Corpus sync: neutrality remakes, note hygiene, datasheet relocation, transformer-split cross-refs
---
title: Common Work Results for Masonry
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### Verification of the specified masonry compressive strength f'm is required for structural masonry and shall be established by either the unit strength method or the prism test method per TMS 602 Article 1.4.
−### f'm verification must be completed before reinforced walls are grouted and is frequently on the critical path. {note}
+### f'm verification must be completed before reinforced walls are grouted and is frequently on the critical path.
### The testing schedule for f'm verification shall be coordinated early so it does not delay grouting.
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```
−# Materials {toc}
+# Mortar Materials {toc}
−## Mortar Materials {toc}
+## Mortar binds the units, transfers load, seals the joint against water, and accommodates small movements; its type is selected to match the structural demand and exposure of the wall, not arbitrarily upgraded. {note}
−### Mortar binds the units, transfers load, seals the joint against water, and accommodates small movements; its type is selected to match the structural demand and exposure of the wall, not arbitrarily upgraded. {note}
+## Mortar type is designated M, S, N, or O in descending order of compressive strength; Type S is the default for below-grade work, load-bearing walls, and veneer, while Type N is used for above-grade non-structural interior masonry. {note}
−### Mortar type is designated M, S, N, or O in descending order of compressive strength; Type S is the default for below-grade work, load-bearing walls, and veneer, while Type N is used for above-grade non-structural interior masonry. {note}
+## Two methods of specifying mortar exist under ASTM C270 — the proportion method (Table 1) and the property method (Table 2); the proportion method is the default here because it is verified by simple field batching, whereas the property method requires laboratory testing and is rarely used in practice. {note}
−### Two methods of specifying mortar exist under ASTM C270 — the proportion method (Table 1) and the property method (Table 2); the proportion method is the 80%-case default because it is verified by simple field batching, whereas the property method requires laboratory testing and is rarely used in practice. {note}
+## Mortar shall comply with ASTM C270 for the specified type and specification method.
−### Mortar shall comply with ASTM C270 for the specified type and specification method.
−
−### Aggregate for mortar shall comply with ASTM C144.
−
−### Hydrated lime, where used in cement-lime mortar, shall be Type S complying with ASTM C207.
−
−### Masonry cement shall comply with ASTM C91/C91M, and mortar cement, where specified for higher bond strength, shall comply with ASTM C1329/C1329M.
−
−### Pre-blended extended-life mortar, where used, shall comply with ASTM C1142.
−
−### Mortar proportioning and mix design are governed by [[sync/masonry-mortar-and-grout]]; the selections below set only the field type and method. {note}
−
```datasheet
label: Mortar type (ASTM C270)
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```
+## Aggregate for mortar shall comply with ASTM C144.
+
+## Hydrated lime, where used in cement-lime mortar, shall be Type S complying with ASTM C207.
+
+## Masonry cement shall comply with ASTM C91/C91M, and mortar cement, where specified for higher bond strength, shall comply with ASTM C1329/C1329M.
+
+## Pre-blended extended-life mortar, where used, shall comply with ASTM C1142.
+
+## Mortar proportioning and mix design are governed by [[sync/masonry-mortar-and-grout]]; the selections below set only the field type and method. {note}
+
+## The cementitious system for mortar shall be specified as portland cement-lime, masonry cement, or mortar cement.
+
```datasheet
label: Cementitious system
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```
−### Where colored mortar is specified, the Contractor shall use a single pigment source and a pre-approved color sample to prevent batch-to-batch and panel-to-panel color variation.
+## Where colored mortar is specified, the Contractor shall use a single pigment source and a pre-approved color sample to prevent batch-to-batch and panel-to-panel color variation.
```datasheet
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```
−## Grout Materials {toc}
+# Grout Materials {toc}
−### Grout fills cells and cavities to bond reinforcement to the masonry and to develop the composite strength of reinforced walls; it is a fluid concrete, distinct from mortar, and is placed by pumping or pouring. {note}
+## Grout fills cells and cavities to bond reinforcement to the masonry and to develop the composite strength of reinforced walls; it is a fluid concrete, distinct from mortar, and is placed by pumping or pouring. {note}
−### Fine grout is used where the smallest dimension of the grout space is 1.5 in. or less; coarse grout is used where the grout space exceeds 1.5 in. and can accommodate the larger aggregate. {note}
+## Fine grout is used where the smallest dimension of the grout space is 1.5 in. or less; coarse grout is used where the grout space exceeds 1.5 in. and can accommodate the larger aggregate. {note}
−### Grout shall comply with ASTM C476.
+## Grout shall comply with ASTM C476.
