50%)
+default: Water with corrosion inhibitor
+```
+
+## Where a glycol solution is the service fluid, all elastomeric seats, seals, and separator media shall be confirmed compatible with the specified glycol type and concentration.
+
+### Glycol solutions, particularly ethylene glycol, attack some elastomers used in standard water-service seats; EPDM is generally compatible while some nitriles are not, so the selection must be verified rather than assumed. {note}
+
+# Materials and End Connections {toc}
+
+## Body material and end connection style are the two selections that recur across every specialty type and are therefore set once at the system level and applied consistently to balancing valves, strainers, and feeders alike. {note}
+
+## Bronze or brass bodies shall be used on copper piping systems regardless of pipe size.
+
+### Iron-body specialties on copper piping create a galvanic couple that accelerates corrosion of the copper; bronze or brass bodies are mandatory on copper systems, and iron bodies are appropriate only on steel piping. {note}
+
+## Cast iron or ductile iron bodies shall be used only on steel piping systems and only at sizes 2-1/2 in. and larger.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Specialty Body Material (small sizes, 2 in. and smaller)
+type: select
+options:
+ - Bronze (ASTM B62)
+ - Brass (ASTM B584)
+ - Steam bronze (ASTM B61)
+default: Bronze (ASTM B62)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Specialty Body Material (large sizes, 2-1/2 in. and larger)
+type: select
+options:
+ - Cast iron (ASTM A126 Class B)
+ - Ductile iron (ASTM A536)
+ - Bronze (ASTM B62)
+default: Cast iron (ASTM A126 Class B)
+```
+
+## End connections shall coordinate with the joining method of the connecting pipe as specified in [[sync/hydronic-piping]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: End Connection Style (2 in. and smaller)
+type: select
+options:
+ - NPT threaded (ASME B1.20.1)
+ - Solder/sweat
+ - Press-connect
+default: NPT threaded (ASME B1.20.1)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: End Connection Style (2-1/2 in. and larger)
+type: select
+options:
+ - Flanged (ANSI Class 125)
+ - Flanged (ANSI Class 150)
+ - Grooved-end
+default: Flanged (ANSI Class 125)
+```
+
+# Balancing and Flow Control Devices {toc}
+
+## Flow control device selection is a system-level hydraulic decision, not a product preference: it is driven by whether the system is constant- or variable-flow, by the pump curve, and by the control strategy at each terminal. The three families below are not interchangeable, and the choice should be made by the Engineer of Record for each circuit. {note}
+
+## Device family selection {toc}
+
+### The hydronic distribution shall use one of three flow control device families at each branch and terminal: manual calibrated balancing valves, automatic flow-limiting (pressure-independent balancing) valves, or pressure-independent control valves. {note}
+
+### On variable-flow systems pursuing ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 balancing compliance, the flow control device shall maintain design flow at part-load operating conditions.
+
+### Fixed-orifice manual balancing valves shall not be specified as the sole balancing device on variable-primary systems where part-load flow stability is required for 90.1 compliance.
+
+#### On a variable-primary system, manually set fixed-orifice circuit setters are balanced at one operating point only; as other branches modulate, the differential pressure across each setter shifts and the flow drifts. Automatic flow-limiting valves or PICVs hold flow across a differential pressure band and are the compliant choice where part-load stability is required. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flow Control Device Family
+type: select
+options:
+ - Manual calibrated balancing valve
+ - Automatic flow-limiting (pressure-independent balancing) valve
+ - Pressure-independent control valve (PICV)
+default: Manual calibrated balancing valve
+```
+
+## Manual calibrated balancing valves {toc}
+
+### Manual calibrated balancing valves are field-set, fixed-position devices with a calibrated flow-versus-handle relationship and integral pressure/temperature ports for differential pressure readout; they suit constant-flow circuits and simple two-way constant-flow terminals. {note}
+
+### Manual calibrated balancing valves shall include a calibrated memory-stop or locking position indicator that preserves the balanced setting after the valve is closed for service.
+
+### Manual calibrated balancing valves shall include integral metering ports for differential pressure or flow measurement during balancing.
