Corpus sync: neutrality remakes, note hygiene, datasheet relocation, transformer-split cross-refs
---
title: Photovoltaic Systems
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### Installation of any PV equipment shall not proceed until the corresponding submittals are reviewed and returned.
−### The utility interconnection application shall be filed at the earliest opportunity, because interconnection study and approval commonly take six to eighteen months and routinely govern the project schedule. {note}
+### The utility interconnection application shall be filed at the earliest opportunity, because interconnection study and approval commonly take six to eighteen months and routinely govern the project schedule.
### The maximum PV system voltage submitted shall be the value calculated under NEC 690.7 using the lowest expected ambient temperature at the site, not the module nameplate open-circuit voltage at standard test conditions. {note}
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### A listed PV hazard control system, where used to meet rapid shutdown, shall be listed and labeled to UL 3741.
−### Equipment that is not listed and labeled as required by this standard shall not be installed. {note}
+### Equipment that is not listed and labeled as required by this standard shall not be installed.
## Installer Qualifications {toc}
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### Modules and exposed equipment shall be rated for outdoor ultraviolet exposure and the full site temperature range over the system service life.
−## Bifacial modules, where used, gain rear-side production from reflected irradiance; their source-circuit current rating shall include the bifacial gain so that conductors and overcurrent devices are not undersized. {note}
+## Bifacial modules, where used, gain rear-side production from reflected irradiance; their source-circuit current rating shall include the bifacial gain so that conductors and overcurrent devices are not undersized.
# PV Modules {toc}
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### Each module shall bear a permanent nameplate stating the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power voltage and current, maximum power, maximum system voltage, and maximum series fuse rating.
−### Modules within a single source circuit shall be electrically matched so that current mismatch does not impair string performance. {note}
+### Modules within a single source circuit shall be electrically matched so that current mismatch does not impair string performance.
## Module Performance Basis {toc}
### Modules should additionally be qualified to IEC 61215 for design qualification and type approval as a performance basis in addition to the UL listing.
−### The module power temperature coefficient and the rated power tolerance shall be documented so the array energy model reflects field operating temperatures rather than standard test conditions. {note}
+### The module power temperature coefficient and the rated power tolerance shall be documented so the array energy model reflects field operating temperatures rather than standard test conditions.
# Inverters {toc}
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### Inverters shall provide the grid-support, ride-through, and anti-islanding functions of IEEE 1547-2018 as configured for the utility interconnection agreement.
−### The inverter anti-islanding function shall cease energizing the utility upon loss of the utility source so that no PV power is exported to a de-energized utility conductor. {note}
+### The inverter anti-islanding function shall cease energizing the utility upon loss of the utility source so that no PV power is exported to a de-energized utility conductor.
## Inverter Ratings {toc}
### The maximum DC input voltage of the inverter shall be greater than the maximum PV source-circuit voltage calculated under NEC 690.7.
−### The DC-to-AC sizing ratio of the array to the inverter shall be documented and shall not cause sustained inverter clipping beyond the value assumed in the energy model. {note}
+### The DC-to-AC sizing ratio of the array to the inverter shall be documented and shall not cause sustained inverter clipping beyond the value assumed in the energy model.
```datasheet
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### Transformerless (non-isolated) inverters shall provide the DC ground-fault detection and interruption required by NEC 690.41 integral to the inverter.
−### Where a non-isolated inverter does not provide integral ground-fault protection, a separate listed ground-fault protection device shall be furnished. {note}
+### Where a non-isolated inverter does not provide integral ground-fault protection, a separate listed ground-fault protection device shall be furnished.
# Rapid Shutdown and Arc-Fault Protection {toc}
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### A listed PV hazard control system per UL 3741, where used, shall reduce conductors leaving the array boundary to not more than 80 V within 30 seconds and shall satisfy the within-boundary hazard reduction as a listed system.
−### Where a listed PV hazard control system is selected, its availability for the specific inverter and racking combination shall be confirmed before procurement, because the listed-system market is still maturing and not all combinations are listed together. {note}
+### Where a listed PV hazard control system is selected, its availability for the specific inverter and racking combination shall be confirmed before procurement, because the listed-system market is still maturing and not all combinations are listed together.
