Vertical Turbine Pumps
Initial publication
Showing changes from Initial revision
to Rev 1
in Vertical Turbine Pumps.
+---
+title: Vertical Turbine Pumps
+category: Process / Pumps
+description: >
+ When to use: Line-shaft vertical turbine pumps and submersible well pumps that lift raw water from an intake, a wet well, or a well, pump finished water from a clearwell to high service, or boost a pressurized line from a can or barrel, in water treatment plants, raw water intakes, well fields, booster stations, and industrial process plants, read with [[sync/common-work-results-process]]. Covers the four arrangements, wet-pit line-shaft turbine, can or barrel-mounted line-shaft turbine, deep-well line-shaft turbine, and submersible well pump with a submersible motor; the bowl assembly with its stages, impellers, bearings, wear rings, and strainer; the column, line shaft, shaft bearings, and the open or enclosed lubrication that decides them; the discharge head, its stuffing box or mechanical seal, and pre-lubrication; the suction can; the submersible motor, its cable, splice, and column check valve; the vertical hollow-shaft or solid-shaft motor features and the critical speed and reed frequency checks; the manufacturer's review of the intake against ANSI/HI 9.8; the factory performance, NPSH, and hydrostatic tests; field testing; the shop coating; and spare parts.
+ Not intended for: Horizontal end-suction, split-case, and self-priming centrifugal pumps for clean water and process transfer (see [[sync/horizontal-centrifugal-process-pumps]]); solids-handling wastewater pumps in every arrangement, including dry-pit and self-priming solids-handling pumps (see [[sync/submersible-solids-handling-pumps]]); progressive cavity, rotary lobe, plunger, peristaltic, and diaphragm pumps (see [[sync/positive-displacement-pumps]]); fire pumps under NFPA 20, including vertical turbine fire pumps (see [[sync/fire-pumps]]); building hydronic pumps, including the cooling tower vertical turbine pumps that standard keeps (see [[sync/hvac-pumps]]); plumbing circulators and transfer pumps (see [[sync/plumbing-pumps]]); packaged domestic water booster systems (see [[sync/domestic-water-booster-pumps]]); building sump, ejector, and grinder pumps (see [[sync/sump-and-sewage-pumps]]); the factory-assembled site lift station with its own pumps (see [[sync/packaged-pump-stations]]); fuel oil transfer pumps (see [[sync/fuel-oil-systems]]); temporary dewatering wells and their pumps (see [[sync/excavation-support-and-dewatering]]); the motor beyond the features stated here (see [[sync/electric-motors]]), the drive (see [[sync/low-voltage-variable-frequency-drives]]), and the starter (see [[sync/combination-motor-starters]] and [[sync/motor-control-centers]]); the discharge check and isolation valves (see [[sync/process-check-valves]], [[sync/resilient-seated-gate-valves]], [[sync/eccentric-plug-valves]], and [[sync/butterfly-valves]]); the intake or wet well structure (see [[sync/water-retaining-concrete-structures]]); the water well itself, its drilling, casing, screen, development, and test pumping (see [[sync/water-wells]]); and chemical metering pumps and irrigation booster pumps, which are not yet owned by a SynC standard.
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers the vertical turbine pump: a rotodynamic pump whose bowl assembly hangs below the liquid surface on a column, with the impellers driven through a line shaft from a motor at the discharge head, or driven directly by a submersible motor coupled beneath the bowls. It is the pump of the raw water intake, the clearwell and high-service station, the well field, and the in-line booster can, wherever the liquid surface sits below the floor the pump is set on and a horizontal pump would need a suction lift to reach it. {note}
+
+## The boundary of the work is the pump as a unit of supply: the suction bell and strainer, the bowl assembly, the column and line shaft with their bearings and lubrication, the discharge head with its seal and sole plate, the suction can where one is furnished, the submersible motor with its cable, splice, and column check valve where that arrangement is selected, the vertical motor features the pump requires, the coupling and its guard, the shop coating, the factory and field tests, and the spare parts. The piping begins at the discharge flange, the motor is a motor, and the sump is a structure, and each of those is governed by the standard named for it. {note}
+
+## This standard is read with [[sync/common-work-results-process]], the umbrella for the process discipline, which carries the submittal register, the process equipment data sheet, manufacturer qualifications and unit responsibility, the drinking water contact certifications, the factory test witnessing policy, the manufacturer's field services, nameplates, the anchorage basis, the vibration and airborne noise acceptance, lubrication, startup, the field performance test rules, warranty, and the spare parts basis. Nothing in those provisions is restated here. {note}
+
+## Four pump standards divide the process pump family. Horizontal end-suction, split-case, and self-priming pumps for clean and raw water, finished water, service water, and process transfer are under [[sync/horizontal-centrifugal-process-pumps]]. Solids-handling wastewater pumps in every arrangement, submersible, dry-pit, and self-priming, are under [[sync/submersible-solids-handling-pumps]]. Progressive cavity, rotary lobe, plunger, peristaltic, and diaphragm pumps for sludge and thickened solids are under [[sync/positive-displacement-pumps]]. This standard owns the line-shaft turbine in a wet pit, a can, or a well, and the submersible well pump, whatever the clean liquid it lifts. {note}
+
+## A plant influent or intake pump station built in a water-retaining structure, with each pump specified under this standard, is this family; a factory-assembled site lift station delivered with its own basin, pumps, valves, and panel is [[sync/packaged-pump-stations]]. {note}
+
+## The following are outside this scope and are governed by the standards named. {note}
+
+- The motor, beyond the vertical hollow-shaft, solid-shaft, thrust bearing, and submersible motor features stated here: [[sync/electric-motors]]
+- Variable frequency drives: [[sync/low-voltage-variable-frequency-drives]]; starters and motor control centers: [[sync/combination-motor-starters]] and [[sync/motor-control-centers]]; the motor branch circuit and the cable from the well head to the starter: [[sync/conductors-and-cables]]
+- Equipment pads, cast-in and post-installed anchors, non-shrink grout, and the grouting of the sole plate: [[sync/concrete-pads]], [[sync/structural-steel-anchor-bolts]], [[sync/post-installed-anchors]], [[sync/non-shrink-grout]], and [[sync/grouted-base-plates]]
+- Vibration isolation and seismic restraint design: [[sync/vibration-isolation-and-seismic-restraint]]
+- Pressure, level, and temperature instruments, including the well water level transducer: [[sync/process-instrumentation]] and [[sync/pressure-instrumentation]]; the station flow meter: [[sync/flow-measurement]]; the control panel: [[sync/industrial-control-panels]]
+- The discharge piping, its supports, and its flexible or dismantling joints: [[sync/ductile-iron-process-piping]], [[sync/steel-and-stainless-process-piping]], and [[sync/plastic-process-piping]]
+- The check valve and isolation valve on the discharge: [[sync/process-check-valves]], [[sync/resilient-seated-gate-valves]], [[sync/eccentric-plug-valves]], and [[sync/butterfly-valves]]; the air release valve at the discharge head: [[sync/air-release-and-vacuum-valves]]
+- The intake, wet well, and clearwell structure and its leakage test: [[sync/water-retaining-concrete-structures]]; the intake gates and stop logs that dewater a pump bay: [[sync/slide-gates-and-stop-logs]]
+- Fire pumps under NFPA 20, including their vertical turbines: [[sync/fire-pumps]]; cooling tower vertical turbine pumps: [[sync/hvac-pumps]]; temporary construction dewatering wells: [[sync/excavation-support-and-dewatering]]
+- The field finish coat over the shop coating: [[sync/high-performance-coatings]]; the equipment identification nameplate: [[sync/mechanical-identification]]
+
+## The water well itself, from the drilling and the casing through the screen, the gravel pack, the development, the plumbness and alignment survey, and the test pumping that establishes its yield and drawdown, is governed by [[sync/water-wells]]. This standard begins at the pump, and it reads the well diameter, the static and pumping water levels, and the sand content from the well record the drawings carry. Chemical metering pumps are the future chemical feed systems standard, and irrigation booster pumps are unowned. {note}
+
+## Terms Used in This Standard {toc}
+
+### The following terms carry their ANSI/HI 2.1-2.2 meanings throughout this standard: {note}
+
+- Bowl assembly: the stacked bowls, impellers, and bowl bearings, with the suction bell and the discharge case, that make up the pumping element
+- Stage: one bowl and its impeller; the rated head is the sum of the stage heads less the column and head losses
+- Setting: the distance from the underside of the discharge head base to the inlet of the suction bell
+- Lateral: the axial travel of the rotating element between the impellers seated on the bowls and the impellers lifted against the bowl tops, which the impeller adjustment sets
+- Pumping water level and static water level: the liquid level in a well while the pump runs at the rated flow and the level at rest
+- Submergence: the depth of liquid above the suction bell inlet at the minimum operating level
+- Down-thrust: the sum of the hydraulic thrust on the impellers and the weight of the rotating element, carried by the motor thrust bearing or by the submersible motor's thrust bearing
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Pumps, motors, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ANSI/HI 2.1-2.2 | Rotodynamic Vertical Pumps of Radial, Mixed, and Axial Flow Types for Nomenclature and Definitions |
+| ANSI/HI 2.3 | Rotodynamic Vertical Pumps of Radial, Mixed, and Axial Flow Types for Design and Application |
+| ANSI/HI 2.4 | Rotodynamic Vertical Pumps for Manuals Describing Installation, Operation, and Maintenance |
+| ANSI/HI 9.6.1 | Rotodynamic Pumps Guideline for NPSH Margin |
+| ANSI/HI 9.6.3 | Rotodynamic Pumps Guideline for Operating Regions |
+| ANSI/HI 9.6.4 | Rotodynamic Pumps for Vibration Measurements and Allowable Values |
+| ANSI/HI 9.6.8 | Rotodynamic Pumps Guideline for Dynamics of Pumping Machinery |
+| ANSI/HI 9.8 | Rotodynamic Pumps for Pump Intake Design |
+| ANSI/HI 11.6 | Rotodynamic Submersible Pumps for Hydraulic Performance, Hydrostatic Pressure, Mechanical, and Electrical Acceptance Tests |
+| ANSI/HI 14.6 | Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests |
+| AWWA E103 | Horizontal and Vertical Line-Shaft Pumps |
+| NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 | Drinking Water System Components, Health Effects |
+| NSF/ANSI/CAN 372 | Drinking Water System Components, Lead Content |
+| 10 CFR Part 431 | Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment (Subpart Y, Pumps) |
+| NEMA MG 1 | Motors and Generators |
+| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code (Article 430) |
+| UL 778 | Motor-Operated Water Pumps |
+| ASME B16.1 | Gray Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (Classes 25, 125, and 250) |
+| ASME B16.5 | Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24 |
+| AWWA C207 | Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Service, Sizes 4 In. Through 144 In. |
+| AWWA C210 | Liquid-Epoxy Coatings and Linings for Steel Water Pipe and Fittings |
+| AWWA C213 | Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings and Linings for Steel Water Pipe and Fittings |
+| ASTM A36/A36M | Carbon Structural Steel |
+| ASTM A48/A48M | Gray Iron Castings |
+| ASTM A53/A53M | Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless |
+| ASTM A108 | Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-Finished |
+| ASTM A240/A240M | Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip |
+| ASTM A276/A276M | Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes |
+| ASTM A312/A312M | Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes |
+| ASTM A536 | Ductile Iron Castings |
+| ASTM A582/A582M | Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars |
+| ASTM A743/A743M | Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for General Application |
+| ASTM A890/A890M | Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application |
+| ASTM B148 | Aluminum-Bronze Sand Castings |
+| ASTM B584 | Copper Alloy Sand Castings for General Applications |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### In addition to the submittals [[sync/common-work-results-process]] requires for every item of process equipment, the Contractor shall submit the following for each pump before the pump is released for fabrication:
