Sanitary Waste and Vent Piping

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Revision 7 · Oct 2, 2026 +1108 −852

SynC Standards Team — Specifier (Platform Standards) ✓ OfficialDiscloses employment SynC (SynC Platform Team)

Remade for neutrality: every choice explained, project facts as parameters, scope boundaries linked both ways

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−---

−title: Sanitary Waste and Vent Piping

−category: Plumbing

−toc_depth: 3

−description: >

− When to use: Sanitary drain, waste, and vent (DWV) piping systems inside buildings from the point of connection at plumbing fixtures to the point of connection with the building sewer, including all above-grade and below-slab horizontal branches, vertical stacks, and vent piping. Covers pipe materials (hubless and hub-and-spigot cast iron, PVC DWV), drainage-pattern fittings, joints, cleanouts, floor drains, traps, hangers and supports, buried and below-slab piping, slope, and field testing. Applicable to commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings.

− Not intended for: Storm or rainwater drainage systems (see [[sync/storm-drainage]]); grease waste piping downstream of grease interceptors requiring special materials or slope (see [[sync/grease-interceptors]]); domestic water supply distribution (see [[sync/domestic-water-piping]]); plumbing fixtures and fixture trim (see [[sync/plumbing-fixtures]]); building sewer from the five-foot point of connection to the public main (separate civil or site utility scope); medical gas or laboratory waste requiring special chemical-resistance materials; high-temperature or corrosive process waste requiring engineered specialty piping.

−---

−

−# Scope {toc}

−

−## This standard covers the design, material selection, fabrication, installation, testing, and acceptance of sanitary drain, waste, and vent piping systems inside buildings, including piping below slabs on grade, and extending to the five-foot connection point with the building sewer outside the building foundation wall. {note}

−## The scope encompasses all sanitary drainage, waste, and vent (DWV) piping that conveys sewage and liquid waste from plumbing fixtures and floor drains by gravity to the building sewer, and all vent piping that protects trap seals and admits air to the drainage system. {note}

−

−## Sanitary waste and vent piping is among the most consequential plumbing scopes on any project. {note}

−

−## DWV failures are often slow and concealed — improper slope fills pipes with solids, inadequate venting destroys trap seals and admits sewer gas, and poorly supported piping sags over time, with consequences ranging from nuisance service calls to structural damage to hydrogen sulfide intrusion; this standard is written to close the gaps between code minimums and reliable, long-term performance. {note}

−## This standard does not cover storm drainage or roof drainage systems.

−## Where a combined sanitary and storm drainage system is present, the authority having jurisdiction governs the discharge arrangement; the materials and installation requirements of this standard apply to the sanitary portions of such systems.

−## Coordinate floor drain and fixture locations with [[drawing: plumbing floor plans and fixture schedule]] and coordinate with [[sync/plumbing-fixtures]] for trap configuration, outlet size, and rough-in dimensions at each fixture.

−# Referenced Standards {toc}

−

−## Materials, equipment, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of the following standards and codes unless a specific year is cited elsewhere in the contract documents.

−

−| Standard | Title |

−|----------|-------|

−| IPC | International Plumbing Code (Chapter 7 — Sanitary Drainage; Chapter 9 — Vents) |

−| UPC | Uniform Plumbing Code (Chapter 7 — Drainage Systems; Chapter 9 — Venting) |

−| ASTM A74 | Standard Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings (hub and spigot) |

−| ASTM A888 | Standard Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications |

−| CISPI 301 | Standard Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications |

−| CISPI 310 | Specification for Coupling for Use in Connection with Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications |

−| ASTM C1277 | Standard Specification for Shielded Couplings Joining Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings |

−| ASTM C564 | Standard Specification for Rubber Gaskets for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings |

−| ASTM D2665 | Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings |

−| ASTM D3034 | Standard Specification for Type PSM Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings |

−| ASTM D2564 | Standard Specification for Solvent Cements for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe and Fittings |

−| ASTM F656 | Standard Specification for Primers for Use in Solvent Cement Joints of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe and Fittings |

−| ASME B16.12 | Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings |

−| MSS SP-58 | Pipe Hangers and Supports — Materials, Design and Manufacture |

−| MSS SP-69 | Pipe Hangers and Supports — Selection and Application |

−| ASSE 1072 | Barrier-Type Floor Drain Trap Seal Protection Devices |

−| ASSE 1018 | Water-Supplied Trap Seal Primer Valves |

−| NSF/ANSI 14 | Plastics Piping System Components and Related Materials |

−

−## Where the contract documents or a referenced standard conflicts with the adopted building code, the more stringent requirement governs unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.

−## Where the project is located in a jurisdiction that has adopted the Uniform Plumbing Code rather than the International Plumbing Code, references to IPC chapter and section numbers shall be understood to refer to the equivalent UPC provisions.

−## The Contractor shall confirm the adopted edition with the Authority Having Jurisdiction prior to submitting the permit application.

−# Submittals {toc}

−

−## Action Submittals {toc}

−

−### Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer's review and comment prior to fabrication, procurement, or installation of any portion of the work.

−### No substitutions for specified materials shall be used until the substitution has been reviewed and accepted in writing.

−

−- Product data for all piping materials, including pipe and fittings conforming to applicable ASTM or CISPI standards, with the manufacturer's confirmation of compliance with the listed standard designation and the applicable weight or schedule class

−- Product data for shielded couplings for hubless cast iron pipe, including the manufacturer's published torque specification and listing information

−- Product data for floor drains, cleanout bodies, cleanout plugs, and trap primer valves, including manufacturer's literature and installation instructions

−- Product data for trap seal primer systems where specified, including confirmation of compliance with ASSE 1018 or ASSE 1072 as applicable

−- Product data for pipe hangers, supports, and seismic restraints, including the manufacturer's load tables for the sizes and pipe materials specified

−- A piping coordination plan or BIM model for areas with congested structure, other trades, or limited clearance, where required by the contract documents

−- Penetration details for all fire-rated floor, wall, and partition penetrations, with fire-stop product data and listed assembly numbers

−

−```datasheet

−label: Action Submittals Required

−type: checkbox

−options:

− - "Pipe and fitting product data (cast iron)"

− - "Pipe and fitting product data (PVC DWV)"

− - "Shielded coupling product data with torque specification"

− - "Floor drain and cleanout product data"

− - "Trap primer system product data"

− - "Hanger and support product data with load tables"

− - "Piping coordination plan or BIM model"

− - "Fire-stop penetration details"

−default: "Pipe and fitting product data (cast iron)"

−```

−

−## Closeout Submittals {toc}

−

−### Contractor shall provide the following at substantial completion before the sanitary waste and vent system is accepted.

