Corpus sync: neutrality remakes, note hygiene, datasheet relocation, transformer-split cross-refs
---
title: Rough Carpentry
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### Treatment certificates for preservative-treated wood shall state the preservative chemical, the AWPA Use Category, the retention in pounds per cubic foot, and the AWPA treatment standard to which the wood was treated.
−### Evaluation reports for fire-retardant-treated wood shall be submitted because the strength of FRT wood is reduced by the treatment, and the published design-value treatment factors govern the structural use of the material. {note}
+### Evaluation reports for fire-retardant-treated wood shall be submitted because the strength of FRT wood is reduced by the treatment, and the published design-value treatment factors govern the structural use of the material.
### Evaluation reports for metal framing connectors shall be current and shall confirm both the allowable loads and the coating designation required for the service condition.
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## Grade Marking {toc}
−### All lumber and wood structural panels shall be marked by an inspection agency accredited by the American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC) under the U.S. Department of Commerce softwood lumber standard PS 20. {note}
−### The ALSC accreditation, the National Grading Rule, and the grade stamp together make a piece of dimension lumber a known, design-value-bearing structural element rather than an anonymous board; specifying a grade and species without requiring the stamp leaves the actual strength of the delivered material unverifiable. {note}
+### All lumber and wood structural panels shall be marked by an inspection agency accredited by the American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC) under the U.S. Department of Commerce softwood lumber standard PS 20.
```datasheet
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default: "Any ALSC-accredited agency for the species supplied"
```
+### The ALSC accreditation, the National Grading Rule, and the grade stamp together make a piece of dimension lumber a known, design-value-bearing structural element rather than an anonymous board; specifying a grade and species without requiring the stamp leaves the actual strength of the delivered material unverifiable. {note}
### Each piece of dimension lumber shall bear the grade mark of an ALSC-accredited grading agency identifying the grade, the species or species group, the seasoning condition, and the mill.
### Each wood structural panel shall bear the trademark of an approved testing and inspection agency identifying the product standard, the span rating, the bond classification, and the panel grade.
−### Where lumber is cut so that the grade mark is removed from a member that remains in a structural application, the absence of the mark shall not by itself be cause for rejection, provided the member can be identified to a marked piece of the same lot or is re-marked by a qualified inspector. {note}
+### Where lumber is cut so that the grade mark is removed from a member that remains in a structural application, the absence of the mark shall not by itself be cause for rejection, provided the member can be identified to a marked piece of the same lot or is re-marked by a qualified inspector.
## Material Inspection {toc}
−### Lumber and panels shall be inspected on delivery for grade mark, species, moisture condition, and physical damage. {note}
+### Lumber and panels shall be inspected on delivery for grade mark, species, moisture condition, and physical damage.
### Warped, split, decayed, or insect-damaged material shall not be installed.
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## Service Condition and Decay Hazard {toc}
−### The service environment of each rough carpentry member shall determine whether untreated, preservative-treated, or fire-retardant-treated wood is required, and the coating class of the fasteners and connectors that contact it. {note}
+### The service environment of each rough carpentry member shall determine whether untreated, preservative-treated, or fire-retardant-treated wood is required, and the coating class of the fasteners and connectors that contact it.
```datasheet
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## Moisture Content {toc}
−### Dimension lumber shall be supplied seasoned (dried) to a maximum moisture content appropriate to the application, because lumber installed wet shrinks as it dries in service, opening connections, loosening fasteners, and causing dimensional change in the framed assembly. {note}
+### Dimension lumber shall be supplied seasoned (dried) to a maximum moisture content appropriate to the application, because lumber installed wet shrinks as it dries in service, opening connections, loosening fasteners, and causing dimensional change in the framed assembly.
```datasheet
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### Where reduced shrinkage is required — at framing supporting brittle finishes, at tall stacked-stud walls, or where the design so states — lumber shall be kiln dried to a maximum moisture content of 15 percent (MC15 or KD-15).
−### Lumber that has regained moisture in storage above the specified maximum shall be re-dried or rejected before installation. {note}
+### Lumber that has regained moisture in storage above the specified maximum shall be re-dried or rejected before installation.
## Storage and Handling {toc}
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### Material shall not be stored in direct contact with the ground or on a surface that allows water to pool beneath the stack.
−### Panels and lumber wrapped in moisture-trapping film shall have the film loosened or removed promptly on delivery, because film that traps condensation against bundled material raises the moisture content and promotes mold and warping. {note}
+### Panels and lumber wrapped in moisture-trapping film shall have the film loosened or removed promptly on delivery, because film that traps condensation against bundled material raises the moisture content and promotes mold and warping.