+
+### Manual calibrated balancing valves shall be furnished with a means of locking the memory-stop position to prevent unauthorized adjustment.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manual Balancing Valve Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - Calibrated ball-type (circuit setter)
+ - Venturi-type with fixed metering element
+ - Calibrated globe-pattern
+default: Calibrated ball-type (circuit setter)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manual Balancing Valve Metering Connections
+type: select
+options:
+ - Integral P/T (pressure/temperature) ports
+ - Integral differential pressure meter connections
+default: Integral P/T (pressure/temperature) ports
+```
+
+## Automatic flow-limiting valves {toc}
+
+### Automatic flow-limiting valves use a self-actuating cartridge that holds a fixed flow rate across a defined differential pressure band, eliminating manual balancing of the controlled branch; they suit variable-flow systems where each branch must hold its design flow regardless of system pressure swings. {note}
+
+### Automatic flow-limiting valves shall hold the rated flow within the manufacturer's published tolerance across the device's full control differential pressure range.
+
+### The control differential pressure range of each automatic flow-limiting valve shall bracket the minimum and maximum differential pressure the branch experiences in service.
+
+### Flow cartridges shall be removable for service and replacement without removing the valve body from the line.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Automatic Flow-Limiting Cartridge Style
+type: select
+options:
+ - Fixed-rate cartridge (factory-set flow)
+ - Field-selectable cartridge (multiple flow rates)
+default: Field-selectable cartridge (multiple flow rates)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Control Differential Pressure Range
+type: select
+options:
+ - 2 to 32 psid
+ - 2 to 57 psid
+ - 4 to 80 psid
+default: 2 to 32 psid
+```
+
+## Pressure-independent control valves {toc}
+
+### A pressure-independent control valve (PICV) combines a differential pressure regulator, a flow limiter, and a modulating control valve with actuator in a single body; it both balances and modulates a terminal, eliminating a separate balancing valve and giving the control loop constant authority regardless of system pressure changes. {note}
+
+### Each PICV shall be selected for the terminal design flow and shall maintain that flow as a maximum across the device's full control differential pressure range.
+
+### Each PICV shall be selected so the terminal minimum controllable flow falls within the device's controllable range.
+
+#### A PICV sized only to design flow can lose control authority near minimum flow if the controllable range is too narrow; the specifier must provide both the design flow and the minimum controllable flow (typically 10 to 15% of maximum Cv) as selection criteria. {note}
+
+### Each PICV shall be furnished complete with its modulating actuator as a single product unless the Contract Documents explicitly assign actuator supply to the BAS contractor.
+
+#### On some projects the BAS contractor expects to furnish actuators separately; the specification must state explicitly whether the PICV is furnished complete with actuator or whether the actuator is furnished by others, to avoid a gap or a duplicate purchase. {note}
+
+### The PICV actuator control signal shall be compatible with the building automation system output specified in [[sync/building-automation-system]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: PICV Actuator Supply
+type: select
+options:
+ - Furnished complete with actuator (this section)
+ - Valve body only; actuator furnished by BAS contractor
+default: Furnished complete with actuator (this section)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: PICV Actuator Control Signal
+type: select
+options:
+ - 0-10 VDC modulating
+ - 2-10 VDC modulating
+ - 4-20 mA modulating
+ - Floating (3-wire)
+ - Two-position (on/off)
+default: 0-10 VDC modulating
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: PICV Control Differential Pressure Range
+type: select
+options:
+ - 5 to 60 psid
+ - 5 to 75 psid
+ - 7 to 90 psid
+default: 5 to 60 psid
+```
+
+### Terminal design flow {toc}
+
+#### The design flow and minimum controllable flow for each terminal shall be taken from the terminal schedule. {note}
+
+#### Terminal flow assignments are coordinated from the equipment schedule on the drawings: [[drawing: terminal unit schedule]].
+
+# Strainers {toc}
+
+## Strainers protect downstream coils, control valves, pumps, and PICVs from debris carried in the fluid; type, body material, and screen mesh are all selected to match the protected equipment and the expected debris load rather than applied as a single standard. {note}
+
+## Strainer type {toc}
+
+### Y-pattern strainers shall be used for general protection at sizes up to 2 in. and where the pressure drop allowance is modest. {note}
+
+### Basket (pot) strainers shall be used at sizes 3 in. and larger and where a large dirt-holding capacity or low pressure drop is required.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Strainer Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - Y-pattern
+ - Basket (pot) strainer
+default: Y-pattern
+```
+
+## Screen and mesh {toc}
+
+### Strainer screens shall be stainless steel. {note}
+
+### Strainer screen mesh shall match the protection requirement of the downstream equipment.