−

−- As-built drawings or marked-up contract drawings showing the installed routing, invert elevations at cleanouts and connection points, trap primer connections, and any deviations from the contract documents

−- Field test reports for all water-column tests and air tests performed on the rough DWV system, signed by the testing technician, with pass/fail determination and corrective actions taken

−- Manufacturer's warranty documentation for specialty drainage items including floor drain bodies and trap primer units

−- Operation and maintenance data for trap primer systems and electronic trap seal devices

−

−```datasheet

−label: Required Closeout Submittals

−type: checkbox

−options:

− - "As-built drawings or marked-up contract drawings"

− - "Field test reports for water-column and air tests"

− - "Manufacturer's warranty documentation for specialty drainage items"

− - "Operation and maintenance data for trap primer and trap seal devices"

−default: ["As-built drawings or marked-up contract drawings", "Field test reports for water-column and air tests", "Manufacturer's warranty documentation for specialty drainage items", "Operation and maintenance data for trap primer and trap seal devices"]

−```

−

−# Quality Assurance {toc}

−

−## Installer Qualifications {toc}

−

−### All sanitary waste and vent piping shall be installed by a licensed plumbing contractor and by journeymen or apprentice plumbers working under the direct supervision of a licensed journeyman.

−### The installing contractor shall have verifiable experience in commercial DWV piping installation on at least three projects of comparable size and complexity within the preceding five years.

−### Hubless cast iron piping shall be installed only by personnel who have been trained in the torquing and coupling-installation techniques required by the coupling manufacturer.

−### Personnel who are installing couplings for the first time on a project shall demonstrate proper torque technique on sample connections before performing production work.

−## Listing and Marking {toc}

−

−### All pipe, fittings, couplings, and specialty drainage items shall be listed and marked by a nationally recognized testing laboratory for the applicable product standard.

−### Cast iron soil pipe shall be marked with the applicable standard designation (ASTM A74 or ASTM A888/CISPI 301), the pipe weight class, and the manufacturer's identification.

−### PVC DWV pipe shall be marked with the applicable standard designation (ASTM D2665), the material designation, the nominal pipe size, and the NSF/ANSI 14 listing mark.

−### Unlisted or unmarked pipe and fittings shall be rejected and removed from the project regardless of documentation provided by the supplier.

−## Drainage Fittings Required {toc}

−

−### All fittings in the sanitary drainage system shall be drainage-pattern fittings designed for gravity flow.

−### Sanitary drainage systems shall not use pressure-pattern tee fittings (standard tees, crosses, or straight-pattern tees) to connect drainage branches.

−### The use of pressure tees in drainage systems is not permitted regardless of the direction of flow being connected.

−### Drainage-pattern fittings — including sanitary tees, wye fittings, combination wye-and-eighth-bends, and long-sweep bends — direct flow in the direction of drainage and minimize velocity-killing dead pockets, while pressure tees cause turbulence, solids deposition, and chronic blockage. {note}

−## Regulatory Inspection Hold Points {toc}

−

−### The Contractor shall schedule inspections by the Authority Having Jurisdiction for all below-slab and below-grade piping before placement of concrete, fill, or backfill.

−### No concealment of any portion of the DWV system is permitted before the applicable rough plumbing inspection has been completed and released.

−### The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of Record if any inspection rejection or required modification differs from the contract documents, before proceeding with corrective work.

−# Piping Materials {toc}

−

−## Primary Material Selection {toc}

−

−### The following materials are specified for the applications indicated. {note}

−

−### The choice of pipe material shall be established by the contract documents.

−

−```datasheet

−label: Above-Grade Interior Pipe Material

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Hubless cast iron (ASTM A888 / CISPI 301)"

− - "Hub-and-spigot cast iron (ASTM A74), compression gasket joints"

− - "PVC DWV Schedule 40 (ASTM D2665)"

−default: "Hubless cast iron (ASTM A888 / CISPI 301)"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Below-Slab and Buried Interior Pipe Material

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Hubless cast iron (ASTM A888 / CISPI 301)"

− - "Hub-and-spigot cast iron (ASTM A74), compression gasket joints"

− - "PVC DWV Schedule 40 (ASTM D2665)"

− - "PVC sewer pipe SDR 35 (ASTM D3034) — building drain to 5-ft connection only"

−default: "Hub-and-spigot cast iron (ASTM A74), compression gasket joints"

−```

−### Where the contract documents permit more than one material for a given portion of the system, the Contractor shall submit the proposed material for each location and shall not mix materials within a continuous run without an approved transition fitting.

−### Hubless cast iron is the preferred material for above-grade interior sanitary piping in commercial and institutional buildings, providing superior noise attenuation, impact resistance, service life, and fire resistance relative to plastic piping. {note}

−### PVC DWV is acceptable in applications where noise attenuation is not a significant concern, where the structure type or occupancy type makes it appropriate, and where it is permitted by the adopted plumbing code and the contract documents.

−### PVC DWV shall not be used above grade in locations where acoustic performance is required, including in chase walls adjacent to occupied spaces in hotels, healthcare facilities, dormitories, and similar occupancies.

−### Hub-and-spigot cast iron with compression gasket joints is a robust below-slab buried drainage material whose joint tolerates minor differential settlement without losing water tightness. {note}

−### PVC Schedule 40 DWV is also widely used below slab in commercial construction where soil conditions and structural design do not impose significant differential settlement; it shall be installed on a uniform granular bed and shall be supported and bedded per the requirements of the Buried and Below-Slab Piping section of this standard.

−## Cast Iron Soil Pipe — Hubless (No-Hub) {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Hubless Cast Iron Weight Class

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Service weight"

− - "Extra-heavy weight"

−default: "Service weight"

−```

−

−### Hubless cast iron soil pipe and fittings shall conform to ASTM A888 or CISPI 301 and shall be manufactured from gray iron.

−### Pipe and fittings shall be available in sizes as indicated on the drawings and shall comply with all dimensional, weight, and mechanical requirements of the applicable standard.

−### The nominal wall thickness and dimensional properties shall comply with Table 1 of ASTM A888, which specifies service weight and extra-heavy weight pipe; service weight shall be used unless extra-heavy weight is specifically indicated on the drawings.

−### Service weight hubless cast iron is appropriate for the large majority of commercial DWV applications, while extra-heavy weight is warranted for underground installations subject to vehicular loading, for connections below heavy machinery, or where required by the structural engineer or the contract documents. {note}

−### The Contractor shall not substitute service weight for extra-heavy weight in locations where extra-heavy weight is indicated.

−## Cast Iron Soil Pipe — Hub-and-Spigot {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Hub-and-Spigot Cast Iron Weight Class

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Service weight"

− - "Extra-heavy weight"

−default: "Service weight"

−```

−

−### Hub-and-spigot cast iron soil pipe and fittings shall conform to ASTM A74 and shall be available in service weight and extra-heavy weight as indicated.

−### Pipe shall be straight-length and shall be furnished in nominal 5-foot and 10-foot laying lengths.

−### Hub-and-spigot cast iron shall be joined with compression-fit rubber gaskets conforming to ASTM C564; lead and oakum joints are obsolete, shall not be specified, and shall be used only where required to match existing lead-joint piping during renovation work under the direction of the Engineer.

