Corpus sync: neutrality remakes, note hygiene, datasheet relocation, transformer-split cross-refs
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title: Pavement Markings and Site Signage
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```
−### New asphalt pavement shall be allowed to cure before final markings are applied, because fresh asphalt continues to release volatiles and surface oils that prevent paint and durable materials from bonding and that bleed through and discolor the marking. {note}
+### New asphalt pavement shall be allowed to cure before final markings are applied, because fresh asphalt continues to release volatiles and surface oils that prevent paint and durable materials from bonding and that bleed through and discolor the marking.
### Final markings shall not be applied to new asphalt until the pavement has cured for the specified minimum period.
### Where temporary markings are required before the asphalt has cured, they shall be applied as a removable or short-life material and replaced with the final markings after the pavement cures.
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### The pavement surface shall be dry and at or above the minimum application temperature for the specified material before marking begins.
−### Waterborne traffic paint shall not be applied below the specified surface temperature or when rain is forecast before the paint cures, because waterborne paint cures by evaporation and a cool, humid, or wet condition prevents the film from forming and the paint lifts, curls, or washes away. {note}
+### Waterborne traffic paint shall not be applied below the specified surface temperature or when rain is forecast before the paint cures, because waterborne paint cures by evaporation and a cool, humid, or wet condition prevents the film from forming and the paint lifts, curls, or washes away.
### Thermoplastic, epoxy, and methyl methacrylate shall be applied within the surface-temperature window their manufacturer specifies, because a cold substrate chills the material before it bonds and a wet substrate flashes to steam and blisters the marking. {note}
### Markings shall not be applied over standing water, frost, ice, or visible moisture.
## Service Demand by Marking Location {toc}
−### The marking material shall be selected for the traffic and wear demand of each marking location, because the durability requirement of a high-turn drive aisle or a crosswalk is far higher than that of a low-traffic parking stall. {note}
+### The marking material shall be selected for the traffic and wear demand of each marking location, because the durability requirement of a high-turn drive aisle or a crosswalk is far higher than that of a low-traffic parking stall.
```datasheet
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### Low-wear markings, such as parking stall lines and hatched islands that vehicles cross infrequently, are well served by traffic paint, which is the lowest-cost marking and is readily renewable. {note}
−### High-wear markings, such as crosswalks, stop bars, and markings in turning and braking paths, are subjected to the most concentrated tire scrubbing and shall use a durable material so that the marking survives between maintenance cycles. {note}
+### High-wear markings, such as crosswalks, stop bars, and markings in turning and braking paths, are subjected to the most concentrated tire scrubbing and shall use a durable material so that the marking survives between maintenance cycles.
# Marking Materials {toc}
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−### Traffic paint shall be applied at the wet film thickness specified, because too thin a film wears through quickly and holds too few beads, and too thick a film cracks, takes too long to cure, and tracks. {note}
+### Traffic paint shall be applied at the wet film thickness specified, because too thin a film wears through quickly and holds too few beads, and too thick a film cracks, takes too long to cure, and tracks.
### Drop-on glass beads shall be applied to the wet paint immediately behind the paint gun at the specified rate so that the beads embed before the film sets.
−### Traffic paint shall not be applied over an existing marking of a different, incompatible material without confirming compatibility, because solvent or heat from one material can lift or bleed through another. {note}
+### Traffic paint shall not be applied over an existing marking of a different, incompatible material without confirming compatibility, because solvent or heat from one material can lift or bleed through another.
## Thermoplastic {toc}
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−### Thermoplastic shall be heated to and applied at the manufacturer's specified application temperature, because overheating degrades the binder and discolors the material and underheating prevents proper flow and bond. {note}
+### Thermoplastic shall be heated to and applied at the manufacturer's specified application temperature, because overheating degrades the binder and discolors the material and underheating prevents proper flow and bond.
### Glass beads shall be both intermixed in the thermoplastic and applied as drop-on beads to the surface, so that the marking retains retroreflectivity as the surface beads wear and the intermixed beads are exposed.
