Fire Pumps
Remake batch 23: rewritten from scratch under the authoring cheatsheet with datasheet constraints; scope boundaries restated against the remade neighbors
Showing changes from Rev 9
to Rev 10
in Fire Pumps.
---
title: Fire Pumps
category: Fire Protection
−toc_depth: 3
description: >
− When to use: Stationary fire pumps installed to supplement an inadequate water supply for automatic sprinkler systems, standpipe systems, foam systems, or combined fire protection systems in commercial, institutional, industrial, and high-rise buildings. Covers horizontal split-case, vertical in-line, vertical turbine (line-shaft), and end-suction pump configurations driven by electric motors or diesel engines. Includes the pump itself, the driver, the controller (electric per UL 218 and NFPA 20 Chapter 10, diesel per NFPA 20 Chapter 11), the jockey (pressure maintenance) pump and its controller, suction and discharge piping arrangement within the fire pump room, the test header or flow meter loop required for periodic flow testing, automatic transfer switches where two utility services or a generator backs up the pump motor, and annual flow tests per NFPA 25.
− Not intended for: Building HVAC pumps for heating hot water, chilled water, or condenser water service (see [[sync/hydronic-piping]]); domestic water booster pumps for potable supply (see [[sync/domestic-water-piping]]); the underground fire service mains that feed the fire pump suction or the sprinkler system directly (these are addressed under the underground fire service main standard and NFPA 24); the sprinkler distribution piping downstream of the pump discharge (see [[sync/wet-pipe-fire-sprinkler-systems]] and [[sync/dry-pipe-fire-sprinkler-systems]]); the standpipe system downstream of the pump (see [[sync/standpipe-systems]]); the fire alarm system that monitors fire pump supervisory signals (see [[sync/fire-alarm-systems]] for the receiving end of those signals); or storage tanks providing the suction supply (covered separately by NFPA 22 and not within this scope).
+ When to use: Stationary fire pump assemblies installed under NFPA 20 to supply automatic sprinkler systems, standpipe systems, combined sprinkler and standpipe risers, water spray systems, private hydrant mains, and the water side of foam-water and foam systems, wherever the available supply cannot deliver the system demand at the required pressure. Covers the listed centrifugal fire pump in its horizontal split-case, end-suction, vertical in-line, multistage multiport, and vertical turbine forms; the listed electric motor or diesel engine driver, with the engine's cooling, exhaust, fuel supply at the engine, starting batteries, and battery chargers; the jockey pump and its own controller; the suction and discharge piping and trim inside the pump room, including the listed control and check valves, the relief valves, the hose valve test header or flow meter loop, the gauges, and the automatic air release on the casing; the NEC Article 695 power source arrangement stated as a design requirement; the supervisory signals the assembly sends to the fire alarm system; the fire pump room provisions of NFPA 20 Chapter 4; the certified factory curve; the field acceptance test of NFPA 20 Chapter 14; warranty; and spare parts.
+
+ Not intended for: The listed fire pump controller for the electric motor or the diesel engine, including the combination controller and power transfer switch, limited-service controllers, and variable-speed pressure-limiting controllers ([[sync/fire-pump-controllers]]); a power transfer switch that is not factory-listed as part of a combination fire pump controller ([[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]]); the on-site generator that serves as the alternate source ([[sync/generators]]) and the classification of the fire pump load within the emergency power system ([[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]]); the diesel fuel tank as a vessel, with its listing, containment, vents, and gauge ([[sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks]]), and the fuel supply, return, fill, and vent piping beyond the tank nozzles ([[sync/fuel-oil-systems]]); the general construction rules for the motor that this standard invokes by reference ([[sync/electric-motors]]); the underground fire service main from the point of connection to the building wall ([[sync/underground-fire-service-mains]]); the pipe, fittings, joints, and valve products common to all water-based systems ([[sync/fire-protection-piping]]); the sprinkler and standpipe systems downstream of the discharge ([[sync/wet-pipe-fire-sprinkler-systems]], [[sync/dry-pipe-fire-sprinkler-systems]], [[sync/pre-action-and-deluge-sprinkler-systems]], and [[sync/standpipe-systems]]); the fire department connection ([[sync/fire-department-connections]]); the foam concentrate, proportioning, and discharge devices of a foam system ([[sync/foam-fire-suppression]]); the fire alarm control unit and supervising station connection that receive the fire pump signals ([[sync/fire-alarm-systems]]); the contractor qualification, submittal administration, and record documents common to all fire suppression work ([[sync/common-work-results-fire-suppression]]); building hydronic pumps ([[sync/hvac-pumps]]); domestic water booster pumps ([[sync/domestic-water-booster-pumps]]); process, well, and wastewater pumps ([[sync/horizontal-centrifugal-process-pumps]], [[sync/vertical-turbine-pumps]], [[sync/submersible-solids-handling-pumps]], and [[sync/sump-and-sewage-pumps]]); and the NFPA 22 fire protection water tank, which no SynC standard yet owns as such.
---
# Scope {toc}
−## This standard covers the design documentation, equipment selection, installation, factory and field testing, and acceptance of a stationary fire pump assembly installed to provide the flow and pressure required by an automatic sprinkler system, a standpipe system, or both. {note}
−## The fire pump assembly consists of the pump itself, the driver (an electric motor or a diesel engine), the controller for the driver, a jockey (pressure maintenance) pump with its own controller, the suction and discharge piping and specialties within the fire pump room, a flow test arrangement (test header or flow meter loop), and the power supply arrangement, including any automatic transfer switch or alternate power source for an electric-driven pump. {note}
+## This standard governs the selection, rating, construction, driver, jockey pump, pump room piping and trim, power source arrangement, supervisory signals, pump room provisions, installation, factory and field testing, warranty, and spare parts of a stationary fire pump assembly installed under NFPA 20. {note}
−## The fire pump is a single-purpose, life-safety machine that must start and deliver rated flow and pressure within seconds of the demand signal, sometimes after months or years of standby. {note}
+## A fire pump is a single-purpose machine that sits idle for months and is then required to reach rated speed and deliver rated flow within seconds of a pressure drop it did not cause, with no operator present and, for a diesel driver, no connection to the building electrical system. Nearly every requirement in this standard exists to make that one start certain: the listing of each component, the reliability of the power source, the arrangement of the suction piping, the room temperature, and the test that proves the assembly before it is accepted. {note}
−## The Contractor and the Engineer shall treat NFPA 20 and the supporting standards as the controlling design basis throughout.
+## The scope begins at the suction flange of the suction control valve, where the underground fire service main or the suction tank piping enters the pump room, and ends at the discharge side of the discharge control valve, where the sprinkler, standpipe, or other served system begins. Within those limits it includes the pump, the driver, the jockey pump and its controller, the suction and discharge piping and trim, the relief valves, the flow test arrangement, and the gauges, together with the fuel supply at a diesel engine, the engine's cooling and exhaust, and the starting batteries and chargers. {note}
−## The Contractor and the Engineer shall not modify the specified arrangement to save space, simplify installation, or reduce cost without express written approval of the Engineer of Record and acceptance by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
+## The following are governed elsewhere and are outside this standard: {note}
−## All work shall comply with the edition of NFPA 20 adopted by the AHJ, together with NFPA 25 for inspection, testing, and maintenance, NFPA 70 (NEC) Article 695 for the power supply to electric fire pumps, the International Building Code, and the International Fire Code as adopted locally.
+- the listed fire pump controller, electric or diesel, with its starting method, its sensing, its alarm contacts, its automatic test provisions, and the combination controller and power transfer switch, governed by [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]]
+- a power transfer switch furnished as a separate listed unit rather than as part of a combination fire pump controller, governed by [[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]]
+- the on-site generator, governed by [[sync/generators]], and the classification of the fire pump within the emergency power system and the capacity of its alternate source, governed by [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]]
+- the diesel fuel tank as a vessel, governed by [[sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks]], and the fuel supply, return, fill, and vent piping beyond the tank nozzles, governed by [[sync/fuel-oil-systems]]
+- the general construction, efficiency, insulation, and bearing rules for low-voltage induction motors, governed by [[sync/electric-motors]] and invoked by this standard for the fire pump motor
+- the underground fire service main, its thrust restraint, and its flushing, governed by [[sync/underground-fire-service-mains]]
+- the pipe, fittings, joints, listed control and check valve products, supervisory switches, drains, and hangers common to all water-based systems, governed by [[sync/fire-protection-piping]]
+- the systems the pump serves, governed by [[sync/wet-pipe-fire-sprinkler-systems]], [[sync/dry-pipe-fire-sprinkler-systems]], [[sync/pre-action-and-deluge-sprinkler-systems]], and [[sync/standpipe-systems]], and the fire department connection, governed by [[sync/fire-department-connections]]
+- the foam concentrate, the proportioning equipment, and the discharge devices of a foam or foam-water system, governed by [[sync/foam-fire-suppression]]
+- the fire alarm control unit, the monitoring modules, and the supervising station connection that receive the fire pump signals, governed by [[sync/fire-alarm-systems]]
+- contractor and designer qualification, submittal administration, coordination, and record documents common to all fire suppression work, governed by [[sync/common-work-results-fire-suppression]]
+- the concrete equipment pad, governed by [[sync/concrete-pads]], and seismic restraint design for the assembly and its piping, governed by [[sync/vibration-isolation-and-seismic-restraint]]
+- firestopping of pump room penetrations, governed by [[sync/firestopping]]
+- building hydronic pumps ([[sync/hvac-pumps]]), domestic water booster pumps ([[sync/domestic-water-booster-pumps]]), and process, well, and wastewater pumps ([[sync/horizontal-centrifugal-process-pumps]], [[sync/vertical-turbine-pumps]], [[sync/submersible-solids-handling-pumps]], and [[sync/sump-and-sewage-pumps]])
−## Where local amendments modify NFPA 20, the local amendment governs except where it is less stringent than the base standard, in which case the base standard governs.
+## An NFPA 22 fire protection water tank is specified under [[sync/water-storage-tanks]] only where the drawings assign a tank built to AWWA D100 to that standard; no SynC standard yet owns the NFPA 22 tank as such, and this standard reads the tank's capacity, elevation, and outlet arrangement from the drawings without specifying the tank. {note}
−## The Contractor shall confirm the adopted edition of NFPA 20 before design begins.
+## The fire pump assembly shall comply with NFPA 20 in the edition adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, with NFPA 70 Article 695 for the electric power supply, with NFPA 37 for the diesel engine installation, with the International Building Code, and with the International Fire Code as adopted locally.
−## Successive editions of NFPA 20 have introduced significant changes to controller requirements, signal monitoring, listed component lists, fuel storage for diesel drivers, and the design and supervision of the fire pump room itself. {note}
+## Where a local amendment modifies NFPA 20, NFPA 70, or NFPA 37, the local amendment shall govern unless it is less stringent than the base document, in which case the base document governs.
−## This standard does not address the underground fire service main (NFPA 24), the storage tank (NFPA 22; a water storage tank built to AWWA D100 is under [[sync/water-storage-tanks]] where the drawings assign it), the downstream sprinkler or standpipe systems served by the pump, or pumps for hazardous-process or industrial fire protection applications such as foam, water spray, or water mist; projects with those applications shall add the applicable NFPA standard to the basis of design.
+## The Engineer of Record shall confirm the adopted edition of NFPA 20 before design begins.
+## Successive editions of NFPA 20 have changed the supervisory signals a controller sends, the fuel tank provisions, the pump room separation and access rules, the variable-speed pressure-limiting provisions, and the field acceptance test, so the adopted edition decides several of the values this standard asks for. {note}
+
+## The Contractor shall comply with [[sync/common-work-results-fire-suppression]] in addition to this standard.
+
# Referenced Standards {toc}
−## Equipment, materials, installation, and testing shall comply with the current adopted editions of the following standards.
−## Where standards conflict, the more stringent requirement governs unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing. {note}
+## Equipment, materials, installation, and testing shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+## Where the contract documents, the Authority Having Jurisdiction, or two referenced standards impose conflicting requirements, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
| Standard | Title |
|----------|-------|
| NFPA 20 | Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection |
+| NFPA 13 | Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems |
+| NFPA 14 | Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems |
| NFPA 22 | Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection |
| NFPA 24 | Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances |
| NFPA 25 | Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems |
| NFPA 37 | Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines |
−| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code, Article 695 (Fire Pumps) |
+| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code (Article 695) |
| NFPA 72 | National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code |
| NFPA 110 | Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems |
+| NFPA 291 | Recommended Practice for Water Flow Testing and Marking of Hydrants |
| IBC | International Building Code |
| IFC | International Fire Code |
−| ASCE/SEI 7 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures (nonstructural component seismic design) |
−| UL 218 | Standard for Fire Pump Controllers (electric) |
−| UL 448 | Standard for Centrifugal Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection Service |
−| UL 1247 | Standard for Diesel Engines for Driving Centrifugal Fire Pumps |
−| UL 1478 | Standard for Fire Pump Relief Valves |
−| FM 1311 | Approval Standard for Centrifugal Fire Pumps (Horizontal and Vertical Shaft) |
−| FM 1312 | Approval Standard for Centrifugal Fire Pumps (Vertical Turbine Type) |
−| FM 1321/1323 | Approval Standard for Centrifugal Fire Pump Drivers — Electric Motor |
+| ASCE/SEI 7 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures |
+| UL 448 | Centrifugal Stationary Pumps for Fire-Protection Service |
+| UL 1004-5 | Fire Pump Motors |
+| UL 1247 | Diesel Engines for Driving Centrifugal Fire Pumps |
+| UL 1478 | Fire Pump Relief Valves |
+| UL 218 | Fire Pump Controllers |
+| FM 1311 | Approval Standard for Centrifugal Fire Pumps (Horizontal, End Suction Type) |
+| FM 1312 | Approval Standard for Centrifugal Fire Pumps (Vertical-Shaft, Turbine Type) |
+| FM 1319 | Approval Standard for Centrifugal Fire Pumps (Horizontal, Split-Case Type) |
| FM 1333 | Approval Standard for Fire Pump Controllers (Electric Motor Driven) |
| FM 1335 | Approval Standard for Fire Pump Controllers (Diesel Engine Driven) |
−| ASME B16.5 | Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings |
−| ASME B16.9 | Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings |
−| HI 14.1-14.6 | Rotodynamic Pumps for Nomenclature, Definitions, Application, and Operation |
−| HI 14.6 | Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests |
−| HI 9.6.3 | Rotodynamic Pumps — Guideline for Allowable Operating Region |
+| FM 1321 | Approval Standard for Fire Pump Drivers (Electric Motors) |
+| FM 1323 | Approval Standard for Fire Pump Drivers (Diesel Engines) |
+| ANSI/HI 14.6 | Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests |
+| ANSI/HI 9.6.4 | Rotodynamic Pumps for Vibration Measurements and Allowable Values |
| NEMA MG 1 | Motors and Generators |
−| IEEE 519 | Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems (where VFD-controlled pressure maintenance is used) |
−| NETA ATS | Acceptance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Equipment and Systems |
+| SAE J1349 | Engine Power Test Code, Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition, As Installed Net Power Rating |
+| ASME B16.1 | Gray Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (Classes 25, 125, and 250) |
+| ASME B16.5 | Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24 |
+| ASTM A48 | Gray Iron Castings |
+| ASTM A536 | Ductile Iron Castings |
+| ASTM B584 | Copper Alloy Sand Castings for General Applications |
+| OSHA 29 CFR 1910.219 | Mechanical Power-Transmission Apparatus |
# Submittals {toc}
## Action Submittals {toc}
−### The Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer of Record's review and the AHJ's approval prior to procurement and installation.
−### No fire pump component shall be released for fabrication or delivery until the corresponding submittals are returned.
+### The Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer of Record's review and the Authority Having Jurisdiction's approval before the fire pump assembly is released for manufacture:
−### Fire pump submittals are reviewed by the AHJ as part of the fire protection plan review process in most jurisdictions, and incomplete submittals are a primary cause of project schedule slippage at this trade. {note}
+- product data for the pump, identifying the configuration, the rated flow and rated net pressure, the rated speed, the impeller diameter, the suction and discharge connection sizes and classes, the materials of construction, the listing, and the weight
+- the manufacturer's published performance curve for the pump model at the selected impeller diameter and rated speed, from shutoff through 150 percent of rated flow, showing net pressure, brake horsepower, and efficiency
+- product data for the driver: for an electric motor, the horsepower, voltage, phase, full-load and locked-rotor current, service factor, enclosure, insulation system, and the fire pump motor listing; for a diesel engine, the model, the rated brake horsepower at the pump speed after the altitude and temperature deductions, the cooling arrangement, the fuel consumption at rated load, and the listing
+- product data for the jockey pump, its motor, and its controller, giving the rated flow and pressure, the horsepower, and the pressure switch range
+- a pump room layout drawing showing the pump assembly, the controller working clearances, the jockey pump, the suction and discharge piping with every valve, reducer, gauge, and relief valve, the test header or flow meter loop, the fuel tank where the driver is a diesel engine, the floor drain, the ventilation openings, and the route by which the pump can be removed and replaced
+- a suction and discharge piping arrangement drawing, dimensioned, showing pipe sizes, the eccentric suction reducer, the distance from the suction flange to the nearest elbow or tee, and the relief valve discharge piping
+- the electrical one-line diagram for the fire pump power supply, showing each source, the routing and protection of the feeder, the disconnecting means, the overcurrent device and its rating, and the transfer switch arrangement, as required by NFPA 70 Article 695
+- the fuel supply drawing for a diesel engine, showing the tank, its capacity and elevation relative to the engine fuel pump, the supply and return connections, the vent and fill arrangement, and the spill containment, coordinated with [[sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks]] and [[sync/fuel-oil-systems]]
+- engine cooling and exhaust drawings for a diesel engine, showing the heat exchanger supply and discharge piping or the radiator air path, the exhaust routing, the silencer, and the exhaust termination
+- battery sizing calculations for the diesel engine starting batteries, demonstrating the cranking cycles NFPA 20 requires at the lowest pump room temperature
+- seismic anchorage and restraint calculations and details for the pump, driver, jockey pump, fuel tank, and piping, stamped by a professional engineer registered in the project jurisdiction, where [[parameter: seismic-design-category]] requires them
+- listing and approval documentation for the pump, the driver, the relief valves, and the hose valves, on the listing basis this standard requires
+- the schedule of supervisory signal contacts the assembly provides, with each contact identified for connection to the fire alarm system under [[sync/fire-alarm-systems]]
−### The submittal shall be a single coordinated package including the pump, driver, controller, jockey pump and its controller, suction and discharge piping arrangement, accessories, and the test arrangement.