−### The compression gasket joint creates a watertight, root-resistant seal without the thermal cracking risk of lead or the rigidity of solvent-cemented joints. {note}

−## PVC DWV Pipe and Fittings {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: PVC DWV Wall Type

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Solid wall Schedule 40 (ASTM D2665)"

− - "Cellular core / foam core (above-grade vent-only applications only)"

−default: "Solid wall Schedule 40 (ASTM D2665)"

−```

−

−### Polyvinyl chloride drain, waste, and vent pipe and fittings shall conform to ASTM D2665 and shall be Schedule 40 wall thickness throughout.

−### Pipe shall be manufactured from virgin PVC compound meeting the cell classification requirements of ASTM D2665.

−### Pipe and fittings shall carry the NSF/ANSI 14 listing mark and shall be rated for drain, waste, and vent service.

−### Cellular-core PVC pipe (foam-core) shall not be substituted for solid-wall Schedule 40 pipe unless specifically approved by the Engineer for above-grade vent-only applications where structural loading and joint pull-out are not concerns.

−### PVC sewer pipe conforming to ASTM D3034 (Type PSM, SDR 35) is permitted only for the below-grade building drain from the building foundation to the five-foot connection point with the building sewer, where so indicated on the drawings.

−### ASTM D3034 sewer pipe shall not be used inside the building or above grade; it is a sewer-service material not rated for the chemical and temperature exposure of the interior building waste system.

−## Pipe Size Schedule {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Pipe Sizes

−type: select

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "1-1/2 inch"

− - "2 inch"

− - "3 inch"

− - "4 inch"

− - "6 inch"

− - "8 inch"

− - "10 inch"

− - "12 inch"

−default: deferred

−```

−

−### Pipe sizes shall be as indicated on the drawings.

−### No reduction in pipe size shall be made in the direction of drainage flow.

−### The Contractor shall verify that the pipe sizes shown on the drawings comply with the drainage fixture unit (DFU) loading calculations in accordance with the adopted plumbing code, and shall report any discrepancy to the Engineer of Record before installation.

−# Joining Methods {toc}

−

−## Hubless Cast Iron — Shielded Couplings {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Hubless Coupling Standard

−type: radio

−options:

− - "CISPI 310 / ASTM C1277 shielded coupling — standard service"

− - "Heavy-duty shielded coupling (extra torque capacity) — for 4-in. and larger pipe in locations subject to vibration or differential movement"

−default: "CISPI 310 / ASTM C1277 shielded coupling — standard service"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Hubless Coupling Installation Torque

−type: range

−unit: in-lbs

−options:

− min: 48

− max: 120

− setpoints: [48, 60, 80, 120]

−default: 60

−```

−

−### Hubless cast iron soil pipe and fittings shall be joined with shielded couplings conforming to CISPI 310 and ASTM C1277.

−### Couplings shall consist of a stainless steel outer shield, stainless steel worm-drive clamp bands, and a neoprene sleeve gasket conforming to the elastomeric requirements of CISPI 310.

−### All metallic coupling components shall be Type 301 or 304 stainless steel; couplings with carbon steel components are not acceptable for interior DWV service.

−### Couplings shall be installed with a torque wrench calibrated for the manufacturer's specified torque setting.

−### The torque specification shall be obtained from the coupling manufacturer's published installation instructions and shall be verified as part of the submittal process.

−### Torquing by feel alone is not acceptable.

−### Under-torqued couplings leak; over-torqued couplings cut into the neoprene sleeve and create stress concentrations that eventually crack the gasket. {note}

−### The Contractor shall maintain at least one calibrated torque wrench on site for every two plumbers installing hubless couplings, and shall demonstrate proper technique to the Engineer's inspector if requested.

−### When joining hubless cast iron, pipe ends shall be clean and free of burrs, and shall be fully inserted into the coupling so that the pipe ends butt squarely against each other in the center of the gasket sleeve.

−### The coupling shall be centered over the joint before band screws are tightened in a cross-pattern to achieve uniform compression, and the final torque pass shall confirm all screws are at the specified value.

−### The torque value shall be taken from the coupling manufacturer's current published installation instructions.

−### The default value of 60 in-lbs is representative of standard CISPI 310 couplings for 1-1/2-inch through 4-inch pipe; larger pipe and heavy-duty couplings may require higher torque. {note}

−### The Contractor shall verify the manufacturer's current specification before commencing installation.

−## Hub-and-Spigot Cast Iron — Compression Gasket Joints {toc}

−

−### Hub-and-spigot cast iron soil pipe shall be joined using compression rubber gaskets conforming to ASTM C564.

−### Gaskets shall be seated uniformly in the hub socket before the spigot end is inserted.

−### The spigot end shall be clean and free of burrs, and a thin film of lubricant furnished or approved by the pipe manufacturer shall be applied to the spigot and the exposed face of the gasket before assembly.

−### The joint shall be completed by driving the spigot into the hub until the gasket is fully compressed and the spigot shoulder contacts the hub face; partial insertion that leaves the gasket partially compressed is not a completed joint and shall be rejected.

−### Lead and oakum caulked joints shall not be used in new construction.

−### Where lead and oakum joints exist in renovation work being connected to, a lead-to-hubless transition coupling shall be used to make the connection; the lead coupling shall be listed for joining lead-to-iron connections and installed per the manufacturer's instructions.

−## PVC DWV — Solvent Cement Joints {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: PVC Joint Primer

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Purple primer conforming to ASTM F656"

− - "Clear primer conforming to ASTM F656 (where permitted by AHJ)"

−default: "Purple primer conforming to ASTM F656"

−```

−

−### PVC DWV pipe and fittings shall be joined by solvent cement welding per ASTM D2564.

−### All joints shall be made using a two-step process: a listed PVC primer conforming to ASTM F656, applied with a dauber of appropriate size and worked into the socket and onto the spigot until the surface softens; followed immediately by a medium-bodied or heavy-bodied solvent cement conforming to ASTM D2564, applied to both the socket and the spigot.

−### The primer is not optional; joints made without primer on PVC pipe rely solely on solvent-cement adhesion without the surface dissolution that creates the true chemical weld, and such joints do not meet the standard.

−### Purple primer is required unless a clear primer that meets ASTM F656 is specifically permitted by the authority having jurisdiction.

−### After applying cement, the spigot shall be inserted into the socket with a quarter-turn twist and held in place for a minimum of 30 seconds to prevent the joint from pushing apart while the cement is still fluid.

−### A uniform bead of cement shall appear around the full circumference of the socket face; a joint that shows gaps in the bead or that has the bead on one side only shall be cut out and remade.

−### Joints shall cure undisturbed for the time period specified by the cement manufacturer before the system is subjected to any load, movement, or pressure testing.

−### Minimum cure times are temperature-dependent and shall be observed; cold ambient temperatures significantly extend required cure times.

−### Mechanical couplings (rubber-gasket slip couplings) may be used for repair joints and for connections to existing PVC piping where solvent cement joints cannot be made, subject to the Engineer's approval and the authority having jurisdiction's acceptance.

−## Transition Joints {toc}

−

−### Where hubless cast iron is connected to hub-and-spigot cast iron, an appropriately sized hubless shielded coupling shall be used.