+
+- Certified performance curve for each pump at the rated speed and the impeller diameter furnished, plotted from shutoff to runout, showing bowl head, total pump head net of column and head losses, bowl efficiency, pump efficiency, brake horsepower, NPSH required, and down-thrust against flow, with the rated point, the best efficiency point, and the preferred and allowable operating regions marked
+- Selection report stating the number of stages, the impeller diameter furnished and the maximum for the bowl, the rated flow as a percentage of best efficiency flow, the brake horsepower at the rated point and at runout, and the NPSH margin at the rated point and at runout at [[parameter: altitude]]
+- Sectional assembly drawing of the bowl assembly, column, line shaft, and discharge head, with the setting, the column and shaft section lengths, the line shaft bearing spacing, the lateral, and the materials of each part
+- Down-thrust calculation at shutoff, at the rated point, and at runout, with the motor thrust bearing rating and its calculated life
+- Reed critical frequency analysis of the discharge head, motor stand, and motor as mounted, and, for a pump driven by a variable frequency drive, the lateral critical speed analysis of the column and line shaft across the operating speed range
+- The manufacturer's written review of the intake, sump, or well drawings against ANSI/HI 9.8, stating conformance or the modifications recommended, with the required submergence calculated for the bell furnished
+- Pre-lubrication arrangement, lubrication supply, and interlock description where pre-lubrication or an enclosed line shaft is furnished
+- Submersible motor data, cable size and length, splice method, and the column check valve, where a submersible well pump is furnished
+- Suction can drawing with the inlet nozzle, vent, drain, and design pressure, where a can is furnished
+- Shop coating system data with the dry film thickness of each coat and the NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 certification of the wetted coatings in drinking water service
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals Required Beyond the Umbrella Standard
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Certified curve with bowl and total head, thrust, and operating regions"
+ - "Selection report with stages, trim, percent of BEP flow, and NPSH margin"
+ - "Sectional assembly drawing with setting and bearing spacing"
+ - "Down-thrust calculation and thrust bearing life"
+ - "Reed frequency analysis, with critical speed analysis for variable speed"
+ - "Manufacturer's intake review against ANSI/HI 9.8 with required submergence"
+ - "Pre-lubrication or enclosed line shaft lubrication arrangement"
+ - "Submersible motor, cable, splice, and column check valve data"
+ - "Suction can drawing"
+ - "Shop coating system data with NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 certification"
+default:
+ - "Certified curve with bowl and total head, thrust, and operating regions"
+ - "Selection report with stages, trim, percent of BEP flow, and NPSH margin"
+ - "Sectional assembly drawing with setting and bearing spacing"
+ - "Down-thrust calculation and thrust bearing life"
+ - "Reed frequency analysis, with critical speed analysis for variable speed"
+ - "Manufacturer's intake review against ANSI/HI 9.8 with required submergence"
+ - "Shop coating system data with NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 certification"
+constraint: all_of
+```
+
+### A vertical turbine curve carries two heads, and the submittal has to say which one it is plotting. The bowl head is what the manufacturer's test stand measures; the head at the discharge flange is the bowl head less the friction in the column and the loss through the discharge head, and on a deep setting the difference is tens of feet. A pump selected against a bowl curve and tested against a flange gauge fails its field test by exactly the column loss. {note}
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### In addition to the closeout submittals [[sync/common-work-results-process]] requires, the Contractor shall submit the following before the pumps are accepted:
+
+- Impeller lateral adjustment record for each pump, stating the total lateral measured, the lift set, and the method and the person who set it
+- As-installed record for each pump stating the setting, the number and length of column and shaft sections, the elevation of the suction bell inlet, and, for a well pump, the static and pumping water levels measured at the field test
+- Field performance test report for each pump, with the measured points plotted on the certified curve
+- Cable splice record for each submersible well pump, stating the splice location, the kit used, and the insulation resistance measured before and after installation
+- Pre-lubrication and enclosed line shaft lubrication settings, including the timer and flow interlock values as set
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals Required Beyond the Umbrella Standard
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Impeller lateral adjustment record"
+ - "As-installed setting and water level record"
+ - "Field performance test report plotted on the certified curve"
+ - "Submersible cable splice record with insulation resistance"
+ - "Pre-lubrication and enclosed shaft lubrication settings"
+default:
+ - "Impeller lateral adjustment record"
+ - "As-installed setting and water level record"
+ - "Field performance test report plotted on the certified curve"
+constraint: all_of
+```
+
+### The lateral record is the one closeout document a vertical turbine pump cannot do without. The impellers are set from the top by lifting the whole rotating element a measured fraction of the total lateral, and a pump whose lift was never recorded is a pump whose next technician starts from zero, with the impellers either dragging on the bowls or running wide open. {note}
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Manufacturer and Installer Qualifications {toc}
+
+### The manufacturer shall have produced vertical turbine pumps of the arrangement, the bowl size, and the setting depth furnished for not less than the period the datasheet of [[sync/common-work-results-process]] indicates, and shall hold unit responsibility for the pump, the motor, and the pre-lubrication or enclosed shaft lubrication system on the basis that standard selects.
+
+### Deep-well line-shaft turbines and submersible well pumps shall be installed by a pump installation contractor who holds the license the state requires for the installation of pumps in water wells and who has installed pumps of the type and setting depth furnished.
+
+### Wet-pit and can-mounted pumps shall be set, assembled, and adjusted under the direction of the manufacturer's representative, and the impeller lateral shall be set by that representative or by a technician the manufacturer has trained in the adjustment of the pump furnished.
+
+### Most states license well pump installers separately from well drillers and from plumbing and mechanical contractors, and the license is what the state health department checks on a public water supply well before it issues the approval to operate. A pump set by an unlicensed crew in such a state is a well the Owner cannot put in service until it is pulled and reset. {note}
+
+## Drinking Water Contact {toc}
+
+### Every wetted component of a pump in drinking water service, including the bowl waterway lining, the column interior lining, the lubricant of an enclosed line shaft, and the submersible motor fill, shall meet the drinking water contact provisions of [[sync/common-work-results-process]], and the certification shall be stated in the action submittal by component.
+
+### Bronze impellers and bowl bearings in drinking water service shall be of an alloy whose lead content meets NSF/ANSI/CAN 372.
+
+### The lubricant of an enclosed oil-lubricated line shaft reaches the pumped liquid at the lowest bearing by design, which is why the drinking water agencies of several states do not accept oil-lubricated line shafts on a potable well at all and others accept only a lubricant certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 as a drinking water additive. The certification question is settled before the lubrication arrangement is, not after. {note}
+
+## Manufacturer's Review of the Intake {toc}
+
+### The intake, sump, wet well, or can geometry is designed by the Engineer of Record to ANSI/HI 9.8 and is shown on [[drawing: the pump station plans and sections]].
+
+### Before the pump is released for fabrication, the manufacturer shall review the intake drawings against ANSI/HI 9.8 for the bell diameter, the inlet velocity, and the flows of the pumps furnished, and shall state in writing either that the geometry conforms or the modifications it recommends.
+
+### Where the manufacturer's review recommends a modification, the Contractor shall report it to the Engineer of Record in writing, and the pump shall not be released until the Engineer of Record has accepted the geometry or the modification.
+
+### A physical model study of the intake shall be performed on the basis indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Intake Physical Model Study
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required, performed to ANSI/HI 9.8 and submitted before the pump is released"
+ - "Not required"
+derived: "the flow per pump and the total station flow against the ANSI/HI 9.8 model study thresholds, and whether the intake geometry departs from the standard's dimensioned arrangements"
+default: derived
+```
+
+### ANSI/HI 9.8 calls for a physical model study above stated flow thresholds, where the approach is asymmetric or non-uniform, and where the geometry departs from the arrangements the standard dimensions, and the answer follows from the station's flows and the drawings rather than from preference. The manufacturer's review is not the study: it checks the drawings against the standard's rules, and the study checks the water against the drawings. {note}
+
+### The manufacturer's review is the cheapest insurance a pump station buys. A sump that looks right on a plan can still feed one pump a pre-rotating flow and the next a surface vortex, and the manufacturer who built the bell knows at what velocity and submergence that bell begins to draw air. The review puts that knowledge on the record before the concrete is poured, and it also puts the manufacturer on the record as having accepted the geometry it then tests the pump in. {note}
+
+# Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## Pumped Liquid {toc}
+
+### The pumped liquid shall be as indicated in the datasheet, and every wetted component shall be selected for that liquid.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pumped Liquid
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Raw surface water from an intake"
+ - "Raw groundwater from a well"
+ - "Settled or filtered water"
+ - "Finished drinking water"
+ - "Reclaimed or non-potable water"
+ - "Plant service water"
+ - "Brackish water or seawater"
+ - "Industrial process water"
+```
+
+### Raw surface water carries silt, debris, and seasonal algae, and it sets the strainer, the bearing material, and the wear rings; raw groundwater is clean of debris and can carry sand, dissolved carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, or iron that attack bronze and steel in ways a surface water does not. Settled, filtered, and finished water are clean and, in drinking water service, bring the contact certifications and the lead-content rule with them. Reclaimed water carries chloramine or chlorine residuals that pit some stainless grades and swell some elastomers. Brackish water and seawater move the bowl, impeller, and shaft to duplex stainless or nickel-aluminum bronze and the fasteners to an alloy that will not pit in chloride. The liquid is the first datasheet entry because every material field below reads from it. {note}
+
+### The sand content of the pumped liquid for which the pump is selected shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Sand Content of the Pumped Liquid
+type: range
+unit: ppm by volume
+drawing_ref: "the well record and test pumping report, or the raw water quality data, on the drawings"
+min: 0
+max: 100
+setpoints: [0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 100]
+default: deferred
+constraint: exact
+```
+
+### Where the sand content exceeds 5 ppm by volume, the bowl bearings and line shaft bearings shall be of a material the manufacturer rates for abrasive service, and the impellers shall be semi-open or shall be enclosed with hardened wear rings, as the bowl assembly article of this standard provides.