### Preservative-treated and fire-retardant-treated wood shall be stored in accordance with AWPA M4 and the treater's instructions to protect the treatment and limit re-wetting.
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## Species and Grade {toc}
−### Dimension lumber shall be of the species or species group and the visual stress grade required to provide the design values used in the structural design, as established under the National Grading Rule and tabulated in the NDS Supplement. {note}
−### The same nominal size in a stronger species or a higher grade carries a higher design value; substituting a weaker species or a lower grade than the structural design assumed reduces the capacity of the framing even though the member looks identical. {note}
+### Dimension lumber shall be of the species or species group and the visual stress grade required to provide the design values used in the structural design, as established under the National Grading Rule and tabulated in the NDS Supplement.
```datasheet
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default: "No. 2 (general framing — joists, rafters, plates)"
```
+### The same nominal size in a stronger species or a higher grade carries a higher design value; substituting a weaker species or a lower grade than the structural design assumed reduces the capacity of the framing even though the member looks identical. {note}
### Dimension lumber shall be the species or species group indicated on the structural drawings.
### Stud-grade lumber shall be used for stud-wall framing within the height limits for which stud grade is tabulated; No. 2 grade shall be used for general framing including joists, rafters, headers, and plates unless a higher grade is shown.
−### The design values for the supplied species and grade shall equal or exceed the design values used in the structural design; substitution of a different species or grade shall not be made without the Engineer of Record's written approval. {note}
+### The design values for the supplied species and grade shall equal or exceed the design values used in the structural design; substitution of a different species or grade shall not be made without the Engineer of Record's written approval.
### Light Framing Size Classification {toc}
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### Sill plates, sole plates, and sleepers bearing on concrete or masonry shall be pressure-preservative-treated wood, or naturally durable wood where the code permits, because these members sit at the interface where moisture migrates from the concrete into the wood. {note}
+### Sill plates and sole plates in direct contact with concrete or masonry that is in contact with the ground shall be preservative-treated or naturally durable wood, as required by IBC Section 2304.12.
+
```datasheet
label: Sill / Sole Plate on Concrete or Masonry
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```
−### Sill plates and sole plates in direct contact with concrete or masonry that is in contact with the ground shall be preservative-treated or naturally durable wood, as required by IBC Section 2304.12.
−
### A sill sealer or gasket shall be installed between the sill plate and the top of foundation concrete or masonry to close the air gap and limit moisture transfer.
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### The APA span rating marked on a panel is the controlling specification for sheathing: it states the maximum on-center spacing of supports the panel may span, which is matched to the framing spacing on the drawings, so the span rating — not the thickness alone — is what makes a panel suitable for a given application. {note}
+### The wood structural panel product standard shall be specified, and the panel span rating shall match the framing spacing shown on the structural drawings.
+
```datasheet
label: Wood Structural Panel Product Standard
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### Exposure 1 panels use an exterior (waterproof) adhesive and tolerate the wetting that normally occurs during construction before the building is closed in, but are not intended for long-term weather exposure; Exterior-classified panels tolerate permanent exposure to weather. {note}
+### Wall, roof, and floor sheathing concealed within the assembly shall be Exposure 1 bond classification at minimum.
+
```datasheet
label: Panel Bond Classification
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```
−### Wall, roof, and floor sheathing concealed within the assembly shall be Exposure 1 bond classification at minimum.
−
### Panels subject to permanent exposure to weather shall be Exterior bond classification.
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### Sheathing panels shall be installed with the long dimension or strength axis perpendicular to the supports unless the design and the panel span rating permit otherwise.
−### Panels shall be installed with a gap at panel edges and ends as recommended by the panel manufacturer to accommodate expansion from moisture, because panels butted tight buckle when they take on construction moisture. {note}
+### Panels shall be installed with a gap at panel edges and ends as recommended by the panel manufacturer to accommodate expansion from moisture, because panels butted tight buckle when they take on construction moisture.
### End joints of sheathing panels shall be staggered between adjacent rows where required to develop diaphragm action shown on the structural drawings.
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### The Use Category, not the preservative brand, is the procurement specification: UC2 for interior wood subject to dampness, UC3B for exterior wood above ground exposed to weather, UC4A for ground contact and general use, and higher categories for severe and structural ground-contact conditions. {note}
+### The preservative treatment Use Category per AWPA U1 shall be specified for each treated wood application, matched to its exposure condition.
+
```datasheet
label: Preservative Treatment Use Category (AWPA U1)
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```
+### The waterborne preservative shall be specified, consistent with the Use Category and retention required for the wood's exposure condition.