### A rapid-shutdown initiation device shall be provided at a location accessible to first responders.
### The rapid-shutdown initiator shall be marked with the label required by NEC 690.56(C).
−### The rapid-shutdown initiator shall not be located inside a locked room or otherwise inaccessible space; an initiator that responders cannot reach is a frequent plan-review rejection. {note}
+### The rapid-shutdown initiator shall not be located inside a locked room or otherwise inaccessible space; an initiator that responders cannot reach is a frequent plan-review rejection.
```datasheet
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### PV DC source and output circuits shall be provided with arc-fault protection meeting NEC 690.11.
−### The arc-fault protection function shall be verified to operate correctly with the selected module-level electronics and rapid-shutdown system. {note}
+### The arc-fault protection function shall be verified to operate correctly with the selected module-level electronics and rapid-shutdown system.
# Conductors, Connectors, and Overcurrent Protection {toc}
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### DC connectors shall be listed, of a single type within a connection, and shall not be mated to connectors of a different make or series.
−### Mating DC connectors of different makes or series is a known fire and failure hazard even where the connectors physically engage; intermateability shall be confirmed by listing, not by fit. {note}
+### Mating DC connectors of different makes or series is a known fire and failure hazard even where the connectors physically engage; intermateability shall be confirmed by listing, not by fit.
### Overcurrent devices protecting PV source and output circuits shall be listed for DC PV use and rated for the maximum circuit voltage and the available fault current.
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### Module frames and racking shall be bonded either by a separate equipment grounding conductor or by the integrated bonding feature of a UL 2703 listed racking system.
−### A UL 2703 racking listing does not by itself satisfy equipment bonding unless its integrated bonding feature is specified and the listed bonding components are installed; otherwise a separate equipment grounding conductor is required. {note}
−
```datasheet
label: Module / Racking Bonding Method
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```
+### A UL 2703 racking listing does not by itself satisfy equipment bonding unless its integrated bonding feature is specified and the listed bonding components are installed; otherwise a separate equipment grounding conductor is required. {note}
+
### The equipment grounding conductor shall be sized per NEC 690.45 and 250.122 for the overcurrent device protecting the circuit.
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```
−### Where the building has a lightning protection system, the PV surge and bonding provisions shall be coordinated with it per [[sync/lightning-protection]]. {note}
+### Where the building has a lightning protection system, the PV surge and bonding provisions shall be coordinated with it per [[sync/lightning-protection]].
# Mounting and Racking {toc}
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### The array layout shall not be finalized until the roof or foundation structural capacity is confirmed in writing by a licensed structural engineer.
−### Confirming roof structural capacity only after the array layout is fixed is a common and costly defect; ballast dead load and concentrated uplift at corners and edges shall be checked against the structure before layout, not after. {note}
+### Confirming roof structural capacity only after the array layout is fixed is a common and costly defect; ballast dead load and concentrated uplift at corners and edges shall be checked against the structure before layout, not after.
## Ballasted Roof Mounting {toc}
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### The ballasted system shall include a slip sheet or protection layer compatible with the roof membrane to prevent abrasion of the roofing.
−### A ballasted system imposes its full weight as roof dead load while also resisting wind uplift; both the gravity load and the uplift restraint shall be designed, because a system adequate for gravity may still lift at roof corners. {note}
+### A ballasted system imposes its full weight as roof dead load while also resisting wind uplift; both the gravity load and the uplift restraint shall be designed, because a system adequate for gravity may still lift at roof corners.
## Attached and Penetrating Mounting {toc}
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### The roof penetration details and the roofing manufacturer's approval shall be coordinated to preserve the existing roof warranty.
−### Omitting roof penetration flashing and warranty coordination is a frequent source of leaks and voided roof warranties; the roofing manufacturer's written approval of the attachment detail shall be obtained before penetrations are made. {note}
+### Omitting roof penetration flashing and warranty coordination is a frequent source of leaks and voided roof warranties; the roofing manufacturer's written approval of the attachment detail shall be obtained before penetrations are made.
### The penetration attachment pattern and locations shall be shown on the drawings [[drawing: roof attachment layout]].
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### Clamps for standing-seam metal roofs shall be listed for the specific seam profile and shall not penetrate the roof panel.