+
+### Sand is the wear mechanism of a well pump. Bronze bowl bearings in a well that makes 20 ppm of sand are gone in a season, and the enclosed impeller's wear rings open until the pump recirculates half its flow. A well that was developed until it ran at a few ppm, and a surface water intake with a screened bay, let the standard bronze and iron construction run for decades, which is why the number is read from the well record rather than assumed. {note}
+
+## Site Conditions {toc}
+
+### The NPSH available and the motor rating shall be corrected for [[parameter: altitude]], and the corrected values shall be the values the selection report states.
+
+### Pre-lubrication piping, stuffing box drain piping, and the discharge head of a pump installed outdoors or in an unheated structure shall be protected against freezing at [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] by heat tracing, insulation, drain-down, or a combination of them, as shown on [[drawing: the pump station plans and the mechanical details]].
+
+### Where the discharge is below ground, the discharge tee or pitless unit and the piping from it shall be set below [[parameter: frost-depth]].
+
+### The vertical turbine motor stands on top of the discharge head at the top of the structure, and on an intake or a well field that is usually outdoors. The umbrella standard already rates the motor for the site temperature range; what this standard adds is the small-bore water piping that a line-shaft pump carries around its head, which freezes long before the column does. {note}
+
+# Pump Arrangement and Duty {toc}
+
+## Arrangement {toc}
+
+### The pump arrangement shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pump Arrangement
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Wet-pit line-shaft turbine in an intake, wet well, or clearwell"
+ - "Can or barrel-mounted line-shaft turbine in a pressurized line"
+ - "Deep-well line-shaft turbine"
+ - "Submersible well pump with a submersible motor"
+```
+
+### A wet-pit turbine hangs in an open structure the Engineer of Record designs, with the motor on the operating floor, a short setting, and every part reachable by pulling the pump through the floor opening; it is the arrangement of intakes, clearwells, and high-service stations. A can pump sets the same bowl assembly inside a closed barrel below the floor, so a pressurized line that arrives with too little NPSH for a horizontal pump can be boosted from a pump that makes its own submergence; the can is a pressure vessel and the arrangement costs a deep excavation. A deep-well line-shaft turbine puts the bowls hundreds of feet down a cased well on a column that is also the discharge pipe, with the motor at the well head and a line shaft whose bearings and lubrication are the design problem. A submersible well pump puts the motor beneath the bowls and removes the line shaft, so the setting is limited by the cable and the motor's thrust rating rather than by shaft dynamics, at the cost of a motor that is pulled with the pump to be serviced. {note}
+
+### Where the arrangement is a deep-well turbine or a submersible well pump, the pump shall fit the well casing inside diameter and the casing plumbness and alignment recorded on [[drawing: the well record on the drawings]], with the clearance the manufacturer requires between the bowl assembly or motor and the casing.
+
+### A pump selected before the well is drilled is selected against a casing diameter that is a plan, and a pump selected after it is selected against the casing that was set, which may be a size smaller where the driller met a problem. The well record also carries the plumbness and alignment survey, and a well that is out of alignment by more than the manufacturer's clearance binds the column and destroys the bearings on the first start. {note}
+
+## Rated Conditions {toc}
+
+### Each pump shall deliver the rated flow at the rated total head indicated in the datasheet, measured at the discharge flange, at the rated speed.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Rated Flow per Pump
+type: range
+unit: gpm
+drawing_ref: "the pump schedule"
+min: 25
+max: 100000
+setpoints: [25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 5000, 7500, 10000, 15000, 20000, 30000, 50000, 75000, 100000]
+default: deferred
+constraint: exact
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Rated Total Head at the Discharge Flange
+type: range
+unit: ft
+drawing_ref: "the pump schedule"
+min: 20
+max: 1500
+setpoints: [20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500]
+default: deferred
+constraint: exact
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Rated Speed
+type: range
+unit: rpm
+drawing_ref: "the pump schedule"
+min: 580
+max: 3550
+setpoints: [580, 690, 870, 1180, 1770, 3450, 3550]
+default: deferred
+constraint: exact
+```
+
+### The NPSH available at the suction bell at the rated flow and the minimum operating liquid level shall be as indicated in the datasheet, calculated by the Engineer of Record at [[parameter: altitude]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: NPSH Available at the Rated Flow
+type: range
+unit: ft
+drawing_ref: "the pump schedule"
+min: 5
+max: 200
+setpoints: [5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200]
+default: deferred
+constraint: exact
+```
+
+### The number of pumps in each service shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Number of Pumps in the Service
+type: range
+unit: pumps
+drawing_ref: "the pump schedule"
+min: 1
+max: 10
+setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10]
+default: deferred
+constraint: exact
+```
+
+### The setting of each pump, from the underside of the discharge head base to the suction bell inlet, shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pump Setting
+type: range
+unit: ft
+drawing_ref: "the pump schedule and the station or well section"
+min: 5
+max: 1500
+setpoints: [5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500]
+default: deferred
+constraint: exact
+```
+
+### The rated conditions, the number of units, and the setting are the hydraulic design of the station and the well, and they live on the pump schedule where the Engineer of Record put them; no pump standard has a norm for a flow or a head. The setting of a well pump is read from the pumping water level in the test pumping report plus the submergence this standard requires, and the setting of a wet-pit pump from the station section, which is why the locator names both. {note}
+
+### Where the discharge of a well pump is below ground, the rated total head shall be stated at the discharge connection of the pitless unit or the underground discharge tee, and the selection report shall state the head loss through that connection.
+
+## Drive and Speed Control {toc}
+
+### Each pump shall be driven at constant speed or at variable speed as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Drive
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: "the pump schedule and the electrical one-line diagram"
+options:
+ - "Constant speed, across the line or through a reduced-voltage starter"
+ - "Variable speed, through a variable frequency drive"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### Variable frequency drives shall conform to [[sync/low-voltage-variable-frequency-drives]] where individually mounted and to [[sync/motor-control-centers]] where furnished as motor control center units, and the motor shall carry the inverter-duty rating [[sync/electric-motors]] states for a motor on a drive.
+
+### Where the pump is driven at variable speed, the selection report shall state the minimum operating speed the control sequence permits, shall show that the pump remains within its allowable operating region on the system head curve at that speed, and shall show that the submergence required at the maximum speed is available.
+
+### A vertical turbine on a drive has a problem a horizontal pump does not: the column and line shaft are a long, slender rotor with lateral critical speeds that a constant-speed pump passes through once, at start, and a variable-speed pump can dwell on. The reed frequency of the head and motor is a second resonance in the same range. The Motor and Drive Interface section of this standard requires both to be analyzed and kept clear of the operating speed range, and the analysis is the reason a variable-speed turbine costs the engineering a constant-speed one does not. {note}
+
+# Hydraulic Selection {toc}
+
+## Operating Region {toc}
+
+### The rated point shall fall within the operating region indicated in the datasheet, determined per ANSI/HI 9.6.3 for the specific speed of the bowl furnished.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Required Operating Region at the Rated Point
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Preferred operating region per ANSI/HI 9.6.3"
+ - "Allowable operating region per ANSI/HI 9.6.3"
+default: "Preferred operating region per ANSI/HI 9.6.3"
+```
+
+### No pump shall operate outside its allowable operating region at any condition the system head curve and the control sequence can produce, including the runout of a single pump with the others stopped and the minimum liquid level in the sump or well.
+
+### Where two or more pumps discharge to a common header, each pump shall have a head-capacity curve that rises continuously from the rated point to shutoff, and the selection report shall show the operating point with every combination of pumps running.
+
+### The rated point of a high-service pump moves across the year with the reservoir level and the demand, and the pump spends much of its life away from it; the region the selection is held to is what bounds that excursion. Mixed-flow and axial-flow bowls, which have high specific speeds, carry a steep power curve that rises toward shutoff rather than falling, so for those pumps the left side of the curve is where the motor overloads and the right side is where the bowls cavitate, the reverse of a radial-flow pump's behavior. {note}
+
+## Stages, Trim, and Efficiency {toc}
+
+### The number of stages and the impeller diameter shall be selected by the manufacturer so that the pump delivers the rated conditions, and the selection report shall state both.
+
+### The impeller diameter furnished shall not be less than the minimum trim the manufacturer publishes for the bowl, and the bowl efficiency at the trimmed diameter shall be the efficiency the certified curve states.
+
+### No margin shall be added to the rated flow or the rated head by the Contractor or the manufacturer; where the Engineer of Record requires margin, it is in the scheduled values.
+
+### The pump efficiency at the rated point, net of column and head losses, shall be not less than the value indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pump Efficiency at the Rated Point
+type: range
+unit: '%'
+min: 50
+max: 90
+setpoints: [50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 72, 75, 78, 80, 82, 85, 88, 90]
+constraint: min
+```
+
+### Where the datasheet indicates no efficiency, the bowl efficiency and the pump efficiency at the rated point shall be stated for each pump and evaluated against the manufacturer's published best efficiency for the bowl furnished.
+
+### A stage is a unit of head, and a turbine reaches its rated head by stacking them, so the manufacturer has two ways to arrive at the same point: a larger bowl with fewer stages or a smaller bowl with more. The larger bowl is the more efficient and the heavier, and on a well it is bounded by the casing diameter, which is why the bowl size and the stage count are the manufacturer's selection against the stated conditions rather than the engineer's. Trim adjusts the head per stage between the stage increments. {note}
+
+### Achievable efficiency runs from the low 70s for a small, multistage well pump to the high 80s for a large single-stage intake pump, and the column loss on a deep setting takes several points off the bowl figure before the water reaches the flange. An efficiency floor written for one of those is trivial or unbuildable for the other, so the field is left for the project to fill. {note}
+
+## NPSH Margin and Submergence {toc}
+
+### The NPSH available shall exceed the NPSH required at the rated point and at runout by not less than the margin ratio indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: NPSH Margin Ratio, NPSHa Divided by NPSHr
+type: range
+min: 1.0
+max: 2.5
+setpoints: [1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.5]
+constraint: min
+```
+
+### Where the datasheet indicates no margin ratio, the margin shall be established per ANSI/HI 9.6.1 for the service and the suction energy of the pump furnished, and the value used shall be stated in the selection report.