−
−### The package shall demonstrate that the listed components are compatible as an assembly — the pump listing, the motor listing, and the controller listing each call out compatibility constraints that must be reconciled.
−
−### Action Submittal Items {toc}
−
−#### The action submittal package shall include the following items:
−
−- Pump certified shop test curve from the manufacturer's factory test (Hydraulic Institute Acceptance Grade 1B or as required by NFPA 20), showing the actual pump's flow-versus-head, brake horsepower, and efficiency characteristics across the full operating range from churn through 150% of rated capacity
−- Pump product data, including pump model, type (horizontal split-case, vertical in-line, vertical turbine, end-suction), nominal rated capacity (gpm), nominal rated total head (psi or ft), impeller diameter, suction and discharge nozzle sizes, rotation, and weight
−- Driver product data: for electric motors, NEMA frame size, horsepower, voltage, full-load amps, locked-rotor amps, service factor, insulation class, enclosure type, and the FM/UL listing data; for diesel engines, the engine model, rated brake horsepower at the pump rotational speed, fuel consumption, cooling system arrangement (heat exchanger or radiator), and the UL 1247 listing data
−- Controller product data: for electric controllers, the UL 218 listing data, FM 1333 approval data (where required), the starting method (full voltage, part-winding, wye-delta, autotransformer, soft-start, or variable-frequency drive — for limited applications), short-circuit current rating (SCCR), the alarm and supervisory signal points, and the transfer switch arrangement if integral; for diesel controllers, the UL 1247 or FM 1335 listing data, alarm signal points, battery charger arrangement, and weekly test programming
−- Jockey (pressure maintenance) pump and controller product data, including jockey pump capacity, head, motor horsepower, controller listing, and the pressure switch arrangement
−- Suction and discharge piping arrangement drawing showing pipe sizes, fittings, valves, gauges, the eccentric suction reducer (flat-on-top), pressure relief valve(s), main relief valve discharge cone (where required), waste cone, hose valve header or flow meter loop arrangement, drain and air release piping
−- Pump room layout drawing showing clearances around the pump assembly, controller mounting and working clearance per NEC 110.26, ventilation provisions, drainage to a floor drain, the location of the fire department connection if interconnected, and the access route for future pump replacement
−- Electrical one-line diagram and feeder sizing per NEC Article 695 for electric fire pumps, including the source(s) of supply, the disconnect arrangement, the overcurrent protective device, and the conductor sizing
−- Fuel oil system drawing for diesel-driven pumps, including the day tank, fuel piping, fill arrangement, and vent termination, in accordance with NFPA 20 Chapter 11 and NFPA 37
−- Seismic restraint calculations and details for the pump, driver, controller, fuel oil tank (diesel), and piping per ASCE/SEI 7 nonstructural component requirements, where the project Seismic Design Category requires them
−- Battery calculations for the diesel engine starting batteries and the controller standby battery, where applicable
−- Listing/approval documentation: UL 448 (pump), UL 1247 (diesel engine), UL 218 / FM 1333 (electric controller), UL or FM listing for the diesel controller, and FM 1311/1312/1321/1323 where the project requires FM approval in addition to UL listing
−
```datasheet
label: Action Submittals Required
type: checkbox
options:
− - "Certified factory pump test curve"
- "Pump product data"
− - "Driver product data (motor or engine)"
− - "Fire pump controller product data"
− - "Jockey pump and controller product data"
+ - "Manufacturer's performance curve, shutoff through 150 percent"
+ - "Driver product data, motor or engine"
+ - "Jockey pump, motor, and controller product data"
+ - "Pump room layout drawing with clearances and removal route"
- "Suction and discharge piping arrangement drawing"
− - "Pump room layout drawing with clearances"
− - "Electrical one-line per NEC Article 695 (electric pumps)"
− - "Fuel oil system drawing (diesel pumps)"
− - "Seismic restraint calculations and details"
− - "Battery calculations (diesel starting / controller standby)"
− - "UL listing / FM approval documentation for all components"
−default: "Certified factory pump test curve"
+ - "Electrical one-line diagram per NFPA 70 Article 695"
+ - "Fuel supply drawing for a diesel engine"
+ - "Engine cooling and exhaust drawings"
+ - "Starting battery calculations"
+ - "Seismic anchorage and restraint calculations"
+ - "Listing and approval documentation"
+ - "Supervisory signal contact schedule"
+default:
+ - "Pump product data"
+ - "Manufacturer's performance curve, shutoff through 150 percent"
+ - "Driver product data, motor or engine"
+ - "Jockey pump, motor, and controller product data"
+ - "Pump room layout drawing with clearances and removal route"
+ - "Suction and discharge piping arrangement drawing"
+ - "Electrical one-line diagram per NFPA 70 Article 695"
+ - "Listing and approval documentation"
+ - "Supervisory signal contact schedule"
+constraint: all_of
```
+### The fire pump assembly shall not be released for manufacture until the action submittals have been reviewed, returned, and approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
+
+### The fire pump controller is submitted under [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]], and the pump room layout drawing required here is where the two submittals meet: the controller's enclosure dimensions, working clearances, and line terminal location are drawn on the layout so that the pump supplier, the controller supplier, and the electrical contractor are coordinating on one sheet. {note}
+
+### The submittal that most often delays approval at this trade is the one-line diagram, because the fire pump feeder is the only feeder in the building whose overcurrent device is sized to carry locked-rotor current indefinitely, and a one-line drawn to ordinary motor branch circuit rules is returned by every plan reviewer who checks it against Article 695. {note}
+
## Closeout Submittals {toc}
−### At substantial completion, prior to acceptance of the fire pump installation, the Contractor shall submit the following:
+### The Contractor shall submit the following before the fire pump assembly is accepted:
−- Field acceptance test report signed by the installing Contractor, the pump manufacturer's representative, and the AHJ representative, recording flow and pressure at no-flow (churn), 100% rated, and 150% rated capacity, plotted against the certified factory test curve
−- Contractor's Material and Test Certificate for Fire Pumps (NFPA 20 figure) signed by the installing Contractor
−- As-built drawings of the fire pump room, pump assembly, piping, and electrical or fuel oil systems, including all field changes from the reviewed shop drawings
−- Operation and maintenance manual including the pump curve, controller wiring diagram, troubleshooting guide, NFPA 25 inspection and test schedule, the recommended weekly test procedure, and the annual flow test procedure
−- List of recommended spare parts per NFPA 20 and the manufacturer's recommendation, with current unit pricing for re-ordering
−- Warranty documentation for the pump, driver, and controller — separate warranties for each are common and shall each be provided
+- the certified factory test curve for the pump actually shipped, by serial number, from shutoff through 150 percent of rated flow at rated speed
+- the field acceptance test report, recording suction and discharge pressure, net pressure, flow, speed, and, for an electric motor, voltage and current on each phase, at churn, at rated flow, and at 150 percent of rated flow, plotted against the certified factory curve, with the automatic and manual start records, the alternate source transfer record, and the signal verification record
+- the Contractor's Material and Test Certificate for the fire pump installation, signed by the installing Contractor and by each witness this standard requires
+- as-built drawings of the pump room, the piping arrangement, the fuel supply, and the electrical supply, recording every field change from the reviewed submittals
+- the as-left pressure switch settings for the jockey pump and the fire pump, and the as-left relief valve settings
+- an operation and maintenance manual including the certified curve, the driver and jockey pump data, the fuel and battery maintenance instructions, the weekly and annual test procedures, and the NFPA 25 inspection, testing, and maintenance schedule for the assembly
+- warranty documentation for the pump, the driver, the jockey pump, and the jockey pump controller, correlated to serial numbers and to the date of acceptance
+- a signed receipt from the Owner for the spare parts delivered
```datasheet
label: Closeout Submittals Required
type: checkbox
options:
− - "Field acceptance test report — flow/pressure at churn, 100%, 150%"
− - "Contractor's Material and Test Certificate (NFPA 20)"
− - "As-built drawings — pump room, piping, electrical/fuel oil"
− - "Operation and maintenance manual"
− - "Recommended spare parts list with current pricing"
− - "Warranty documentation — pump, driver, controller"
+ - "Certified factory test curve by serial number"
+ - "Field acceptance test report plotted against the factory curve"
+ - "Contractor's Material and Test Certificate"
+ - "As-built drawings of the pump room, piping, fuel, and electrical supply"
+ - "As-left pressure switch and relief valve settings"
+ - "Operation and maintenance manual with the NFPA 25 schedule"
+ - "Warranty documentation by serial number"
+ - "Spare parts receipt"
default:
− - "Field acceptance test report — flow/pressure at churn, 100%, 150%"
+ - "Certified factory test curve by serial number"
+ - "Field acceptance test report plotted against the factory curve"
+ - "Contractor's Material and Test Certificate"
+ - "As-built drawings of the pump room, piping, fuel, and electrical supply"
+ - "As-left pressure switch and relief valve settings"
+ - "Operation and maintenance manual with the NFPA 25 schedule"
+ - "Warranty documentation by serial number"
+ - "Spare parts receipt"
+constraint: all_of
```
−# Quality Assurance {toc}
+### The field acceptance test report shall be plotted on the same axes as the certified factory curve so that the two can be compared point by point.
−## Installer Qualifications {toc}
+### The certified factory curve is the document against which every later NFPA 25 annual test is judged, and a facility engineer ten years from now will be asking whether the pump has degraded or was never the pump on the submittal. Tying the curve to the serial number at closeout is what makes that question answerable. {note}
−### The fire pump shall be installed by a licensed fire protection contractor where state or local law requires that designation, working with a licensed electrical contractor for the power supply and controller installation and, for diesel-driven units, a licensed mechanical contractor for the fuel oil system and engine cooling system.
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
−### The installing contractor shall have completed at least three fire pump installations of comparable size and configuration within the preceding five years and shall provide project references on request.
+## Component Listing {toc}
−### The pump manufacturer's authorized representative shall be present at the field acceptance test in accordance with NFPA 20.
+### The pump, the driver, the relief valves, the hose valves on the test header, the flow meter, and the suction and discharge control and check valves shall be listed for fire pump service on the basis indicated in the datasheet.
−## Listing and Approval {toc}
−
−### Every major component of the fire pump assembly shall be listed for fire protection service by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory acceptable to the AHJ.
−
−### UL is the dominant listing agency in the US market; the listings required are UL 448 for the centrifugal pump, UL 1247 for diesel engine drivers, and UL 218 for electric fire pump controllers (including their integral transfer switch where applicable). {note}
−
−### FM Global approvals — FM 1311 / 1312 for the pump, FM 1321 / 1323 for electric motor drivers, FM 1333 for electric controllers, and FM 1335 for diesel controllers — shall be provided in addition where the Owner's property insurance carrier requires FM compliance.
−
−### Unlisted components, listed components that are not compatible with the rest of the assembly per their listing, and field modifications that void the listing are not permitted.
−
−### A pump assembled in the field from an unlisted bare-shaft pump and a separately purchased motor is not a listed fire pump and shall not be installed under this standard.
−
−### FM Approval Selection {toc}
−
```datasheet
−label: FM Global Approval Required
+label: Component Listing Basis
type: radio
options:
− - "Not required — UL listing alone"
− - "Required — FM-approved components throughout"
−default: "Not required — UL listing alone"
+ - "Listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory for fire pump service"
+ - "Listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory and FM Approved"
+default: "Listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory for fire pump service"
```
−## Single-Source Responsibility {toc}
+### The centrifugal fire pump shall be listed to UL 448, an electric motor driver shall be listed to UL 1004-5, a diesel engine driver shall be listed to UL 1247, and a relief valve shall be listed to UL 1478.
−### The fire pump assembly — pump, driver, controller, jockey pump, and jockey pump controller — shall be furnished by a single supplier or under a single coordinated submittal in which one party is responsible for assembly compatibility, factory testing, field start-up, and warranty.
+### Where the datasheet requires FM Approval, the pump shall additionally be approved to FM 1311, FM 1312, or FM 1319 for its configuration, and the driver to FM 1321 or FM 1323.
−### Single-source responsibility is the only practical way to ensure that the pump's listing, the motor's listing, and the controller's listing are mutually compatible and that field commissioning has a single accountable party. {note}
+### An FM requirement usually originates with the Owner's property insurer rather than with the code, and an FM-approved pump is matched to an FM-approved driver and an FM-approved controller as a set, so the requirement is confirmed with the insurer before procurement rather than discovered at the acceptance inspection. {note}
−### Single-Source Basis Selection {toc}
+### A pump assembled from an unlisted bare-shaft pump and a separately purchased motor is not a listed fire pump and shall not be installed under this standard.
−```datasheet
−label: Single-Source Responsibility Basis
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Pump manufacturer furnishes pump, driver, and controller as a coordinated assembly"
− - "Fire protection contractor furnishes the assembly through a single packaged source"
−default: "Pump manufacturer furnishes pump, driver, and controller as a coordinated assembly"
−```
+### A listed component shall not be replaced by an unlisted product, and a listed component shall not be replaced by a different listed product without the Engineer of Record's written acceptance and the Authority Having Jurisdiction's concurrence.
−## Factory Test {toc}
+## Unit Responsibility {toc}
−### The pump manufacturer shall perform a factory acceptance test on the assembled pump before shipment.
+### The pump, the driver, the baseplate, the coupling and its guard, and the engine accessories shall be furnished as a single coordinated assembly by or through one pump manufacturer, who shall be responsible for the hydraulic performance of the assembly and for the compatibility of the pump listing, the driver listing, and the controller furnished under [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]].
−### The factory test shall demonstrate the pump's flow and pressure performance across the full operating range from churn through 150% of rated capacity, in accordance with the Hydraulic Institute Acceptance Test Grade required by NFPA 20 (Acceptance Grade 1B per HI 14.6 for most fire pumps).
+### The jockey pump and its controller shall be furnished through the same supplier as the fire pump assembly unless the contract documents direct otherwise.
−### The certified factory test curve shall be furnished with the action submittal.
+### Each of the three listings in a fire pump assembly carries compatibility conditions on the other two: the motor listing fixes the starting methods the controller can apply to it, the controller listing fixes the horsepower and voltage it can serve, and the pump listing fixes the driver speed and power. One party reconciling the three before shipment is what prevents a controller and a motor meeting for the first time in the pump room. {note}
−### Field acceptance shall confirm that the installed pump delivers performance within the listed tolerance band of the certified factory curve when corrected for site conditions.
+## Installer and Startup Qualifications {toc}
−## Pre-Installation Conference {toc}
+### The fire pump assembly shall be installed by a fire protection contractor holding the qualifications required by [[sync/common-work-results-fire-suppression]] and by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, with the electrical supply installed by a licensed electrical contractor and the fuel supply piping for a diesel engine installed under [[sync/fuel-oil-systems]].
−### A pre-installation conference shall be held in the fire pump room (or its planned location) before installation begins and shall include the installing fire protection Contractor, the electrical Contractor, the controller manufacturer's representative, the pump manufacturer's representative, the AHJ where the AHJ chooses to attend, and the General Contractor.
+### The pump manufacturer's authorized representative shall be present at the field acceptance test and shall confirm in writing that the assembly has been installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and its listing.
−### The conference shall confirm room dimensions and clearances, the location and rating of the electrical service to the pump room, the routing of fuel oil supply and return piping and the location of the day tank (diesel), the ventilation arrangement, the floor drain location, and the planned date of the field acceptance test.
+### The engine manufacturer's authorized representative shall be present at the startup and field acceptance test of a diesel-driven pump.
−### Meeting minutes shall be distributed to all attendees within five business days.
+## Pre-Installation Conference {toc}
−# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+### A pre-installation conference shall be held at the pump room before the pump is set, attended by the fire protection contractor, the electrical contractor, the pump manufacturer's representative, the controller manufacturer's representative, the General Contractor, and, where the Authority Having Jurisdiction elects to attend, its representative.
−## Pump Room Ambient Conditions {toc}
+### The conference agenda shall cover the pump room dimensions and clearances, the pad and grouting procedure, the suction piping arrangement against the reviewed drawing, the electrical service to the pump room and the routing of the fire pump feeder, the fuel tank location and the fuel piping route for a diesel engine, the ventilation openings, the floor drain, the test header discharge location, and the planned date of the field acceptance test.
−### The fire pump room shall be maintained at an ambient temperature not less than 40°F (4°C) at all times, in accordance with NFPA 20.
+### Minutes of the conference shall be distributed to all attendees and to the Engineer of Record within five business days.
−### For diesel-driven pumps, the room shall be maintained at not less than 70°F (21°C) where the engine manufacturer requires that minimum temperature for reliable cold start without external engine heaters, or alternatively shall be provided with engine block heaters that achieve and maintain the engine manufacturer's required pre-start jacket temperature.
+# Application and Water Supply {toc}
−### Cold ambient temperatures are a leading cause of diesel pump starting failures during fire conditions, and the room temperature requirement shall not be waived.
+## Served Systems and Pump Arrangement {toc}
−### Pump Room Temperature Setpoint {toc}
+### The systems the fire pump serves and the demand it is sized for shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the fire protection riser diagram]].
−```datasheet
−label: Pump Room Minimum Ambient Temperature
−type: range
−unit: °F
−options:
− min: 40
− max: 80
− setpoints: [40, 50, 60, 70, 80]
−default: 70
−```
+### The fire pump arrangement shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−### The pump room shall be ventilated to remove heat from the running pump and driver and, for diesel pumps, to provide combustion air for the engine and to dilute crankcase blow-by and exhaust leakage.
−
−### Ventilation rate shall be calculated by the engine manufacturer for diesel-driven units and shall comply with NFPA 20 Chapter 11.
−
−### Louvers and dampers in ventilation openings shall be of fail-open construction, remaining open under loss of power so that combustion air is available even when the building electrical system is impaired.
−
−### Ventilation Method Selection {toc}
−
```datasheet
−label: Fire Pump Room Ventilation Method
−type: radio
+label: Fire Pump Arrangement
+type: select
options:
− - "Natural ventilation through fail-open louvers (electric pumps only)"
− - "Mechanical ventilation with fail-open dampers (electric pumps, large rooms)"
− - "Engine-mounted radiator with full forced-air ventilation per engine manufacturer (diesel pumps)"
− - "Heat exchanger with raw water cooling and minimal ventilation (diesel pumps with adequate cooling water)"
−default: "Engine-mounted radiator with full forced-air ventilation per engine manufacturer (diesel pumps)"
+ - "Single fire pump"
+ - "Two fire pumps in parallel, each rated for the full demand"
+ - "Two or more fire pumps in parallel, each rated for a share of the demand"
+ - "Fire pumps in series, each serving a pressure zone"
+default: "Single fire pump"
```
−## Pump Room Fire Resistance {toc}
+### A single pump meets the demand of most buildings, and a redundant pump is an insurer's or an Owner's decision rather than a code requirement in ordinary occupancies. Pumps in parallel share a demand that no single listed pump can meet, or provide a second pump so that one can be out of service; pumps in series stack pressure for a tall building whose lower zone components cannot carry the pressure the upper zone needs, and NFPA 20 requires that the second pump in a series arrangement be able to start on the discharge of the first. {note}
−### The fire pump room shall be enclosed with construction having a fire resistance rating not less than that required by NFPA 20 for the building type and pump arrangement, generally 2 hours for high-rise buildings and 1 hour for other buildings.