−### Thermoplastic applied to portland cement concrete shall be applied over a primer or sealer where the material manufacturer requires it, because concrete traps moisture and contaminants that migrate to the surface and pop the marking loose without a primer. {note}
+### Thermoplastic applied to portland cement concrete shall be applied over a primer or sealer where the material manufacturer requires it, because concrete traps moisture and contaminants that migrate to the surface and pop the marking loose without a primer.
## Preformed Thermoplastic and Marking Tape {toc}
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### Preformed retroreflective marking tape for extended service life shall conform to ASTM D4505, and preformed tape for limited or temporary service life shall conform to ASTM D4592.
−### Preformed markings on concrete shall be applied over the manufacturer's sealer regardless of marking type, because the concrete substrate releases moisture and salts that fail the bond without a sealer. {note}
−### Preformed tape and symbols shall be rolled and tamped into full contact with the pavement so that no edge is lifted, because a lifted edge is caught by tires and peels the marking. {note}
+### Preformed markings on concrete shall be applied over the manufacturer's sealer regardless of marking type, because the concrete substrate releases moisture and salts that fail the bond without a sealer.
+### Preformed tape and symbols shall be rolled and tamped into full contact with the pavement so that no edge is lifted, because a lifted edge is caught by tires and peels the marking.
## Durable Cold-Applied Markings {toc}
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−### Epoxy and methyl methacrylate components shall be metered and mixed at the manufacturer's specified ratio, because an off-ratio mix does not cure to its design hardness and bond and is a common cause of premature durable-marking failure. {note}
+### Epoxy and methyl methacrylate components shall be metered and mixed at the manufacturer's specified ratio, because an off-ratio mix does not cure to its design hardness and bond and is a common cause of premature durable-marking failure.
### Methyl methacrylate may be selected where a fast return to service is required, because it cures rapidly and reopens the marked area to traffic sooner than epoxy. {note}
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## A retroreflective marking returns headlight light to the driver's eye by means of glass beads partially embedded in the marking, and a marking with too few beads, beads embedded too deep, or beads embedded too shallow is not retroreflective and is invisible at night and in the rain. {note}
+## Glass beads shall conform to AASHTO M 247 for the specified type and gradation, shall be clean, transparent, and spherical, and shall carry the moisture-proof and adhesion coatings the marking material requires.
+
```datasheet
label: Glass Bead Type
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default: "AASHTO M 247 Type I drop-on beads (standard gradation)"
```
+## Drop-on beads shall be applied at the specified rate immediately behind the marking material so that the beads embed to between 50 and 60 percent of their diameter and are held by the material as it sets.
```datasheet
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default: 8
```
−
−## Glass beads shall conform to AASHTO M 247 for the specified type and gradation, shall be clean, transparent, and spherical, and shall carry the moisture-proof and adhesion coatings the marking material requires.
−## Drop-on beads shall be applied at the specified rate immediately behind the marking material so that the beads embed to between 50 and 60 percent of their diameter and are held by the material as it sets.
## Beads applied too late, after the paint has skinned or the thermoplastic has cooled, sit on the surface and are swept away by the first traffic, leaving a marking that looks correct in daylight but is dark at night. {note}
+## Where initial retroreflectivity is specified, the white and yellow markings shall meet the specified minimum initial coefficient of retroreflected luminance measured per ASTM D7585 or ASTM E1710 at 30-meter geometry.
+
```datasheet
label: Initial Retroreflectivity — White Markings
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min: 250
max: 450
− setpoints: [250, 300, 350]
+ setpoints: [250, 300, 350, 450]
default: 300
```
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min: 175
max: 350
− setpoints: [175, 200, 250]
+ setpoints: [175, 200, 250, 350]
default: 200
```
−
−## Where initial retroreflectivity is specified, the white and yellow markings shall meet the specified minimum initial coefficient of retroreflected luminance measured per ASTM D7585 or ASTM E1710 at 30-meter geometry.