+
+#### Coil and control valve manufacturers frequently require finer protection than the system default; the mesh size is a per-location selection driven by equipment manufacturer requirements, not a single value applied system-wide. {note}
+
+### Where a downstream equipment manufacturer specifies a minimum strainer mesh, the finer of that requirement and the scheduled mesh shall govern.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Strainer Screen Mesh
+type: select
+options:
+ - 20-mesh (general service)
+ - 40-mesh (coil and control valve protection)
+ - 60-mesh (fine equipment protection)
+default: 20-mesh (general service)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Screen Perforation (large basket strainers)
+type: select
+options:
+ - 1/16 in. perforated
+ - 1/8 in. perforated
+ - 3/64 in. perforated
+default: 1/16 in. perforated
+```
+
+## Body material {toc}
+
+### Strainer bodies shall be bronze on copper piping and at sizes 2-1/2 in. and smaller. {note}
+
+### Strainer bodies shall be cast iron or ductile iron only on steel piping and only at sizes 3 in. and larger.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Strainer Body Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - Bronze (ASTM B62)
+ - Cast iron (ASTM A126 Class B)
+ - Ductile iron (ASTM A536)
+default: Bronze (ASTM B62)
+```
+
+## Blow-down and isolation {toc}
+
+### Strainers 3 in. and larger shall be furnished with a blow-down connection and valve. {note}
+
+### Each strainer 3 in. and larger shall be provided with upstream and downstream isolation so the screen can be serviced without draining the system.
+
+#### Servicing a basket strainer on a live system without a blow-down valve and isolation requires shutting down and draining the whole system; blow-down and isolation provisions on strainers 3 in. and larger keep routine screen cleaning from becoming a system outage. {note}
+
+### The blow-down connection shall be valved and capped or plumbed to an accessible drain.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Strainer Blow-Down Provision
+type: select
+options:
+ - Valved blow-down with hose-end and cap
+ - Valved blow-down piped to drain
+ - None (sizes under 3 in.)
+default: Valved blow-down with hose-end and cap
+```
+
+# Combination Air and Dirt Separators (In-Line) {toc}
+
+## This section covers in-line combination air/dirt separators installed within the distribution piping to scrub residual microbubbles and suspended dirt at points of low velocity or high temperature; it does not cover the central air separator at the expansion tank, which is governed by [[sync/expansion-tanks-and-air-separators]]. {note}
+
+## In-line combination air/dirt separators are coalescing-media devices that capture microbubbles and settle out suspended particles; they supplement, but do not replace, the primary system air separator. {note}
+
+## In-line air/dirt separators shall use a coalescing internal medium sized for the full design flow of the served circuit.
+
+## Each in-line air/dirt separator shall be furnished with an automatic air vent at the top and a valved dirt blow-down at the bottom.
+
+## Where magnetic dirt separation is specified, the separator shall include a removable magnetic element serviceable without isolating the unit from the line.
+
+### Magnetic separation captures the ferrous particles (magnetite) that coalescing media alone passes; it is most valuable on systems with steel piping or cast iron components where iron oxide sludge forms. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: In-Line Air/Dirt Separator Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - Coalescing air/dirt separator
+ - Coalescing air/dirt separator with magnetic element
+default: Coalescing air/dirt separator
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: In-Line Separator Body Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - Brass
+ - Carbon steel
+ - Carbon steel, epoxy-coated
+default: Carbon steel
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: In-Line Separator Connection Size
+type: range
+unit: in.
+min: 0.75
+max: 4
+step: 0.25
+default: 2
+```
+
+# Chemical Pot (Bypass) Feeders {toc}
+
+## Chemical pot feeders, also called bypass feeders, are pressure vessels piped in a bypass loop across a pump or pressure differential; they allow treatment chemicals to be added to the closed loop for initial passivation and periodic make-up without breaking the system open. {note}
+
+## Coordinate feeder chemistry, dosing, and treatment program with [[sync/hvac-water-treatment]]. {note}
+
+## Each closed-loop system shall be provided with at least one chemical pot feeder piped in a bypass across an available pressure differential.
+
+## The pot feeder shall be furnished with inlet and outlet isolation valves, a fill funnel or top fill port, a vent, and a drain.
+
+## The pot feeder vessel capacity shall be sized for the chemical volume required for initial treatment of the system fluid volume.
