+---
+title: Skylights and Unit Skylights
+category: Building Envelope
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: Supply and installation of factory-assembled unit skylights and
+ tubular daylighting devices (TDDs) set into sloped or flat roof assemblies for
+ commercial, institutional, industrial, and residential overhead daylighting.
+ Covers curb-mounted, deck-mounted (self-flashing), and ridge units; fixed and
+ operable (venting) configurations; single-, double-, and triple-dome or glazed
+ units; integral curbs, flashing, condensate management, and fall-protection
+ screening; and NAFS performance for structural load, air, water, thermal
+ (U-factor, SHGC), and visible light transmittance.
+ Not intended for: Continuous sloped glazing and structural glass roofs (use
+ [[sync/glazing]]); roof membrane waterproofing and underlayment (use
+ [[sync/membrane-roofing]]); metal roof panels with integral translucent panels
+ (use [[sync/metal-roof-panels]]); general sheet metal flashing and trim (use
+ [[sync/sheet-metal-flashing-and-trim]]); roof hatches and smoke vents (use
+ [[sync/roof-hatches-and-smoke-vents]]); vertical wall fenestration (use
+ [[sync/windows]]); and selective demolition of existing skylights (use
+ [[sync/selective-demolition]]).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers the supply and installation of factory-assembled unit skylights and tubular daylighting devices set into sloped or flat roof assemblies to introduce daylight through the roof plane. {note}
+
+## Unit skylights are pre-engineered, factory-glazed assemblies labeled to a North American Fenestration Standard (NAFS) performance grade, distinct from site-glazed sloped glazing built up from individual lites. {note}
+
+## The following mounting and operating configurations are within scope: {note}
+- Curb-mounted fixed units set on a site-built or manufacturer-supplied insulated curb.
+- Deck-mounted (self-flashing) fixed units whose integral flange flashes directly to the roof deck on steep-slope roofs.
+- Curb-mounted operable (venting) units with manual crank, chain-drive, or electric operators, including roof windows on steep-slope residential roofs.
+- Single-, double-, and triple-dome plastic-glazed units and insulating-glass-unit (IGU) glazed units.
+- Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs) consisting of a roof dome, reflective tube, and ceiling diffuser.
+- Gang or continuous-row units mounted on a common curb or on abutting individual curbs.
+
+## Custom architectural assemblies (barrel vaults, pyramids, and structural glass roofs) that exceed standard catalog products approach curtainwall territory and are outside the scope of this standard. {note}
+
+## Very large or structurally complex custom assemblies should be specified under [[sync/glazing]] rather than this standard.
+
+## Skylight flashing references the details of [[sync/sheet-metal-flashing-and-trim]] but the membrane or panel waterproofing into which the unit is set is the work of [[sync/membrane-roofing]] or [[sync/metal-roof-panels]]. {note}
+
+## Units listed and installed to serve as automatic smoke and heat vents are not unit skylights for the purpose of this standard; they are covered by [[sync/roof-hatches-and-smoke-vents]]. {note}
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Products and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited or a different edition is enforced by the authority having jurisdiction.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+## NAFS-26 (AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-26) is the current edition at the time of writing and supersedes the 2022 edition, but many jurisdictions still reference NAFS-22 until their code cycle updates; the locally adopted edition governs. {note}
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (NAFS) | North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights |
+| ASTM E1300 | Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings |
+| ASTM E2112 | Standard Practice for Installation of Exterior Windows, Doors and Skylights |
+| IBC Section 2405 | Sloped Glazing and Skylights (Chapter 24) |
+| IBC Section 1507.5 | Skylights and Sloped Glazing (Chapter 15, Roof Assemblies) |
+| ASCE 7 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures |
+| NFPA 13 | Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems |
+| OSHA 29 CFR 1926.502 | Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices |
+| OSHA 29 CFR 1910.29 | Fall Protection Systems and Falling Object Protection Criteria |
+| NFRC 100 | Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U-factors |
+| NFRC 200 | Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product SHGC and Visible Transmittance |
+| ASHRAE 90.1 | Energy Standard for Sites and Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |
+| ENERGY STAR (Skylights) | ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Residential Skylights |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review before fabrication or ordering:
+- Product data for each skylight type, including frame material, glazing makeup, operator type, and accessories.