## Retroreflectivity is the single field measurement that distinguishes a marking that works at night from one that does not, and it shall be measured on the completed markings where the project or the Authority Having Jurisdiction requires it. {note}
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## Marking Colors {toc}
−### Marking colors shall convey their MUTCD meaning, and a color shall not be used for a purpose other than its standard meaning. {note}
+### Marking colors shall convey their MUTCD meaning, and a color shall not be used for a purpose other than its standard meaning.
```datasheet
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### The parking stall dimensions, angle, and module shall be as shown on the signing and striping plan [[drawing: the stall layout on the signing and striping plan]].
### Standard parking stalls shall be laid out to the dimensions shown, with stall width and depth and aisle width meeting the local zoning and site development standards.
−### Stall lines shall be straight, parallel, and consistent in length, because a poorly laid-out lot that wanders or crowds is both a code and a usability problem and is visible from every approach. {note}
+### Stall lines shall be straight, parallel, and consistent in length, because a poorly laid-out lot that wanders or crowds is both a code and a usability problem and is visible from every approach.
## Pavement Symbols and Legends {toc}
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−### Crosswalks shall be marked with the pattern specified, with high-visibility longitudinal-bar crosswalks recommended at locations with pedestrian conflict because the bars are placed between the wheel paths and wear far slower than transverse lines. {note}
+### Crosswalks shall be marked with the pattern specified, with high-visibility longitudinal-bar crosswalks recommended at locations with pedestrian conflict because the bars are placed between the wheel paths and wear far slower than transverse lines.
### Word and symbol legends shall be applied to the standard proportions so that they are legible at the approach speed, and shall not be compressed to fit a space they do not fit. {note}
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### The number of accessible parking spaces shall be provided in accordance with the ADA Standards scoping table for the total number of parking spaces in each parking facility [[drawing: the accessible space count on the signing and striping plan]].
### At least one in every six accessible spaces, and not fewer than one, shall be van-accessible.
−### The required accessible space count shall be verified during layout, because the count is a function of the total stall count in the lot and is easy to under-provide. {note}
+### The required accessible space count shall be verified during layout, because the count is a function of the total stall count in the lot and is easy to under-provide.
## Accessible Space and Access Aisle Dimensions {toc}
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### Van-accessible spaces shall be at least 132 inches wide with an adjacent access aisle at least 60 inches wide, or at least 96 inches wide with an adjacent access aisle at least 96 inches wide.
### The access aisle shall be the same length as the space it serves, shall be marked so as to discourage parking in it, and shall connect to an accessible route to the building entrance.
−### Two accessible spaces may share one access aisle, except that angled accessible spaces shall not share an access aisle. {note}
−### Access aisles shall be marked with diagonal hatching and may carry a "NO PARKING" legend so that the aisle is not mistaken for a parking space. {note}
+### Two accessible spaces may share one access aisle, except that angled accessible spaces shall not share an access aisle.
+### Access aisles shall be marked with diagonal hatching and may carry a "NO PARKING" legend so that the aisle is not mistaken for a parking space.
## Accessibility Symbol {toc}
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### Accessible parking signs (R7-8) shall be installed at each accessible space, mounted so they are visible and not obscured by a parked vehicle.
### Van-accessible spaces shall carry the van-accessible designation plaque (R7-8a or R7-8b as adopted) in addition to the accessible parking sign.
−### Where the local code requires a fine-amount plaque on accessible parking signs, the plaque shall be provided. {note}
+### Where the local code requires a fine-amount plaque on accessible parking signs, the plaque shall be provided.
## Sign Sheeting Retroreflectivity {toc}
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### Sign faces shall be retroreflective sheeting conforming to ASTM D4956 of the specified type, so that the sign is legible at night under headlight illumination.
−### Engineering-grade (Type I) sheeting shall not be used for regulatory signs, because its brightness and service life are below current practice for stop and regulatory signage. {note}
+### Engineering-grade (Type I) sheeting shall not be used for regulatory signs, because its brightness and service life are below current practice for stop and regulatory signage.