−### Where cast iron is connected to PVC DWV, a listed mechanical transition coupling of the appropriate nominal size and configuration — with a neoprene gasket of sufficient wall thickness to accommodate the outside diameter difference between cast iron and PVC pipe — shall be used.

−### Solvent-cemented adapters are acceptable for connecting PVC DWV to cast iron hub-and-spigot fittings where the adapter is listed for the joint type and the spigot-to-hub fit is within tolerance.

−### Incompatible materials shall never be joined without a listed transition fitting; taping, gluing, or caulking dissimilar materials is not a recognized joint method and shall not be used.

−# Fittings {toc}

−

−## Drainage-Pattern Fittings Required {toc}

−

−### The following drainage-pattern fitting types are acceptable and shall be used in the configurations indicated:

−

−- **Sanitary tee (single or double):** Acceptable for vertical-to-horizontal or vertical-to-vertical connections only; shall not be used for horizontal-to-horizontal connections

−- **Wye fitting (single or double):** Acceptable for horizontal-to-horizontal, horizontal-to-vertical, and vertical connections; the preferred fitting for connecting horizontal branches to horizontal mains

−- **Combination wye-and-eighth bend (1/8 bend wye):** Acceptable for horizontal branch connections; provides a 45-degree entry into the flow stream, minimizing turbulence

−- **Long-sweep quarter bend (1/4 bend, long radius):** For horizontal offsets and horizontal-to-vertical changes; the long radius reduces velocity loss and solids deposition

−- **Short-sweep quarter bend:** Acceptable for vertical changes of direction and for horizontal-to-vertical connections where space does not permit long-radius fittings; shall not be used for horizontal-to-horizontal direction changes

−- **Eighth bend (1/8 bend), sixth bend (1/6 bend), and sixteenth bend:** For gradual horizontal offsets and compound angles; shall be used to make gradual direction changes in preference to short-radius bends wherever the routing permits

−

−```datasheet

−label: Horizontal Branch Connection Fitting Type

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Wye fitting (45-degree entry)"

− - "Combination wye-and-eighth bend (45-degree entry with sweep)"

−default: "Combination wye-and-eighth bend (45-degree entry with sweep)"

−```

−

−### All fittings within the sanitary drainage system shall be drainage-pattern fittings.

−### Sanitary tees shall not be used for horizontal-to-horizontal connections under any circumstances.

−### The Contractor shall specifically verify that all horizontal branch connections shown on the drawings use wye-pattern fittings, and shall notify the Engineer if any condition requires a different approach.

−### The sanitary tee places the branch connection at 90 degrees to the direction of flow in the main drain, creating an abrupt pocket that fills with solids — a common source of chronic blockage and a violation of IPC Section 706 and UPC requirements for drainage fittings. {note}

−## Fitting Material {toc}

−

−### Fittings shall be of the same material as the pipe to which they are connected, unless a transition fitting is required.

−### Cast iron DWV fittings shall conform to ASTM A888 (hubless) or ASTM A74 (hub-and-spigot) as applicable.

−### PVC DWV fittings shall conform to ASTM D2665 and shall be Schedule 40 throughout.

−### ASME B16.12 cast iron threaded drainage fittings may be used for threaded connections to equipment where drainage-pattern sanitary fittings are not available in the required thread size.

−## Closet Flanges {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Closet Flange Material

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Cast iron"

− - "PVC (with PVC piping system)"

−default: "Cast iron"

−```

−

−### Closet flanges for water closets shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the fixture rough-in drawings]] for the applicable fixture type.

−### Closet flanges shall be of cast iron for cast iron piping systems.

−### PVC closet flanges conforming to the applicable material standard may be used with PVC DWV piping.

−### Closet flanges shall be set level at the finished floor elevation and shall be secured to the pipe and to the floor framing or slab.

−### The flange face shall be flush with or not more than 1/4 inch above the finished floor.

−### Closet flanges set below the finished floor level are a common source of water closet seal failures. {note}

−# Drainage Specialties {toc}

−

−## Cleanouts {toc}

−

−### Cleanout Locations and Spacing {toc}

−

−#### Cleanouts shall be provided at locations and intervals as required by IPC Chapter 7 (Section 708) and as indicated on the drawings.

−#### At minimum, cleanouts shall be provided at the following locations:

−

−- At the upper end of every horizontal drainage run that is not served by a stack or fixture trap inlet that provides equivalent access for rodding

−- At each change of horizontal direction greater than 45 degrees, unless two or more such changes occur within 40 feet of developed pipe length, in which case one cleanout serves the group

−- At intervals not exceeding 100 feet along every horizontal drainage run

−- At the junction of the building drain with the building sewer, or within 10 feet upstream of that junction

−- At the base of each soil stack, inside the building and accessible without entering a confined space

−

−```datasheet

−label: Cleanout Access Type

−type: select

−options:

− - "Floor cleanout — flush with finished floor, with flush or recessed access cover"

− - "Wall cleanout — with access panel or cover plate"

− - "Stack cleanout — at base of stack with accessible plug"

− - "Grade-level cleanout — at building drain / sewer junction"

−default: "Floor cleanout — flush with finished floor, with flush or recessed access cover"

−```

−

−#### The Contractor shall provide cleanouts at code-minimum spacing unless the drawings indicate closer spacing.

−#### Cleanout spacing at 100-foot intervals is a code maximum, not a target; 50-foot maximum spacing is better for maintenance in long runs of 4-inch drain, and 75-foot maximum spacing is reasonable for larger pipes where rodding equipment has greater reach. {note}

−### Cleanout Access Clearance {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Cleanout Cover Type (Floor)

−type: select

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Nickel bronze or cast iron, flush with finish floor, light-duty (non-traffic)"

− - "Nickel bronze or cast iron, flush with finish floor, medium-duty (pedestrian traffic)"

− - "Cast iron, flush with finish floor, heavy-duty (light vehicular traffic)"

− - "Stainless steel, flush with finish floor"

−default: "Nickel bronze or cast iron, flush with finish floor, medium-duty (pedestrian traffic)"

−```

−

−#### Each cleanout shall be accessible without removing permanent construction and shall have not less than 18 inches of clear working space directly in front of the cleanout opening for drain-cleaning equipment to enter.

−#### Cleanouts located in concealed spaces — above ceilings, in crawl spaces, behind walls — shall be provided with an access panel or cover that is permanently hinged or removable and that is labeled "PLUMBING CLEANOUT" on the visible face.

−#### Cleanouts in finished floors shall have a flush cover rated for the applicable floor loading.

−### Cleanout Plug Material {toc}

−

−#### Cleanout plugs in cast iron soil pipe cleanouts shall be cast iron or brass.

−#### Plastic plugs in cast iron cleanouts are not acceptable for permanent installation.

−#### Cleanout plugs in PVC DWV cleanout fittings shall be PVC or ABS conforming to the fitting manufacturer's specification.

−#### Cleanout plugs shall have a nut or slotted head that allows them to be removed with standard plumbing tools; plugs recessed below the cleanout body face shall be accompanied by a lift-out recessed cover sized to fit the cleanout opening.