+
```datasheet
label: Waterborne Preservative
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### Lumber that is cut, drilled, or notched after treatment shall have the cut surfaces field-treated with a compatible preservative in accordance with AWPA M4, because the pressure treatment does not fully penetrate to the core of many species and a field cut exposes untreated wood. {note}
−### Preservative-treated wood used in enclosed or occupied conditions shall be kiln dried after treatment (KDAT) where dimensional stability or low moisture content is required, because waterborne-treated wood leaves the treating cylinder saturated. {note}
+### Preservative-treated wood used in enclosed or occupied conditions shall be kiln dried after treatment (KDAT) where dimensional stability or low moisture content is required, because waterborne-treated wood leaves the treating cylinder saturated.
## Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood {toc}
−### Fire-retardant-treated (FRT) wood shall be used where the building code permits combustible framing or blocking within fire-resistance-rated or noncombustible-construction conditions — typically interior framing, blocking, and roof sheathing in Type III, IV, and V construction. {note}
−### FRT wood is pressure-impregnated with fire-retardant chemicals that reduce surface flame spread; it is a distinct product from preservative-treated wood and addresses fire performance, not decay, so the two treatments are not interchangeable. {note}
+### Fire-retardant-treated (FRT) wood shall be used where the building code permits combustible framing or blocking within fire-resistance-rated or noncombustible-construction conditions — typically interior framing, blocking, and roof sheathing in Type III, IV, and V construction.
```datasheet
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default: "Not used — no FRT wood required on this project"
```
+### FRT wood is pressure-impregnated with fire-retardant chemicals that reduce surface flame spread; it is a distinct product from preservative-treated wood and addresses fire performance, not decay, so the two treatments are not interchangeable. {note}
+### Fire-retardant-treated wood shall have a flame-spread index of 25 or less when tested per ASTM E84 or UL 723, with no evidence of significant progressive combustion when the test is continued for an additional 20 minutes, and a smoke-developed index not exceeding 450.
+
+### FRT wood used as interior framing shall be Interior Type A or Type B as required by the interior humidity condition, and shall not be used in exterior or weather-exposed applications.
+
```datasheet
label: FRT Interior Exposure Classification
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```
−### Fire-retardant-treated wood shall have a flame-spread index of 25 or less when tested per ASTM E84 or UL 723, with no evidence of significant progressive combustion when the test is continued for an additional 20 minutes, and a smoke-developed index not exceeding 450.
+### Fire-retardant-treated wood shall not be used in exterior applications or where exposed to weather, because the fire-retardant chemicals are hygroscopic and leach or degrade under exterior moisture exposure.
−### FRT wood used as interior framing shall be Interior Type A or Type B as required by the interior humidity condition, and shall not be used in exterior or weather-exposed applications.
−
−### Fire-retardant-treated wood shall not be used in exterior applications or where exposed to weather, because the fire-retardant chemicals are hygroscopic and leach or degrade under exterior moisture exposure. {note}
−
### Design values for FRT lumber and plywood shall be reduced by the strength-adjustment factors published in the product's evaluation report, derived from ASTM D5664 (lumber) and ASTM D5516 (plywood) elevated-temperature testing and ASTM D6841, and the reduced design values shall be used in the structural design of FRT members.
−### FRT roof sheathing and roof framing carry an additional roof-temperature strength reduction because the chemicals continue to degrade strength at the elevated temperatures reached under roofing in service; the roof-application strength-adjustment factors from the evaluation report shall govern these members. {note}
+### FRT roof sheathing and roof framing carry an additional roof-temperature strength reduction because the chemicals continue to degrade strength at the elevated temperatures reached under roofing in service; the roof-application strength-adjustment factors from the evaluation report shall govern these members.
### Fasteners and connectors in contact with FRT wood shall be selected per the FRT manufacturer's recommendations, because some fire-retardant chemistries are corrosive to standard fasteners.
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## Fastener Materials and Coatings {toc}
−### Fasteners shall be selected for the corrosion environment of their location and for compatibility with the wood they contact, because the waterborne copper-based preservatives now used for treated wood are substantially more corrosive to plain and lightly coated steel than the older preservatives they replaced. {note}
+### Fasteners shall be selected for the corrosion environment of their location and for compatibility with the wood they contact, because the waterborne copper-based preservatives now used for treated wood are substantially more corrosive to plain and lightly coated steel than the older preservatives they replaced.