+
+### The suction bell shall be submerged below the minimum operating liquid level by not less than the depth indicated in the datasheet at the maximum flow the pump can deliver.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Submergence Above the Suction Bell Inlet
+type: range
+unit: ft
+min: 1
+max: 30
+setpoints: [1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30]
+derived: "the bell diameter and inlet velocity of the pump furnished, per the ANSI/HI 9.8 submergence relationship"
+default: derived
+constraint: min
+```
+
+### Where the structure cannot provide the submergence required, the pump shall be furnished with a vortex suppressor at the bell, or the intake shall be modified under ANSI/HI 9.8, as the Engineer of Record accepts under the Manufacturer's Review of the Intake article of this standard.
+
+### Submergence does two separate jobs, and the larger of the two governs. The first is NPSH: the liquid above the bell is part of the suction head, and a well pump's NPSH available is its submergence plus atmospheric pressure less vapor pressure and nothing else. The second is vortex prevention: ANSI/HI 9.8 sets the submergence to keep a surface vortex from reaching the bell, as a function of the Froude number at the bell inlet, so it rises with flow and with a smaller bell. A pump with plenty of NPSH can still pull an air core, and the air core costs head immediately and the first-stage impeller over time. {note}
+
+### In a well, submergence is set against the pumping water level, not the static level, and the pumping level falls as the aquifer is drawn down over the years of the well's life. A setting that leaves the margin the well record justifies today, plus the drawdown the hydrogeologist projects, is what keeps the bowls wet in the tenth summer. {note}
+
+## Motor Sizing Basis {toc}
+
+### The motor shall be non-overloading on the basis indicated in the datasheet, without using the service factor.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Motor Non-Overloading Basis
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "At every point on the certified curve from shutoff to runout"
+ - "Across the allowable operating region on the system head curve"
+default: "At every point on the certified curve from shutoff to runout"
+```
+
+### The brake horsepower used to size the motor shall include the line shaft bearing and stuffing box friction and the thrust bearing loss, and the selection report shall state each.
+
+### A motor sized for the whole curve covers the single-pump runout on a clean new force main, the drawn-down well, and the open bypass, each of which is a condition the station will see; a motor sized for the operating region on the system curve is smaller and is the position where the system curve is fixed by a static head that the pump can never run out against, as with a pump discharging to an elevated tank. The shaft and thrust losses on a deep setting are not a rounding error: a thousand feet of line shaft turning in rubber bearings at 1770 rpm takes several horsepower before the bowls do any work. {note}
+
+# Bowl Assembly {toc}
+
+## Bowls {toc}
+
+### Bowls shall be of the material indicated in the datasheet, with the waterways finished as the lining field of this article indicates.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Bowl Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Cast iron"
+ - "Ductile iron"
+ - "Bronze"
+ - "Stainless steel, Type 316"
+ - "Duplex stainless steel"
+ - "Nickel-aluminum bronze"
+default: "Cast iron"
+```
+
+### Cast iron bowls shall conform to ASTM A48 Class 30 or higher, ductile iron bowls to ASTM A536, bronze bowls to ASTM B584, stainless steel bowls to ASTM A743 Grade CF8M, duplex stainless bowls to ASTM A890, and nickel-aluminum bronze bowls to ASTM B148 Alloy C95800.
+
+### The bowl waterways shall be finished as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Bowl Waterway Finish
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Vitreous enamel lined"
+ - "Fusion-bonded or liquid epoxy lined"
+ - "Uncoated as cast"
+```
+
+### Bowls shall be flanged and bolted to one another, or threaded where the manufacturer's standard for the bowl size is threaded, and shall be rated for not less than 1.5 times the shutoff head of the assembly.
+
+### Cast iron is the bowl material of nearly every clean water turbine, and an enamel or epoxy lining on its waterways smooths the as-cast surface, which is worth a few points of efficiency on a small bowl, and seals the iron from the water, which in a soft or aggressive raw water is worth more than the efficiency. Enamel is harder and smoother and is applied at the foundry before machining; epoxy is applied after and is repairable. Uncoated bowls are the position for a large bowl whose cast surface is already smooth relative to its passages and for a water that lays down a protective scale on iron. Bronze, stainless, duplex, and nickel-aluminum bronze bowls are bought for corrosion rather than for hydraulics, in the order of the chloride the service carries. {note}
+
+## Impellers {toc}
+
+### Impellers shall be of the type indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Impeller Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Enclosed"
+ - "Semi-open"
+default: "Enclosed"
+```
+
+### Impellers shall be of the material indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Impeller Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Bronze"
+ - "Stainless steel, Type 316"
+ - "Duplex stainless steel"
+ - "Nickel-aluminum bronze"
+ - "Cast iron"
+ - "Ductile iron"
+default: "Bronze"
+```
+
+### Bronze impellers shall conform to ASTM B584, stainless steel impellers to ASTM A743 Grade CF8M, duplex stainless impellers to ASTM A890, nickel-aluminum bronze impellers to ASTM B148 Alloy C95800, cast iron impellers to ASTM A48 Class 30 or higher, and ductile iron impellers to ASTM A536.
+
+### Impellers shall be secured to the impeller shaft with tapered collets or with keys and locknuts, in accordance with the manufacturer's standard for the bowl size, and shall be secured against loosening in either direction of rotation.
+
+### The rotating element shall be adjustable for lateral from the top of the pump, by the adjusting nut of a hollow-shaft motor or the adjustable coupling of a solid-shaft motor, without disassembly of the column or the head.
+
+### An enclosed impeller runs its clearance on wear rings and keeps its efficiency until the rings wear, and it is the impeller of clean water service; a semi-open impeller runs its open vanes against the bowl seat, so its clearance is restored by lateral adjustment from the top rather than by pulling the pump to renew rings, which is what recommends it where sand will wear whatever surface it runs on. A semi-open impeller is also more sensitive to the lateral setting, because its efficiency falls with every thousandth the vanes lift off the seat. Bronze is the impeller material of fresh water; Type 316 and duplex are bought for chloride, reclaimed water, and sand, and nickel-aluminum bronze for seawater beside a nickel-aluminum bronze bowl. {note}
+
+## Bowl Bearings and Wear Rings {toc}
+
+### Each bowl shall carry a bearing above its impeller, and the suction bell shall carry a bearing, of the material indicated in the datasheet, each renewable without machining the bowl.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Bowl Bearing Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Bronze"
+ - "Fluted rubber in a bronze or stainless shell"
+ - "Carbon graphite"
+ - "Filled thermoplastic"
+ - "Nickel-aluminum bronze"
+default: "Bronze"
+```
+
+### The suction bell bearing shall be grease packed and sealed, or shall be of a material that runs in the pumped liquid, and where grease packed the grease shall meet the drinking water contact provisions of [[sync/common-work-results-process]] in drinking water service.
+
+### Enclosed impellers shall run on renewable wear rings as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Bowl Wear Ring Arrangement
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Renewable bowl ring"
+ - "Renewable bowl ring and impeller ring"
+ - "No renewable rings, clearance formed by the bowl and the impeller"
+```
+
+### Wear rings shall be secured against rotation, and where both rings are metallic the two shall differ in hardness so that the pair does not gall on contact.
+
+### Bronze bowl bearings carry the standard clean water turbine and are rated for a sand content of a few ppm; fluted rubber bearings flush the sand through their grooves and run cool on the pumped water, and they are the bearing of the sandy well and the silty intake, at the cost of swelling in some hydrocarbons and chlorinated waters. Carbon graphite runs dry for the seconds a pre-lubricated pump takes to fill and resists chemicals that attack rubber, and filled thermoplastic resists both sand and chloride at a price between them. A nickel-aluminum bronze bearing goes with a nickel-aluminum bronze bowl in seawater. {note}
+
+### The wear ring question is the same one a horizontal pump asks. The ring clearance is the leakage path from each stage's discharge back to its eye, and as it opens the stage recirculates its own flow and loses efficiency a point at a time without the head moving enough to notice. A renewable bowl ring makes that loss reversible at overhaul; a renewable impeller ring as well makes the impeller reusable. No rings is the position of the small, inexpensive bowl whose replacement costs less than the machining. {note}
+
+## Suction Bell and Strainer {toc}
+
+### The suction bell shall be of the bowl material and shall be flared to the inlet velocity on which the submergence of this standard was calculated.
+
+### A strainer shall be furnished at the suction bell as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Suction Strainer
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Basket strainer"
+ - "Cone strainer"
+ - "No strainer"
+```
+
+### Where a strainer is furnished, its net open area shall be not less than the multiple of the suction bell inlet area indicated in the datasheet, and its openings shall be smaller than the smallest passage through the first-stage impeller.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Strainer Net Open Area, Multiple of the Bell Inlet Area
+type: range
+min: 2
+max: 5
+setpoints: [2, 3, 4, 5]
+default: 3
+constraint: min
+```
+
+### Strainers shall be of Type 316 stainless steel or of the bowl material, and shall be removable from the bell without removing the bowl assembly.
+
+### A basket strainer wraps the bell and takes debris on its sides, so it loads slowly and is the strainer of the open intake and wet well; a cone strainer extends below the bell and keeps the openings clear of a floor that collects silt, which suits a sump the pump sits close to the bottom of. No strainer is the position in a screened well, where the casing and the well screen have already done the straining and a strainer would only collect the sand a strainer cannot stop, and in an intake with fine traveling screens ahead of the pumps. Three times the bell area is the opening ratio most manufacturers furnish as standard, and a higher ratio buys a longer interval between cleanings where the water carries leaves and algae. {note}
+
+# Column, Line Shaft, and Lubrication {toc}
+
+## Column Pipe {toc}
+
+### Column pipe shall be joined as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Column Joint
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Threaded, with sleeve couplings"
+ - "Flanged"
+```
+
+### Column pipe shall be of the material indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Column Pipe Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Carbon steel"
+ - "Stainless steel, Type 304"
+ - "Stainless steel, Type 316"
+default: "Carbon steel"
+```
+
+### Carbon steel column shall conform to ASTM A53 Grade B, and stainless steel column to ASTM A312 of the grade indicated.