−### Grout shall develop a minimum compressive strength of 2000 psi; a value of 2500 to 3000 psi is commonly specified for structural masonry.
+## Grout shall develop a minimum compressive strength of 2000 psi; a value of 2500 to 3000 psi is commonly specified for structural masonry.
−### Grout type shall be selected based on the least dimension of the grout space.
+## Grout type shall be selected based on the least dimension of the grout space.
```datasheet
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```
−## Joint Reinforcement {toc}
+# Joint Reinforcement {toc}
−### Horizontal joint reinforcement controls shrinkage cracking and ties multi-wythe walls together; ladder type is used for reinforced or grouted walls (it does not obstruct vertical bars) and truss type provides greater rigidity in single-wythe walls. {note}
+## Horizontal joint reinforcement controls shrinkage cracking and ties multi-wythe walls together; ladder type is used for reinforced or grouted walls (it does not obstruct vertical bars) and truss type provides greater rigidity in single-wythe walls. {note}
−### Joint reinforcement shall be hot-dip galvanized or stainless steel, with the corrosion-resistance class selected for the wall's exposure.
+## Joint reinforcement shall be hot-dip galvanized or stainless steel, with the corrosion-resistance class selected for the wall's exposure.
−### Joint reinforcement shall be embedded with a minimum of 5/8 in. of mortar cover on each side of the wire.
+## Joint reinforcement shall be embedded with a minimum of 5/8 in. of mortar cover on each side of the wire.
```datasheet
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```
−## Ties and Anchors {toc}
+# Ties and Anchors {toc}
−### Ties and anchors transfer lateral load between wythes and between masonry and its backup or structure; their material and type must resist corrosion for the life of the wall because they are inaccessible once built. {note}
+## Ties and anchors transfer lateral load between wythes and between masonry and its backup or structure; their material and type must resist corrosion for the life of the wall because they are inaccessible once built.
−### Veneer tie spacing, anchor design, and attachment to backup systems are governed by [[sync/masonry-anchorage-and-veneer]]; this standard governs only the common material and corrosion class. {note}
+## Veneer tie spacing, anchor design, and attachment to backup systems are governed by [[sync/masonry-anchorage-and-veneer]]; this standard governs only the common material and corrosion class. {note}
−### Ties and anchors shall be of the same corrosion-resistance class as the joint reinforcement for the wall's exposure or higher.
+## Ties and anchors shall be of the same corrosion-resistance class as the joint reinforcement for the wall's exposure or higher.
−### Adjustable two-piece ties shall be used where the bed joints of the two wythes do not align.
+## Adjustable two-piece ties shall be used where the bed joints of the two wythes do not align.
```datasheet
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```
−## Flashing, Weep Holes, and Drainage {toc}
+# Flashing, Weep Holes, and Drainage {toc}
−### Through-wall flashing collects water that penetrates the outer wythe and directs it back out through weep holes; a discontinuity in the flashing plane at laps, ends, and corners is a leading cause of masonry water infiltration callbacks. {note}
+## Through-wall flashing collects water that penetrates the outer wythe and directs it back out through weep holes; a discontinuity in the flashing plane at laps, ends, and corners is a leading cause of masonry water infiltration callbacks. {note}
−### Flashing material is selected for durability and compatibility — stainless steel and copper are the most durable, while self-adhering rubberized-asphalt membrane is economical but less robust; the choice must be compatible with adjacent mortar and units. {note}
+## Flashing material is selected for durability and compatibility — stainless steel and copper are the most durable, while self-adhering rubberized-asphalt membrane is economical but less robust; the choice must be compatible with adjacent mortar and units.
−### Flashing terminations and counterflashing shall be coordinated with the roofing and waterproofing scopes so the water-resistive plane is continuous.
+## Flashing terminations and counterflashing shall be coordinated with the roofing and waterproofing scopes so the water-resistive plane is continuous.
−### Gaps at step, cap, and through-wall flashing shall not be left open.
+## Gaps at step, cap, and through-wall flashing shall not be left open.
−### Flashing shall be lapped, sealed at end laps, and turned up and terminated so collected water is directed outward.
+## Flashing shall be lapped, sealed at end laps, and turned up and terminated so collected water is directed outward.
```datasheet
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```
−### Weep holes drain the collected water at the base course above flashing; without them the flashing simply traps water in the wall. {note}
+## Weep holes drain the collected water at the base course above flashing; without them the flashing simply traps water in the wall. {note}
−### Weep holes shall be provided at the base course immediately above all through-wall flashing.
+## Weep holes shall be provided at the base course immediately above all through-wall flashing.