+
+### A feeder too small for the system volume forces repeated fill cycles for initial dosing; the vessel is sized so initial passivation chemistry can be charged in a practical number of fills relative to system fluid volume. {note}
+
+## The pot feeder and its bypass piping shall be rated for the system design pressure.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Chemical Pot Feeder Capacity
+type: select
+options:
+ - 1 quart
+ - 2 quart
+ - 1 gallon
+ - 2 gallon
+ - 5 gallon
+default: 2 gallon
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Chemical Pot Feeder Pressure Rating
+type: select
+options:
+ - 125 psi
+ - 150 psi
+ - 300 psi
+default: 150 psi
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Chemical Pot Feeder Body Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - Carbon steel
+ - Carbon steel, epoxy-lined
+ - Cast iron
+default: Carbon steel
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Feeder Side-Stream Filtration
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Bag or cartridge filter on bypass loop
+defaults: []
+```
+
+# Gauges, Thermometers, and Wells {toc}
+
+## Gauges and thermometers make a hydronic system legible: they confirm pump operation, differential pressure across coils and strainers, and supply/return temperatures. They are specified by range and location so the operating value sits where the instrument reads accurately. {note}
+
+## Pressure gauges {toc}
+
+### Pressure gauges shall be selected so that the normal operating pressure falls within the middle third of the dial scale. {note}
+
+#### A gauge whose full scale equals the operating pressure runs at the top of its range, where resolution and accuracy are poor; selecting full scale at roughly twice the operating pressure puts the needle in the readable middle third. {note}
+
+### Each pressure gauge shall be provided with a gauge cock or needle valve for isolation and for snubbing pulsation.
+
+### Pressure gauges on hydronic service shall be liquid-filled to damp needle flutter from pump pulsation.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pressure Gauge Dial Size
+type: select
+options:
+ - 2-1/2 in.
+ - 3-1/2 in.
+ - 4-1/2 in.
+default: 4-1/2 in.
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pressure Gauge Range
+type: select
+options:
+ - 0-30 psi
+ - 0-60 psi
+ - 0-100 psi
+ - 0-200 psi
+ - 0-300 psi
+default: 0-100 psi
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pressure Gauge Fill
+type: select
+options:
+ - Glycerin-filled
+ - Silicone-filled
+ - Dry with snubber
+default: Glycerin-filled
+```
+
+## Thermometers and wells {toc}
+
+### Thermometers shall be provided at supply and return of each major piece of equipment and where indicated for system monitoring. {note}
+
+### Every thermometer and every temperature sensor inserted into the piping shall be installed in a thermowell.
+
+#### A thermowell isolates the instrument from the pressurized fluid so it can be removed or replaced without draining the system, and it lets a future digital or infrared instrument reuse the same penetration. {note}
+
+### Where a temperature reading point is provided for future or portable instrumentation, a thermowell shall be installed without a thermometer.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Thermometer Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - Bimetal dial, adjustable angle
+ - Liquid-in-glass, adjustable angle
+ - Digital
+ - Thermowell only (no thermometer)
+default: Bimetal dial, adjustable angle
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Thermometer Range
+type: select
+options:
+ - 0-160°F
+ - 0-250°F
+ - 30-300°F
+ - 40-280°F
+default: 0-250°F
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Thermowell Stem/Insertion Length
+type: range
+unit: in.
+min: 2.5
+max: 9
+step: 0.5
+default: 4
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Thermowell Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - Brass
+ - 304 stainless steel
+ - 316 stainless steel
+default: Brass
+```
+
+# Flexible Pipe Connectors {toc}
+
+## Flexible pipe connectors at pump and equipment connections absorb vibration, accommodate minor misalignment, and reduce structure-borne noise. The connector type is selected for the service pressure, temperature, and any seismic requirement, and suction-side connectors carry an extra vacuum constraint. {note}
+
+## Flexible connectors shall be provided at the suction and discharge of each base-mounted pump and where vibration isolation of equipment from piping is required.
+
+## Each flexible connector shall be rated for the system design pressure and temperature at the installed location.
+
+## Flexible connectors installed on pump suction shall be rated for full vacuum at the operating temperature.