−## Floor Drains {toc}

−

−### Floor Drain Body and Connection {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Floor Drain Body Material

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Cast iron"

− - "PVC (light-duty, unoccupied utility spaces only)"

− - "Stainless steel (food service, healthcare, high-sanitation areas)"

−default: "Cast iron"

−```

−

−#### Floor drains shall be provided at locations indicated on the drawings.

−#### Each floor drain shall be connected to the sanitary drainage system, shall include an integral or separate trap of the required depth, and shall be sized to handle the design drainage flow.

−#### Floor drain body sizes, grate types, outlet sizes, and connections shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the plumbing floor plans and the fixture schedule]].

−#### Cast iron floor drain bodies are the standard for commercial and institutional buildings; stainless steel is appropriate in food service, healthcare, and other high-sanitation environments, and PVC is acceptable only in lightly loaded utility spaces. {note}

−### Floor Drain Trap Seal Maintenance {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Floor Drain Trap Seal Maintenance Method

−type: select

−options:

− - "Frequent use — no primer required (document basis in submittals)"

− - "Water-supplied trap seal primer valve conforming to ASSE 1018"

− - "Barrier-type floor drain trap seal protection device conforming to ASSE 1072"

− - "Electronic trap seal primer (water distribution to multiple drains)"

−default: "Water-supplied trap seal primer valve conforming to ASSE 1018"

−```

−

−#### Every floor drain trap shall be provided with a means of maintaining the trap seal against evaporation.

−#### Floor drains that are subject to regular water discharge — in mechanical rooms with equipment drains, in restrooms, in service corridors receiving mop sink discharge — may rely on that regular discharge to maintain trap seals.

−#### Floor drains that are infrequently used, including those in storage rooms, electrical rooms, elevator pits, and similar spaces, shall be provided with a trap seal primer system or a listed barrier-type trap seal protection device.

−#### Failure to maintain trap seals allows sewer gas (hydrogen sulfide) to enter occupied spaces and is one of the most commonly cited plumbing deficiencies in occupied buildings. {note}

−#### Water-supplied trap seal primer valves conforming to ASSE 1018 shall discharge to the trap inlet side of the drain, above the water seal, through a connection that prevents back-siphonage.

−#### The primer valve shall be connected to the domestic cold water system with an appropriate backflow prevention device in accordance with the requirements of [[sync/domestic-water-piping]] and the adopted plumbing code.

−#### Barrier-type trap seal devices conforming to ASSE 1072 are acceptable where water supply connection is not practical; they shall be installed in the trap inlet and maintained on the schedule recommended by the device manufacturer.

−### Floor Drain Grates and Strainers {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Floor Drain Grate Type

−type: select

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Square heel-proof grate, nickel bronze"

− - "Round heel-proof grate, nickel bronze"

− - "Vandal-proof grate with tamper-resistant fasteners"

− - "Square open grate, stainless steel (food service / healthcare)"

− - "Heavy-duty grate, ductile iron (vehicular areas)"

−default: "Square heel-proof grate, nickel bronze"

−```

−

−#### Floor drain grates shall be the type and finish indicated on the drawings and shall be secured against accidental displacement in any area accessible to the public.

−#### In food service and healthcare areas, grates shall be removable for cleaning without tools.

−#### In areas subject to fork lift or other wheeled vehicle traffic, grates shall be rated for the applicable live load.

−#### The drain body and grate shall be set level and flush with the finished floor surface; drains set proud of the floor surface create trip hazards and prevent effective floor mopping.

−## Traps {toc}

−

−### Trap Requirements {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Fixture Trap Type

−type: select

−options:

− - "P-trap integral to fixture (water closets, floor drain bodies with integral trap)"

− - "P-trap, separate, same material as drain piping (lavatories, sinks, urinals)"

− - "Running trap (where required for specific applications by code or drawings)"

−default: "P-trap, separate, same material as drain piping (lavatories, sinks, urinals)"

−```

−

−#### Every plumbing fixture connected to the sanitary drainage system shall be provided with a liquid seal trap.

−#### Each trap shall have a liquid seal of not less than 2 inches and not more than 4 inches in depth.

−#### Traps shall be self-cleaning — that is, designed so that the fixture discharge velocity carries waste cleanly through the trap without requiring separate flushing or priming.

−#### Drum traps, bell traps, and crown-vented traps are prohibited in new sanitary drainage systems.

−#### S-traps (P-traps that discharge downward into the floor) shall not be used where they create an unvented trap arm that can lose its seal by siphonage; where a downward connection must be made, it shall be properly vented per the adopted plumbing code.

−#### Each fixture shall have its own independent trap; one trap serving two or more fixtures (a shared or common trap) is not permitted unless the fixture configuration is specifically recognized by the adopted plumbing code.

−### Trap Arms and Distances {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Maximum Trap Arm Distance Compliance

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Verified per IPC Table 909.1 for each fixture location"

− - "Verified per UPC requirements for each fixture location"

− - "Requires Engineer review (trap-to-vent distance exceeds standard table)"

−default: "Verified per IPC Table 909.1 for each fixture location"

−```

−

−#### The distance from the trap weir to the vent connection (the trap arm) shall not exceed the maximum distance permitted by the adopted plumbing code for the pipe size used.

−#### Any trap arm that exceeds the maximum trap-to-vent distance shall be reported to the Engineer of Record for resolution before the rough-in is concealed.

−#### The IPC Table 909.1 establishes maximum trap-to-vent distances ranging from 5 feet for 1-1/4-inch traps to 10 feet for 3-inch traps and 12 feet for 4-inch traps. {note}

−# Hangers and Supports {toc}

−

−## All pipe shall be supported continuously so that it cannot sag, deflect, or move under the weight of the pipe, the fluid it carries, and construction loads.

−## Piping shall not rely on adjacent pipe, conduit, ductwork, or building insulation for support.

−## Every hanger and support shall be capable of carrying the weight of the pipe, fittings, couplings, and the water weight of the pipe when full, without yielding or deflecting more than 1/16 inch per 10 feet of supported span.

−## Hangers and supports shall conform to MSS SP-58 for materials and design, and shall be selected and spaced in accordance with MSS SP-69.

−## Field-fabricated hangers are not permitted.

−## Maximum Hanger Spacing {toc}

−

−### Maximum hanger spacing shall comply with the adopted plumbing code and with the pipe manufacturer's recommendations.

−### In the absence of more stringent requirements from the contract documents, the following maximum spacing applies: {note}

−

−### The hanger type for horizontal cast iron piping shall be specified to provide the required support at each coupling and at the specified maximum interval.

−

−```datasheet

−label: Hanger Type for Horizontal Cast Iron

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Clevis hanger (riser clamp at each joint)"

− - "Riser clamp at joints with mid-span clevis hangers"

− - "Trapeze hanger system (multiple pipes on common support)"

−default: "Clevis hanger (riser clamp at each joint)"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Hanger Type for Horizontal PVC DWV

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Plastic pipe clamp hanger (no constriction)"

− - "Plastic-lined clevis hanger"

− - "Trapeze hanger system with plastic saddle protection"

−default: "Plastic pipe clamp hanger (no constriction)"

−```

−

−### Cast iron soil pipe — both hubless and hub-and-spigot — shall be supported at every coupling and at not more than 5-foot intervals between couplings.