### The sheeting type shall be selected for the approach speed and the importance of the sign, with high-intensity prismatic sheeting the standard for site regulatory signs.
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### Sign posts shall be galvanized steel U-channel, square steel tube, or round post as specified, sized for the sign area and the local wind load.
−### A driven U-channel post shall be driven to the embedment depth required for stability and shall not be encased in concrete, because a light U-channel post driven directly into the soil yields on impact and a concrete-encased post does not. {note}
+### A driven U-channel post shall be driven to the embedment depth required for stability and shall not be encased in concrete, because a light U-channel post driven directly into the soil yields on impact and a concrete-encased post does not.
### Where a sign is located within or adjacent to the vehicle clear zone such that it could be struck, the support shall be a breakaway support so that an errant vehicle is not stopped abruptly by a rigid post.
### Posts set in concrete footings shall be used for larger signs and where the soil cannot hold a driven post, with the footing sized for the sign area and wind load.
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### Signs in parking and pedestrian areas shall be mounted with the bottom of the sign at least 84 inches above the finished surface where pedestrians pass beneath, so that the sign does not present a head-height hazard.
### Signs shall be laterally offset from the edge of the travel way as shown, so that the sign is visible and is not in the path of a vehicle.
−### Where an accessible parking sign is mounted in a location a pedestrian passes beneath, it shall meet the 84-inch clearance so that it does not project into the accessible route. {note}
+### Where an accessible parking sign is mounted in a location a pedestrian passes beneath, it shall meet the 84-inch clearance so that it does not project into the accessible route.
# Fire Lanes {toc}
−## Fire lanes shall be marked and signed in accordance with the locally adopted fire code and the directives of the fire marshal having jurisdiction, and a missing or non-conforming fire lane is a common cause of a certificate-of-occupancy hold. {note}
+## Fire lanes shall be marked and signed in accordance with the locally adopted fire code and the directives of the fire marshal having jurisdiction, and a missing or non-conforming fire lane is a common cause of a certificate-of-occupancy hold.
```datasheet
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### Where existing markings are removed, the method shall remove the marking and its retroreflective beads without creating a scar that holds water or telegraphs through the new marking.
−### Removal by burning, by solvent, or by simply applying black-out paint shall not be used, because these leave a residue, a ghost, or a slick spot. {note}
+### Removal by burning, by solvent, or by simply applying black-out paint shall not be used, because these leave a residue, a ghost, or a slick spot.
−## Application {toc}
+## Markings shall be applied to the layout verified by the Engineer of Record, at the specified width, thickness, and bead rate, with sharp, clean edges and consistent alignment.
+## Each marking shall be protected from traffic until it has cured or cooled enough to bear traffic without tracking, displacing, or picking up, with cones, barricades, or flagging as needed.
+## A marking that is tracked, smeared, misaligned, off-width, or of deficient bead embedment shall be removed and reapplied, because a defective permanent marking is not corrected by overpainting.
−### Markings shall be applied to the layout verified by the Engineer of Record, at the specified width, thickness, and bead rate, with sharp, clean edges and consistent alignment.
−### Each marking shall be protected from traffic until it has cured or cooled enough to bear traffic without tracking, displacing, or picking up, with cones, barricades, or flagging as needed.
−### A marking that is tracked, smeared, misaligned, off-width, or of deficient bead embedment shall be removed and reapplied, because a defective permanent marking is not corrected by overpainting. {note}
−
# Quality Control and Acceptance {toc}
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# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
−## Marking materials, glass beads, and sheeting shall be delivered in the manufacturer's labeled, sealed containers and stored per the manufacturer's instructions. {note}
+## Marking materials, glass beads, and sheeting shall be delivered in the manufacturer's labeled, sealed containers and stored per the manufacturer's instructions.
```datasheet
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## Normal wear from traffic and routine renewal of paint markings at the end of their service life are Owner maintenance obligations and are not warranty items.
## The warranty does not relieve the Contractor of responsibility for an accessibility or fire-code non-conformance, which shall be corrected regardless of when it is discovered.