+### Where more than one fire pump is installed, each pump shall have its own controller, its own suction and discharge control valves, and its own relief valve where one is required, and the pumps shall be arranged so that any one pump can be isolated for maintenance without interrupting the supply from the others.
−### Where the pump room is located on the exterior of the building or in a separate pump house, the fire resistance requirement may be reduced; the Engineer of Record shall confirm with the AHJ.
+### Where fire pumps are installed in series, the arrangement shall comply with NFPA 20 for series pumping, including the interlock that prevents the second pump from starting against a closed suction and the signals both controllers send.
−### Penetrations through the pump room boundary shall be firestopped with listed firestop systems matching the rating of the enclosure.
+## Suction Supply {toc}
−### Pump Room Rating Selection {toc}
+### The suction supply type shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
```datasheet
−label: Pump Room Fire Resistance Rating
+label: Suction Supply Type
type: select
−unit: hours
−drawing_ref: true
+drawing_ref: "the fire protection riser diagram"
options:
− - "1 hour (low-rise buildings, interior pump room)"
− - "2 hours (high-rise buildings, interior pump room)"
− - "Detached pump house — rating per IBC and AHJ"
−default: "2 hours (high-rise buildings, interior pump room)"
+ - "Public water main through a private fire service main"
+ - "Private fire service main from an on-site source"
+ - "Ground-level or aboveground suction tank"
+ - "Elevated gravity tank"
+ - "Break tank fed from a public main"
+ - "Open reservoir, pond, or wet pit"
+ - "Well"
+default: deferred
```
−## Seismic Requirements {toc}
+### A public main delivers a positive suction pressure that falls as the flow rises, so the pump is selected to the residual pressure at 150 percent of rated flow, and a main that cannot hold that residual needs a break tank or a tank supply. A suction tank with its base at or above the pump centerline floods the suction and is the most reliable supply a horizontal pump can have; an open reservoir, a wet pit, or a well sits below the pump and is served by a vertical turbine pump that needs no suction lift. A break tank decouples the pump from a public main the water utility will not allow a pump to draw on directly, at the cost of a tank, its refill valve, and its level supervision. {note}
−### Fire pumps, drivers, controllers, fuel oil tanks, and connected piping shall be seismically restrained in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7 nonstructural component provisions and the project's Seismic Design Category.
+### The water supply data on which the pump selection is based shall be obtained from a flow test conducted in accordance with NFPA 291 at or near the point of connection not more than 12 months before the date of the pump submittal, or, for a tank supply, from the tank capacity, the low water elevation, and the suction piping losses as indicated on [[drawing: the fire protection riser diagram]].
−### The fire pump assembly is classified as a designated seismic system under ASCE 7 because it is required by code to function during and after an earthquake; this triggers higher seismic design forces and a requirement that the equipment be qualified by either shake-table testing or experience data. {note}
+### The suction pressure at the pump inlet shall not fall below 0 psi at 150 percent of rated flow, except that where the supply is a suction tank with its base at or above the pump centerline, NFPA 20 permits the suction pressure at 150 percent of rated flow to fall to the negative value it states.
−### Fire pump assemblies provided with manufacturer-published seismic certification shall be installed using the certified mounting and connection methods.
+### A centrifugal fire pump other than a vertical turbine pump shall not be installed where it would operate under a suction lift.
−### Seismic Design Category Selection {toc}
+### The flow test that sizes the pump is the single input nobody can verify after the pump is installed, and a test taken on a different main, at a different time of year, or more than a year before submittal is the usual reason a pump that passed its factory test cannot reach 150 percent of rated flow in the field. {note}
−```datasheet
−label: Seismic Design Category
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "A or B — minimal seismic restraint required"
− - "C — standard seismic restraint required"
− - "D — enhanced seismic restraint and component certification required"
− - "E or F — full seismic certification and inspection required"
−default: "D — enhanced seismic restraint and component certification required"
−```
+### Where the suction supply is a tank, the tank capacity shall be sufficient for the system demand at the duration the served system standard requires, and the tank shall be refilled at the rate and under the control that NFPA 20 and NFPA 22 require for the arrangement.
−# Design Basis {toc}
+### Where the suction supply is a break tank, the tank shall be sized and refilled in accordance with NFPA 20 for break tanks, and the refill shall be supervised so that a low water level is signaled to the fire alarm system.
−## Rated Capacity {toc}
+## Foam System Water Supply {toc}
−### The pump rated capacity is the flow at the rated total head, defined at the design point on the pump curve, and is the basis against which all NFPA 20 acceptance criteria are applied. {note}
+### Requirements in this article apply where the fire pump serves a foam-water sprinkler system, a foam-water spray system, or a foam system as the water supply for the foam solution.
−### The fire pump shall be sized so that it can deliver not less than 150% of rated capacity at not less than 65% of rated head, and the churn pressure (no-flow shutoff head) shall not exceed 140% of rated head.
+### Where the fire pump serves a foam system, the pump shall be rated for the water demand of the foam solution at the pressure the proportioning equipment requires at its inlet, as indicated on [[drawing: the foam system hydraulic calculations]].
−### These three points — churn at 100% flow, rated at 100% flow, and 150% capacity at minimum 65% of rated head — are the NFPA 20 performance envelope that every centrifugal fire pump must satisfy. {note}
+### The pump shall handle water only, and the concentrate, the proportioner, the concentrate pump where one is used, and the discharge devices shall be furnished under [[sync/foam-fire-suppression]].
−### The required rated capacity is determined by the hydraulic demand of the served system at the design area, plus any hose stream allowance, applied at the most hydraulically remote portion of the system.
+### Where the proportioner is a balanced-pressure or in-line type that draws its pressure from the fire pump discharge, the pump selection shall account for the pressure the proportioner consumes, and the rated pressure shall be established with the proportioner in the hydraulic calculation.
−### The Engineer of Record shall calculate the demand and confirm that the pump rated capacity equals or exceeds the demand at the design pressure required to overcome system static head and friction loss back to the available pressure at the pump suction.
+### A foam system demands water at an inlet pressure the proportioner sets, which is usually higher than a sprinkler system on the same main would need, and a foam system shared with a sprinkler system is sized for both demands flowing at once where the hazard analysis under [[sync/foam-fire-suppression]] requires it. {note}
−### Rated Capacity Selection {toc}
+# Pump Rating {toc}
+## Rated Flow and Rated Pressure {toc}
+
+### The fire pump shall be rated at the flow indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Pump Rated Capacity
+label: Rated Flow
type: range
unit: gpm
−drawing_ref: true
+drawing_ref: "the fire pump schedule on the fire protection drawings"
options:
min: 25
max: 5000
− setpoints: [25, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 5000]
−default: 1000
+ setpoints: [25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 450, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000]
+default: deferred
+constraint: exact
```
−### NFPA 20 lists the standard rated capacities for listed centrifugal fire pumps at 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 450, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, and 5000 gpm. {note}
+### The fire pump shall be rated at the net pressure indicated in the datasheet.
−### The Contractor shall not specify a non-listed flow rating; the pump shall be selected at a standard capacity that meets or exceeds the calculated demand.
−
−### Selecting a pump rated higher than the demand is preferred to selecting one that is exactly equal, because the larger pump provides a safety margin and operates closer to its best efficiency point during the typical partial-flow alarm conditions. {note}
−
−## Rated Pressure (Total Head) {toc}
−
−### The pump rated total head is the increase in pressure that the pump produces at rated flow, expressed in psi (more common in US fire protection practice than the engineering convention of feet of head). {note}
−### The required rated head is the difference between the pressure required at the base of the riser plus all friction losses in the discharge piping back to the pump, and the available pressure at the pump suction flange under design flow conditions. {note}
−
−### Rated Total Head Selection {toc}
−
```datasheet
−label: Pump Rated Total Head
+label: Rated Net Pressure
type: range
unit: psi
−drawing_ref: true
+drawing_ref: "the fire pump schedule on the fire protection drawings"
options:
min: 40
− max: 400
− setpoints: [40, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400]
−default: 125
+ max: 500
+ step: 5
+default: deferred
+constraint: exact
```
−### The combination of rated capacity and rated head determines the pump's brake horsepower requirement at the design point and at the 150% flow / 65% head point that NFPA 20 acceptance testing requires the driver to satisfy. {note}
+### The rated flow shall be one of the standard capacities NFPA 20 lists for centrifugal fire pumps, selected at or above the system demand, including the hose stream allowance, at the hydraulically most remote point of the served system.
−### The driver shall be sized to deliver the brake horsepower required at the 150% point without overload; for electric motors this drives the motor horsepower selection, and for diesel engines this drives the engine selection.
+### The rated net pressure shall be the pressure the pump adds at rated flow, established by the hydraulic calculation as the pressure required at the base of the served system plus the friction loss through the discharge piping and trim, less the residual suction pressure at rated flow.
−### The driver's nameplate rating shall not be confused with the brake horsepower it actually produces — engines and motors deliver less than nameplate under non-standard conditions, and the listed assembly shall satisfy 150% flow at the actual site conditions.
+### The rated flow and rated net pressure shall be established by the Engineer of Record and shall not be increased by the Contractor or the pump supplier as a margin.
−## Churn (Shutoff) Pressure {toc}
+### Fire pump ratings are stated at the rated point, but the system is usually served somewhere else on the curve: a sprinkler demand below the rated flow rides up the curve toward churn, and a hose stream demand above it rides out toward the 150 percent point. Selecting the next standard capacity above the demand rather than the one nearest it buys pressure at the overload point, where a pump that is exactly matched has none to spare after the suction pressure drops. {note}
−### Churn pressure is the pressure produced by the pump at zero flow, sometimes called the shutoff head. {note}
+### Fire pumps are rated in psi of net pressure rather than in feet of head, because the served system is calculated in psi and the controller pressure switches are set in psi; the manufacturer's curve carries both scales and the two are read on the same water. {note}
−### Under NFPA 20, churn pressure shall not exceed 140% of rated pressure.
+## Performance Envelope {toc}
−### Excessive churn pressure indicates a pump curve that is too steep at the low-flow end and creates two problems: it may overpressure downstream piping and components rated at the system working pressure, and it tends to cause hunting of the jockey pump or repeated short-cycling of the fire pump itself in response to normal system pressure fluctuations. {note}
+### The pump shall deliver not less than 150 percent of rated flow at not less than 65 percent of rated net pressure.
−### Where the churn pressure cannot be limited to 140% of rated, an automatic main relief valve shall be installed on the discharge to limit downstream pressure.
+### The net pressure at shutoff shall not exceed 140 percent of rated net pressure.
−### Maximum Churn Pressure Selection {toc}
+### The certified curve shall rise continuously from the 150 percent point to shutoff with no point of inflection where two flows produce the same pressure.
+### The 65 percent point is what lets a fire pump supply hose streams the sprinkler demand did not plan for, and the 140 percent limit at shutoff is what keeps the pump from overpressuring the served system when it starts against a closed system, which it does at every start. Between those two limits NFPA 20 leaves the shape of the curve to the manufacturer, which is why the same rating from two manufacturers can differ by 20 psi at churn. {note}
+
+### The rated speed of the pump shall be the speed at which the certified curve is plotted, and for a diesel engine driver it shall be the governed speed of the engine with the engine at rated load.
+
+## Discharge Pressure at Churn {toc}
+
+### The discharge pressure at churn shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Maximum Allowable Churn Pressure
+label: Discharge Pressure at Churn
type: range
−unit: '% of rated head'
+unit: psi
+derived: "the pump net pressure at shutoff added to the maximum static suction pressure, taken from [[parameter: site-water-supply-pressure-maximum]] for a main supply or from the full tank elevation for a tank supply"
options:
− min: 100
− max: 140
− setpoints: [100, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140]
−default: 140
+ min: 50
+ max: 600
+ step: 5
+default: derived
+constraint: max
```
−## Suction Supply Source {toc}
+### Every component downstream of the pump, including the discharge check valve, the discharge control valve, the piping and fittings, and the components of the served system at every elevation, shall be rated for the discharge pressure at churn at that elevation.
−### The pump suction supply shall be one of: a public water main of adequate capacity, a private fire service main fed from a public source, a gravity tank above the pump elevation, a pressure tank (limited applications), or a suction tank at or below the pump elevation (vertical turbine pumps only, where the pump shaft extends into the supply tank or sump).
+### Where the discharge pressure at churn exceeds the rating of any downstream component, a main relief valve shall be provided under this standard, or the component rating shall be raised, as the Engineer of Record directs.
−### The available suction pressure, including the worst-case pressure under design flow, determines the pump rated head and influences the selection of pump type — vertical turbine pumps are required where suction is below the pump elevation because horizontal pumps cannot reliably draw suction lift on a fire pump assembly. {note}
+### The discharge pressure at churn is the highest pressure the pump can produce in service, and it is reached at every start, since the pump starts against a closed system and runs at churn until a sprinkler or a hose valve opens. A public main at its highest static pressure, a pump with a curve that rises steeply to shutoff, and a sprinkler system built with components rated for 175 psi is the combination that most often requires either a relief valve or a higher pressure class downstream. {note}
−### Suction Supply Source Selection {toc}
+# Pump Construction {toc}
+## Pump Type {toc}
+
+### The fire pump shall be of the type indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Suction Supply Source
+label: Pump Type
type: select
−drawing_ref: true
options:
− - "Public water main (positive pressure under flow)"
− - "Private fire service main from public source"
− - "Gravity tank (elevated storage)"
− - "Pressure tank (limited application per NFPA 20)"
− - "Suction tank at or below pump elevation (vertical turbine pump required)"
−default: "Public water main (positive pressure under flow)"
+ - "Horizontal split-case"
+ - "End-suction"
+ - "Vertical in-line"
+ - "Multistage multiport"
+ - "Vertical turbine"
```
−### Suction pressure at design flow shall be confirmed by hydrant flow test in accordance with NFPA 291.
+### The pump type carries no default, because it follows from the suction supply, the rating, and the room. A horizontal split-case pump has a double-suction impeller that balances axial thrust, a casing that opens for inspection without disturbing the piping, and the widest range of listed ratings, at the cost of the largest footprint and a suction piping arrangement that is sensitive to elbows near the suction flange. An end-suction pump is the compact and economical choice at the smaller ratings, with a single-suction impeller that carries its thrust on the bearings. A vertical in-line pump hangs in the piping with its motor above the casing and takes the least floor area of any horizontal-supply arrangement, with the motor coming off to reach the impeller. A multistage multiport pump carries several discharge ports at different pressures from one driver and serves several pressure zones in a tall building from one pump where NFPA 20 permits it. A vertical turbine pump is the only configuration for a supply below the pump, and it is selected wherever the water surface sits below the pump room floor. {note}
−### Where the water supply curve under design flow conditions falls below the pump's minimum allowable suction pressure (which for most listed pumps shall not be less than 0 psig at the suction flange, and shall never be negative — that is, the pump shall not be operated under suction lift conditions other than by vertical turbine pumps designed for it), the Engineer shall provide a suction tank, a booster arrangement, or a different pump configuration.
+### Where the suction supply type selected is an open reservoir, pond, wet pit, or well, the pump type shall be vertical turbine.
−### Available Suction Pressure Selection {toc}
+### Where the pump type selected is a multistage multiport pump, each port shall be rated and listed for the flow and pressure of the zone it serves, and the requirements of NFPA 20 for multistage multiport pumps shall apply.
+### The pump shall be of the materials, rotation, and connection arrangement shown on the reviewed piping arrangement drawing, and a pump furnished with suction or discharge connections in a different position from the one drawn shall be replaced at the Contractor's expense.
+
+## Casing and Impeller Materials {toc}
+
+### The pump casing shall be of the material indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Available Suction Pressure at Design Flow
−type: range
−unit: psi
−drawing_ref: true
+label: Pump Casing Material
+type: select
options:
− min: 0
− max: 100
− setpoints: [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100]
−default: 20
+ - "Cast iron"
+ - "Ductile iron"
+ - "Bronze"
+ - "Stainless steel"
+default: "Cast iron"
```
+### Cast iron casings shall conform to ASTM A48 of the class the listing requires, ductile iron casings to ASTM A536, and bronze casings to ASTM B584.
+
+### The impeller shall be of the material indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Minimum Suction Pressure at 150% Rated Flow
−type: range
−unit: psi
+label: Pump Impeller Material
+type: radio
options:
− min: 0
− max: 50
− setpoints: [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50]
−default: 0
+ - "Bronze"
+ - "Stainless steel"
+default: "Bronze"
```
−# Pump Configuration {toc}
+### A cast iron casing with a bronze impeller, bronze wear rings, and a bronze shaft sleeve is the listed construction of nearly every fire pump on fresh water, and it is stable in that service because the large iron casing is the anode in the galvanic pair and the current density on it stays low. Ductile iron buys casing strength at the higher pressure classes and is what the listing specifies for some high-pressure ratings. Bronze and stainless steel casings and stainless impellers are selected where the suction supply is seawater, brackish water, or a reservoir whose water carries sand or a chemistry that attacks iron and bronze, which is a question answered by the water analysis rather than by preference. {note}
−## Pump Type {toc}
+### Where the suction supply is seawater, brackish water, or water the Engineer of Record identifies as corrosive, the wetted materials shall be selected for that water and stated in the submittal with the water analysis on which the selection is based.
−### The pump type is selected based on the suction supply arrangement, the available pump room dimensions, the rated capacity, and the rated head. {note}
−### Each configuration has a defined application envelope, and selecting a pump outside that envelope produces a system that will not pass field acceptance testing. {note}
+### Wear rings shall be renewable, secured against rotation, and of a material that does not gall against its mating ring.
−### Pump Type Selection {toc}
+### The impeller shall be keyed to the shaft, secured against loosening in the direction of rotation, and dynamically balanced.