−

−```datasheet

−label: Cast Iron Pipe Hanger Spacing (Above Grade)

−type: select

−unit: ft on center

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "5 ft on center"

− - "At each joint and coupling, plus at midspan of pipe lengths exceeding 5 ft"

−default: "5 ft on center"

−```

−### Supporting at every joint is the recommended practice because it prevents the joint from experiencing any bending moment from span loads, which could work the coupling gasket loose over time. {note}

−### PVC DWV pipe shall be supported at not more than 4-foot intervals for 3-inch and smaller pipe, and at not more than 4-foot intervals for 4-inch and larger pipe, unless the pipe manufacturer's literature or the contract drawings specify closer spacing.

−

−```datasheet

−label: PVC DWV Pipe Hanger Spacing (Above Grade)

−type: select

−unit: ft on center

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "4 ft on center maximum"

− - "Per pipe manufacturer's recommendation based on temperature and pipe size"

−default: "4 ft on center maximum"

−```

−### Hangers for PVC pipe shall not be cinched tightly against the pipe wall; the hanger shall support the pipe from below without constricting it, allowing the pipe to move longitudinally as it expands and contracts with temperature changes.

−## Vertical Stack Support {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Vertical Stack Support at Floor Penetrations

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: "structural drawings"

−options:

− - "Riser clamp below each floor slab"

− - "Riser clamp through floor sleeve with clamping collar"

−default: "Riser clamp below each floor slab"

−```

−

−### Vertical soil and waste stacks shall be supported at the base and at each floor penetration.

−### Stack support at floor penetrations shall prevent downward movement of the stack and shall transfer the stack weight to the building structure, not to the piping connected to the stack at that floor.

−### Riser clamps sized for the pipe diameter shall be installed below each floor slab or on pipe sleeves through each floor.

−### Where a stack passes through a floor without a branch connection at that level, a mid-story guide may be used in lieu of a riser clamp, provided that a support clamp is installed within 18 inches above or below the floor.

−## Seismic Restraint {toc}

−

−### Where the project is located in a seismic design category requiring seismic restraint of nonstructural systems, lateral bracing and longitudinal restraint for the sanitary DWV piping system shall be designed and installed per the requirements of the adopted building code, the applicable seismic design category, and the contract documents.

−### The Contractor shall not proceed with seismic restraint installation without reviewed shop drawings prepared by or reviewed by a licensed structural engineer for the restraint locations, hardware, and attachment points.

−### Coordination between the seismic restraint design and the pipe hanger layout shall be completed before hangers are installed so that restraint hardware does not require field relocation.

−# Installation and Slope {toc}

−

−## General Installation Sequence {toc}

−

−### The Contractor shall install sanitary waste and vent piping in coordination with structural framing, mechanical and electrical trades, and architectural finishes so that the required pipe sizes and slopes can be achieved without conflicts.

−### Rough-in dimensions for fixtures, cleanouts, and floor drains shall be confirmed against the fixture schedule and the approved fixture rough-in sheets before any slab penetrations are made or below-slab piping is installed.

−### Dimensions that cannot be confirmed from the drawings shall be referred to the Engineer of Record before proceeding.

−### The Contractor shall conduct a coordination review of the piping routing against the structural framing drawings before installation of below-slab or embedded piping.

−### Floor penetrations through structural members shall not be made without approval from the structural engineer of record.

−### Piping routed between structural bays shall be routed at the indicated invert elevations; where adequate slope cannot be achieved without conflicts with structural members or other systems, the Contractor shall immediately notify the Engineer and shall not deviate from the drawn routing or reduce pipe slope below code minimums without written direction.

−## Drainage Piping Slope {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Horizontal Drain Slope

−type: select

−unit: in/ft

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "1/4 inch per foot (2 percent) — 2-inch through 2-1/2-inch pipe"

− - "1/8 inch per foot (1 percent) — 3-inch through 6-inch pipe"

− - "1/16 inch per foot (0.5 percent) — 8-inch and larger pipe"

−default: "1/8 inch per foot (1 percent) — 3-inch through 6-inch pipe"

−```

−

−### All horizontal sanitary drainage piping shall be installed at a uniform slope in the direction of drainage flow.

−### The pipe shall maintain the specified slope along its full length without dips, sags, or reverse grades.

−### Slope shall be verified during installation and before concealment using a digital level or torpedo level on each pipe section; visual inspection alone is not sufficient for slope verification.

−### Slopes less than those indicated above are not permitted under any circumstances; a contractor who discovers that the indicated routing cannot achieve code-minimum slope without structural conflicts shall stop work on that run and report the condition to the Engineer of Record.

−### Where 1/4 inch per foot can be achieved without conflicts, it is preferred and produces more reliable self-cleaning velocity in short runs and at low flow rates.

−### The minimum slopes above reflect the IPC requirements (Section 704.1) and represent the minimum gradients at which drainage velocity is adequate to keep solids in suspension and prevent settlement; for 3-inch and 4-inch pipe, 1/8-inch-per-foot slope is the code minimum. {note}

−### The maximum slope for horizontal drain piping shall not exceed 1/2 inch per foot (slope 45 degrees) for pipe 2-1/2 inches and smaller; steeper pitches can be used for vertical piping only.

−### An excessively steep horizontal drain will allow liquid to run ahead of solids, stranding the solids and creating a blockage; this is the "too steep" failure mode that is as problematic as the "too flat" failure mode. {note}

−## Vent Piping Slope {toc}

−

−### All vent piping shall be installed so that it drains by gravity to the sanitary drainage system.

−### Horizontal vent pipes shall be graded not less than 1/4 inch per foot toward the drain, sloping downward in the direction of the drainage connection.

−### Vents that cannot drain by gravity to the drainage system will accumulate condensate and liquid waste in the vent, which blocks the vent's function, and a blocked vent is indistinguishable from a functioning vent until the trap seals it serves begin to siphon and sewer gas enters the building. {note}

−### Where a vent pipe must take a horizontal offset below the flood level rim of the fixture it serves, the vent shall leave the drain pipe in a vertical or near-vertical direction before taking the horizontal offset; a vent taken as a horizontal branch from a horizontal drain below the fixture flood level rim functions as a drain, not a vent.

−## Stack Offsets {toc}

−

−### Where a soil or waste stack must be offset horizontally, the offset shall be made using appropriate drainage-pattern fittings.

−### A stack offset that occurs below the lowest branch connection shall be treated as a horizontal drain at the offset location.

−### A stack offset that occurs above the lowest branch connection shall be vented per the adopted plumbing code requirements for stack offsets, which may require an additional vent connection at the offset.