+- Shop drawings showing unit dimensions, curb details, flashing integration, fastening, cricket locations, and condensate provisions.
+- NAFS performance label data confirming performance grade, design pressure, and gateway test results for each unit.
+- NFRC-certified whole-product U-factor, SHGC, and visible light transmittance values for each glazing configuration.
+- Glazing certification identifying glass type (tempered, laminated, heat-strengthened) or plastic type and impact rating for sloped use.
+- Fall-protection details for screens, guards, or covers, with the load rating and the party responsible for installation.
+- Glazing and finish samples in the specified color and tint.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Required action submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Product data (each type)
+ - Shop drawings (curb, flashing, fastening)
+ - NAFS performance label data
+ - NFRC U-factor / SHGC / VLT certification
+ - Glazing/plastic type certification (sloped use)
+ - Fall-protection details and load rating
+ - Glazing and finish samples
+default:
+ - Product data (each type)
+ - Shop drawings (curb, flashing, fastening)
+ - NAFS performance label data
+ - NFRC U-factor / SHGC / VLT certification
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals before final acceptance:
+- Manufacturer's written product and installation warranties.
+- Operation and maintenance data for operable units, operators, sensors, and shades.
+- Record documents showing as-installed unit locations, sizes, and accessories.
+- Final fall-protection certification confirming installed screens or guards meet the rated load.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Required closeout submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Product and installation warranties
+ - Operation and maintenance data
+ - Record documents (as-installed)
+ - Fall-protection certification
+default:
+ - Product and installation warranties
+ - Operation and maintenance data
+ - Fall-protection certification
+```
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals when required by the Contract Documents:
+- Structural calculations for custom or non-catalog units signed by a licensed engineer.
+- Manufacturer's field-service or inspection reports for installed units.
+- Energy compliance documentation demonstrating skylight-to-roof ratio and U-factor/SHGC conformance with the adopted energy code.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Required informational submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Structural calculations (custom units)
+ - Field-service / inspection reports
+ - Energy compliance documentation
+default:
+ - Energy compliance documentation
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Each unit skylight shall bear a permanent NAFS label identifying the manufacturer, performance grade, design pressure, and the certification or inspection agency. {note}
+
+## Units shall be certified to the specified NAFS performance grade by an accredited certification and labeling program.
+
+## Glazing in sloped applications shall comply with IBC Section 2405.2 for permitted glazing types and, where required, screening or retention against fall-out.
+
+## Thermal performance values shall be NFRC-certified whole-product values.
+
+## Center-of-glass values shall not be substituted for whole-product values in code or energy-model submittals.
+
+## The installer shall be trained or approved by the skylight manufacturer for the specified product line. {note}
+
+## A mock-up or first-unit installation should be reviewed and approved before remaining units are installed where the project includes more than ten units or any custom configuration.
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## Skylights are exposed to the full range of roof-plane loads and environmental stresses: wind uplift and inward pressure, snow and live loads, thermal cycling, ultraviolet exposure, hail, and condensation driven by interior humidity. {note}
+
+## Design pressure shall be established from the project wind and snow loads determined per ASCE 7 and IBC Chapter 16 for the building height, exposure, and roof zone.
+
+## Glazing load resistance shall be verified per ASTM E1300 for glass units under the governing wind and snow load.