+
+### A spherical rubber connector can collapse under the vacuum that can develop at a pump suction; suction-side connectors must be verified for both pressure and full vacuum at operating temperature, or a connector type not subject to collapse must be used. {note}
+
+## Where the project is in a seismic design category requiring flexible joints, connector selection and anchorage shall comply with the project seismic requirements.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flexible Connector Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - Spherical (single-arch) EPDM
+ - Spherical (twin-arch) EPDM
+ - Stainless steel braided hose
+ - Rubber expansion joint (multi-arch)
+default: Spherical (twin-arch) EPDM
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flexible Connector Flange/End Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - Carbon steel flanges
+ - Stainless steel flanges
+ - Threaded carbon steel ends
+default: Carbon steel flanges
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flexible Connector Pressure Rating
+type: select
+options:
+ - 125 psi
+ - 150 psi
+ - 232 psi
+default: 150 psi
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Suction-Side Full Vacuum Rating Required
+type: select
+options:
+ - Required (suction-side connectors)
+ - Not required (discharge only)
+default: Required (suction-side connectors)
+```
+
+# Drain, Sample, and Vent Provisions {toc}
+
+## Every closed loop must be drainable, fillable, ventable, and — on open circuits — sampleable. These small valves are easy to omit on a riser diagram and impossible to add cheaply later, so their placement is coordinated on the piping plan. {note}
+
+## Hose-end drain valves shall be installed at all system low points and at the low point of each terminal unit runout.
+
+### A coil runout without an accessible hose-end drain cannot be drained or fully flushed; drain placement at terminal low points is coordinated on the piping plan, not left to the installer. {note}
+
+## Manual or automatic air vents shall be installed at all system high points.
+
+## Sample valves shall be provided in open-loop condenser water and process cooling circuits at locations accessible for water sampling.
+
+### ANSI/ASHRAE 188 requires accessible drain and sample ports for monitoring building water systems; in open condenser water and process cooling circuits, sample valve placement supports the Legionella risk-management program. {note}
+
+## Drain and sample valve locations {toc}
+
+### Drain, vent, and sample valve locations shall be coordinated with the piping layout: [[drawing: piping plan low and high points]]. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hose-End Drain Valve Size
+type: select
+options:
+ - 1/2 in.
+ - 3/4 in.
+ - 1 in.
+default: 3/4 in.
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Air Vent Type at High Points
+type: select
+options:
+ - Manual coin/key vent
+ - Automatic float vent with isolation
+default: Automatic float vent with isolation
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Sample Valve Provision (open-loop circuits)
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Sample valves at accessible monitoring points
+defaults:
+ - Sample valves at accessible monitoring points
+```
+
+# Coil Connection Assemblies {toc}
+
+## A coil connection assembly (coil connection kit) gathers the isolation, balancing, drain, air vent, and union fittings a terminal coil needs into one compact, repeatable package. Factory-assembled kits make every terminal identical and shorten field labor; field-fabricated assemblies allow case-by-case configuration. {note}
+
+## Each terminal coil shall be served by a connection assembly providing isolation, balancing, drain, and air vent functions on both supply and return.
+
+## Whether coil connection assemblies are factory-assembled kits or field-fabricated from individual components shall be specified for the project.
+
+### Factory-assembled kits give consistent configuration and quality across many identical terminals and reduce field fittings and labor; field fabrication suits projects with few or highly varied terminals. {note}
+
+## Where a PICV serves the terminal, the coil connection assembly balancing function may be provided by the PICV in lieu of a separate balancing valve.
+
+## Isolation valves within coil connection assemblies shall be ball valves conforming to MSS SP-110.
+
+## Unions or flanges shall be provided so the coil can be removed without cutting the connecting pipe.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Coil Connection Assembly
+type: select
+options:
+ - Factory-assembled connection kit
+ - Field-fabricated from individual components
+default: Factory-assembled connection kit
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Coil Connection Assembly Functions (each side)
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Isolation ball valve
+ - Balancing valve (omit where PICV serves terminal)
+ - Union or flange for coil removal
+ - Hose-end drain valve
+ - Air vent
+ - Strainer (supply side)
+defaults:
+ - Isolation ball valve
+ - Balancing valve (omit where PICV serves terminal)
+ - Union or flange for coil removal
+ - Hose-end drain valve
+ - Air vent
+```
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Hydronic specialties earn their cost only when they are accessible and oriented for reading and service; installation quality is therefore as much about clearance and orientation as about the joint itself. {note}
+
+## All specialties shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions and IMC Chapter 12.
+
+## Strainers shall be installed with the screen pocket oriented to permit blow-down and screen removal without removing the body from the line.
+
+## Strainers in horizontal lines shall be installed with the pocket pointing down or horizontally, never up.
+
+## Balancing valves and flow control devices shall be installed with the manufacturer's required straight pipe length upstream and downstream of the device.