−### Standing-seam clamp loads shall be coordinated with the metal roof manufacturer to confirm the seam and panel can carry the clamp reactions. {note}
+### Standing-seam clamp loads shall be coordinated with the metal roof manufacturer to confirm the seam and panel can carry the clamp reactions.
## Ground-Mount Foundations {toc}
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−### Fire-service setbacks and pathways shall not be reduced or value-engineered out without the written concurrence of the AHJ; pathways removed to gain array area are a common cause of AHJ rejection and forced rework. {note}
+### Fire-service setbacks and pathways shall not be reduced or value-engineered out without the written concurrence of the AHJ; pathways removed to gain array area are a common cause of AHJ rejection and forced rework.
### The rooftop fire-service access layout shall be shown on the drawings [[drawing: fire access pathway plan]].
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# Interconnection {toc}
−## The PV system shall interconnect with the building electrical system by one of the paths scheduled below, in accordance with NFPA 70 Article 705. {note}
+## The PV system shall interconnect with the building electrical system by one of the paths scheduled below, in accordance with NFPA 70 Article 705.
```datasheet
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### A supply-side connection shall be made ahead of the service disconnecting means in accordance with NEC 705.11.
−### The interconnection shall not be energized until the serving utility grants permission to operate following any required witness test. {note}
+### The interconnection shall not be energized until the serving utility grants permission to operate following any required witness test.
−### The point of interconnection and the backfeed overcurrent device shall be coordinated with the existing distribution equipment per [[sync/low-voltage-panelboards]].
+### The point of interconnection and the backfeed overcurrent device shall be coordinated with the existing distribution equipment per [[sync/panelboards]].
# Energy Storage Interface {toc}
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### The PV-to-storage coupling method, where storage is provided, shall be documented and coordinated with [[sync/dc-battery-systems]].
−### Storage-ready provisions shall reserve the physical space, conductor pathways, and interconnection capacity required for the future storage equipment so that later addition does not require rework of the PV interconnection. {note}
+### Storage-ready provisions shall reserve the physical space, conductor pathways, and interconnection capacity required for the future storage equipment so that later addition does not require rework of the PV interconnection.
# Labeling {toc}
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### The ground-fault and arc-fault protection functions shall be tested to confirm correct operation.
−### The anti-islanding function shall be confirmed by the utility witness test or by the inverter listing where a witness test is waived. {note}
+### The anti-islanding function shall be confirmed by the utility witness test or by the inverter listing where a witness test is waived.
```datasheet
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```
−### Any test result outside the acceptance criteria shall be corrected and retested before the system is placed in service. {note}
+### Any test result outside the acceptance criteria shall be corrected and retested before the system is placed in service.
# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
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## Modules shall not be lifted, carried, or set down by their junction boxes, cables, or connectors.
−## Inverters and electronic equipment shall be stored within the manufacturer's temperature and humidity limits and protected from construction dust and moisture. {note}
+## Inverters and electronic equipment shall be stored within the manufacturer's temperature and humidity limits and protected from construction dust and moisture.
−## Modules shall not be stepped on or stacked beyond the manufacturer's permitted stacking height, because mechanical microcracking degrades output without visible damage. {note}
+## Modules shall not be stepped on or stacked beyond the manufacturer's permitted stacking height, because mechanical microcracking degrades output without visible damage.
# Warranty {toc}
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−## The module power performance warranty shall state the guaranteed percentage of nameplate power retained at the end of the warranty term. {note}
+## The module power performance warranty shall state the guaranteed percentage of nameplate power retained at the end of the warranty term.
−## The roofing warranty shall remain intact; the PV installation workmanship warranty shall not be construed to cover roof leaks arising from penetrations, which remain the responsibility of the party that performed the roof work under the roofing manufacturer's approved details. {note}
+## The roofing warranty shall remain intact; the PV installation workmanship warranty shall not be construed to cover roof leaks arising from penetrations, which remain the responsibility of the party that performed the roof work under the roofing manufacturer's approved details.
# Spare Parts {toc}
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−## Spare modules shall be from the same make and model as the installed array so that replacements match the electrical characteristics of the source circuit. {note}
+## Spare modules shall be from the same make and model as the installed array so that replacements match the electrical characteristics of the source circuit.