+
+## In cold climates, interior humidity contacts cold frame and glazing surfaces and produces condensation that is often mistaken for leakage. {note}
+
+## Units shall include thermally broken frames and condensate management to prevent moisture damage.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Climate zone (ASHRAE 90.1)
+type: select
+options:
+ - CZ1 - CZ3 (warm / mixed)
+ - CZ4 - CZ5 (mixed / cold)
+ - CZ6 - CZ8 (cold / very cold)
+default: CZ4 - CZ5 (mixed / cold)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design ground snow load
+type: range
+unit: psf
+min: 0
+max: 100
+step: 5
+drawing_ref: "structural roof load schedule"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Ultimate design wind speed
+type: range
+unit: mph
+min: 90
+max: 200
+step: 5
+drawing_ref: "structural wind design data"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+# Performance Grade and Structural Requirements {toc}
+
+## NAFS classifies fenestration into performance classes R, LC, CW, and AW in ascending order of structural, air, and water severity; the class drives the gateway test pressures and the minimum design pressure. Specifying a residential R-class unit in a commercial, institutional, or high-wind application is a common and serious error, since CW or AW class is required for most commercial and high-exposure projects. {note}
+
+## Unit skylights shall meet or exceed the specified NAFS performance grade for class and design pressure.
+
+## The structural test load shall be not less than 150% of the design pressure without glass breakage or permanent deformation that impairs function.
+
+## Water resistance shall be demonstrated at a test pressure of not less than 15% of the design pressure, and not less than 15 psf.
+
+## Air infiltration shall not exceed the limit for the specified performance class at the standard test pressure.
+
+```datasheet
+label: NAFS performance class
+type: radio
+options:
+ - R (residential)
+ - LC (light commercial)
+ - CW (commercial window)
+ - AW (architectural)
+default: CW (commercial window)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design pressure (DP) rating
+type: range
+unit: psf
+min: 15
+max: 100
+step: 5
+default: 30
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum air infiltration
+type: range
+unit: cfm/ft²
+min: 0.05
+max: 0.5
+step: 0.05
+default: 0.3
+```
+
+# Mounting Configuration {toc}
+
+## Curb-Mounted Units {toc}
+
+### Curb-mounted units set on a raised curb are the standard configuration for flat and low-slope roofs; the curb lifts the unit above the drainage plane and provides a surface for base flashing. {note}
+
+### Curb-mounted units shall be set on a curb extending not less than 4 inches (102 mm) above the finished roof plane, per IBC Section 2405.4.
+
+### On re-roofing projects, curbs should extend not less than 8 inches above the finished roof to maintain base-flashing height over the new assembly.
+
+### The curb shall be insulated to limit thermal bridging and condensation at the perimeter of the opening.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Curb type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Manufacturer-supplied insulated curb
+ - Site-built wood curb with separate insulation
+ - Site-built steel curb with separate insulation
+default: Manufacturer-supplied insulated curb
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Curb height above finished roof
+type: range
+unit: in
+min: 4
+max: 12
+step: 1
+default: 8
+```
+
+## Deck-Mounted (Self-Flashing) Units {toc}
+
+### Deck-mounted units carry an integral flange that flashes directly into the roof underlayment; they are engineered for steep-slope shingle or tile roofs, not low-slope membrane roofs. {note}
+
+### Specifying self-flashing units on a low-slope membrane roof voids the roofing waterproofing warranty and is a recurring source of leaks. {note}
+
+### Low-slope membrane roofs shall use a curb-mounted unit rather than a deck-mounted (self-flashing) unit.
+
+### Deck-mounted units shall be installed only on roof slopes of 3:12 or steeper unless the manufacturer certifies a lower slope.
+
+### The integral flange shall be integrated with the roof underlayment and primary roofing per [[sync/sheet-metal-flashing-and-trim]] and the roofing manufacturer's instructions.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mounting method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Curb-mounted
+ - Deck-mounted (self-flashing)
+default: Curb-mounted
+```
+
+# Glazing {toc}
+
+## Glazing Type and Makeup {toc}
+
+### Glazing makeup determines thermal performance, light transmittance, and impact resistance; plastic domes offer high transmittance and light weight, while IGUs deliver the lower U-factors required for cold-climate commercial compliance. {note}
+
+### Sloped glazing shall be tempered, laminated, or heat-strengthened glass, or an approved plastic, as permitted by IBC Section 2405.2; annealed monolithic glass shall not be used in sloped applications.
+
+### Where glass could fall from the opening on breakage, the glazing shall be laminated or shall be screened or retained as required by IBC Section 2405.3.