−## Pipe Sleeves, Penetrations, and Fire Stopping {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Fire-Rated Penetration Firestop Method (Plastic Pipe)

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: "UL or FM assembly drawings"

−options:

− - "Listed intumescent collar / wrap"

− - "Listed intumescent sealant with mineral wool backer"

−default: "Listed intumescent collar / wrap"

−```

−

−### Pipes penetrating floor slabs, rated walls, and rated partitions shall be sleeved with a steel pipe sleeve of sufficient diameter to allow free passage of the insulated or bare pipe.

−### Sleeves shall be set by the Contractor before concrete is placed; drilling or coring of structural slabs after concrete placement requires structural engineer approval and is done at the Contractor's risk.

−### After pipe installation is complete, all sleeves in fire-rated assemblies shall be fire-stopped with a listed firestop system appropriate to the pipe material, the slab or wall assembly rating, and the annular space dimensions.

−### Plastic (PVC) pipe penetrating fire-rated floor assemblies shall be fire-stopped with a listed intumescent firestop system that has been tested and listed for plastic pipe in the applicable fire-rated assembly.

−### The Contractor shall verify that the selected collar is listed for the specific pipe OD, the slab thickness, and the required fire-resistance rating, and shall submit the UL or FM listed assembly number as part of the firestop submittal.

−### Intumescent collars are the most common firestop method for plastic DWV pipe through floor slabs because they are pre-fabricated, easy to inspect, and well-listed for a wide range of pipe sizes and slab assemblies. {note}

−## Connection to Plumbing Fixtures {toc}

−

−### Waste connections to plumbing fixtures shall be made with drainage-pattern fittings at the stub-out location shown on the fixture rough-in drawings.

−### Fixture waste connections shall be made at the correct elevation so that the trap arm slope, trap seal depth, and vent-arm connection comply with the adopted plumbing code.

−### No fixture shall be connected to the sanitary system through a fitting that creates an unvented trap or a trap arm that exceeds the maximum length for the trap size.

−# Buried and Below-Slab Piping {toc}

−

−## Excavation and Trench Preparation {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Below-Slab Pipe Bedding

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Native soil — undisturbed, shaped to pipe OD"

− - "Compacted granular bedding — sand or fine gravel, 4 in. minimum below pipe"

− - "Controlled low-strength material (CLSM) — where required by structural drawings"

−default: "Compacted granular bedding — sand or fine gravel, 4 in. minimum below pipe"

−```

−

−### Trenches for below-slab and below-grade drainage piping shall be excavated to the dimensions required by the pipe size, the bedding type, and the cover depth.

−### The trench bottom shall be graded to the pipe slope and shall be free of rocks, rubble, frozen material, or soft spots that would cause non-uniform bearing.

−### Where the native soil is not competent to provide uniform pipe bearing — in fill areas, disturbed soil zones, or soft clay — the trench shall be over-excavated and a granular bedding layer of compactable sand or fine gravel shall be placed and shaped to provide continuous, uniform bearing under the pipe barrel.

−### The Contractor shall report any trench bottom condition that is softer or more variable than the soil conditions assumed in the structural drawings to the geotechnical engineer of record before installing any piping.

−### Granular bedding shall be provided for all below-slab piping in new construction unless the native soil is unambiguously undisturbed and of competent bearing capacity, and the structural engineer of record has confirmed that native soil bearing is acceptable.

−### Granular bedding is cheap insurance against differential settlement, which creates sags in the piping that immediately become solids collection points. {note}

−## Pipe Cover and Compaction {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Below-Slab Pipe Cover

−type: range

−unit: in

−options:

− min: 6

− max: 36

− setpoints: [6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36]

−default: 6

−```

−

−### Minimum cover over the top of below-slab pipe to the underside of the slab shall be sufficient to provide the required haunch bedding support without disturbing the pipe during backfill compaction, and shall be not less than 6 inches above the pipe crown unless the structural engineer of record specifies otherwise.

−### Backfill placed around the pipe shall be compacted by hand or with small mechanical equipment in thin, uniform lifts; large compaction equipment shall not operate within 3 feet of the pipe until sufficient cover has been placed.

−### Both sides of the pipe shall be backfilled simultaneously in lifts, because backfill placed on one side before the other side is backfilled can roll the pipe off grade.

−### The required cover over buried piping shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the plumbing drawings or the civil drawings]], and shall not be less than 6 inches from the top of the pipe to the underside of the slab.

−### Where conflicts with other below-slab utilities require reducing pipe cover, the Engineer of Record shall be consulted before proceeding.

−## Pipe Bedding for Hub-and-Spigot Cast Iron {toc}

−

−### Hub-and-spigot cast iron pipe installed below slabs shall have the pipe barrel in continuous contact with the bedding for its full length between hubs.

−### Bell holes shall be excavated at each hub location so that the hub does not bear on the bedding material; the pipe must be supported on the barrel, not on the hub.

−### Bedding under the bell holes shall be removed and replaced with hand-packed granular bedding after the joint is made and inspected.

−## Concrete Encasement {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Concrete Encasement Required

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: "structural drawings"

−options:

− - "No — bedded and backfilled with granular material"

− - "Yes — full encasement"

− - "Partial — at footing crossings only"

−default: "No — bedded and backfilled with granular material"

−```

−

−### Where drainage piping is required to pass under footings, through highly loaded areas of the slab, or in locations where the structural drawings indicate concrete encasement, the Contractor shall encase the pipe in concrete per the details on the structural drawings.

−### Concrete encasement for drainage piping shall be placed only after the piping has been successfully tested.

−### The Contractor shall schedule the concrete encasement pour separately from the piping test to ensure that testing is completed before any piping is encased.

−### Encasing untested piping makes post-encasement repair effectively impossible without demolition. {note}

−## Connection to Building Sewer {toc}

−

−### The transition from the interior below-slab building drain to the exterior building sewer shall be made at the point indicated on the drawings, typically 5 feet outside the building foundation wall.

−### The connection shall use a listed transition fitting appropriate to the pipe materials being connected.

−### The exterior building sewer is outside the scope of this standard; the Contractor shall coordinate the building sewer installation and the connection point elevation with the civil drawings, the site plumbing drawings, and the applicable utility authority requirements.

−# Testing {toc}

−

−## The entire sanitary drain, waste, and vent system — all above-grade piping, below-slab piping, and branches to fixtures — shall be tested after rough-in is complete and before any piping is concealed by insulation, finishes, or other construction.

−## No piping shall be covered, backfilled, or enclosed within fire-rated assemblies before the applicable test has been completed and accepted.

−## The Contractor shall provide test notices to the Engineer and to the Authority Having Jurisdiction in sufficient time to allow witnessing; in most jurisdictions, the rough plumbing inspection must be witnessed by the building department inspector.

−## All tests shall be performed in the presence of the Engineer's inspector and, where required by the authority having jurisdiction, the building department inspector.

−## Any portion of the system that shows evidence of leakage, loss of test head, or loss of pressure shall be repaired and re-tested until the section demonstrates compliance.

−## Water Test {toc}

−

−### The water column test is the reference test method for sanitary DWV systems and shall be used unless air testing is selected per the criteria below.