+
+### Column pipe shall be furnished in sections not longer than 10 ft with a line shaft bearing retainer at each joint, or in longer flanged sections with intermediate bearing retainers, so that the bearing spacing of this standard is held throughout the setting.
+
+### The column wall thickness shall be not less than Schedule 40 for threaded column, and for flanged column shall be selected by the manufacturer for the setting, the discharge pressure, the weight carried, and the torque transmitted, with the thickness stated on the sectional drawing.
+
+### Threaded column with sleeve couplings is the column of the well and of the small wet-pit pump: it is made up section by section as the pump is lowered, the coupling carries the bearing retainer, and it is the lower cost through the sizes the manufacturers thread. Flanged column holds the sections in register, comes apart without unscrewing the whole string, and is the column of large intake pumps and of any pump whose column is too large to thread; it also holds the enclosing tube of an enclosed line shaft concentric where threaded column lets it wander. Carbon steel column is the norm in fresh water with the lining this standard's coating section selects; stainless column is bought for chloride, for reclaimed water, and for the well whose water attacks steel. {note}
+
+## Line Shaft Lubrication {toc}
+
+### The line shaft shall be lubricated as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Line Shaft Lubrication
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Open line shaft, lubricated by the pumped liquid"
+ - "Enclosed line shaft, oil lubricated"
+ - "Enclosed line shaft, lubricated by clean water injection"
+default: "Open line shaft, lubricated by the pumped liquid"
+```
+
+### An open line shaft runs its bearings in the pumped liquid, which costs nothing and admits whatever the liquid carries, and it is the line shaft of the wet-pit pump, the can pump, and the well whose water is clean and whose static level is close to the surface. An enclosed line shaft runs inside a tube that keeps the pumped liquid out and carries its own lubricant down to the bearings; with oil it is the line shaft of the deep, sandy, or corrosive well where product-lubricated bearings would not last, and it brings oil into the water at the bottom bearing and the drinking water agency's objection with it. Clean water injection fills the same tube with a filtered water supply instead of oil, keeps the bearings clear of sand, and puts nothing in the well a health department objects to, at the cost of a supply, a pump or pressurized source, and an interlock that must work every time. {note}
+
+### Where the line shaft is open and any line shaft bearing stands above the static liquid level at rest, pre-lubrication shall be furnished as indicated in the datasheet, with the static liquid level read from [[drawing: the well record or the station section on the drawings]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pre-Lubrication of an Open Line Shaft
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Not required, every line shaft bearing is submerged at the static liquid level"
+ - "Gravity tank with a solenoid valve and a timer that delays the motor start"
+ - "Pressurized water supply with a solenoid valve, a flow switch, and a timer that delays the motor start"
+```
+
+### Where pre-lubrication is furnished, the pre-lubrication water shall be admitted at the discharge head above the top line shaft bearing, the timer shall hold the motor start until the water has reached the lowest dry bearing at the flow the manufacturer states, and the motor shall not start on a failure of the pre-lubrication supply.
+
+### Where pre-lubrication is furnished in drinking water service, the supply shall be the pumped liquid or a potable source protected against backflow under [[sync/common-work-results-process]], and the tank where one is furnished shall be covered and screened.
+
+### A rubber line shaft bearing runs dry for the seconds between the motor start and the water reaching it, and a bearing fifty feet above the static level in a well waits a long time for the bowls to push the water up to it; the heat of those seconds, start after start, is what wears the bearings of a well pump that was never pre-lubricated. A gravity tank holds a few gallons on the well head and needs no supply when the motor starts, which suits the remote well with no plant water; a pressurized supply from the plant or a hydropneumatic tank is the arrangement where there is one, and the flow switch proves the water moved before the timer releases the start. {note}
+
+### Requirements in the next two clauses apply where an enclosed line shaft is selected in the datasheet.
+
+### An enclosed line shaft shall run inside a steel enclosing tube with threaded bronze bearing connectors at each shaft bearing, the tube held in tension and centered in the column at each column joint, with the lubricant admitted at the discharge head through a reservoir or a supply connection.
+
+### Where the enclosed line shaft is oil lubricated, the discharge head shall carry an oil reservoir with a sight gauge and a solenoid-operated drip feed that opens on the motor start, and where it is water injected, the head shall carry a supply connection with a solenoid valve and a flow switch interlocked to hold the motor start until the flow is proven.
+
+## Line Shaft {toc}
+
+### The line shaft shall be of the material indicated in the datasheet, turned, ground, and polished, straight within the manufacturer's published tolerance, and sized for the torque and the down-thrust at every point on the curve.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Line Shaft Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Stainless steel, Type 416"
+ - "Stainless steel, Type 316"
+ - "Stainless steel, 17-4 PH"
+ - "Carbon steel, Grade 1045"
+ - "Nickel-copper alloy"
+default: "Stainless steel, Type 416"
+```
+
+### Type 416 shafts shall conform to ASTM A582, Type 316 and 17-4 PH shafts to ASTM A276, and carbon steel shafts to ASTM A108 Grade 1045.
+
+### Line shaft sections shall be joined as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Line Shaft Coupling
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Threaded sleeve couplings"
+ - "Keyed or flanged couplings"
+default: "Threaded sleeve couplings"
+```
+
+### Where the line shaft is carbon steel, a renewable stainless steel sleeve shall be furnished on the shaft at each line shaft bearing and through the stuffing box.
+
+### Type 416 is the line shaft of nearly every product-lubricated turbine: it is a martensitic stainless that machines and grinds to a bearing finish, resists the fresh water it runs in, and costs a fraction of the austenitic grades. Type 316 is bought for chloride and for reclaimed water, where 416 pits at the bearings; 17-4 PH where the setting or the speed asks for strength 316 does not have. Carbon steel is the shaft of the enclosed oil-lubricated line shaft, where the oil keeps the water off it and the sleeves take the bearing wear, and a nickel-copper alloy is the shaft of seawater. Threaded sleeve couplings transmit the torque through the threads and are made up by hand as the shaft goes in, and the thread hand is chosen so the pump's rotation tightens it; keyed or flanged couplings are the coupling of the large shaft and of any shaft where the manufacturer's threaded coupling is not rated for the torque. {note}
+
+## Line Shaft Bearings {toc}
+
+### Line shaft bearings shall be of the material indicated in the datasheet, held in bearing retainers at the column joints, each renewable without machining.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Line Shaft Bearing Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Fluted rubber in a bronze or stainless shell"
+ - "Bronze"
+ - "Carbon graphite"
+ - "Filled thermoplastic"
+```
+
+### Line shaft bearings shall be spaced along the column at not more than the spacing indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Line Shaft Bearing Spacing
+type: range
+unit: ft
+min: 2.5
+max: 10
+setpoints: [2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10]
+derived: "the rated speed and the shaft diameter, so that the first lateral critical speed of the line shaft exceeds the maximum operating speed by the separation margin this standard states"
+default: derived
+constraint: max
+```
+
+### Fluted rubber is the line shaft bearing of the open, product-lubricated shaft: the pumped water runs through its grooves, it tolerates the sand that would score bronze, and it runs cool at the speeds the pump turns. Bronze is the bearing of the enclosed oil-lubricated shaft, where it runs in oil and the water never reaches it. Carbon graphite survives the dry seconds of a start without pre-lubrication and the chemistries that attack rubber, and filled thermoplastic covers sand and chloride together. The spacing is a dynamics question before it is a wear question: a shaft at 3550 rpm needs its bearings about half as far apart as the same shaft at 1770 to keep its first critical above the running speed, which is why the field follows from the speed and the diameter rather than from a habit. {note}
+
+# Discharge Head {toc}
+
+## Head Construction {toc}
+
+### The discharge head shall be of the construction indicated in the datasheet, and shall carry the weight of the column, shaft, and bowl assembly, the down-thrust, the weight of the motor, and the discharge pressure, with a registered fit for the motor and a machined base for the sole plate.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Discharge Head Construction
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Fabricated carbon steel"
+ - "Cast iron"
+ - "Cast ductile iron"
+ - "Fabricated stainless steel, Type 316"
+```
+
+### Fabricated steel heads shall be of ASTM A36 plate and ASTM A53 pipe with continuous welds, cast iron heads shall conform to ASTM A48 Class 30 or higher, ductile iron heads to ASTM A536, and stainless steel heads to ASTM A240 Type 316 plate and ASTM A312 pipe.
+
+### The discharge head shall be furnished with openings on two sides that give access to the stuffing box or seal and to the head shaft coupling, each guarded under the guard provisions of [[sync/common-work-results-process]].
+
+### The discharge head shall be furnished with a tapped and plugged pressure gauge connection on the discharge, a tapped connection for the air release valve furnished under [[sync/air-release-and-vacuum-valves]], and, where pre-lubrication or an enclosed line shaft is furnished, the lubrication connections that article requires.
+
+### A fabricated steel head is made to the pump: the discharge size, the elevation of the flange, the motor stand height, and the sole plate pattern are all drawn for the job, which is why it carries the large intake and high-service pump and any pump with an unusual discharge. A cast iron head comes from a pattern in a few sizes, costs less, and is the head of the small well and wet-pit pump whose dimensions the pattern already fits; ductile iron is the same pattern in a material that takes a higher discharge pressure. A stainless head is bought for a corrosive atmosphere or a chloride liquid, where a coated steel head would be repainted every few years. {note}
+
+## Discharge Arrangement and Connection {toc}
+
+### The discharge shall be above ground through the discharge head, or below ground through a discharge tee or pitless unit, as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Discharge Arrangement
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Above ground, through the discharge head"
+ - "Below ground, through an underground discharge tee or a pitless unit"
+default: "Above ground, through the discharge head"
+```
+
+### Where the discharge is below ground, the discharge tee or pitless unit shall be furnished by the pump manufacturer or under the well construction as indicated on [[drawing: the well plan and section]], shall be rated for the discharge pressure, and shall seal the well casing against surface water entry.
+
+### The discharge connection shall be of the type indicated in the datasheet, and its pressure rating shall be not less than the shutoff pressure of the pump at the maximum suction level.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Discharge Connection
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Flanged, ASME B16.1 Class 125"
+ - "Flanged, ASME B16.1 Class 250"
+ - "Flanged, ASME B16.5 Class 150"
+ - "Flanged, ASME B16.5 Class 300"
+ - "Flanged, AWWA C207 Class D"
+ - "Flanged, AWWA C207 Class E"
+ - "Grooved end"
+default: "Flanged, ASME B16.1 Class 125"
+```
+
+### Flange gaskets, bolting, and the mating flange shall conform to the process piping standard governing the discharge piping.