### Standard bright or electro-zinc-plated fasteners corrode rapidly in contact with ACQ- and CA-treated wood and in exterior service; using them where a hot-dip galvanized or stainless fastener is required produces rust staining, loss of fastener capacity, and eventual connection failure. {note}
+### Nails, spikes, and staples shall conform to ASTM F1667 for type, size, and material.
+
+### Fasteners in contact with preservative-treated wood and fasteners in exterior service shall be hot-dip galvanized conforming to ASTM A153/A153M, stainless steel, silicon bronze, or copper, as required by IBC Section 2304.10.
+
```datasheet
label: Nail and Screw Coating
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```
−### Nails, spikes, and staples shall conform to ASTM F1667 for type, size, and material.
−
−### Fasteners in contact with preservative-treated wood and fasteners in exterior service shall be hot-dip galvanized conforming to ASTM A153/A153M, stainless steel, silicon bronze, or copper, as required by IBC Section 2304.10.
−
### Stainless steel fasteners shall be used in coastal and chloride-exposed locations, in continuously wet service, and where the treated-wood or fastener manufacturer's recommendations require stainless steel for the preservative and retention used.
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## Bolts and Lag Screws {toc}
−### Bolts shall conform to ASTM A307 and lag screws to the applicable ANSI/ASME dimensional standard, of a coating class matching the service condition and the wood they connect. {note}
+### Bolts shall conform to ASTM A307 and lag screws to the applicable ANSI/ASME dimensional standard, of a coating class matching the service condition and the wood they connect.
```datasheet
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### A connector achieves its published allowable load only when it is fastened with the specific fastener type, size, and quantity the evaluation report requires; substituting fewer or different fasteners voids the rated capacity even though the connector is installed. {note}
+### Connectors in contact with preservative-treated wood and connectors in exterior service shall have a galvanized coating of ASTM A653 G185 minimum, or shall be stainless steel, in accordance with IBC Section 2304.10.
+
```datasheet
label: Connector Coating Designation
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```
+### Connectors shall be installed with the full quantity and type of fasteners specified in the connector evaluation report to develop the published allowable load.
+
```datasheet
label: Connector Allowable Load Basis
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```
−### Connectors in contact with preservative-treated wood and connectors in exterior service shall have a galvanized coating of ASTM A653 G185 minimum, or shall be stainless steel, in accordance with IBC Section 2304.10.
−
−### Connectors shall be installed with the full quantity and type of fasteners specified in the connector evaluation report to develop the published allowable load.
−
### Joist hangers shall be sized so the joist seats fully on the hanger seat and the hanger height matches the joist depth, and shall not be field-modified by bending or cutting in a way the evaluation report does not permit.
−### Post bases shall hold the post base above the bearing surface to provide a drainage gap and prevent the end grain of the post from sitting in standing water. {note}
+### Post bases shall hold the post base above the bearing surface to provide a drainage gap and prevent the end grain of the post from sitting in standing water.
# Installation {toc}
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### Members shall be cut square and installed in full bearing on their supports; members shall not be cut short and shimmed to length.
−### Notching and boring of structural members shall not exceed the limits established by the building code and the NDS for the member size and location, because over-cut members lose flexural and shear capacity at the cut. {note}
+### Notching and boring of structural members shall not exceed the limits established by the building code and the NDS for the member size and location, because over-cut members lose flexural and shear capacity at the cut.
### Multiple-member built-up beams and headers shall be fastened together in the nailing or bolting pattern shown on the structural drawings so the members act together.
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```
−### Sheathing nails shall be driven flush with the panel surface and shall not be overdriven, because an overdriven nail that breaks the panel face veneer or strand surface loses a large fraction of its shear capacity. {note}
+### Sheathing nails shall be driven flush with the panel surface and shall not be overdriven, because an overdriven nail that breaks the panel face veneer or strand surface loses a large fraction of its shear capacity.
### Edge distance from the panel edge to the centerline of the fastener shall be maintained at the minimum shown on the structural drawings so the fastener does not tear out at the panel edge.
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## Visual Inspection {toc}
−### Rough carpentry shall be visually inspected before it is concealed by sheathing, finishes, or roofing. {note}
+### Rough carpentry shall be visually inspected before it is concealed by sheathing, finishes, or roofing.
### Inspection shall verify that members are the species, grade, and size shown on the drawings; that framing is plumb, level, and to line; that spacing and bearing meet the design; that treated wood is used at all required locations; and that fasteners and connectors are of the required type, coating, and quantity.
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## The warranty shall not relieve the Contractor of liability for concealed non-conforming work, including the use of untreated wood at locations requiring treatment, discovered after the warranty period.