−### Weep holes shall be open head joints unless another type is specified, spaced at 24 in. on center maximum.
+## Weep holes shall be open head joints unless another type is specified, spaced at 24 in. on center maximum.
−### Drainage-cavity inserts, where used, shall be positioned so they keep the air gap open and do not block weep drainage.
+## Drainage-cavity inserts, where used, shall be positioned so they keep the air gap open and do not block weep drainage.
```datasheet
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```
−## Control and Expansion Joints {toc}
+# Control and Expansion Joints {toc}
−### Movement joints relieve the stresses of shrinkage, thermal change, and moisture expansion; conflating the two joint families is a common, costly error that produces RFIs and cracking. {note}
+## Movement joints relieve the stresses of shrinkage, thermal change, and moisture expansion; conflating the two joint families is a common, costly error that produces RFIs and cracking. {note}
−### Concrete masonry shrinks over time and uses control joints — a clean vertical separation with a compressible filler and no mortar across the joint. {note}
+## Concrete masonry shrinks over time and uses control joints — a clean vertical separation with a compressible filler and no mortar across the joint. {note}
−### Clay brick expands over its life and uses expansion joints — a wider separation filled with a compressible (closed-cell foam or cork composite) filler, never mortar, so the brick can grow without spalling. {note}
+## Clay brick expands over its life and uses expansion joints — a wider separation filled with a compressible (closed-cell foam or cork composite) filler, never mortar, so the brick can grow without spalling. {note}
−### Control joints in concrete masonry shall be formed as a continuous vertical separation with compressible filler and shall not be bridged with mortar.
+## Control joints in concrete masonry shall be formed as a continuous vertical separation with compressible filler and shall not be bridged with mortar.
−### Expansion joints in brick masonry shall be filled with a premolded compressible filler and shall not be filled with mortar.
+## Expansion joints in brick masonry shall be filled with a premolded compressible filler and shall not be filled with mortar.
−### Joint sealant and backer rod at the face of control and expansion joints are governed by [[sync/exterior-weather-sealants]]; this standard governs the joint filler within the masonry only. {note}
+## Joint sealant and backer rod at the face of control and expansion joints are governed by [[sync/exterior-weather-sealants]]; this standard governs the joint filler within the masonry only. {note}
+## The movement joint filler within the masonry shall be specified, consistent with the joint type and the masonry material at that joint.
+
```datasheet
label: Movement joint filler
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```
−## Embedded Items {toc}
+# Embedded Items {toc}
−### Anchor bolts, sleeves, plates, conduit, and similar embedded items shall be set in grouted cells or solid mortar bedding, accurately located, and held in position until the surrounding masonry has set.
+## Anchor bolts, sleeves, plates, conduit, and similar embedded items shall be set in grouted cells or solid mortar bedding, accurately located, and held in position until the surrounding masonry has set.
−### Embedded items shall not be placed in mortar joints where they would reduce the joint below its required thickness or interrupt joint reinforcement.
+## Embedded items shall not be placed in mortar joints where they would reduce the joint below its required thickness or interrupt joint reinforcement.
−### Post-installed and epoxy-anchored items in hardened masonry are governed by [[sync/epoxy-grouting-and-anchoring]]; this standard governs cast-in embedments only. {note}
+## Post-installed and epoxy-anchored items in hardened masonry are governed by [[sync/epoxy-grouting-and-anchoring]]; this standard governs cast-in embedments only. {note}
# Workmanship {toc}
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### The mortar joint is the weakest plane of a masonry wall against water entry, so consistent joint width and a compacted, tooled profile are essential to both appearance and weather resistance. {note}
−### Concave and V-joint tooling compress the mortar against the unit and shed water, which is why they are the default; raked and extruded joints expose a ledge that holds water and shall be used only where explicitly specified for appearance. {note}
+### Concave and V-joint tooling compress the mortar against the unit and shed water, which is why they are the default; raked and extruded joints expose a ledge that holds water and shall be used only where explicitly specified for appearance.
### Bed and head joints shall be 3/8 in. wide, with a tolerance of ±1/8 in.
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## Grout Placement {toc}
−### Grout must reach the bottom of the pour without segregating or leaving voids around reinforcement; pour and lift height limits exist so the grout consolidates fully and hydrostatic pressure does not blow out the masonry. {note}
+### Grout must reach the bottom of the pour without segregating or leaving voids around reinforcement; pour and lift height limits exist so the grout consolidates fully and hydrostatic pressure does not blow out the masonry.
### Grout pour height shall not exceed 12.67 ft without cleanouts, and shall not exceed 24 ft where cleanouts are provided at the base of each grouted cell.
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default: 2
```