+
+### An above-ground discharge puts the flange where it can be seen, gauged, and taken apart, and it is the discharge of every plant pump and of the well in a pump house. A below-ground discharge takes the piping out under the frost line through a tee below the head or through a pitless unit in the casing, so the well head stands alone in a field with nothing above grade to freeze or to hit, which is the arrangement of the unheated well site. The Class 125 and Class 150 flanges share a drilling and cover the pressure of most clearwell and intake pumps; Class 250 and Class 300 are bought for high-service and well pumps whose shutoff pressure exceeds the lower class at the liquid temperature, and the AWWA C207 classes are the flanges of a fabricated steel head whose discharge is a steel pipe stub. Grooved ends are the connection of the small pump in a plant whose piping is grooved. {note}
+
+## Shaft Seal at the Head {toc}
+
+### The line shaft shall be sealed at the discharge head as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Shaft Seal at the Discharge Head
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Packed stuffing box with a lantern ring"
+ - "Single mechanical seal"
+ - "Single cartridge mechanical seal"
+ - "Split mechanical seal"
+default: "Packed stuffing box with a lantern ring"
+```
+
+### A packed stuffing box shall hold not fewer than five rings of non-asbestos braided packing, shall carry a bronze lantern ring with a bypass connection from the discharge, a bronze or stainless steel gland adjustable without removing the motor, and a drain connection piped to the nearest drain, and shall run on a renewable shaft sleeve.
+
+### A mechanical seal shall be rated for the discharge pressure at the head and the full speed range, shall be flushed from the discharge, and shall be fitted so that the rotating element can be adjusted for lateral without disturbing the seal setting.
+
+### The stuffing box is the seal of the vertical turbine, and it stays that way because it does what the arrangement needs: it tolerates the small runout of a long shaft, it is adjusted with a wrench while the pump runs, and its controlled leak is carried away by the drain that this standard pipes from it. A mechanical seal leaks nothing, and so it is bought where the head sits in a dry room that a weeping gland would stain, or where the operator will not be there to tighten a gland; a cartridge seal is set at the factory so the lateral adjustment does not disturb it, and a split seal is changed without lifting the motor, which on a large vertical motor is the whole cost of the job. {note}
+
+## Sole Plate {toc}
+
+### The discharge head shall bear on a sole plate as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Sole Plate
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Steel sole plate furnished by the pump manufacturer, machined on top, leveled and grouted to the pad"
+ - "Discharge head base grouted directly to the pad without a sole plate"
+default: "Steel sole plate furnished by the pump manufacturer, machined on top, leveled and grouted to the pad"
+```
+
+### Where a sole plate is furnished, it shall be sized to the discharge head base with the anchor bolt pattern the head requires, shall be furnished with leveling screws or shims, and shall be grouted under [[sync/grouted-base-plates]] and [[sync/non-shrink-grout]] before the pump is set on it.
+
+### A sole plate lets the pump be pulled and reset on a machined surface that stays level, and it lets the grouting be done and cured before the pump arrives, which on a station with a crane schedule is the reason it is specified. Grouting the head directly suits the small pump that will be pulled by hand and reset on shims, and it saves the plate. {note}
+
+# Suction Can {toc}
+
+## Requirements in this section apply where the can or barrel-mounted arrangement is selected in the datasheet.
+
+## The suction can shall be furnished by the pump manufacturer, fabricated of carbon steel plate conforming to ASTM A36 or of stainless steel conforming to ASTM A240 Type 316 where the pumped liquid is brackish, seawater, or reclaimed water, with continuous welds, a flanged inlet nozzle, a flanged top that mates the discharge head, a vent connection at the top, and a drain connection at the bottom.
+
+## The can shall be designed for the maximum suction pressure at the can inlet indicated on [[drawing: the pump schedule]] and for the vacuum that a drained suction line can impose, and the design pressure shall be stated on the can drawing.
+
+## The can length and diameter shall be selected by the manufacturer to provide the submergence and the NPSH margin this standard requires at the maximum flow, with the inlet nozzle positioned and baffled so that the flow reaches the bell without pre-rotation, and the manufacturer's intake review shall cover the can.
+
+## The vent connection shall be piped to the discharge above the check valve or to a vent the Engineer of Record accepts, so that air drawn into the can is released before the pump starts, and the can shall be lined inside under the coating section of this standard.
+
+## A can pump is a vertical turbine that brings its own sump. The line arrives at the inlet nozzle, the liquid fills the can to the height of the inlet, and the bowls at the bottom see the suction pressure plus the full depth of the can as NPSH, which is how a pump makes its rated flow from a suction line that offers a horizontal pump next to nothing. The can is a pressure vessel below the floor, and the vent matters because a can that fills with air at the top on a shutdown starts the next time with the first stage in air. {note}
+
+# Submersible Well Pumps {toc}
+
+## Requirements in this section apply where the submersible well pump arrangement is selected in the datasheet.
+
+## Submersible Motor {toc}
+
+### The submersible motor shall be of the construction indicated in the datasheet, coupled beneath the bowl assembly, rated for continuous duty submerged, with a thrust bearing rated for the maximum down-thrust of the pump at any point on the curve and for the up-thrust at start, and listed under UL 778 or certified by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory for the service.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Submersible Motor Construction
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Water-filled, with rewindable windings"
+ - "Water-filled, with encapsulated windings"
+ - "Oil-filled"
+```
+
+### The motor fill, the bearing lubricant, and the cable jacket of a submersible motor in drinking water service shall meet the drinking water contact provisions of [[sync/common-work-results-process]].
+
+### A water-filled motor runs its windings and bearings in a water or water-glycol fill that equalizes to the well pressure and cools through the shell; the rewindable version has insulated magnet wire that a motor shop can rewind, and the encapsulated version seals the stator in resin so the winding never touches the fill and tolerates a leak, at the cost of a stator that is replaced rather than rewound. An oil-filled motor runs cooler at the same frame and carries its own lubricant, and the oil is what a drinking water agency sees first in a well. {note}
+
+### The flow past the motor shell shall be not less than the velocity the motor manufacturer publishes for cooling at the rated flow, and a cooling shroud shall be furnished as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Motor Cooling Shroud
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Furnished, a flow-inducer sleeve around the motor drawing the inflow past the shell"
+ - "Not furnished"
+derived: "the well casing inside diameter, the motor outside diameter, the rated flow, and the position of the inflow relative to the motor, against the motor manufacturer's published minimum cooling velocity"
+default: derived
+```
+
+### A submersible motor is cooled by the water moving past it on its way to the bowls above, and the velocity is the casing area less the motor area divided into the flow. In a large casing, or where the well screen admits water above the motor so that none moves past it, the velocity falls below the cooling minimum and the motor runs hot; a shroud is a sleeve open at the bottom that forces the inflow down past the shell before it enters the bowls. {note}
+
+## Power Cable and Splice {toc}
+
+### The motor cable shall be a jacketed, flat or round, submersible pump cable listed for continuous submersion, of the conductor size that limits the voltage drop at the motor full-load current to not more than the value indicated in the datasheet over the length from the well head to the motor leads.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Voltage Drop in the Motor Cable at Full Load
+type: range
+unit: '%'
+min: 1
+max: 5
+setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+default: 3
+constraint: max
+```
+
+### The cable shall be continuous from the motor lead splice to the well head junction box without a splice in the well, shall be secured to the column at intervals not greater than 10 ft with stainless steel bands, and shall be protected at the bowl assembly and at each column joint by stainless steel cable guards.
+
+### The splice between the motor leads and the cable shall be made with the motor manufacturer's splice kit, potted or heat shrunk, and the insulation resistance of the motor and cable shall be measured and recorded before the pump is lowered and after it is set.
+
+### The cable from the well head junction box to the starter is furnished under [[sync/conductors-and-cables]], and the junction box and its enclosure under [[sync/common-work-results-process]].
+
+### Three percent is the voltage drop the submersible motor manufacturers publish their cable charts to, and a motor fed through a longer drop starts on a lower torque and runs hotter for its whole life; a tighter figure is bought on a deep well with a long run from the starter, where the cable cost is already large and the motor is the expensive part. The one splice is at the motor leads, because a splice made in a well is a splice made under water for the life of the pump, and the insulation resistance readings before and after lowering are what prove it survived the trip down the casing. {note}
+
+## Column Check Valve and Well Head Fittings {toc}
+
+### A check valve shall be furnished in the column within the first column section above the bowl assembly, of the bowl material or of stainless steel, rated for the shutoff pressure of the pump, and a second check valve shall be furnished at intervals the manufacturer publishes where the setting exceeds the single-valve limit for the discharge pressure.
+
+### A sounding tube of not less than 1 in. diameter, of stainless steel or of a polymer the manufacturer accepts, shall be furnished from the well head to above the bowl assembly for the water level transducer furnished under [[sync/process-instrumentation]] and for manual water level measurement, open at the bottom and capped at the top.
+
+### The well head shall be furnished with a sanitary well seal or a pitless unit as the Discharge Arrangement article of this standard selects, a vent screened against insects and turned down, and the cable and sounding tube penetrations sealed.
+
+### The column check valve holds the column full between runs, so the pump does not spin backward as the column drains and the motor does not start against a reversing rotor; it also keeps the water hammer of a stopped column from reaching the bowls. The surface check valve on the discharge piping, under [[sync/process-check-valves]], does a different job and does not replace it. {note}
+
+## Submersible Motor Protection {toc}
+
+### The submersible motor shall be furnished with the protection indicated in the datasheet, with the sensors wired to the well head junction box and the relays mounted in the starter or control panel furnished under the standard governing it.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Submersible Motor Protection Furnished with the Pump
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Winding temperature sensor with a monitoring relay"
+ - "Phase loss and phase reversal relay"
+ - "Underload relay that stops the pump on a dry well or a broken shaft"
+ - "Surge arrester at the motor leads"
+default:
+ - "Phase loss and phase reversal relay"
+ - "Underload relay that stops the pump on a dry well or a broken shaft"
+constraint: all_of
+```
+
+### A submersible motor cannot be heard, touched, or seen, so its protection is the only sign of trouble that reaches the surface. Phase loss and reversal are the two faults that destroy a submersible motor on its first start after an electrical event, and underload is how a pump reports that the well has been drawn below the bowls; a winding sensor adds the temperature a water-filled motor runs at, which the motor manufacturers furnish on the larger frames, and a surge arrester is what the well field on a hilltop needs. {note}
+
+## Energy Index {toc}
+
+### Where a submersible well pump falls within the submersible turbine equipment class regulated under 10 CFR Part 431 Subpart Y, its pump energy index shall not exceed 1.00, and the index and the basis on which it was determined shall be stated in the submittal.