+
+### Double- and triple-dome and insulating-glass units shall maintain a sealed air or gas space free of internal condensation.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Glazing configuration
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Single dome (acrylic or polycarbonate)
+ - Double dome (acrylic or polycarbonate)
+ - Triple dome (acrylic or polycarbonate)
+ - Double insulating glass unit (IGU)
+ - Triple insulating glass unit (IGU)
+default: Double dome (acrylic or polycarbonate)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Glazing material (glass units)
+type: select
+options:
+ - Tempered glass
+ - Laminated glass
+ - Heat-strengthened glass
+ - Laminated over tempered
+default: Laminated glass
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Plastic glazing material (dome units)
+type: select
+options:
+ - Acrylic
+ - Polycarbonate
+ - Acrylic outer / polycarbonate inner
+default: Acrylic
+```
+
+## Tint, Coating, and Light Transmittance {toc}
+
+### Tint and low-emissivity coatings balance daylight against solar heat gain; clear glazing maximizes visible light transmittance, while tints and low-e coatings reduce heat gain and glare. {note}
+
+### The low-emissivity coating type and surface shall be selected for the climate, favoring solar-heat-gain control in cooling-dominated climates and heat-loss control in heating-dominated climates.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Glazing tint / diffusion
+type: select
+options:
+ - Clear
+ - Lightly diffused (white translucent)
+ - Bronze tint
+ - Gray tint
+default: Lightly diffused (white translucent)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Low-emissivity coating
+type: radio
+options:
+ - None
+ - Solar-control low-e (cooling climates)
+ - High-solar-gain low-e (heating climates)
+default: Solar-control low-e (cooling climates)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Visible light transmittance (VLT)
+type: range
+min: 0.2
+max: 0.75
+step: 0.05
+default: 0.5
+```
+
+# Thermal Performance {toc}
+
+## Energy codes cap skylight U-factor and SHGC by climate zone, and ASHRAE 90.1 limits skylight area to a fraction of the roof to control heat loss and gain; thermal values must come from NFRC whole-product certification, not center-of-glass approximations. {note}
+
+## The skylight U-factor shall not exceed the maximum permitted for the climate zone and skylight-to-roof ratio by the adopted energy code.
+
+## The skylight SHGC shall not exceed the maximum permitted for the climate zone and occupancy by the adopted energy code.
+
+## Total skylight area shall not exceed 3% of the gross roof area under ASHRAE 90.1 unless a daylighting-control credit or energy trade-off compliance path is documented.
+
+## Frames in climate zones 4 and above shall be thermally broken to meet energy requirements and to control frame condensation.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum skylight U-factor
+type: range
+unit: Btu/h·ft²·°F
+min: 0.25
+max: 0.7
+step: 0.05
+default: 0.45
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum skylight SHGC
+type: range
+min: 0.17
+max: 0.6
+step: 0.01
+default: 0.4
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Skylight-to-roof area ratio cap
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 3% (prescriptive, no daylighting controls)
+ - 5% (with daylighting controls)
+ - Trade-off compliance path
+default: 3% (prescriptive, no daylighting controls)
+```
+
+# Frame, Finish, and Operation {toc}
+
+## Frame Material and Finish {toc}
+
+### Frame material affects durability, thermal performance, and appearance; thermally broken aluminum is the commercial default, while fiberglass, PVC, and wood-clad frames serve residential and specialty applications. {note}
+
+### Aluminum frames in climate zones 4 and above shall incorporate a thermal break.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Frame material
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Thermally broken aluminum
+ - Aluminum (non-thermally-broken)
+ - Fiberglass
+ - PVC
+ - Wood-clad
+default: Thermally broken aluminum
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Aluminum finish
+type: select
+options:
+ - Clear anodized
+ - Color anodized
+ - Factory-applied fluoropolymer paint
+ - Mill finish
+default: Factory-applied fluoropolymer paint
+```
+
+## Operation {toc}
+
+### Operable (venting) units provide ventilation and smoke purge but add operator hardware and, for electric units, a power and control rough-in that must be coordinated with the electrical drawings. {note}
+
+### Omitting the operator power rough-in for electric venting units is a common coordination gap caught at rough inspection; rough-in shall be coordinated with the electrical work before roofing is closed in. {note}
+
+### Operable units shall be furnished with the specified operator and weatherstripping rated for the unit's performance grade.