+## Shaft Seal, Bearings, and Baseplate {toc}
+
+### The shaft seal shall be of the arrangement indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Pump Type
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
+label: Shaft Seal Arrangement
+type: radio
options:
− - "Horizontal split-case (in-line shaft, double-suction impeller)"
− - "Vertical in-line (compact footprint, single-suction)"
− - "End-suction (horizontal, single-suction, smaller capacities)"
− - "Vertical turbine (line-shaft, for suction below pump elevation)"
−default: "Horizontal split-case (in-line shaft, double-suction impeller)"
+ - "Packed stuffing box with lantern ring"
+ - "Mechanical seal"
+default: "Packed stuffing box with lantern ring"
```
−### Horizontal Split-Case Pumps {toc}
+### A packed stuffing box is the listed construction on most fire pumps because it needs a controlled drip to cool the packing and that drip is harmless in a pump room with a floor drain, and because packing that fails leaks rather than seizing. A mechanical seal keeps the pump dry and is selected where the pump room cannot tolerate a drip or where the Owner's maintenance staff will not maintain packing; it is also the construction some vertical in-line listings carry. {note}
−#### Horizontal split-case pumps are the dominant choice for medium-to-large fire pumps (typically 500 gpm and above) where positive suction pressure is available. {note}
−#### The casing splits horizontally to permit inspection and removal of the rotating assembly without disturbing the suction or discharge piping. {note}
−#### The double-suction impeller is hydraulically balanced, which reduces axial thrust and extends bearing life. {note}
−#### Horizontal split-case pumps require a horizontal floor footprint roughly twice the diameter of the impeller. {note}
+### Where a packed stuffing box is furnished, the packing gland shall be adjustable from outside the casing, and the drip shall be collected and piped to the floor drain.
−### Vertical In-Line Pumps {toc}
+### A renewable shaft sleeve shall be provided through the stuffing box or seal chamber.
−#### Vertical in-line pumps are compact, single-suction designs in which the motor sits directly above the pump casing on a common shaft. {note}
−#### They are useful where floor space is limited and where the rated capacity is moderate (typically up to 1500 gpm at moderate head). {note}
−#### They are easier to install in tight pump rooms because they require less floor area, but maintenance access to the impeller requires removing the motor. {note}
+### Bearings shall be antifriction bearings selected for the radial and axial loads the pump develops across its listed operating range, with a rating life not less than the value the listing and ANSI/HI 14.6 require for fire pump service, and shall be regreasable through fittings accessible without removing the coupling guard.
−### End-Suction Pumps {toc}
+### A horizontal pump and its driver shall be mounted on a common steel baseplate with a grout dam, leveling provisions, and anchor bolt holes, furnished by the pump manufacturer, and the pump and driver shall be aligned on the baseplate at the factory.
−#### End-suction pumps are horizontal single-suction units commonly used at the smaller end of the fire pump range (250 gpm to 1000 gpm) and where the rated head is modest. {note}
−#### They are economical and easy to maintain but are less common for medium and large capacity fire pumps because the single-suction impeller produces axial thrust that limits bearing life under the demanding fire pump duty cycle. {note}
+### The coupling between the pump and the driver shall be a flexible coupling of the type the listing permits, with a guard that complies with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.219 and that leaves the shaft visible for a speed reading.
−### Vertical Turbine Pumps {toc}
+### Vibration of the assembled pump and driver at the field acceptance test shall not exceed the limits of ANSI/HI 9.6.4 for the pump type and speed.
−#### Vertical turbine pumps are line-shaft pumps used where the suction supply is below the pump elevation — for example, where the supply is a buried suction tank, a stream, or a tank with insufficient elevation to provide positive suction at the discharge head. {note}
−#### The pump bowls and impellers are submerged in the water and connected to a discharge head and driver at the surface by a vertical line shaft. {note}
+## Vertical Turbine Fire Pumps {toc}
−#### Vertical turbine pumps shall comply with FM 1312 in addition to UL 448.
+### Requirements in this article apply where the pump type selected is vertical turbine.
−#### Where a vertical turbine pump is used, the Contractor shall provide the column pipe, line shaft, discharge head, and any sump or suction barrel arrangement in accordance with NFPA 20 Chapter 7.
+### The vertical turbine fire pump shall be listed to UL 448 for vertical turbine fire pumps and shall comply with NFPA 20 for vertical shaft turbine-type pumps, including the submergence, the bowl setting, the suction strainer, and the wet pit or well arrangement.
−## Number of Stages {toc}
+### The pump shall be furnished complete with the bowl assembly, the suction strainer, the column pipe, the line shaft and its bearings, the discharge head, the stuffing box or seal, the driver with its thrust bearing, and, for a diesel engine driver, the right-angle gear drive listed for fire pump service.
−### Pump Stages Selection {toc}
+### The line shaft lubrication shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
```datasheet
−label: Pump Stages
+label: Line Shaft Lubrication
type: radio
options:
− - "Single-stage (single impeller)"
− - "Multi-stage (multiple impellers in series — required for high head, low flow applications)"
−default: "Single-stage (single impeller)"
+ - "Water-lubricated open line shaft"
+ - "Oil-lubricated enclosed line shaft"
```
−### Single-stage pumps are standard for the majority of fire pump applications; multi-stage pumps are used where the required rated head exceeds what a single impeller can develop at the rated capacity, typically when rated head exceeds 250 psi. {note}
+### An open line shaft is lubricated by the water the pump lifts, so it needs no oil supply and no oil in the water, and it is the arrangement for a clean supply and a short setting. An enclosed line shaft runs its bearings in oil inside a tube, so it tolerates water carrying sand or silt and the long settings of a deep well, at the cost of an oil reservoir, a solenoid-operated oil feed that opens on start, and a small discharge of oil into the water on every run. The water quality and the setting depth decide between them, which is why the field carries no default. {note}
−### Multi-stage pumps are more sensitive to suction conditions and shall be provided with careful arrangement of the suction piping.
+### The submergence of the bowl assembly below the lowest water level, the bowl setting, and the sump or well dimensions shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the fire pump section on the fire protection drawings]].
−## Pump Materials {toc}
+### The wet pit shall be designed and the suction strainer sized in accordance with NFPA 20, and the manufacturer shall review the pit dimensions against the pump before the pump is released for manufacture.
−### Pump casing material shall be cast iron or ductile iron for normal fresh water fire service.
+### Where the driver is a diesel engine, the engine shall drive the pump through a listed right-angle gear drive sized for the pump thrust and the engine power, and the engine shall be rated for the gear drive losses in addition to the pump brake horsepower.
−### Where the pump suction supply contains seawater, brackish water, or other corrosive water, bronze or stainless steel internals shall be specified, in accordance with the pump manufacturer's recommendation for the water analysis.
+### The vertical hollow-shaft motor or the gear drive shall carry the full hydraulic thrust of the pump plus the weight of the rotating element, and the thrust bearing rating shall be stated in the submittal.
−### Impellers shall be bronze unless the water chemistry requires stainless steel.
−
−### Pump Material Selection {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Pump Casing Material
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Cast iron (standard for fresh water service)"
− - "Ductile iron (heavy-duty fresh water service)"
− - "Bronze-fitted (corrosive or brackish water)"
− - "Stainless steel internals (seawater or aggressive water)"
−default: "Cast iron (standard for fresh water service)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Pump Impeller Material
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Bronze (standard)"
− - "Stainless steel (corrosive water or aggressive chemistry)"
−default: "Bronze (standard)"
−```
−
# Driver {toc}
## Driver Type {toc}
−### The fire pump driver shall be either an electric motor or a diesel engine.
+### The fire pump driver shall be of the type indicated in the datasheet.
−### The driver choice is determined by the reliability of the electric power supply, the building's emergency power arrangement, and Owner preference; electric drivers are simpler to install and maintain, have no fuel storage requirement, and respond instantly to start signals, while diesel drivers are independent of the building electrical system entirely and remain available during a utility outage that takes the electric pump offline. {note}
−
−### Driver Type Selection {toc}
−
```datasheet
label: Fire Pump Driver Type
type: radio
−drawing_ref: true
options:
- "Electric motor"
- "Diesel engine"
− - "Combined — primary electric with diesel backup pump"
−default: "Electric motor"
```
−### NFPA 20 permits an electric driver alone only where the building has a reliable power source as defined by the standard.
+### The driver type carries no default because it is decided by the reliability of the electric supply at the site, which NFPA 20 requires the Engineer of Record to evaluate, and by what the Owner is prepared to maintain. An electric motor starts in seconds, needs no fuel, cooling water, exhaust, or batteries, and costs less to buy and to house, and it is the usual driver wherever the utility service meets the reliability test of NFPA 20 or an alternate source can be provided. A diesel engine runs through any failure of the building electrical system and needs no Article 695 feeder, at the cost of a fuel tank in or near the pump room, an exhaust, combustion and cooling air, two battery sets, a weekly run, and a room that has to stay warm; it is the driver where the electric supply cannot be made reliable or where the Owner or the insurer will not depend on the electric supply for the fire pump. {note}
−### Where the electric service does not satisfy the reliability test of NFPA 20 Section 9.3, either a diesel-driven backup pump shall be provided, the electric pump shall be supplied from two utility sources or one utility plus a listed on-site generator, or the pump shall be diesel-driven outright.
+### The Engineer of Record shall document the reliability evaluation of the electric supply on which the driver selection rests, in accordance with NFPA 20, and shall submit it with the action submittals.
−### The Engineer of Record shall document the basis for the driver selection and the reliability evaluation in the design narrative.
+### The driver shall be sized so that the brake horsepower required at every point on the certified curve, from shutoff through 150 percent of rated flow, is within the rating stated in this standard for the driver type.
−## Electric Motor {toc}
+### The driver shall reach rated speed within the time NFPA 20 allows for its type after the controller starts it.
−### Where the driver is an electric motor, the motor shall comply with NEMA MG 1, shall be specifically listed for fire pump service per UL 448 / FM 1321/1323, and shall have the horsepower rating required to drive the pump at 150% of rated flow without overload.
+## Electric Motor Driver {toc}
−### Motors shall be of the squirrel-cage induction type, with Class F or higher insulation, and shall be sized so that the service factor is not relied upon to deliver the rated power.
+### Requirements in this article apply where the driver type selected is an electric motor.
−### Two-pole high-speed motors (3600 rpm nominal) and four-pole motors (1800 rpm nominal) are both common in fire pump service; the speed is selected by the pump manufacturer to match the pump curve. {note}
+### The motor shall be a squirrel-cage induction motor listed to UL 1004-5 for fire pump service, shall conform to NEMA MG 1, and shall comply with [[sync/electric-motors]] for construction, insulation, bearings, and nameplate except where this standard or the motor's listing states otherwise.
−### Electric Motor Voltage and Horsepower Selection {toc}
+### The motor shall be rated for the voltage indicated in the datasheet.
```datasheet
−label: Electric Motor Voltage
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
+label: Fire Pump Motor Voltage
+type: range
+unit: V
+drawing_ref: "the electrical one-line diagram"
options:
− - "200V, 3-phase, 60 Hz"
− - "208V, 3-phase, 60 Hz"
− - "230V, 3-phase, 60 Hz"
− - "460V, 3-phase, 60 Hz (standard for mid-to-large pumps)"
− - "575V, 3-phase, 60 Hz"
− - "2300V, 3-phase, 60 Hz (medium voltage, large pumps)"
− - "4160V, 3-phase, 60 Hz (medium voltage, large pumps)"
−default: "460V, 3-phase, 60 Hz (standard for mid-to-large pumps)"
+ min: 200
+ max: 4160
+ setpoints: [200, 208, 230, 460, 575, 2300, 4160]
+default: deferred
+constraint: exact
```
+### The motor shall be three-phase unless the electrical drawings indicate a single-phase supply and the pump listing offers a single-phase motor for the rating.
+
+### The motor horsepower shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Electric Motor Horsepower
+label: Fire Pump Motor Horsepower
type: range
−unit: HP
−drawing_ref: true
+unit: hp
+derived: "the highest brake horsepower on the certified curve from shutoff through 150 percent of rated flow, applied under the service factor policy selected in this article, rounded up to the next NEMA standard rating"
options:
min: 5
max: 500
− setpoints: [5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500]
−default: 75
+ setpoints: [5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500]
+default: derived
+constraint: exact
```
−### The motor horsepower shall be selected to the next standard NEMA rating at or above the maximum brake horsepower required at any point on the pump curve, including the 150% flow / 65% head point.
+### The use of the motor service factor in sizing the motor shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−### The motor service factor (typically 1.15) shall not be used to absorb steady-state brake horsepower at any operating point; under NFPA 20, the motor shall not overload at 150% rated flow without using the service factor.
−
−### Electric Motor Enclosure Selection {toc}
−
```datasheet
−label: Electric Motor Enclosure
+label: Motor Service Factor Use in Driver Sizing
type: radio
options:
− - "Open drip-proof (ODP) — clean indoor pump room only"
− - "Totally enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC) — standard for fire pump service"
− - "Totally enclosed non-ventilated (TENV) — sealed mechanical room"
−default: "Totally enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC) — standard for fire pump service"
+ - "Brake horsepower at every curve point within the nameplate horsepower"
+ - "Brake horsepower at every curve point within the nameplate horsepower times the service factor, as NFPA 20 permits"
```
−## Diesel Engine {toc}
+### NFPA 20 permits the motor to be loaded into its service factor at any point on the curve, and most listed assemblies are sized that way, which puts the motor at or above nameplate load at the 150 percent point and lets the pump supplier furnish the smaller motor. Holding every point within nameplate buys cooler windings, a motor that tolerates the low voltage at the end of a long feeder, and a horsepower step that is sometimes free when the next standard rating is close; it costs a larger motor, a larger controller, and a larger feeder. The two policies produce different motors on the same pump, which is why the choice is recorded here and the horsepower follows from it. {note}
−### Where the driver is a diesel engine, the engine shall be listed for fire pump service per UL 1247, shall be of the compression-ignition four-stroke type, and shall be rated for the brake horsepower required at the pump's 150% rated flow / 65% rated head point at the maximum elevation and ambient temperature of the installation.
+### Where the motor is served by a reduced-voltage or variable-speed starting method furnished under [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]], the motor shall be listed for that starting method and, for a variable-speed pressure-limiting controller, shall be rated for inverter duty under NEMA MG 1 Part 31.
−### Engine ratings are corrected to standard SAE J1349 conditions; field installations at high altitude or in hot pump rooms shall use the engine manufacturer's de-rated curve to confirm that the installed engine has adequate power.
+### The motor enclosure shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
−### Diesel Engine Cooling Selection {toc}
−
```datasheet
−label: Diesel Engine Cooling
−type: radio
+label: Fire Pump Motor Enclosure
+type: select
options:
− - "Engine-mounted radiator with electric fan (most common, requires generous ventilation)"
− - "Heat exchanger with raw water cooling (requires reliable cooling water source)"
− - "Closed-loop cooling with skid-mounted radiator and remote air cooler"
−default: "Engine-mounted radiator with electric fan (most common, requires generous ventilation)"
+ - "Open drip-proof, ODP"
+ - "Totally enclosed fan-cooled, TEFC"
+ - "Totally enclosed nonventilated, TENV"
+ - "Weather-protected Type I, WP-I"
+ - "Explosionproof"
+default: "Open drip-proof, ODP"
```
−### Heat exchanger cooling draws cooling water from the pump discharge through a heat exchanger and returns it to a wasteline; it is simpler than radiator cooling and requires less ventilation but consumes water from the fire protection supply during pump operation, whereas radiator cooling is self-contained and is the dominant choice for new installations where the pump room has adequate ventilation. {note}
+### Where the motor is installed in a pump house open to weather or outdoors under a listed enclosure, the motor enclosure shall be totally enclosed fan-cooled or weather-protected Type I.
−### Diesel Engine Brake Horsepower Selection {toc}
+### Where the motor is installed in a location classified under NFPA 70, the motor enclosure shall be explosionproof and listed for the class, division, and group of that location.
−```datasheet
−label: Diesel Engine Brake Horsepower
−type: range
−unit: BHP
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− min: 25
− max: 700
− setpoints: [25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700]
−default: 150
−```
+### An open drip-proof motor is the listed offering on most fire pump assemblies because the pump room is a dry, conditioned, dedicated space, and the open frame runs cooler for its size and tolerates the locked-rotor heating of a stalled start better than an enclosed frame. A totally enclosed motor keeps the winding away from the room air and is selected where the room is dusty, damp, or shared with other equipment, or where the pump sits in a pump house that is not sealed from the weather; a weather-protected motor is the vertical hollow-shaft construction a vertical turbine pump carries outdoors. {note}
−### The diesel engine shall have two independent starting battery sets per NFPA 20, each capable of starting the engine without the other.
+### The motor shall be de-rated for [[parameter: altitude]] and for the pump room temperature in accordance with NEMA MG 1 where the installation exceeds the conditions at which the motor is rated.
−### Each battery set shall be supervised by the controller for state of charge, and the controller shall automatically switch between the two battery sets so that both are exercised.
+## Diesel Engine Driver {toc}
−### Loss of either battery set shall generate a supervisory signal at the fire alarm system.
+### Requirements in this article apply where the driver type selected is a diesel engine.
−### Battery state of charge shall be maintained by a controller-mounted battery charger that complies with UL 1247.
+### The engine shall be a compression-ignition engine listed to UL 1247 for fire pump service, furnished with the governor, the overspeed shutdown, the instrument panel, the jacket water heater, the starting system, and the engine-mounted fuel pump, filters, and lines that the listing includes.
−### Starting Battery Configuration Selection {toc}
+### The engine shall be rated at the pump speed to deliver not less than the highest brake horsepower on the certified curve from shutoff through 150 percent of rated flow, after the deductions NFPA 20 requires for [[parameter: altitude]] and for the highest pump room temperature, with the gear drive losses added where a right-angle gear drive is furnished.
−```datasheet
−label: Diesel Engine Starting Battery Configuration
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Two independent lead-acid battery sets per NFPA 20 (required)"
−default: "Two independent lead-acid battery sets per NFPA 20 (required)"
−```
+### Engine ratings are published at the SAE J1349 reference conditions, and NFPA 20 deducts power for every increment of elevation above the reference and for every increment of air temperature above it, so an engine selected from the catalog rating at a high site or in a hot room is short of power at the 150 percent point. The deduction is taken against the pump room air the engine breathes, which for a radiator-cooled engine in a room that recirculates its own exhaust air is well above the outdoor temperature at [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-maximum]]. {note}
−## Diesel Engine Fuel Supply {toc}
+### The engine shall be governed to hold the rated speed within the tolerance NFPA 20 allows between shutoff and 150 percent of rated flow, and shall have an overspeed shutdown that signals the controller.
−### The fuel supply for diesel-driven fire pumps shall be a day tank sized to provide a minimum running time of 1 gallon per horsepower plus 5 percent for sump and expansion, in accordance with NFPA 20.