+
+### The submersible turbine is the one pump this standard covers that the federal pump efficiency rule regulates, between 1 and 200 hp within the flow and head limits of the rule, and a line-shaft turbine of any size falls outside it. {note}
+
+# Motor and Drive Interface {toc}
+
+## Vertical Motor {toc}
+
+### Requirements in this section apply where a line-shaft arrangement is selected in the datasheet; the submersible motor is governed by the Submersible Well Pumps section of this standard.
+
+### The motor shall be a vertical motor of the type indicated in the datasheet, conforming to [[sync/electric-motors]] in every respect that standard governs, with the features this article adds.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Vertical Motor Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Vertical hollow-shaft, with a non-reverse ratchet and the impeller adjusting nut at the motor top"
+ - "Vertical solid-shaft, P-base, with an adjustable spacer coupling at the head"
+ - "Not applicable, submersible motor"
+default: "Vertical hollow-shaft, with a non-reverse ratchet and the impeller adjusting nut at the motor top"
+```
+
+### A vertical hollow-shaft motor shall be furnished with a non-reverse ratchet that prevents reverse rotation when the column drains, and the head shaft shall pass through the motor to the adjusting nut at the top.
+
+### A vertical solid-shaft motor shall be furnished with a P-base flange that registers on the discharge head, and the adjustable coupling at the head shall carry the down-thrust to the motor shaft and shall permit the lateral adjustment.
+
+### The motor thrust bearing shall carry the maximum down-thrust of the pump at any point on the curve plus the weight of the rotating element, and the momentary up-thrust at start, with a calculated rating life not less than the value indicated in the datasheet at the rated point.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Motor Thrust Bearing Rating Life at the Rated Point
+type: range
+unit: hours
+min: 8760
+max: 100000
+setpoints: [8760, 17500, 25000, 40000, 50000, 100000]
+constraint: min
+```
+
+### The motor enclosure shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Motor Enclosure
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Weather protected type I, WP-I"
+ - "Weather protected type II, WP-II"
+ - "Totally enclosed fan cooled, TEFC"
+ - "Open drip proof, ODP"
+ - "Explosionproof"
+default: "Weather protected type I, WP-I"
+```
+
+### Where the motor is installed in a washdown, corrosive, or chloride-laden location, the enclosure shall be totally enclosed, and where it is installed in a location classified under NFPA 70, the enclosure shall be listed for the class, division, and group of that location.
+
+### The hollow-shaft motor is the vertical turbine motor: the pump's head shaft runs up through it to a nut on top, so the whole rotating element is lifted and set from above with the motor in place, and the ratchet keeps the column from spinning the pump backward as it drains, which would unscrew a threaded line shaft. A solid-shaft motor is the motor of the small pump and of the pump with a mechanical seal, where the adjustable coupling at the head sets the lateral and the motor is a standard P-base vertical motor that any motor shop stocks. Where the motor serves a submersible well pump, the field does not apply. {note}
+
+### WP-I is the enclosure of the vertical hollow-shaft motor as the motor manufacturers build it, open to the air for cooling with the openings screened and baffled against rain and falling objects, and it serves indoors and on the outdoor intake deck alike; WP-II adds the labyrinth that keeps blown rain out of a motor in an exposed location. TEFC is bought for a washdown gallery, a chloride atmosphere, or a motor that stands in the spray of a tower, and it is a larger frame at the same horsepower. ODP is the enclosure of the small indoor motor, and the explosionproof motor is the motor of the classified well house. {note}
+
+### The thrust bearing is the bearing that a vertical turbine wears first: it carries the weight of the rotating element and the hydraulic thrust of every stage, continuously, and the thrust at shutoff on a multistage pump is several times the thrust at the rated point. The life is calculated at the rated point, so a pump that spends its hours throttled toward shutoff will not see the calculated life, which is why a longer life is bought where the operating point is uncertain. {note}
+
+## Critical Speed and Reed Frequency {toc}
+
+### The manufacturer shall perform a reed critical frequency analysis of the discharge head, motor stand, and motor as mounted, for each pump, and the reed critical frequency shall be separated from the operating speed and from twice the operating speed by not less than the margin indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Separation Margin Between Resonant Frequencies and Operating Speed
+type: range
+unit: '%'
+min: 10
+max: 30
+setpoints: [10, 15, 20, 25, 30]
+constraint: min
+```
+
+### Where the pump is driven at variable speed, the manufacturer shall perform a lateral critical speed analysis of the line shaft and column, and the first lateral critical speed shall be separated from every speed in the operating range by not less than the margin indicated in the datasheet, or the drive shall be programmed to skip the resonant band and the skip band shall be stated in the submittal.
+
+### Where the datasheet indicates no margin, the separation margin shall be established per ANSI/HI 9.6.8 for the pump furnished.
+
+### Where the analysis shows a resonance within the operating range, the manufacturer shall stiffen the head or the motor stand, change the bearing spacing, or state the skip band, before the pump is released for fabrication.
+
+### A vertical turbine is a mass on a cantilever: the motor sits on top of a head that is bolted to the floor, and the assembly has a natural frequency in bending, the reed frequency, that is often within a few hundred rpm of the motor speed. The analysis is a calculation the manufacturer does with the motor weight and the head stiffness, and a bump test after installation confirms it; what it protects against is the pump that runs rough at full speed for no hydraulic reason and cracks its head bolts in the second year. A constant-speed pump needs the one check, at its speed and at twice its speed for the vane-pass forcing; a variable-speed pump needs the band it operates in cleared, and a skip band in the drive is the ordinary way to clear a resonance that cannot be moved. {note}
+
+# Wetted Fasteners and Galvanic Compatibility {toc}
+
+## Fasteners below the discharge head, including column flange bolting, bowl bolting, bearing retainer fasteners, strainer fasteners, and cable bands, shall be of the material indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Submerged Fastener Material
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Stainless steel, Type 304"
+ - "Stainless steel, Type 316"
+ - "Nickel-copper alloy"
+default: "Stainless steel, Type 316"
+```
+
+## Wetted materials of the pump shall be selected so that no small component is the anode to a large cathode in the pumped liquid, and where the liquid is brackish or seawater the manufacturer shall state in the submittal the galvanic compatibility of each wetted pair.
+
+## Type 316 is the fastener of the process plant, and it holds in fresh, settled, and finished water for the life of the pump; Type 304 is adequate in a soft fresh water and costs a little less, and it is the fastener most manufacturers ship unless told otherwise. A nickel-copper alloy fastener is bought for seawater, where both stainless grades pit under a deposit. The fastener is the small part, and a small stainless bolt in a large bronze bowl is a safe pair; a small bronze bolt in a stainless bowl is the pair that corrodes. {note}
+
+# Shop Coating {toc}
+
+## The exterior of the discharge head, the motor stand, and the sole plate shall be shop coated as indicated in the datasheet, over a blast-cleaned surface, with the dry film thickness of each coat stated in the submittal.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exterior Shop Coating of the Head and Stand
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Shop primer compatible with the field finish system, finished under the high-performance coatings standard"
+ - "Complete shop-applied epoxy system, with field touch-up only"
+```
+
+## The submerged exterior surfaces of the column, bowls, and can, and the interior of the can, shall be coated as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Submerged Exterior Coating
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Fusion-bonded epoxy per AWWA C213"
+ - "Liquid epoxy per AWWA C210"
+ - "Coal-tar epoxy"
+ - "Uncoated"
+```
+
+## The interior of carbon steel column pipe shall be lined as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Column Pipe Interior Lining
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Liquid epoxy per AWWA C210"
+ - "Fusion-bonded epoxy per AWWA C213"
+ - "Uncoated"
+```
+
+## Coatings and linings on wetted surfaces of a pump in drinking water service shall be certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 under the drinking water contact provisions of [[sync/common-work-results-process]], and coal-tar epoxy shall not be used on a wetted surface in drinking water service.
+
+## Stainless steel surfaces shall be left uncoated, and machined surfaces, the line shaft, and the motor register shall be protected with a removable rust preventive for shipment.
+
+## The field finish coat over the shop primer, where selected, shall be applied under [[sync/high-performance-coatings]].
+
+## A shop primer with a field finish gives the plant one finish system on every piece of equipment in the gallery, applied by the painter who did the piping, and it is the arrangement where the plant has a color and coating schedule; a complete shop system arrives finished from the manufacturer's booth, which is a better booth than the field, and suits the well head that stands alone with no painter coming. Below the water the question is the steel: a fusion-bonded epoxy is applied at the mill to the bare column and is the hardest and thinnest of the three, a liquid epoxy is applied in the shop over the assembled parts and is repairable, and coal-tar epoxy is the thick, cheap, black coating of the raw water intake and the non-potable service, where its tar is not a health question. Uncoated carbon steel column is common in a well, where the column is pulled and inspected every few years and the water does not attack it, and uncoated is the only position for a stainless column. {note}
+
+# Factory Testing {toc}
+
+## Hydraulic Performance Test {toc}
+
+### Each pump shall receive a factory hydraulic performance test under ANSI/HI 14.6, or under ANSI/HI 11.6 for a submersible well pump, at not fewer than five points from shutoff to runout including the rated point, with the head, flow, power, speed, and efficiency recorded and the test curve submitted and accepted before shipment.
+
+### The performance test shall be performed on the basis indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Factory Performance Test Basis
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Bowl assembly test, with the column and head losses computed and stated on the curve"
+ - "Complete pump test with the job column, line shaft, and discharge head, using the manufacturer's test motor"
+ - "Complete pump test with the job column, line shaft, discharge head, and the job motor"
+default: "Bowl assembly test, with the column and head losses computed and stated on the curve"
+```
+
+### The acceptance grade of the test shall be as indicated in the datasheet, applied to the head and flow at the rated point and to the power and efficiency where the grade carries a tolerance on them.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hydraulic Performance Test Acceptance Grade (ANSI/HI 14.6)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Grade 1B"
+ - "Grade 1E"
+ - "Grade 1U"
+ - "Grade 2B"
+ - "Grade 2U"
+ - "Grade 3B"
+```
+
+### Where the test is a bowl assembly test, the column friction and the discharge head loss shall be computed by the manufacturer for the setting furnished and shown on the certified curve as the difference between the bowl head and the total head at the discharge flange.