+
+### Electric venting units shall be provided with the power and low-voltage control rough-in shown on the electrical drawings.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Operation type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Fixed (non-venting)
+ - Manual crank-operated
+ - Chain-drive operated
+ - Electric operator
+ - Solar-powered electric operator
+default: Fixed (non-venting)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Operable accessories
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Rain sensor (auto-close)
+ - Interior blind / shade
+ - Between-pane blind
+ - Insect screen
+default:
+ - Insect screen
+```
+
+# Curb, Flashing, and Condensate Management {toc}
+
+## Cricket and Saddle {toc}
+
+### A cricket diverts water around the upslope side of a skylight; without it, water ponds against the upslope curb and eventually infiltrates. {note}
+
+### An upslope cricket or saddle shall be provided where the unit width exceeds 24 inches and the roof slope is less than 1:2.
+
+### The cricket shall be coordinated with and installed by the roofing work under [[sync/membrane-roofing]] or [[sync/metal-roof-panels]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: Upslope cricket required
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Required (unit width > 24 in)
+ - Not required (unit width ≤ 24 in)
+ - Required by drawings
+default: Required (unit width > 24 in)
+```
+
+## Flashing {toc}
+
+### Flashing integrates the unit with the roofing; a frequent failure is that contract documents do not state who fabricates and installs the flashing, leaving the roofing and skylight trades each assuming the other is responsible. {note}
+
+### Responsibility for fabricating and installing curb base flashing, counterflashing, and any step or apron flashing shall be assigned explicitly in the Contract Documents.
+
+### Flashing shall be integrated with the roofing system per [[sync/sheet-metal-flashing-and-trim]] and ASTM E2112 to maintain continuity of the water-shedding plane.
+
+## Condensate Management {toc}
+
+### Condensate forming on the cold inner surfaces of frame and glazing must be captured and drained; without a weep path it accumulates inside the curb and is reported as a leak, generating callbacks. {note}
+
+### Curb-mounted and frame-glazed units shall include interior condensate gutters and a weep drainage path to the exterior.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Condensate management
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Integral condensate gutter with weeps
+ - Thermally broken frame with weep path
+ - None (warm climate only)
+default: Integral condensate gutter with weeps
+```
+
+# Fall Protection {toc}
+
+## A skylight in a roof is an opening; OSHA treats it as a fall hazard and requires a screen, guardrail, or cover wherever a worker could fall 4 feet or more, and the responsibility for that protection is frequently left unassigned among the skylight supplier, roofer, and general contractor. {note}
+
+## Fall protection shall be provided at every skylight opening 4 feet or more above a lower level by an integral screen, a guardrail system, or a cover.
+
+## Fall-protection screens and covers shall resist a load of not less than 200 lb applied perpendicularly at any point, per OSHA 29 CFR 1926.502 and 1910.29.
+
+## Where a guardrail system is used, the top rail shall be 42 ± 3 inches above the walking surface.
+
+## Responsibility for furnishing and installing the fall-protection element shall be assigned explicitly in the Contract Documents.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Fall-protection method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Integral skylight screen
+ - Separate post-mounted guardrail
+ - Safety net / cover
+default: Integral skylight screen
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Screen / cover rated load
+type: range
+unit: lb
+min: 200
+max: 400
+step: 50
+default: 200
+```
+
+# Tubular Daylighting Devices {toc}
+
+## A tubular daylighting device captures daylight at a roof dome, transmits it down a reflective tube, and distributes it through a ceiling diffuser; TDDs serve spaces where a framed skylight opening cannot be created. {note}
+
+## TDDs shall be installed with the manufacturer's flashing matched to the roof type and slope.
+
+## The reflective tube shall be sealed and insulated where it passes through conditioned and unconditioned spaces to limit condensation and heat transfer.