+### The engine shall be furnished with a jacket water heater that maintains the engine coolant at the temperature the engine manufacturer requires for a start at the lowest pump room temperature, supplied from a circuit that remains energized when the engine is not running.
−### The day tank shall be located in the pump room within the diked spill containment provided for the tank and shall be sized as the lesser of: the calculated NFPA 20 minimum, or the volume that complies with local building and fire code limits on fuel storage in interior rooms.
+### The engine instrument panel shall carry a tachometer with an hour meter, an oil pressure gauge, and a coolant temperature gauge, readable from the operating position.
−### The tank, piping, and venting shall comply with NFPA 37 and the IFC.
+### A fire pump engine is not an emergency generator engine: it is governed to a fixed speed rather than to a frequency, it is listed with the pump as a driver, and it carries the fuel, cooling, and starting provisions that NFPA 20 writes for an engine that must start cold and run until the fire is out. An engine that is not listed for fire pump service is not a fire pump driver however well it runs. {note}
−### Diesel Fuel Tank Capacity Selection {toc}
+## Diesel Engine Fuel Supply {toc}
+### The fuel supply requirements in this article apply where the driver type selected is a diesel engine.
+
+### The fuel tank capacity shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
label: Diesel Fuel Tank Capacity
type: range
−unit: gallons
−drawing_ref: true
+unit: gal
+derived: "1 gal per rated engine horsepower plus 5 percent for expansion and 5 percent for sump, per NFPA 20 Chapter 11, rounded up to a listed tank size"
options:
− min: 50
− max: 1500
− setpoints: [50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, 750, 1000, 1500]
−default: 200
+ min: 25
+ max: 2000
+ setpoints: [25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000]
+default: derived
+constraint: min
```
−### The fuel tank shall be filled and maintained at a level not less than 67 percent of capacity throughout the life of the installation, in accordance with NFPA 25 inspection requirements.
+### The fuel tank shall be sized to the capacity in the datasheet, located as indicated on [[drawing: the pump room plan]], and arranged so that the lowest usable fuel level, above the sump, is above the inlet of the engine fuel pump, as NFPA 20 requires.
−### Fuel level shall be monitored and a low-fuel supervisory signal shall be wired to the fire alarm system.
+### The fuel tank shall be located in the pump room, or where NFPA 20 permits a tank outside the pump room, in a location that keeps the fuel at the temperature the engine requires and that the International Fire Code permits for the quantity stored.
−### Fuel quality degrades over time; the Owner shall be advised in the operation and maintenance manual that diesel fuel in storage may require periodic polishing or replacement, and biocide additives may be required where biological growth in the tank is observed.
+### The fuel tank shall be furnished as a vessel under [[sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks]], with the listing, the secondary containment, the vent devices, the overfill prevention, and the level gauge that standard requires, and the fuel supply, return, fill, and vent piping beyond the tank nozzles shall be furnished under [[sync/fuel-oil-systems]].
−# Fire Pump Controller {toc}
+### The fuel lines on the engine, the engine-mounted fuel pump, the primary and secondary fuel filters, and the flexible connections at the engine shall be furnished with the engine under this standard.
−## The fire pump controller is the dedicated control panel that starts the pump on demand, monitors the driver, alarms abnormal conditions, and (for electric pumps where applicable) transfers the pump load between normal and alternate power. {note}
+### The fuel supply line shall be connected to the tank above the sump, and the fuel return line shall be connected to the tank rather than to the supply line.
−## The controller shall be listed for fire pump service: UL 218 for electric controllers and UL 1247 (in combination with the diesel engine) for diesel controllers, with FM 1333 or FM 1335 approvals where required.
+### The fuel shall be the grade the engine manufacturer specifies for fire pump service, and a biodiesel blend shall not exceed the blend the engine listing permits.
−## The controller shall be furnished by the pump assembly supplier as part of the listed assembly and shall not be field-substituted or modified.
+### The fuel tank shall be filled before the field acceptance test and shall be kept at not less than two-thirds of capacity, as NFPA 25 requires.
−## Internal components, programming, and signal wiring shall not be altered in the field except by authorized service personnel from the controller manufacturer.
+### The gallon-per-horsepower rule gives roughly eight hours of running at rated load, which is the duration NFPA 20 settled on for an engine that cannot be refueled while a fire is in progress. The sump allowance keeps the water and sediment that collect at the bottom of a standing tank below the supply connection, and the expansion allowance keeps a tank filled on a cold day from venting fuel on a warm one. {note}
−## Electric Controller — Starting Method {toc}
+### Diesel fuel degrades in storage and grows microbial contamination at the fuel and water interface, and the operation and maintenance manual shall state the fuel sampling, polishing, and replacement intervals the engine manufacturer recommends for a tank that is rarely drawn down.
−### Starting Method Selection {toc}
+## Diesel Engine Exhaust and Cooling {toc}
+### The cooling and exhaust requirements in this article apply where the driver type selected is a diesel engine.
+
+### The engine cooling arrangement shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Electric Controller Starting Method
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
+label: Diesel Engine Cooling
+type: radio
options:
− - "Full voltage (across-the-line) — standard for most installations"
− - "Part-winding (reduced inrush, dual-voltage motors)"
− - "Wye-delta (reduced inrush, large motors)"
− - "Autotransformer (reduced voltage, large motors with supply impedance concerns)"
− - "Solid-state soft starter (UL 218 listed for fire pump service)"
− - "Variable-frequency drive (limited NFPA 20 applications — confirm AHJ acceptance)"
−default: "Full voltage (across-the-line) — standard for most installations"
+ - "Heat exchanger cooled with water from the pump discharge"
+ - "Radiator cooled with an engine-driven fan"
+default: "Heat exchanger cooled with water from the pump discharge"
```
−### Full voltage (across-the-line) starting is the simplest, most reliable, and most common method for fire pump motors and shall be the default unless the supply impedance, transformer size, or utility coordination requires a reduced-inrush method.
+### Heat exchanger cooling takes water from the pump discharge through a pressure regulator and a strainer, passes it through the exchanger, and wastes it to drain, so the engine is cooled by the water it is pumping and the room needs only combustion air; it is the listed arrangement on most fire pump engines and the one NFPA 20 writes its cooling provisions around. Radiator cooling makes the engine independent of the pumped water and suits a supply that carries silt or salt, at the cost of a fan load on the engine, a large air flow through the room with motorized dampers at both ends, and an engine that sits in its own heat. {note}
−### Reduced-voltage and soft-start methods reduce inrush current but introduce additional components that can fail in storage; their use shall be justified in the design narrative and shall be acceptable to the AHJ.
+### Where heat exchanger cooling is selected, the cooling water supply line shall be taken from the pump discharge upstream of the discharge check valve and shall include, in duplicate on a bypass, the manual shutoff valves, the strainer, and the pressure regulator that NFPA 20 requires, with the cooling water discharged to a drain through a visible open connection.
−### Variable-frequency drives on fire pump motors are permitted by NFPA 20 only for the limited variable-speed pressure-limiting applications introduced in recent editions; standard fire pump duty does not use a VFD. {note}
+### Where radiator cooling is selected, the room ventilation shall deliver the combustion air and the radiator air the engine manufacturer requires at the highest pump room temperature, through intake and discharge openings arranged under the ventilation article of this standard.
−## Electric Controller — Transfer Switch {toc}
+### The exhaust system shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 37 and the engine manufacturer's instructions, with a flexible connector at the engine, a silencer of the grade indicated in the datasheet, exhaust piping and the silencer insulated or guarded where a person could touch them, and a termination outdoors at a location where exhaust is not drawn into a building opening or the pump room ventilation intake.
−### Where an alternate power source is provided to satisfy the reliability requirements of NFPA 20 — typically an on-site emergency generator or a second utility service — the controller shall include or be paired with an automatic transfer switch listed for fire pump service.
−
−### The transfer switch shall transfer the pump load to the alternate source on loss of normal power within 10 seconds, in accordance with NFPA 20, and shall transfer back to the normal source on its restoration after a defined retransfer delay.
−
−### Alternate Power Source Selection {toc}
−
```datasheet
−label: Alternate Power Source Arrangement
+label: Exhaust Silencer Grade
type: select
−drawing_ref: true
options:
− - "Single utility source — no alternate (where utility meets NFPA 20 reliability)"
− - "Two utility sources with listed automatic transfer switch"
− - "Utility plus on-site emergency generator with listed automatic transfer switch"
− - "Two on-site sources where utility is unavailable (e.g., remote site)"
−default: "Utility plus on-site emergency generator with listed automatic transfer switch"
+ - "Industrial"
+ - "Residential"
+ - "Critical"
+ - "Hospital"
```
−```datasheet
−label: Transfer Switch Integration
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Integral to fire pump controller (single listed assembly)"
− - "Separate listed transfer switch adjacent to controller"
−default: "Integral to fire pump controller (single listed assembly)"
−```
+### Silencer grades are steps of attenuation, and each step costs back pressure and size. An industrial silencer suits a pump house away from occupied space; a residential grade is the common selection for a pump room in an occupied building; critical and hospital grades are selected where the exhaust terminates near windows, patient rooms, or a property line with a noise limit, and each needs to be checked against the engine's allowable back pressure. {note}
−### The transfer switch shall be specifically listed for fire pump service.
+### The exhaust back pressure at rated load, measured at the engine outlet with the silencer and piping installed, shall not exceed the engine manufacturer's published limit.
−### General-purpose automatic transfer switches shall not be used; they lack the supervised signaling and continuous-duty performance required by UL 218 for fire pump applications.
+### The exhaust termination location shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the pump room plan and elevations]].
−## Diesel Controller {toc}
+## Engine Starting Batteries and Chargers {toc}
−### The diesel fire pump controller shall comply with NFPA 20 Chapter 11 and shall be UL- or FM-listed for diesel fire pump service.
+### The battery and charger requirements in this article apply where the driver type selected is a diesel engine.
−### The controller shall provide automatic engine cranking from either battery set in sequence on receipt of a start signal; manual emergency start; automatic weekly engine test cycling per NFPA 25 with run time and engine speed verification; battery charger supervision for both battery sets; engine monitoring for overspeed, low oil pressure, high coolant temperature, and run/fail; and fuel tank low-level supervision.
+### The engine shall be furnished with two independent starting battery sets, each sized to provide the cranking cycles NFPA 20 requires at the lowest pump room temperature without the other set.
−### The diesel controller shall include a programmable weekly test feature that automatically starts the engine, runs it for the time required by NFPA 25 (a minimum of 30 minutes weekly for diesel pumps), and records the test in a non-volatile event log.
+### The starting batteries shall be of the type indicated in the datasheet.
−### The Owner shall be advised that the weekly test is required for compliance with NFPA 25 and that a missed test is a code violation subject to AHJ enforcement.
−
−## Controller Signal Points to Fire Alarm {toc}
−
−### The controller shall provide supervised dry-contact outputs to the building fire alarm system for, at minimum, the following points per NFPA 72 and NFPA 20:
−
−- Pump running
−- Loss of phase or phase reversal (electric)
−- Controller power on (normal source)
−- Controller on alternate power source (where transferred)
−- Engine running (diesel)
−- Engine fail to start (diesel)
−- Battery trouble (diesel — either set)
−- Low fuel level (diesel)
−- Controller in "off" or "manual" position (any controller — supervisory signal indicating the controller is not in the automatic ready state)
−- Low pump room temperature (where below 40°F)
−- Reservoir / suction tank low water level (where applicable)
−
```datasheet
−label: Fire Alarm Signal Points from Controller
−type: checkbox
+label: Engine Starting Battery Type
+type: radio
options:
− - "Pump running"
− - "Loss of phase / phase reversal (electric)"
− - "Controller on alternate power source"
− - "Engine running (diesel)"
− - "Engine fail to start (diesel)"
− - "Battery trouble — either set (diesel)"
− - "Low fuel level (diesel)"
− - "Controller off / manual (any controller)"
− - "Low pump room temperature"
− - "Suction supply low (where applicable)"
−default: "Pump running"
+ - "Lead-acid"
+ - "Nickel-cadmium"
+default: "Lead-acid"
```
−### The controller signals shall connect to the fire alarm system using monitored input modules — see [[sync/fire-alarm-systems]] for the fire alarm side of the connection.
+### Lead-acid batteries are the listed offering on nearly every fire pump engine and are replaced on a schedule because their capacity falls with age and with cold. Nickel-cadmium batteries hold capacity longer, tolerate a cold room and a deep discharge, and last well beyond a lead-acid set, at several times the cost and with a charger set for their chemistry; they are selected where the pump room cannot be kept warm or where the Owner's replacement program is unreliable. {note}
−### Controller contact wiring to the fire alarm system shall be installed under [[sync/conductors-and-cables]] requirements for power-limited fire alarm circuits.
+### Each battery set shall be mounted in a rack above the floor, adjacent to the engine, arranged so that the cells can be inspected and the terminals reached without removing the rack, and protected from the engine exhaust and from dripping water.
−## Controller Mounting and Working Clearance {toc}
+### Each battery set shall be served by its own automatic charger, listed with the controller and mounted in or on it under [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]], rated for the battery type and capacity furnished, and supervised so that a charger failure and a low battery condition are signaled.
−### The controller shall be wall-mounted or floor-mounted (as required by the rating and size) within the fire pump room, located adjacent to the pump and within view of the operator standing at the pump.
+### The battery cables shall be sized for the cranking current at the lowest pump room temperature over the installed cable length, and shall be furnished with the engine.
−### NEC 110.26 working clearance shall be maintained at the controller; reduced clearances are not acceptable for fire pump controllers under any circumstances.
+### Two battery sets exist because a single set that has quietly lost capacity is the most common reason a diesel fire pump fails to start, and the controller alternates between the sets on successive cranking attempts so that both are exercised and a dead set is found on a weekly test rather than at a fire. {note}
−### The controller shall not be located in a way that requires opening another disconnect or panel to reach it.
+# Fire Pump Controller Interface {toc}
−### Controller Mounting Selection {toc}
+## The fire pump controller for the electric motor or the diesel engine shall be furnished under [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]], and this standard specifies no controller feature, starting method, enclosure, or signal contact.
−```datasheet
−label: Controller Mounting
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Wall-mounted (smaller controllers, up to mid-size pumps)"
− - "Floor-mounted free-standing (larger pumps, integral transfer switch)"
−drawing_ref: true
−default: "Floor-mounted free-standing (larger pumps, integral transfer switch)"
−```
+## The pump assembly supplier shall furnish to the controller supplier the motor horsepower, voltage, full-load and locked-rotor current, and starting method compatibility, or the engine model, starting system, battery type, and instrument contacts, before either the assembly or the controller is released for manufacture.
−# Jockey (Pressure Maintenance) Pump {toc}
+## The pressure sensing line from the discharge piping to the controller shall be furnished under this standard, of corrosion-resistant tube of the size and arrangement NFPA 20 requires, with the check valves or restricting orifices that damp pressure pulses and the test connection that lets the pressure switch be exercised without flowing the pump.
−## The jockey pump is a small, separate pump dedicated to maintaining system pressure against small leakage so that the main fire pump does not cycle in response to a minor pressure drop. {note}
+## Where a variable-speed pressure-limiting controller is selected under [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]], the pump and the driver shall be listed for variable-speed operation, the certified curve shall be furnished at the maximum speed, and the main relief valve this standard requires shall be provided whatever the controller's pressure-limiting function does.
−## Every fire pump installation shall include a jockey pump and a separate jockey pump controller.
+## The controller and the pump are listed separately and bought from different suppliers more often than not, and the two listings meet at three points: the motor data the controller is built for, the pressure sensing line that tells the controller to start, and the signal contacts the controller sends on. The sensing line is on the pump side of that boundary because it is piping, and it is where a controller that never starts is usually traced to: a sensing line valved off, plugged, or connected downstream of the discharge check valve. {note}
−## The jockey pump start and stop pressure shall be set so that the jockey pump replenishes minor pressure losses on its own without ever causing the main fire pump to start.
+# Jockey Pump and Jockey Pump Controller {toc}
−## Capacity and Pressure {toc}
+## Jockey Pump Selection {toc}
−### The jockey pump shall be sized to deliver no more than the makeup flow required to recover system pressure after a small leak — generally not exceeding 1 percent of the main fire pump's rated capacity, with a minimum of 1 gpm.
+### A jockey pump with its own controller shall be provided for each fire pump installation, arranged to maintain the system pressure against leakage so that the fire pump does not start on a minor pressure drop.
−### Sizing the jockey pump too large results in a jockey that masks significant leaks; sizing it too small leaves the main fire pump to handle leaks that should not require its operation. {note}
+### The jockey pump shall be of the type indicated in the datasheet.
−### Jockey Pump Capacity Selection {toc}
+```datasheet
+label: Jockey Pump Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Vertical multistage centrifugal"
+ - "Regenerative turbine"
+ - "Horizontal end-suction centrifugal"
+ - "Vertical turbine or submersible, for a tank or wet pit supply"
+```
+### A vertical multistage pump develops the high pressure a jockey needs at a small flow in a compact footprint and is the usual selection on a main supply; a regenerative turbine pump develops the same pressure in a single stage with a steep curve that holds pressure as flow falls, at a higher cost per gallon and with less tolerance of solids; a horizontal end-suction pump serves where the pressure needed is modest; and a vertical turbine or submersible jockey is selected where the fire pump draws from a tank, a pit, or a well and a horizontal jockey would have no flooded suction. {note}
+
+### The jockey pump shall be rated for the flow indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Jockey Pump Rated Capacity
+label: Jockey Pump Rated Flow
type: range
unit: gpm
+drawing_ref: "the fire pump schedule on the fire protection drawings"
options:
min: 1
max: 50
− setpoints: [1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50]
−default: 10
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50]
+default: deferred
+constraint: exact
```
−### The jockey pump rated head shall exceed the main fire pump churn pressure by 10 psi or more, so that the jockey can maintain system pressure above the main pump's stop point and prevent main pump short-cycling.
+### The jockey pump shall be rated for the pressure indicated in the datasheet.
−### A common error is to specify a jockey pump with rated head equal to or less than the main pump churn pressure; this results in the jockey unable to recover after a flow event and the main fire pump cycling repeatedly to make up small leakage. {note}
−
−### Jockey Pump Head Selection {toc}
−
```datasheet
−label: Jockey Pump Rated Head
+label: Jockey Pump Rated Pressure
type: range
unit: psi
+derived: "the pressure the jockey stop setting requires under the pressure switch settings article of this standard, less the minimum static suction pressure, plus the margin the pump manufacturer requires for the pressure switch differential"
options:
− min: 50
− max: 400
− setpoints: [50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 400]
−default: 150
+ min: 40
+ max: 500
+ step: 5
+default: derived
+constraint: min
```
−## Jockey Controller {toc}
+### The jockey pump flow shall be sufficient to restore the system pressure after a small leak within a few minutes and shall not be so large that the jockey pump can hold the system pressure against an open sprinkler.