+
+### Witnessing of the factory test shall follow the witnessing basis [[sync/common-work-results-process]] selects, and where that basis designates the governing standard's tests, the test of every pump whose motor is rated at or above the horsepower indicated in the datasheet shall be witnessed.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Motor Horsepower at and Above Which the Factory Test Is Witnessed
+type: range
+unit: hp
+min: 0
+max: 1000
+setpoints: [0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, 1000]
+constraint: min
+```
+
+### A bowl assembly test is the test the manufacturers run as standard, on a stand that holds the bowls under a short column and measures the bowl head; it is the only test a deep-well pump can get, because no test pit is a thousand feet deep, and its weakness is that the column loss on the curve is a calculation rather than a measurement. A complete pump test with the job column proves the loss and the vibration of the whole assembly at a setting the manufacturer's pit can hold, which is most wet-pit pumps, and it is bought on the large intake pump whose setting the pit can take. Testing with the job motor adds the motor to the proof and the reed frequency to the record, at the cost of shipping the motor to the pump factory first. {note}
+
+### ANSI/HI 14.6 grades carry a tolerance band on the rated point and, in the B and E grades, a floor on efficiency and a ceiling on power; the 1 grades are the tighter band, the U grades permit only an overshoot, and 2B and 3B widen the band for small and general-service pumps. A grade is bought to match the certainty the Engineer of Record has in the system curve: a tight grade on a pump whose head was estimated to twenty feet proves nothing the estimate did not already lose. The grade also sets the test instrumentation the manufacturer must use, which is why the manufacturers price it. {note}
+
+## NPSH Test {toc}
+
+### An NPSH test shall be performed on the basis indicated in the datasheet, under ANSI/HI 14.6, at the rated flow and at runout, with the NPSH required determined at a 3 percent drop in the first-stage head.
+
+```datasheet
+label: NPSH Test
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "NPSH test on each pump"
+ - "NPSH test on one pump of each size and speed furnished"
+ - "Not required, the certified NPSH required curve from the manufacturer's model tests is accepted"
+```
+
+### An NPSH test is a suppression test: the stand lowers the suction pressure until the first stage loses 3 percent of its head, and the manufacturer records the suction head at which it happened. It is run on one pump of a size because identical bowls give the same answer, and on every pump where the margin is thin enough that a casting variation would matter. Accepting the published curve is the position where the margin is wide, as on a wet-pit pump with its bowls many feet under water, and it saves a test that most manufacturers price as a day of the stand. {note}
+
+## Hydrostatic, Mechanical, and Motor Tests {toc}
+
+### The bowl assembly, the discharge head, and the can where one is furnished shall each be hydrostatically tested at 1.5 times the shutoff pressure of the pump at the maximum suction pressure, held for not less than ten minutes without leakage or visible distortion.
+
+### Where a complete pump test is performed, the vibration at the top motor bearing and at the discharge head shall be measured during the test and shall not exceed the ANSI/HI 9.6.4 factory allowable values, and the readings shall be submitted with the test report.
+
+### A submersible well pump shall receive the hydrostatic, mechanical, and electrical tests of ANSI/HI 11.6 in addition to its performance test, including the insulation resistance of the motor and cable, with the results on the test report.
+
+### Motor tests shall be as [[sync/electric-motors]] requires, and the test report of a motor furnished with the pump shall be submitted with the pump test report.
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Setting the Pump {toc}
+
+### The sole plate, or the discharge head base where no sole plate is furnished, shall be set level in both directions to the manufacturer's published tolerance on the pad furnished under [[sync/concrete-pads]], anchored under [[sync/common-work-results-process]], and grouted under [[sync/grouted-base-plates]] and [[sync/non-shrink-grout]] before the pump is set.
+
+### Column and shaft sections shall be assembled in the order the sectional drawing shows, with each threaded joint cleaned and made up to the manufacturer's torque and each flanged joint drawn up evenly, and the shaft shall be turned by hand after each section is added to confirm that it runs free.
+
+### The pump shall be lowered with the column plumb, and a pump that binds in a well casing shall be raised and the cause reported to the Engineer of Record before lowering continues.
+
+### The discharge head shall be set so that the line shaft hangs plumb through every bearing, and the motor shall be set on its register without shims between the motor and the head.
+
+### Where the pump is a deep-well or submersible well pump, the setting, the cable, and the sounding tube shall be installed by the licensed pump installation contractor this standard requires, with the well head sealed as the Submersible Well Pumps section of this standard or the manufacturer's instructions for a line-shaft well head require.
+
+### The piping connected to the discharge head shall be supported independently under the process piping standard governing it, and shall be connected through a flexible or dismantling joint so that no piping load reaches the head.
+
+### A vertical turbine is built in the hole. The column goes down a section at a time and the shaft with it, and the alignment of the finished pump is the sum of every joint made up on the way; a joint cross-threaded by a tenth of a turn puts a bend in the shaft that the bearings will fight for the life of the pump. Turning the shaft by hand after each section is the only check that catches the bent section before the next one is on top of it. {note}
+
+## Lateral Adjustment and Rotation {toc}
+
+### After the motor is set and before the coupling is made, the manufacturer's representative shall measure the total lateral of the rotating element and shall set the impellers at the lift the manufacturer specifies for the setting, the stage count, and the shaft stretch under load, and shall record the measurements on the lateral adjustment record.
+
+### Motor rotation shall be checked by a momentary start with the head shaft uncoupled from the motor, and the pump shall not be run until the rotation matches the direction marked on the head.
+
+### Where pre-lubrication or an enclosed line shaft lubrication system is furnished, the supply, the timer, the solenoid valve, and the flow switch shall be tested and set before the first start, and the pump shall not be started on the dry bearings.
+
+### The lateral is set from the top with the whole rotating element hanging: the nut is backed off until the impellers rest on the bowls, the element is lifted the specified fraction of the measured total, and the nut is locked. The lift accounts for the stretch of a long shaft under its own weight and the down-thrust, so a deep well is set with more lift than a wet pit, and a setting made from a habit rather than the manufacturer's table leaves the lowest impeller dragging on its bowl after the shaft stretches at full load. {note}
+
+## Startup and Field Test {toc}
+
+### Startup shall follow the startup provisions of [[sync/common-work-results-process]], and the first start of a well pump shall be made against a throttled discharge, with the discharge opened over the first run as the water clears, and the sand content of the discharge recorded at the end of the run.
+
+### A pump that discharges sand at a content above the value the datasheet indicates for the pumped liquid after the first run shall be reported to the Engineer of Record, and the pump shall not be placed in service until the Engineer of Record has directed the well to be redeveloped or has accepted the condition.
+
+### Each pump shall receive a field performance test under the field test rules of [[sync/common-work-results-process]], at not fewer than three points including the rated point where the system permits, with flow measured by the station flow meter under [[sync/flow-measurement]] or by a calibrated test meter, head by calibrated gauges at the discharge head and the suction level, power at the starter or drive, and speed at the motor, with the points plotted on the certified curve.
+
+### Where the field instruments carry a larger uncertainty than the factory instruments, the field test tolerance shall be expanded as ANSI/HI 14.6 permits for field tests, and the expanded tolerance shall be stated on the test report.
+
+### Vibration shall be measured at acceptance at the top motor bearing housing and at the discharge head, in the directions ANSI/HI 9.6.4 prescribes for vertical pumps, under the vibration acceptance provisions of [[sync/common-work-results-process]], and a bump test shall be performed to confirm the reed frequency the analysis predicted.
+
+### Where a well pump is tested, the static water level before the test and the pumping water level at the rated flow shall be measured through the sounding tube and recorded on the test report.
+
+### The first run of a well pump moves the fine sand the development left in the gravel pack, and a pump opened wide on its first start sends that sand through bronze bearings at full velocity; the throttled start lets the well clear at a velocity the bearings tolerate. The pumping water level measured at the field test is the number the pump was set against, and a level lower than the test pumping report predicted is the first sign that the well is not what the record said. {note}
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Delivery, storage, and handling shall follow [[sync/common-work-results-process]], with the provisions of this section added for the parts a vertical turbine ships as.
+
+## Column sections shall be shipped and stored on supports at intervals that prevent sagging, with the threads capped and the flange faces protected, and line shaft sections shall be shipped in crates or racks that support them over their full length and shall be stored flat or hung vertically, never leaned.
+
+## The bowl assembly shall be shipped assembled with the shaft locked against movement, and the motor shall be shipped separately in its own crate with the thrust bearing locked where the motor manufacturer provides a shipping lock.
+
+## Submersible well pumps shall be shipped with the motor coupled and the cable coiled and protected, and the motor fill shall be checked against the motor manufacturer's instructions before the pump is lowered.
+
+## A line shaft is a ground bar that is straight to a few thousandths over twenty feet, and a bar that was leaned against a wall for a month is no longer that bar. The storage rule exists because a bent shaft section is invisible until the pump runs, and then it is a vibration problem that no amount of balancing will fix. {note}
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall furnish the spare parts indicated in the datasheet, under the spare parts provisions of [[sync/common-work-results-process]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare Parts Furnished
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Two sets of packing rings for each stuffing box"
+ - "One complete set of line shaft bearings for each pump size"
+ - "One complete set of bowl bearings for each pump size"
+ - "One set of bowl and impeller wear rings for each pump size"
+ - "One set of gaskets and O-rings for each pump size"
+ - "One mechanical seal for each pump size where a mechanical seal is furnished"
+ - "One cable splice kit for each submersible well pump"
+ - "One pre-lubrication solenoid valve and flow switch where pre-lubrication is furnished"
+default:
+ - "Two sets of packing rings for each stuffing box"
+ - "One complete set of line shaft bearings for each pump size"
+ - "One complete set of bowl bearings for each pump size"
+ - "One set of gaskets and O-rings for each pump size"
+constraint: all_of
+```
+
+## The packing is the part that is used on a schedule, and the bearings are the parts that are used when the pump is pulled, which on a well is every few years and on an intake is whenever the strainer is found full; a plant that holds both does not wait for a shipment while the pump is on the floor. The wear rings, the seal, the splice kit, and the pre-lubrication parts are bought where the plant will do its own overhauls rather than send the pump out. {note}