+
+### Flow control devices read and meter flow accurately only in developed flow; the upstream and downstream straight runs the manufacturer specifies must be honored or the balanced flow will be wrong. {note}
+
+## Pressure gauges and thermometers shall be installed where they can be read from the operating floor or an accessible platform.
+
+## Flexible connectors shall be installed without offset, twist, or extension beyond the manufacturer's allowable, and with control rods where required to restrain pressure thrust.
+
+## Air vents shall discharge to a point where dripping will not damage equipment or finishes below.
+
+## Each specialty requiring periodic service shall be installed with the manufacturer's required service clearance and within reach of an access panel where concealed.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Strainer Orientation in Horizontal Pipe
+type: select
+options:
+ - Pocket down
+ - Pocket horizontal
+default: Pocket down
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Concealed Specialty Access
+type: select
+options:
+ - Access panel/door at each concealed specialty
+ - Located in accessible ceiling or chase
+default: Access panel/door at each concealed specialty
+```
+
+# Testing {toc}
+
+## Specialties are proven as part of the piping system pressure test and then exercised during balancing; the standard pairs a leak-tightness check with a functional confirmation that flow devices actually meter and hold flow. {note}
+
+## All installed specialties shall be subjected to the hydronic piping pressure test specified in [[sync/hydronic-piping]] and shall be leak-free at the test pressure.
+
+## Strainer screens shall be inspected and cleaned after initial system flushing and before final balancing.
+
+### Construction debris loads the screens heavily on first fill; cleaning after flushing and before balancing prevents a fouled screen from skewing the flow readings the balancer relies on. {note}
+
+## Balancing valve and flow control device flow settings shall be verified and recorded by the testing and balancing agency in accordance with [[sync/testing-adjusting-and-balancing]].
+
+## PICV control function shall be verified through the building automation system across the modulating range.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Specialty Test Documentation
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Pressure test included with piping test
+ - Strainer cleaning after flush recorded
+ - Recorded balancing valve settings
+ - PICV BAS function verification
+defaults:
+ - Pressure test included with piping test
+ - Strainer cleaning after flush recorded
+ - Recorded balancing valve settings
+```
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Specialty trim — calibrated stops, gauge movements, separator media, and elastomeric connectors — is easily damaged or contaminated before installation; protecting end connections and keeping devices dry and capped preserves both function and warranty. {note}
+
+## Specialties shall be delivered with end connections capped or plugged and shall remain capped until installation.
+
+## Gauges, thermometers, and flexible connectors shall be stored indoors, protected from impact, weather, and ultraviolet exposure.
+
+## Calibrated balancing valves and PICVs shall be protected from impact that could disturb the calibrated setting or actuator.
+
+## Strainer screens and separator media shall be kept clean and dry until the system is ready for service.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The warranty section sets the minimum coverage the Owner receives; flow control devices and separators carry the longest exposure to wear and fouling and so are called out explicitly. {note}
+
+## The Contractor shall warrant all hydronic specialties against defects in material and workmanship for the project warranty period, but not less than one year from Substantial Completion.
+
+## Flow control devices, including PICVs and automatic flow-limiting valves, shall carry the manufacturer's standard warranty against failure of the regulating mechanism.
+
+## Warranty documentation for each specialty type shall be provided in the closeout submittals.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Warranty Period
+type: select
+options:
+ - 1 year from Substantial Completion
+ - 2 years from Substantial Completion
+ - 5 years from Substantial Completion
+default: 1 year from Substantial Completion
+```
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## Stocking a small set of consumable spares — screens, cartridges, and separator media — lets operators service the items most likely to foul without waiting on procurement. {note}
+
+## The Contractor shall furnish one spare screen for each size and type of strainer installed.
+
+## The Contractor shall furnish one spare flow cartridge for each size of automatic flow-limiting valve installed where field-selectable cartridges are used.
+
+## The Contractor shall furnish the manufacturer's recommended quantity of replacement separator media or magnetic-element wipes where applicable.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare Parts Furnished
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - One spare screen per strainer size/type
+ - One spare cartridge per automatic flow-limiting valve size
+ - Replacement separator media as recommended
+defaults:
+ - One spare screen per strainer size/type
+```
+
+## --- {note}
+
+## *This SynC standard is independently authored from public consensus standards, building codes, and professional engineering knowledge, and is licensed CC BY-SA. It contains no proprietary guide-specification text.* {note}