−### The jockey pump controller shall be separate from the main fire pump controller.
+### A jockey sized too small lets the fire pump start on ordinary leakage, which is a nuisance start on an electric pump and a wasted fuel and battery cycle on a diesel; a jockey sized too large masks an open sprinkler and delays the fire pump start, which is the reason the flow is bounded above as well as below. NFPA 20 gives no sizing rule, so the flow is a judgment the Engineer of Record records on the schedule. {note}
−### The jockey controller shall include pressure-switch start and stop points, a minimum-run timer (typically not less than 60 seconds) to prevent rapid cycling, and a manual stop/start switch.
+### The jockey pump is not required to be listed for fire pump service, and shall be a pump of a type the manufacturer rates for continuous intermittent duty at the rated pressure.
−### The jockey controller shall not be UL 218 listed (which applies to fire pump controllers); a standard listed motor controller suitable for the duty is acceptable.
+### The jockey pump shall be connected to the suction piping upstream of the fire pump suction control valve and to the discharge piping downstream of the fire pump discharge check valve, with an isolating valve and a check valve in its own piping, so that the jockey can be serviced without isolating the fire pump.
−### Jockey Controller Type Selection {toc}
+## Jockey Pump Controller {toc}
+### The jockey pump controller shall be a listed motor controller with a pressure switch, a minimum-run timer, a hand-off-automatic selector, and a disconnecting means, furnished under this standard and separate from the fire pump controller.
+
+### The jockey pump control shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Jockey Controller Type
+label: Jockey Pump Control
type: radio
options:
− - "Listed motor controller with pressure switch and minimum-run timer (standard)"
− - "Variable-frequency drive jockey (where reduced cycling and water-hammer mitigation are required)"
−default: "Listed motor controller with pressure switch and minimum-run timer (standard)"
+ - "Across-the-line starter with pressure switch start and stop"
+ - "Variable-speed drive holding a pressure setpoint"
+default: "Across-the-line starter with pressure switch start and stop"
```
−### Where a VFD-driven jockey pump is specified, the drive shall not be installed on the main fire pump and shall comply with IEEE 519 harmonic limits at the point of common coupling so that drive harmonics do not corrupt the building's normal power quality.
+### A pressure switch starter is the usual jockey control: the pump starts at the low setting, runs to the high setting plus the minimum run time, and stops. A variable-speed jockey holds the system at a setpoint without cycling, which quiets a pump room under occupied floors and eases the water hammer of a jockey stopping against a closed system, at the cost of a drive that is a non-listed electronic device on the pressure maintenance side of a life safety system and that needs harmonic and line-side protection coordinated with the building electrical system. {note}
−### VFD-driven jockeys reduce on/off cycling and provide quieter operation in occupied buildings. {note}
+### The jockey pump controller enclosure shall be NEMA Type 2 at minimum, and Type 3R where the controller is installed in a pump house open to weather or outdoors.
−## Jockey Pressure Settings {toc}
+### The jockey pump controller shall be served by a branch circuit from a source that is not the fire pump feeder, and a loss of the jockey pump supply shall not affect the fire pump.
−### Pressure switch start and stop points for the jockey and for the main fire pump shall be coordinated so that the jockey responds first to any pressure drop, recovers system pressure to its setpoint, and stops before the main pump start setpoint is reached.
+### Where a variable-speed drive is selected, the drive shall be installed on the jockey pump only, shall not be interposed in any part of the fire pump circuit, and shall comply with [[sync/low-voltage-variable-frequency-drives]] for harmonic performance and protection.
−### The main pump start setpoint shall be set below the jockey stop setpoint by a margin sufficient that normal leakage and minor flow events never reach the main pump start setpoint.
+## Pressure Switch Settings {toc}
−### Typical settings are jockey stop at 10 psi above the static system pressure required at the riser, jockey start at 15 psi below that, and main pump start at 10 psi below jockey start. {note}
+### The jockey pump stop pressure shall be set at the fire pump discharge pressure at churn, so that the jockey holds the system at the pressure the fire pump would hold.
−### Jockey and Main Pump Setpoint Selection {toc}
+### The jockey pump start pressure shall be set below the jockey stop pressure by a margin sufficient that ordinary leakage starts the jockey before it starts the fire pump.
−```datasheet
−label: Jockey Pump Pressure Settings
−type: text
−drawing_ref: true
−```
+### The fire pump start pressure shall be set below the jockey pump start pressure by a margin sufficient that the jockey has started and failed to hold the pressure before the fire pump starts, and the fire pump controller furnished under [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]] shall be set to that pressure.
+### The settings shall be established by the Engineer of Record from the hydraulic calculation and the discharge pressure at churn, recorded on the reviewed submittal, applied at startup, verified at the field acceptance test, and recorded as left in the closeout submittals.
+
+### The three settings stack downward from the churn pressure, and the margins between them are what separate a leak from a fire: NFPA 20 describes the method in its annex, and the common error is a jockey stop setting below the fire pump churn pressure, which leaves the fire pump holding the system after every run and cycling on leakage the jockey cannot reach. {note}
+
+### A fire pump that starts automatically shall stop only by manual operation at the controller, unless the datasheet for the controller under [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]] selects automatic stop and the Authority Having Jurisdiction accepts it.
+
+# Suction and Discharge Piping and Trim {toc}
+
+## Suction Piping {toc}
+
+### The suction pipe size shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Main Fire Pump Start Pressure Setpoint
+label: Suction Pipe Size
type: range
−unit: psi
−drawing_ref: true
+unit: in.
+derived: "150 percent of rated flow at a velocity not exceeding 15 ft/s, per NFPA 20, and not smaller than the pump suction flange"
options:
− min: 50
− max: 250
− setpoints: [50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250]
−default: 125
+ min: 2.5
+ max: 24
+ setpoints: [2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24]
+default: derived
+constraint: min
```
−# Suction and Discharge Piping {toc}
+### Pipe, fittings, joints, and the listed valve products in the pump room shall comply with [[sync/fire-protection-piping]] for the pressure class the discharge pressure at churn requires, and the suction piping between the point of entry and the pump shall be of a material and joint type NFPA 20 permits for suction service.
−## Suction Piping {toc}
+### The suction piping shall include a listed outside screw and yoke gate valve, supervised open, located so that the pump can be isolated from the supply, and no other valve or device shall be installed in the suction piping except a backflow prevention assembly or a suction control valve where NFPA 20 permits it.
−### Suction piping shall be sized for a velocity not exceeding 15 ft/s at 150% of rated flow per NFPA 20, and shall be no less than the size of the pump suction flange.
+### A check valve shall not be installed in the suction piping.
−### Suction piping shall include an OS&Y indicating control valve listed for fire protection service; an eccentric reducer (where the suction pipe is larger than the pump suction flange) installed flat-on-top to prevent air pockets at the suction inlet; a suction pressure gauge; and a strainer where the supply could carry sediment.
+### Where the suction pipe is larger than the pump suction flange, the reduction shall be made with an eccentric reducer installed with its flat side on top, connected directly to the suction flange.
−### Suction Pipe Size Selection {toc}
+### No elbow or tee with its centerline in a plane parallel to the pump shaft shall be installed within ten pipe diameters of the suction flange of a horizontal split-case pump, and the suction piping of every pump shall approach the suction flange through the straight run NFPA 20 requires.
+### Where the suction supply is a tank, a reservoir, or a wet pit, the suction inlet shall be fitted with the vortex plate or the strainer NFPA 20 requires for the supply, and the suction piping shall be arranged to prevent air entrainment at the lowest water level.
+
+### A suction pressure gauge shall be installed at the suction flange, with a gauge valve, reading compound pressure and vacuum, of the range NFPA 20 requires.
+
+### The two errors that account for most fire pump suction problems are an eccentric reducer installed flat side down and an elbow turned into the suction flange of a split-case pump. The first leaves an air pocket at the top of the reducer that is drawn into the impeller at every start; the second feeds the two sides of a double-suction impeller unequally, so the pump cavitates on one side and loads its bearings on the other, and neither shows on the factory test. {note}
+
+## Discharge Piping {toc}
+
+### The discharge pipe size shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Suction Pipe Size
−type: select
−unit: in. nominal
−drawing_ref: true
+label: Discharge Pipe Size
+type: range
+unit: in.
+derived: "150 percent of rated flow at a velocity not exceeding 20 ft/s, per NFPA 20, and not smaller than the pump discharge flange"
options:
− - "3 in."
− - "4 in."
− - "6 in."
− - "8 in."
− - "10 in."
− - "12 in."
− - "14 in."
− - "16 in."
−default: "8 in."
+ min: 2.5
+ max: 24
+ setpoints: [2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24]
+default: derived
+constraint: min
```
−### The flat-on-top eccentric reducer prevents a recurring field problem: a concentric reducer, or an eccentric reducer with the flat surface on the bottom, traps air at the high side of the reducer, and that air pocket migrates into the pump suction during start-up and causes cavitation, noise, and reduced flow. {note}
+### The discharge piping shall include, in order from the pump, a listed check valve, the connection for the main relief valve where one is required, the connections for the test header or flow meter loop and for the jockey pump discharge, and a listed indicating control valve, supervised open.
−### The Contractor shall confirm at installation that the flat side of the eccentric reducer is on top.
+### Where the discharge pipe is larger than the pump discharge flange, the increase shall be made with a concentric increaser connected directly to the discharge flange.
−### Suction Eccentric Reducer Orientation Selection {toc}
+### A discharge pressure gauge shall be installed at the discharge flange, with a gauge valve, of the range NFPA 20 requires.
+### The discharge check valve prevents reverse flow through a stopped pump from the system or from a second pump running in parallel, and the indicating control valve downstream of it lets the pump and check valve be serviced with the system under pressure from the fire department connection. Nothing that could be closed is installed between the pump and the check valve, so that the pump always has somewhere to discharge. {note}
+
+### Pipe, fittings, and listed valve products in the discharge piping shall comply with [[sync/fire-protection-piping]] for the pressure class the discharge pressure at churn requires at the pump room elevation.
+
+## Relief Valves {toc}
+
+### A main relief valve shall be provided as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Suction Eccentric Reducer Orientation
+label: Main Relief Valve
type: radio
+derived: "whether the driver is a diesel engine, whether a variable-speed pressure-limiting controller is selected, and whether the discharge pressure at churn exceeds the rating of any downstream component, per NFPA 20"
options:
− - "Flat side on top (correct — prevents air pocket)"
− - "Flat side on bottom (incorrect — air pocket at high side)"
− - "Not applicable — no reducer (suction pipe matches pump flange)"
−default: "Flat side on top (correct — prevents air pocket)"
+ - "Provided"
+ - "Not provided"
+default: derived
```
−### A check valve shall not be installed in the suction piping, as check valves in suction piping interfere with pump starting and are explicitly prohibited by NFPA 20.
+### Where a main relief valve is provided, it shall be listed to UL 1478, of the size NFPA 20 requires for the rated flow, installed between the pump discharge flange and the discharge check valve, and set to open at a pressure that limits the discharge pressure to the rating of the downstream components.
−## Discharge Piping {toc}
+### The main relief valve discharge shall be arranged as indicated in the datasheet.
−### Discharge piping shall be sized for a velocity not exceeding 20 ft/s at 150% of rated flow per NFPA 20, and shall be no less than the size of the pump discharge flange.
−
−### Discharge piping shall include a check valve immediately downstream of the pump (to prevent reverse flow into a stopped pump); an OS&Y indicating control valve downstream of the check valve; a discharge pressure gauge; provisions for the main relief valve if required by the churn pressure; and the connection to the served sprinkler or standpipe system.
−
−### Discharge Pipe Size Selection {toc}
−
```datasheet
−label: Discharge Pipe Size
+label: Main Relief Valve Discharge
type: select
−unit: in. nominal
−drawing_ref: true
options:
− - "2-1/2 in."
− - "3 in."
− - "4 in."
− - "6 in."
− - "8 in."
− - "10 in."
− - "12 in."
−default: "6 in."
+ - "Closed cone to a drain"
+ - "Open cone to a drain"
+ - "Piped back to the suction tank or reservoir"
```
−### The arrangement of the suction control valve, suction reducer, pump, check valve, discharge control valve, and gauges is collectively known as the fire pump trim. {note}
+### A closed cone discharges to a drain through a sight glass that shows the valve is flowing without wetting the room, and it is the arrangement for a pump room where the drain can carry the relief flow. An open cone discharges in view of the operator and is simpler, at the cost of spray in the room. Piping the relief back to the suction tank returns the water to the supply, which matters on a tank supply with a limited refill, and NFPA 20 permits it on the conditions it states, including that a relief flow returned to a suction pipe is not permitted where it would raise the suction temperature or pressure beyond what the pump tolerates. {note}
−### The trim shall be assembled in accordance with NFPA 20 Figure A.4.13.2.1 (or the current edition equivalent) and shall not be rearranged to suit field conditions.
+### The relief valve discharge piping shall be sized not smaller than NFPA 20 requires for the relief valve size, and a relief valve discharging to a drain shall discharge to a drain of capacity sufficient for the full relief flow, as indicated on [[drawing: the pump room plan]].
−## Main Relief Valve {toc}
+### A main relief valve shall not be used as the means of limiting the discharge pressure where NFPA 20 requires the pump to be selected so that its churn pressure does not exceed the downstream rating.
−### A main relief valve shall be installed on the pump discharge where the pump can exceed the rated pressure of the served system at any operating point, including churn.
+### A diesel engine can overspeed and a variable-speed controller can lose its speed reference, and either event drives the pump above its rated churn pressure; the main relief valve is the one device that limits the pressure the system sees when that happens, which is why NFPA 20 requires it for those drivers regardless of what the curve shows at rated speed. {note}
−### The main relief valve shall be listed for fire pump service per UL 1478, shall be sized for not less than the pump rated capacity (so it can relieve full pump flow without exceeding the system pressure limit), and shall discharge to a waste cone that drains to a floor drain or other safe disposal point.
+### A circulation relief valve shall be provided on every fire pump except a pump whose diesel engine is cooled by water from the pump discharge, of the size NFPA 20 requires for the rated flow, set to open below the discharge pressure at churn, and discharging to a drain through a visible open connection.
−### The relief valve shall not discharge to the suction piping under normal NFPA 20 arrangements except for specific allowable arrangements with the AHJ's acceptance.
+### The circulation relief valve passes a small flow through the pump at churn so that the water in the casing does not heat, which it does within minutes in a closed casing turning at rated speed. {note}
−### Main Relief Valve Selection {toc}
+## Flow Test Arrangement {toc}
+### A means of flow testing the pump at 150 percent of rated flow without discharging into the served system shall be provided as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Main Relief Valve Required
−type: radio
+label: Flow Test Arrangement
+type: select
options:
− - "Yes — churn pressure exceeds downstream system rating"
− - "Yes — installed as a precaution regardless"
− - "No — churn pressure within downstream system rating throughout"
−default: "Yes — installed as a precaution regardless"
+ - "Hose valve test header"
+ - "Flow meter in a closed loop returning to the suction supply"
+ - "Flow meter discharging to drain or to a tank"
+ - "Hose valve test header and flow meter"
```
+### A hose valve header discharges the test flow to atmosphere outside the building and is the arrangement that both NFPA 20 and NFPA 25 treat as the reference, because the flow is measured at the nozzles by pitot gauge and the water leaves the system; it needs a location outdoors that can take the flow and a test crew to handle the hose. A flow meter in a closed loop returns the water to the suction and conserves it, which decides the question on a tank supply or where there is nowhere to discharge, at the cost of a meter that has to be calibrated and of a test that proves the meter rather than the pump unless the loop is periodically checked against a header or a discharge to atmosphere. A meter discharging to drain measures real flow leaving the system and suits a site with a storm system that can receive it. Providing both lets routine tests run on the meter and the periodic verification run on the header. {note}
+
+### Where a hose valve test header is selected, the number of 2-1/2 in. hose valves on the header shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Main Relief Valve Set Pressure
+label: Test Header Hose Valves
type: range
−unit: psi
−drawing_ref: true
+derived: "the pump rated flow per the NFPA 20 table of hose valve header sizes"
options:
− min: 100
− max: 400
− setpoints: [100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400]
−default: 175
+ min: 1
+ max: 20
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20]
+default: derived
+constraint: min
```
−## Test Header and Flow Meter {toc}
+### The hose valve header shall be listed, shall be located as indicated on [[drawing: the fire protection plans]] where the discharge does not endanger persons, vehicles, or landscaping and does not freeze on the ground, and shall be connected to the discharge piping between the check valve and the discharge control valve through a listed indicating control valve, supervised open, and a check valve where NFPA 20 requires one.
−### A test arrangement shall be provided so that the pump can be flow-tested annually in accordance with NFPA 25 without discharging water to the served sprinkler or standpipe system.
+### The hose valves shall be listed angle hose valves with caps and chains, with the hose coupling thread the fire department of jurisdiction carries, as confirmed under [[sync/common-work-results-fire-suppression]].
−### Two arrangements are commonly used: a hose valve header that discharges to the exterior of the building (or to a tank or storm system that can accept the flow), or a closed-loop flow meter that recirculates flow back to the suction supply. {note}
+### Where a flow meter is selected, the meter shall be listed for fire pump service, sized for not less than 175 percent of rated flow, installed with the straight pipe upstream and downstream that its listing requires, and furnished with a calibration certificate dated not more than 12 months before the field acceptance test.
−### Flow Test Arrangement Selection {toc}
+### Where a flow meter in a closed loop is selected, the loop shall return to the suction supply at a point and in an arrangement NFPA 20 permits, and the arrangement shall also provide a means of discharging to atmosphere for the periodic test NFPA 25 requires at the interval it states.
+### The test header piping and the flow meter loop shall be drained after every test, and the piping shall be arranged to drain to the floor drain or to the exterior without trapping water where it could freeze.
+
+## Gauges, Air Release, and Circulation Relief {toc}
+
+### A horizontal split-case pump shall be furnished with an automatic air release valve at the highest point of the casing, listed or furnished by the pump manufacturer for the purpose, discharging to the floor drain, so that air in the casing is released before the pump reaches speed.
+
+### A pump with its casing below the suction supply level shall have a manual air vent at the highest point of the casing where the manufacturer's construction does not vent through the discharge.
+
+### Pressure gauges shall be liquid-filled or of a construction that damps pressure pulses, not less than 3-1/2 in. dial, with a range not less than twice the pressure they read in normal operation, and each shall have a gauge valve and a snubber.