+
+## The ceiling diffuser shall be selected for the required light distribution and, where specified, integral ventilation or electric-light kits.
+
+```datasheet
+label: TDD tube diameter
+type: select
+unit: in
+options:
+ - "10"
+ - "14"
+ - "18"
+ - "22"
+default: "14"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: TDD dome glazing
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Clear impact-rated dome
+ - Diffusing dome
+ - Low-e coated dome
+default: Clear impact-rated dome
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: TDD accessories
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Daylight dimmer
+ - Integral electric light kit
+ - Integral ventilation
+default: []
+```
+
+# Size and Configuration {toc}
+
+## Standard catalog sizes carry the shortest lead time; custom and non-catalog units require 8 to 16 weeks of fabrication and shall be identified during procurement planning so they do not delay the schedule. {note}
+
+## Custom or non-catalog unit sizes and shapes shall be flagged during procurement so their fabrication lead time is incorporated into the construction schedule.
+
+## Unit locations, quantities, and layout are shown on the drawings. [[drawing: roof plan skylight layout]]
+
+```datasheet
+label: Unit configuration
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Single unit
+ - Gang (abutting units on common curb)
+ - Continuous row
+ - Custom (pyramid / barrel-vault / polygonal)
+default: Single unit
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Curb opening size
+type: select
+unit: in
+options:
+ - 24 × 24
+ - 24 × 48
+ - 48 × 48
+ - Custom
+drawing_ref: "roof plan skylight schedule"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Skylights shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's printed instructions and ASTM E2112.
+
+## Units shall not be installed on slopes flatter than the manufacturer's certified minimum; glazed skylights without a curb shall be installed on slopes of not less than 1:4 per IBC Section 2405.3.
+
+## Curb-mounted units shall be set on a continuous bed of the manufacturer's specified sealant and fastened to the curb at the spacing shown on the shop drawings.
+
+## Flashing shall be lapped to shed water over the downslope roofing and integrated continuously with the roofing system.
+
+## Operable units shall be adjusted after installation so they open, close, latch, and weatherseal without binding.
+
+## Glazing and frames shall be protected from construction traffic and from sealant, mortar, and roofing-bitumen contamination until final acceptance.
+
+## Each installed unit shall be tested for water resistance by a controlled water test where required by the Contract Documents, with no water penetration to the interior.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Units shall be delivered in the manufacturer's packaging with the NAFS label and glazing identification intact.
+
+## Units shall be stored upright and protected from impact, ultraviolet exposure, and ponded water until installation.
+
+## Plastic-glazed domes shall be handled to avoid scratching and shall not have protective films removed until after installation.
+
+## Damaged units, units with broken seals, or units with delaminated glazing shall be rejected and replaced.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The manufacturer shall warrant each unit against defects in materials and workmanship for the period specified, and shall warrant insulating-glass and dome assemblies against seal failure and internal condensation.
+
+## The installer shall warrant the installation, including flashing integration and water resistance, for the period specified.
+
+## Warranty periods shall not be reduced by accessory operators, sensors, or shades furnished with the unit.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer unit warranty
+type: select
+unit: years
+options:
+ - "5"
+ - "10"
+ - "20"
+default: "10"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Glazing seal warranty
+type: select
+unit: years
+options:
+ - "5"
+ - "10"
+ - "20"
+default: "10"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Installation warranty
+type: select
+unit: years
+options:
+ - "1"
+ - "2"
+ - "5"
+default: "2"
+```
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall furnish the spare parts and maintenance materials specified for operable units and accessories.
+
+## Spare parts shall be furnished in the manufacturer's original packaging and labeled with the unit type they serve.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare parts and maintenance materials
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Spare operator / motor (each operable type)
+ - Spare crank handles
+ - Spare insect screens
+ - Touch-up finish kit
+ - Replacement gaskets / weatherstripping
+default:
+ - Spare crank handles
+ - Touch-up finish kit
+```
+
+## This standard was independently authored by the SynC Standards Team from public consensus standards, building codes, and professional knowledge, and is licensed CC BY-SA. {note}