+
+### The automatic air release valve on the pump casing is furnished under this standard as part of the pump trim, and the air release and vacuum valves furnished for process pipelines under [[sync/air-release-and-vacuum-valves]] are a different product built to a different standard. {note}
+
+# Power Supply for Electric Fire Pumps {toc}
+
+## Power Source Arrangement {toc}
+
+### Requirements in this section apply where the driver type selected is an electric motor.
+
+### The power source arrangement for the fire pump shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Annual Flow Test Arrangement
+label: Fire Pump Power Source Arrangement
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Single utility service connection, reliable per NFPA 20"
+ - "Dedicated feeder from a utility service, reliable per NFPA 20"
+ - "Two utility services through a listed fire pump power transfer switch"
+ - "Utility service and an on-site standby generator through a listed fire pump power transfer switch"
+ - "On-site power production facility as the sole source"
+```
+
+### NFPA 70 Article 695 admits a single source only where NFPA 20 finds it reliable, and the reliability test is a judgment the Engineer of Record makes with the utility's outage history and the Authority Having Jurisdiction's concurrence, which is why the field carries no default. A single utility connection or a dedicated feeder from the service is the simplest arrangement and the one most low-rise buildings on a strong utility use. Two utility services, where the utility can provide them from separate substations, give an alternate source without a generator; a utility source backed by a generator is the arrangement of most high-rise and institutional buildings, where the generator already exists for other life safety loads and is sized to start the pump; an on-site power production facility as the sole source is the arrangement of a site without a utility. {note}
+
+### The reliability evaluation on which the power source arrangement rests shall be documented in accordance with NFPA 20 and submitted with the action submittals, and the electrical one-line diagram submitted under this standard shall show the arrangement selected.
+
+### Where the arrangement includes an alternate source, the transfer between sources shall be made as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Fire Pump Power Transfer Switch Arrangement
type: radio
−drawing_ref: true
options:
− - "Hose valve header — discharges to exterior or designated waste location"
− - "Flow meter loop — recirculates flow back to suction supply"
− - "Both — flow meter for routine testing, hose header for annual full-flow verification"
−default: "Flow meter loop — recirculates flow back to suction supply"
+ - "Combination fire pump controller and power transfer switch, listed as one unit"
+ - "Separate power transfer switch listed for fire pump service"
+default: "Combination fire pump controller and power transfer switch, listed as one unit"
```
−### A hose valve header provides the most authoritative flow test because the discharge is to atmosphere, while a flow meter loop recirculates the water and conserves it but must be accurate to within NFPA 25 tolerance and calibrated periodically. {note}
+### A combination unit is furnished under [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]] as one listed assembly, with the transfer switch, the controller, and the isolating switch in one enclosure, which is the arrangement on most installations because it puts the transfer logic and the controller's supervision in one listing. A separate transfer switch listed for fire pump service is furnished under [[sync/automatic-transfer-switches]] and is selected where the alternate source serves the fire pump through switchgear the electrical design already has, or where the controller and the transfer switch are procured from different suppliers; it is not a general-purpose transfer switch, since Article 695 requires the switch to be listed for fire pump service. {note}
−### The hose valve header shall have a number of 2-1/2 in. hose valves equal to or exceeding the pump rated capacity divided by 250 (so that each valve handles approximately 250 gpm at the test conditions), in accordance with NFPA 20.
+### Where an on-site generator is the alternate source, the generator shall be furnished under [[sync/generators]] with capacity to start and run the fire pump motor at its locked-rotor current in addition to every other load connected at the time of the start, and the classification of the fire pump load and the generator capacity shall be established under [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]].
−### The hose valves shall be of the listed angle-globe type used in standpipe systems, with caps and chains.
+### Where an on-site generator is the alternate source, no overcurrent protection in the generator circuit to the fire pump shall be sized to open on the locked-rotor current of the fire pump motor, as NFPA 70 Article 695 requires.
−### Where the discharge is to the exterior, the location shall not be subject to ice formation, hazard to passing traffic, or damage to landscaping or pavement.
+## Feeder Routing and Protection {toc}
−### Test Header Valve Count Selection {toc}
+### The feeder requirements in this article apply where the driver type selected is an electric motor.
+### The fire pump feeder from each source to the controller shall be dedicated to the fire pump and its accessory equipment, shall be connected ahead of the building service disconnecting means or at the location NFPA 70 Article 695 permits for the source, and shall be routed outside the building or protected within it by one of the methods Article 695 permits, as indicated on [[drawing: the electrical one-line diagram]].
+
+### The feeder conductors shall be sized for not less than 125 percent of the sum of the fire pump motor and jockey pump motor full-load currents plus the accessory equipment, as NFPA 70 Article 695 requires, and shall be furnished under [[sync/conductors-and-cables]] in raceway under [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]].
+
+### The overcurrent protective device in the fire pump feeder shall be sized to carry the locked-rotor current of the fire pump motor and the jockey pump motor and the full-load current of the accessory equipment indefinitely, and the device setting shall be shown on the one-line diagram.
+
+### Where a disconnecting means is installed ahead of the fire pump controller, it shall be the disconnecting means NFPA 70 Article 695 permits for the arrangement, supervised in the closed position, lockable, and marked as the fire pump disconnecting means in the words Article 695 requires.
+
+### The fire pump feeder is designed backwards from every other feeder in the building: the conductors are sized to carry the motor, the overcurrent device is sized to let the motor stall without tripping, and the routing is chosen so that a fire in the building does not open the circuit before the pump has finished its work. A feeder designed to ordinary motor branch circuit rules, with a breaker that protects the conductors, is the single most common Article 695 violation, and it leaves the building with a fire pump that trips on the start that matters. {note}
+
+### The voltage at the controller line terminals shall not drop below the limit NFPA 70 Article 695 sets while the motor starts, and shall not drop below the limit it sets while the motor runs at 115 percent of full-load current, with the calculation submitted with the one-line diagram.
+
+### Where the pump room is in a building other than the building the pump serves, or on a campus with a shared service, the arrangement shall comply with the multibuilding provisions of NFPA 70 Article 695.
+
+# Supervisory Signals {toc}
+
+## The fire pump assembly shall provide the supervisory signals indicated in the datasheet, each as a dry contact at the fire pump controller or at the device that originates it, for connection to the fire alarm system under [[sync/fire-alarm-systems]].
+
```datasheet
−label: Test Header Number of Hose Valves
−type: select
+label: Supervisory Signals Transmitted to the Fire Alarm System
+type: checkbox
options:
− - "2 valves (up to 500 gpm rated)"
− - "4 valves (up to 1000 gpm rated)"
− - "6 valves (up to 1500 gpm rated)"
− - "8 valves (up to 2000 gpm rated)"
− - "10 valves (up to 2500 gpm rated)"
−drawing_ref: true
−default: "6 valves (up to 1500 gpm rated)"
+ - "Fire pump running"
+ - "Loss of phase at the controller line terminals"
+ - "Phase reversal at the controller line terminals"
+ - "Controller connected to the alternate source"
+ - "Engine running"
+ - "Controller main switch in off or manual position"
+ - "Trouble on the controller or the engine"
+ - "Low fuel level in the engine fuel tank"
+ - "Low pump room temperature"
+ - "Low water level in the suction tank or break tank"
+ - "Low suction pressure"
+ - "Relief valve discharging"
+ - "Jockey pump running"
+default:
+ - "Fire pump running"
+ - "Loss of phase at the controller line terminals"
+ - "Phase reversal at the controller line terminals"
+ - "Controller connected to the alternate source"
+ - "Engine running"
+ - "Controller main switch in off or manual position"
+ - "Trouble on the controller or the engine"
+ - "Low fuel level in the engine fuel tank"
+ - "Low pump room temperature"
+ - "Low water level in the suction tank or break tank"
+constraint: all_of
```
−# Power Supply for Electric Fire Pumps {toc}
+## The signals the fire pump controller originates are produced by the controller under [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]], and this standard decides which signals the assembly sends and furnishes the devices outside the controller that originate the rest: the room temperature switch, the tank level switch, the suction pressure switch, and the relief valve flow switch. {note}
−## NEC Article 695 {toc}
+## Signals that are not applicable to the driver type selected shall be omitted from the connection schedule without changing the signals required for the driver type furnished.
−### The power supply to an electric fire pump shall comply with NEC Article 695 in its entirety.
+## NFPA 20 requires the pump running, loss of phase, phase reversal, and alternate source signals for an electric motor controller, and the engine running, main switch off or manual, and controller or engine trouble signals for a diesel engine controller, and it requires a low temperature signal where the pump room is not supervised and a low water level signal where the supply is a tank; the remaining signals in the datasheet are selected where the Owner's monitoring or the insurer asks for them. {note}
−### Under Article 695 the conductors shall be sized at 125 percent of the motor full-load current as the minimum, but the overcurrent protection shall be sized to permit motor locked-rotor current to flow indefinitely without tripping, which is the opposite of normal motor branch circuit design.
+## Where the pump room is not attended, each signal shall be transmitted to a constantly attended location or to a supervising station, as NFPA 20 and NFPA 72 require, through the fire alarm system.
−### The fire pump feeder is intentionally not protected against locked-rotor overload by the upstream breaker — the fire pump controller's listed overload protection (or thermal element) is the only protection. {note}
+## The pump room temperature switch shall be set to signal at the room temperature this standard requires, and the fuel level switch shall be set to signal at two-thirds of tank capacity.
−### The Engineer of Record shall confirm that this arrangement is reflected in the electrical drawings and that the upstream breaker is correctly sized.
+## The wiring from each contact to the fire alarm monitoring module shall be installed under [[sync/fire-alarm-systems]] as a supervised initiating device circuit, and the contact shall be identified on the submittal schedule and at the controller terminal.
−### Feeder Sizing Selection {toc}
+# Fire Pump Room {toc}
+## Room Location and Fire Separation {toc}
+
+### The fire pump shall be installed in the location indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Electric Fire Pump Feeder Conductor Sizing Basis
+label: Fire Pump Location
type: radio
options:
− - "125% of motor full-load current per NEC 695.6 (minimum)"
− - "Larger — to limit voltage drop per project requirements"
−default: "125% of motor full-load current per NEC 695.6 (minimum)"
+ - "Dedicated room inside the protected building"
+ - "Detached pump house"
+ - "Outdoors in a listed packaged fire pump enclosure"
+default: "Dedicated room inside the protected building"
```
+### A room inside the building is the location on most projects because the suction main, the electrical service, and the served risers are all there, and the room is heated and protected by the building. A detached pump house separates the pump from a fire in the building and is the arrangement for a campus, an industrial site, or a tank supply remote from the building, at the cost of a heated structure and an exterior feeder route. A listed packaged enclosure delivers the pump, driver, controller, piping, and heating as one factory assembly set on a pad outdoors, which shortens the field work and suits a site without a building to put the pump in; it is heated, ventilated, and rated as the room would be. {note}
+
+### The fire pump room shall be located as indicated on [[drawing: the fire protection plans]], with access to the room from the exterior or through a protected passageway as NFPA 20 requires for the building height.
+
+### The fire pump room shall be separated from the rest of the building by construction of the fire-resistance rating indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Electric Fire Pump Feeder Overcurrent Protection Sizing
−type: radio
+label: Pump Room Fire-Resistance Rating
+type: select
+derived: "NFPA 20 Chapter 4 applied to whether the building is a high-rise and to whether the pump room is in the protected building, in a separate building, or in a listed outdoor enclosure"
options:
− - "Sized to carry locked-rotor current indefinitely per NEC 695.4 (required)"
−default: "Sized to carry locked-rotor current indefinitely per NEC 695.4 (required)"
+ - "2-hour fire-resistance-rated construction"
+ - "1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction"
+ - "Not rated, pump room separated from the protected building by the distance NFPA 20 requires"
+default: derived
```
−## Disconnect {toc}
+### NFPA 20 requires a 2-hour separation for a pump room in a high-rise building and a 1-hour separation or a stated separation distance from the building for other buildings, and the rating follows from the building rather than from a choice, so the field is derived. The point of the separation is that the pump keeps running through a fire in the building it protects, which is also why the access route to the room is protected and the room has nothing in it that is not part of the fire protection system. {note}
−### A disconnect ahead of the fire pump controller is permitted under specific NEC 695.4(B) conditions and shall be supervised in the closed position by a key lock or tamper switch.
+### The pump room shall contain no equipment, storage, or occupancy other than the fire pump assembly, its controller, the jockey pump, the fuel tank, and the fire protection equipment NFPA 20 permits in the room.
−### The disconnect shall be marked "FIRE PUMP DISCONNECT — DO NOT OPEN UNLESS POWER SUPPLY IS DEAD."
+### Penetrations of the pump room enclosure shall be firestopped under [[sync/firestopping]] to the rating of the enclosure.
−### Unsupervised disconnects ahead of fire pump controllers are explicitly prohibited because an open disconnect renders the fire pump unavailable without any visible indication at the controller.
+## Room Heating and Ventilation {toc}
−### Disconnect Arrangement Selection {toc}
+### The pump room shall be maintained at not less than the temperature indicated in the datasheet by heating that does not depend on the fire pump or its power source.
```datasheet
−label: Disconnect Ahead of Fire Pump Controller
−type: radio
+label: Pump Room Maintained Temperature
+type: range
+unit: °F
options:
− - "No disconnect — controller is the first device on the feeder (preferred where permitted)"
− - "Yes — supervised disconnect per NEC 695.4(B) with tamper switch to fire alarm"
−default: "No disconnect — controller is the first device on the feeder (preferred where permitted)"
+ min: 40
+ max: 70
+ setpoints: [40, 50, 60, 70]
+default: 40
+constraint: min
```
−## Generator Sizing {toc}
+### Where the driver is a diesel engine, the pump room shall be maintained at not less than the temperature the engine manufacturer requires for a start without the jacket water heater, or at 40°F with the jacket water heater this standard requires, whichever the engine listing requires.
−### Where an on-site emergency generator serves the fire pump alternate power source, the generator shall be sized to start and run the fire pump motor at its locked-rotor inrush in addition to all other connected emergency loads.
+### NFPA 20 sets 40°F as the floor for every pump room because water-filled piping and a wet pump freeze below it, and a diesel engine room is held warmer only where the engine listing requires it; the jacket water heater carries the engine's own starting temperature, so the room is heated for the water, not the engine. A room on an exterior wall in a climate whose [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] is well below freezing needs a heater sized for the design day and a low temperature signal, since the fire pump itself produces no heat until it runs. {note}
−### Fire pump motor starting is one of the most demanding loads on an emergency generator, and a generator sized only for steady-state running load will brown out, drop frequency, and stall during fire pump start. {note}
+### The pump room shall be ventilated as indicated in the datasheet.
−### Generator selection shall be coordinated with the electrical engineer and shall comply with NFPA 110.
+```datasheet
+label: Pump Room Ventilation
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Gravity louvers with no fan"
+ - "Exhaust fan with a gravity intake louver"
+ - "Ducted radiator discharge with motorized intake and discharge louvers"
+```
−### The generator-pump combination shall be field tested by transferring the pump to the generator during pump start and verifying that the generator maintains voltage and frequency within tolerance.
+### An electric motor pump room needs only enough air to carry away the motor heat during a run, which gravity louvers provide; a diesel engine with heat exchanger cooling adds combustion air, which an exhaust fan or a larger gravity opening provides; and a radiator-cooled engine moves its full cooling air flow through the room, which needs a ducted radiator discharge and motorized louvers at both ends that open on engine start. The driver and its cooling decide the ventilation, which is why the field carries no default. {note}
−# Installation {toc}
+### Where the driver is a diesel engine, the ventilation openings shall deliver the combustion air and the cooling air the engine manufacturer requires at the highest pump room temperature, with the openings sized and located as indicated on [[drawing: the pump room plan and elevations]].
−## Pump Foundation {toc}
+### Motorized louvers and dampers in pump room ventilation openings shall open on engine start from the engine starting batteries or shall fail open on loss of power, and shall not depend on the building electrical system to open.
−### The pump shall be installed on a concrete inertia base or a steel skid grouted to a concrete pad.
+### Ventilation openings shall be screened against vermin and arranged so that the exhaust termination does not discharge toward the intake.
−### The foundation shall be level within tolerances specified by the pump manufacturer and shall be of sufficient mass and dimension to absorb pump vibration and resist hydraulic thrust forces.
+## Drainage, Lighting, and Access {toc}
−### Grouting shall be non-shrink grout placed in accordance with the grout manufacturer's instructions, and the grout shall fully encapsulate the base of the skid without voids.
+### The pump room floor shall drain to a floor drain sized to receive the circulation relief flow, the packing drip, the heat exchanger cooling water discharge, and the main relief valve discharge where it is piped to drain, with the floor sloped to the drain, as indicated on [[drawing: the pump room plan]].
−### Pump Foundation Selection {toc}
+### The pump room shall be provided with normal lighting and with emergency lighting under the egress lighting standard adopted for the project, so that the controller, the gauges, and the engine instrument panel can be read with the normal supply off.
−```datasheet
−label: Pump Foundation Type
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Concrete inertia base, grouted to concrete pad"
− - "Steel skid on concrete pad, grouted"
− - "Per pump manufacturer's recommended foundation"
−default: "Steel skid on concrete pad, grouted"
−```
+### Clearances around the pump, the driver, the controller, and the jockey pump shall be not less than the manufacturer's published maintenance clearances and the working space NFPA 70 requires at the controller, and the room shall provide a route by which the pump, the driver, and the fuel tank can be removed and replaced without demolition.
−## Pump Alignment {toc}
+### The pump room shall be provided with a means of lifting the pump and driver for maintenance where the assembly weight exceeds what can be handled by hand, as indicated on [[drawing: the pump room plan]].
−### The pump shaft and the driver shaft shall be aligned within the manufacturer's tolerance after the unit is installed and the piping is connected.
+### Where the pump room is below grade or where the floor drain cannot discharge by gravity, a sump pump under [[sync/sump-and-sewage-pumps]] shall be provided, served from a circuit that remains energized when the fire pump runs on its alternate source.
−### Pipe strain is the most common cause of fire pump alignment problems. {note}
+## Seismic Restraint {toc}
−### The suction and discharge piping shall be supported by independent hangers immediately adjacent to the pump flanges so that the piping does not impose any load on the pump nozzles.
+### The fire pump, driver, jockey pump, fuel tank, batteries, and the suction and discharge piping shall be anchored and braced in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7 for [[parameter: seismic-design-category]] under [[sync/vibration-isolation-and-seismic-restraint]], with the fire pump assembly treated as a designated seismic system with the component importance factor ASCE/SEI 7 assigns to fire protection equipment.
−### After the piping is connected and supported, the alignment shall be re-checked and corrected before start-up.
+### Where ASCE/SEI 7 requires special certification of the fire pump assembly for the seismic design category and importance factor, the manufacturer's certification by shake-table testing or experience data shall be submitted with the action submittals, and the assembly shall be installed with the anchorage the certification was obtained on.
−### Alignment shall be verified by laser alignment or dial-indicator methods to the manufacturer's tolerances.
+### Flexible couplings shall be provided in the suction and discharge piping at the pump and at the pump room wall where [[sync/fire-protection-piping]] requires them for the seismic design category.
−### Hot alignment checks shall be performed during commissioning.
+### The fire pump is required to function after the design earthquake rather than merely to stay on its pad, which is the difference between anchorage and certification; in the higher seismic design categories the manufacturer has to show that a pump that has been shaken still starts and reaches its curve. {note}
−## Suction Piping Routing {toc}
+# Installation {toc}
−### The suction piping shall enter the pump from the appropriate direction for the pump type and shall not include any abrupt turns, tees, or significant fittings within a minimum of 10 pipe diameters of the suction flange (per NFPA 20).
+## Foundation and Grouting {toc}
−### The suction piping is sensitive to flow disturbances; a tee or elbow too close to the suction inlet creates non-uniform velocity distribution at the impeller eye, which causes vibration, cavitation, and capacity loss. {note}
+### The pump and driver shall be set on a concrete pad furnished under [[sync/concrete-pads]], of a mass and plan dimension not less than the pump manufacturer requires and raised above the pump room floor by not less than the height that standard sets for a pump pad.
−### Where the suction pipe must turn within the 10-diameter zone, suction-conditioning straightening vanes shall be considered or the routing shall be modified.
+### The baseplate shall be leveled on the pad, anchored with the anchor bolts the manufacturer specifies, and grouted with non-shrink grout under [[sync/non-shrink-grout]] so that the grout fills the baseplate cavity without voids.
−## Connections to Existing Systems {toc}
+### The pump and driver shall not be operated, and the piping shall not be connected, until the grout has reached the strength the grout manufacturer publishes for load.
−### Where the fire pump is added to an existing fire protection system, the Contractor shall confirm that the existing piping is sized for the new pump capacity, that existing components can withstand the new system pressure, and that the existing controller signal points are compatible with the new fire alarm system.
+### A vertical turbine pump shall be set on a sole plate grouted to the pit or well cover, level within the tolerance the manufacturer publishes, with the discharge head bolted to the sole plate.
−### Tying a high-pressure fire pump into a piping system rated for a lower pressure is a serious safety hazard; field-modified existing piping that fails under the new pressure can cause severe injury and property damage. {note}
+## Alignment and Piping Connections {toc}
−### The Engineer of Record shall confirm the existing system rating and shall require pressure-rating upgrades where required.
+### The coupling alignment of a horizontal pump and driver shall be checked after the baseplate is grouted and again after the suction and discharge piping are connected, and shall be within the tolerance the coupling manufacturer publishes before the pump is first run.
+### The suction and discharge piping shall be supported independently of the pump so that no piping load is carried by the pump flanges, and a flange that cannot be bolted up without springing the pipe shall be corrected in the piping rather than at the pump.
+
+### A final alignment check shall be made with the pump and driver at operating temperature after the field acceptance test, and the readings shall be recorded in the closeout submittals.
+
+### Pipe strain is the most common cause of a fire pump that vibrated on the factory stand within limits and vibrates in the field beyond them, and it enters at the moment the discharge flange is drawn up to a pipe that was cut a quarter inch short. {note}
+
+### Every valve in the suction and discharge piping that is required to be open shall be supervised open under [[sync/fire-protection-piping]], and every such valve shall be tagged with its normal position.
+
+### The pump, the driver, the jockey pump, the controller, and each valve in the pump room shall be identified under [[sync/mechanical-identification]], and a sign at the pump room door shall identify the room as the fire pump room.
+
+## Connection to an Existing System {toc}
+
+### Where the fire pump is added to an existing fire protection system, the Contractor shall confirm before the pump is installed that the existing piping and components downstream of the discharge are rated for the discharge pressure at churn, that the existing suction main delivers the required suction pressure at 150 percent of rated flow, and that the existing fire alarm system has capacity for the supervisory signals this standard requires.
+
+### Where any existing component is rated below the discharge pressure at churn, the Engineer of Record shall direct either a main relief valve, a replacement of the component, or a change in the pump selection before the pump is installed.
+
+### The pressure a new fire pump adds is applied to every joint and device in the existing system at every start, and an existing system built for a public main at 65 psi has fittings, valves, and alarm devices whose ratings were never checked against 200 psi; the check before installation is what keeps the acceptance test from becoming a leak survey. {note}
+
# Testing {toc}
−## Hydrostatic Test {toc}
+## Factory Test {toc}
−### The pump's suction and discharge piping shall be hydrostatically tested at not less than 200 psi or 50 psi above the maximum system working pressure, whichever is greater, for 2 hours with no observed pressure drop, in accordance with NFPA 20.
+### Each fire pump shall be tested at the factory at rated speed from shutoff through 150 percent of rated flow in accordance with ANSI/HI 14.6 at the acceptance grade the pump's listing requires, and the certified curve of the pump shipped shall be furnished by serial number.
−### The pump itself is factory-tested and is not part of the field hydrostatic test; the pump shall be isolated by closing the suction and discharge control valves during the field hydrostatic test, and the test shall be applied to the piping only.
+### The pump casing shall be hydrostatically tested at the factory at the pressure the listing requires for the rating.
−### Hydrostatic Test Pressure Selection {toc}
+### Where the contract documents require a witnessed factory test, the Contractor shall give the Engineer of Record and the Owner notice not less than 10 working days before the test and shall bear the cost of a retest where the pump fails to meet its curve.
+### The factory test proves the pump; the field test proves the installation. A pump that fails to meet its curve in the field but met it at the factory has a suction problem, a speed problem, or a gauge problem, and the certified curve is what lets the test crew tell which. {note}
+
+## Field Hydrostatic Test {toc}
+
+### The suction and discharge piping in the pump room shall be hydrostatically tested for 2 hours with no leakage and no drop in pressure at the test pressure indicated in the datasheet, with the pump isolated from the test by its suction and discharge control valves.
+
```datasheet
−label: Hydrostatic Test Pressure
+label: Pump Room Piping Hydrostatic Test Pressure
type: range
unit: psi
+derived: "200 psi, or 50 psi above the discharge pressure at churn, whichever is greater, per NFPA 20"
options:
min: 200
− max: 450
− setpoints: [200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 350, 400, 450]
−default: 200
+ max: 650
+ step: 5
+default: derived
+constraint: min
```
+### Components whose rating is below the test pressure shall be isolated or removed before the test and reinstalled after it.
+
+### Piping that leaks under test shall be repaired by remaking the joint, and the portion shall be retested at the Contractor's expense.
+
## Field Acceptance Test {toc}
−### The fire pump shall be field-tested in accordance with NFPA 20 Section 14.2 by the installing Contractor, witnessed by the pump manufacturer's representative and the AHJ.
−### The test shall demonstrate that the installed pump meets or exceeds the certified factory test curve when corrected to site conditions and shall include the following:
+### The fire pump assembly shall be field tested in accordance with NFPA 20 Chapter 14 after the suction supply is in service, the fuel tank is filled, the power supply is complete, and the controller has been started up under [[sync/fire-pump-controllers]].
−- Churn (no-flow) test: pump shall start, run for not less than 30 minutes, and produce churn pressure within the listing tolerance band of the certified factory curve
−- 100% rated capacity test: pump shall deliver rated flow at not less than rated total head
−- 150% rated capacity test: pump shall deliver 150% of rated flow at not less than 65% of rated total head
−- Starting time: electric pumps shall reach rated speed within 10 seconds of start signal; diesel pumps within 20 seconds
−- Transfer switch test (where present): pump shall transfer from normal to alternate power and back without interruption of pump operation
−- Phase reversal and phase failure simulation (electric)
−- All controller alarm signals shall be verified at the building fire alarm panel
+### The test shall flow the pump at churn, at rated flow, and at 150 percent of rated flow, with suction pressure, discharge pressure, flow, speed, and, for an electric motor, voltage and current on each phase recorded at each point, and the net pressure at each point shall meet or exceed the certified factory curve corrected for the speed at which the test is run.
−### Flow during the field test shall be measured by a calibrated flow meter or by hose stream measurement (using calibrated pitot-tube on the test header discharge), and pressure shall be measured by calibrated gauges that have been calibrated within the preceding 12 months.
+### The test shall include not less than six automatic starts and six manual starts, with the pump run for not less than the duration NFPA 20 requires on each start, and shall include the alternate source transfer, the phase failure, and the phase reversal tests NFPA 20 requires for the driver and the arrangement furnished.
−### The Contractor shall provide a certificate of calibration for each instrument used in the field acceptance test.
+### Every supervisory signal this standard requires shall be initiated at the originating device and verified at the fire alarm control unit and at the supervising station where one receives it.
−### Flow Measurement Method Selection {toc}
+### The pressure switch settings, the relief valve settings, and the jockey pump operation shall be verified during the test, and the pressure maintenance shall be observed with the system closed for not less than the period required to demonstrate that the jockey holds the system without a fire pump start.
+### The flow measurement methods permitted at the field acceptance test shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
```datasheet
−label: Field Acceptance Test Flow Measurement Method
−type: radio
+label: Permitted Flow Measurement Methods
+type: checkbox
options:
− - "Calibrated flow meter on test loop (where flow meter is provided)"
− - "Pitot tube measurement at hose header discharge (calibrated within 12 months)"
− - "Both — pitot at header verifies flow meter reading"
−default: "Pitot tube measurement at hose header discharge (calibrated within 12 months)"
+ - "Pitot gauge on hose streams through listed nozzles at the test header"
+ - "Calibrated flow meter"
+default:
+ - "Pitot gauge on hose streams through listed nozzles at the test header"
+ - "Calibrated flow meter"
+constraint: any_of
```
−## Periodic Testing — NFPA 25 {toc}
+### Every gauge and meter used at the field acceptance test shall carry a calibration certificate dated not more than 12 months before the test.
−### The Owner shall be advised in the operation and maintenance manual that NFPA 25 requires the following:
+### The field acceptance test shall be witnessed by the parties indicated in the datasheet.
−- Weekly inspection of the pump room temperature, gauges, valves, and controller status
−- Weekly engine run test of diesel pumps (30 minutes minimum)
−- Monthly run test of electric pumps with no-flow operation (10 minutes minimum, or per AHJ requirement)
−- Annual flow test verifying churn, 100%, and 150% capacity per NFPA 20
−- Annual transfer switch test (where applicable)
−- Triennial recalibration of test instruments
+```datasheet
+label: Field Acceptance Test Witnesses
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Authority Having Jurisdiction"
+ - "Pump manufacturer's representative"
+ - "Engine manufacturer's representative"
+ - "Engineer of Record"
+ - "Owner's representative"
+ - "Insurance carrier representative"
+ - "Commissioning authority"
+default:
+ - "Authority Having Jurisdiction"
+ - "Pump manufacturer's representative"
+constraint: all_of
+```
−### The Contractor shall provide a clear schedule of these requirements in the closeout package, including a tag at the controller showing the testing schedule.
+### The Contractor shall schedule the field acceptance test with each witness not less than 10 working days before the test and shall furnish the hose, nozzles, pitot gauge, and instruments the test requires.
−### Failure to perform NFPA 25 inspection and testing is a code violation and exposes the Owner to insurance non-compliance. {note}
+### A pump that fails to meet the certified curve at any point shall be corrected and retested at the Contractor's expense, and a failure attributable to the suction supply shall be reported to the Engineer of Record before any correction to the pump is made.
−# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+### The 150 percent point is where a field test fails when it fails, because that is where the suction pressure is lowest, the motor is at its highest load, and the engine is at its lowest margin after the altitude deduction; a pump that meets rated flow and falls short at 150 percent is usually telling the crew about the supply rather than about itself. {note}
−## Delivery {toc}
+## Periodic Testing Under NFPA 25 {toc}
−### The fire pump assembly shall be delivered to the site only when the pump room is ready to receive it — meaning the floor pad is poured and cured, the electrical service is in place or imminent, the room is enclosed and protected from weather and theft, and the building structure can carry the pump weight.
+### The Contractor shall include in the operation and maintenance manual the NFPA 25 inspection, testing, and maintenance schedule for the assembly, including the weekly no-flow test of a diesel-driven pump and the monthly or weekly no-flow test of an electric-driven pump at the interval NFPA 25 sets for the arrangement, the annual flow test at churn, rated, and 150 percent of rated flow, the battery, fuel, and cooling water maintenance for a diesel engine, and the calibration interval for the test gauges.
−### Fire pump components are heavy, expensive, and not easily replaced; staged delivery to inadequately prepared rooms results in damaged equipment and warranty disputes. {note}
+### A tag stating the weekly and annual test requirements and the date of the acceptance test shall be attached at the controller.
−## Storage {toc}
+### The Contractor shall demonstrate the weekly test procedure to the Owner's maintenance staff at the field acceptance test and shall record the demonstration in the closeout submittals.
−### During storage prior to installation, the pump shall be protected from moisture, dirt, and physical damage.
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
−### The pump shaft shall be rotated by hand at least monthly during storage to prevent bearing brinelling from vibration.
+## The fire pump assembly shall be delivered after the pump room is enclosed, the pad is cured, and the room is secured, and shall be moved into the room by the route shown on the reviewed layout drawing.
−### The controller shall be stored in a dry, conditioned environment; controllers stored in unconditioned spaces during construction may have moisture ingress that damages internal electronics before they ever see service.
+## The pump and driver shall be stored indoors in a dry location, on the baseplate, with the flanges covered, the bearings protected as the manufacturer directs, and the shaft rotated by hand at the interval the manufacturer directs to keep the bearings from brinelling.
−# Warranty {toc}
+## Diesel engine starting batteries shall be delivered dry or shall be charged within the period the battery manufacturer allows between delivery and charging, and shall not be stored in the pump room before the chargers are energized.
−## Warranty Requirements {toc}
+## Materials damaged in transit, storage, or handling shall be replaced rather than repaired unless the Engineer of Record accepts a specific repair in writing.
−### The Contractor shall provide a warranty covering all fire pump components — pump, driver, controller, jockey pump, and jockey controller — for a period of not less than 1 year from the date of substantial completion.
+## A fire pump set in an unfinished room is the pump that arrives at acceptance with grout dust in the packing, a bent gauge, and a motor that was used as a step; delivering it after the room is secure costs a few weeks of schedule and saves the acceptance test. {note}
−### The warranty shall be jointly executed by the installing Contractor and the manufacturer where the manufacturer's standard warranty differs from the project warranty.
+# Warranty {toc}
−### Pump impellers, seals, and bearings are wear items; the warranty shall clearly state which components are covered for the full warranty period and which are subject to a wear-and-tear exclusion.
+## The Contractor shall warrant the fire pump, the driver, the jockey pump, the jockey pump controller, and the pump room piping and trim furnished under this standard against defects in materials and workmanship for the period indicated in the datasheet, measured from the date of acceptance.
−### Warranty Duration Selection {toc}
−
```datasheet
−label: Warranty Duration
−type: select
+label: Fire Pump Assembly Warranty Period
+type: range
+unit: years
options:
− - "1 year from substantial completion (standard)"
− - "2 years from substantial completion"
− - "Manufacturer's standard warranty (verify period and conditions)"
−default: "1 year from substantial completion (standard)"
+ min: 1
+ max: 5
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 5]
+default: 1
+constraint: min
```
−# Spare Parts {toc}
+## Where the pump, driver, or engine manufacturer's warranty is longer than the period in the datasheet, the Contractor shall assign that warranty to the Owner, and the longer period shall govern for that component.
−## Spare Parts Delivery {toc}
+## Where the contract documents state a longer warranty period than the datasheet, the longer period shall govern.
−### The Contractor shall provide the following recommended spare parts at substantial completion, packaged in labeled containers and delivered to the Owner:
+## The warranty shall state which components are wear items subject to replacement under NFPA 25 maintenance and which are covered for the full period, and shall not exclude a failure that occurs during a test NFPA 25 requires.
−- One complete set of pump mechanical seals or packing rings
−- One impeller wear ring set
−- One set of suction and discharge gaskets
−- For diesel pumps: one set of fuel filters, one set of oil filters, one set of air filters, and one set of starter motor brushes
−- For electric pumps: one set of motor brushes (where applicable), and one spare control transformer if the controller uses one
−- One complete set of pressure gauges of the type installed
+## Work performed under this warranty shall itself be warranted for a full new term equal to the original period measured from the date the correction is completed, or for the remainder of the original period, whichever ends later.
+## A warranty repair that takes the fire pump out of service shall be performed under the impairment procedure of NFPA 25, with the Authority Having Jurisdiction and the Owner's insurer notified as that procedure requires, at no cost to the Owner.
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall deliver the spare parts indicated in the datasheet to the Owner before the assembly is accepted, packaged in labeled containers, and shall obtain a signed receipt for them.
+
```datasheet
−label: Spare Parts Package
+label: Spare Parts to Be Furnished
type: checkbox
options:
− - "Pump mechanical seals or packing"
− - "Impeller wear ring set"
− - "Suction and discharge gaskets"
− - "Diesel filters (fuel, oil, air)"
− - "Diesel starter brushes"
− - "Motor brushes (electric, where applicable)"
− - "Spare pressure gauges"
−default: "Pump mechanical seals or packing"
+ - "One set of packing or one mechanical seal for the fire pump"
+ - "One set of wear rings for the fire pump"
+ - "One set of suction and discharge gaskets"
+ - "One set of fuel, oil, and air filters for the engine"
+ - "One set of belts and hoses for the engine"
+ - "One pressure gauge of each range installed"
+ - "One set of packing or one mechanical seal for the jockey pump"
+ - "One pressure switch for the jockey pump controller"
+default:
+ - "One set of packing or one mechanical seal for the fire pump"
+ - "One set of suction and discharge gaskets"
+ - "One pressure gauge of each range installed"
+constraint: all_of
```
−### The Owner shall be advised that fire pumps are demanding service equipment despite their low duty cycle, and that the spare parts inventory shall be replenished as items are consumed during NFPA 25 testing and maintenance over the life of the installation.
+## Spare parts shall be the same make and model as the installed items and shall be delivered in their original unopened packaging.
+
+## The operation and maintenance manual shall state the shelf life of each spare part and the interval at which the engine filters and the batteries are replaced under NFPA 25 maintenance.