−

−```datasheet

−label: DWV Test Method

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Water test (10-foot head per IPC Section 312.2)"

− - "Air pressure test (5 psi / 15 minutes)"

− - "Vacuum air test (for plastic piping, below-freezing conditions)"

−default: "Water test (10-foot head per IPC Section 312.2)"

−```

−

−### For the water test, all openings in the system — including stack tops, cleanout plugs, fixture stub-outs, and any other openings — shall be plugged with expandable test plugs.

−### The section under test shall be filled with water to a point not less than 10 feet above the highest fitting connection in the section, or to the top of the vent stack if the stack is shorter than 10 feet.

−### The water shall be maintained at that level for not less than 15 minutes and the system shall remain free of visible leakage by inspection throughout the test period.

−### The water test makes leaks immediately visible and self-evident and is the most reliable method for identifying defective joints, strongly preferred over air testing, which can mask slow leaks. {note}

−## Air Pressure Test {toc}

−

−### Where the water test cannot be performed — due to the absence of adequate water supply, freezing ambient temperatures, or structural limitations on loading the piping with water weight — an air pressure test may be substituted.

−

−```datasheet

−label: Air Test Pressure

−type: range

−unit: psi

−options:

− min: 5

− max: 5

− setpoints: [5]

−default: 5

−```

−

−### For the air pressure test, all openings shall be plugged as described above.

−### The system shall be pressurized to 5 psi (34 kPa) gauge using compressed air or an inert gas.

−### Pressure shall be held for not less than 15 minutes without the introduction of additional air.

−### The system shall demonstrate no pressure loss during the hold period by observation of a calibrated pressure gauge.

−### The Contractor shall verify that all test plugs and end caps are rated for the test pressure and are appropriately restrained before pressurizing the system; plug blow-out from an unrestrained plug under 5 psi is a safety hazard.

−### Where air testing of PVC piping is required, personnel shall be kept clear of the pressurized system and pressure shall be built gradually while the system is inspected for plug and joint defects before full test pressure is applied.

−### Positive air pressure testing of PVC plastic piping is discouraged in favor of the water test because PVC pipe can shatter under pressure if it contains a manufacturing defect or has been damaged. {note}

−## Final Test After Fixture Setting {toc}

−

−### After fixtures are set, all fixture traps shall be filled with water and fixtures shall be flushed simultaneously from the highest floor down, with each floor group flushed while the floor below is observed for leaks at all accessible joints.

−### This operational flush test confirms that all fixture connections are leak-free under normal flow conditions. {note}

−## Test Reporting {toc}

−

−### The Contractor shall maintain a test log recording each test section, the date and time, the test method, the names of the inspector and building department inspector if present, the measured head or pressure at the start and end of the hold period, and the pass/fail determination.

−### Test reports shall be submitted as part of the closeout submittal package.

−### Any section requiring repair and re-test shall have both the failure record and the successful re-test documented.

−# Piping System Coordination {toc}

−

−## Coordination with Other Trades {toc}

−

−### The sanitary waste and vent piping Contractor shall coordinate the routing of all drainage piping with the structural engineer for slab openings and framing penetrations, with the mechanical contractor for conflicts with HVAC duct and hydronic piping, with the electrical contractor for conflicts with conduit runs and lighting fixture locations, and with the general contractor for ceiling height verification.

−### Coordination shall be completed and conflicts resolved before any rough-in begins; field-resolved conflicts that reduce pipe slope below code minimums or that require improper fittings are not acceptable.

−### Where the DWV piping must cross other systems, the preferred arrangement is to route ductwork above the pipe, as gravity drainage piping cannot be routed around obstructions without compromising slope.

−### The Contractor shall not deviate from the drawn routing or reduce slope to avoid a conflict without written authorization from the Engineer of Record.

−## Coordination with Vent System Design {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Primary Vent Configuration

−type: select

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Individual venting — each fixture has a separate vent"

− - "Wet venting — horizontal drain serves as both drain and vent for upstream fixtures"

− - "Circuit venting — a group of fixtures is served by a single circuit vent"

− - "Air admittance valve (AAV) — where permitted by code and drawings"

−default: deferred

−```

−

−### The vent system shall be designed as an integrated part of the DWV system, not added after the drain layout is fixed.

−### The Contractor shall install the vent configuration shown on the contract drawings and shall not substitute one vent configuration for another without the Engineer's approval, because the hydraulic behavior of the drain system is affected by the vent configuration.

−### The vent piping system serves two functions: protecting fixture trap seals from positive and negative pressure transients in the drainage system, and providing escape paths for sewer gases that accumulate in the drainage system. {note}

−## Air Admittance Valves {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Air Admittance Valves

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Not used"

− - "Used for individual fixture venting only, where permitted by code and indicated on drawings"

−default: "Not used"

−```

−

−### Air admittance valves (AAVs) shall not be used as a substitute for open-stack venting of main stacks that terminate through the roof.

−### AAVs may be used for individual fixture venting where permitted by the adopted code edition, where no local amendment prohibits them, and where they are installed at accessible locations above the fixture flood level rim.

−### AAVs shall be listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory for the application in which they are used.

−# Identification and Labeling {toc}

−

−## Sanitary waste and vent piping shall be identified in accessible locations to allow maintenance personnel to distinguish sanitary waste piping from storm drainage, domestic water, and other piping systems.

−## In concealed spaces and mechanical rooms, piping shall be identified with pipe markers conforming to ASME A13.1, indicating the pipe contents (SANITARY WASTE or SANITARY VENT) and the direction of flow for horizontal drain lines.

−## Pipe marker spacing shall be not greater than 25 feet in straight runs, plus at each change of direction, at each side of wall and floor penetrations, and at each valve and cleanout.

−## Pipe Marker Color {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Pipe Marker Color (Sanitary Waste)

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Green background, white text (ASME A13.1 — drains and sewers)"

− - "Custom scheme per owner's color-coding standard"

−default: "Green background, white text (ASME A13.1 — drains and sewers)"

−```

−

−# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}

−

−## Delivery and Inspection {toc}

−

−### Pipe and fittings shall be delivered in the manufacturer's original bundling or packaging with identification markings intact and legible.

−### The Contractor shall inspect each shipment upon delivery for visible defects including cracks, spalled ends, damaged hubs, and deformed sockets.

−### Damaged material shall be segregated and returned to the supplier; damaged material shall not be installed.

−## Storage {toc}

−

−### Pipe shall be stored on a flat surface, supported continuously along its length to prevent permanent bending, and free of contact with rocks or sharp objects that could damage the pipe wall.

−### Plastic pipe shall be stored out of direct sunlight; UV exposure degrades PVC and reduces service life.

−### PVC solvent cement and primer shall be stored in a cool location away from heat sources and shall not be used past the shelf life date printed on the container.

−### Shielded coupling gaskets shall be stored dry and protected from ozone exposure, which causes gasket cracking.

−## Handling {toc}

−

−### Long pipe sections shall be carried, not dragged, across rough surfaces.

−### Any cast iron pipe subjected to impact loading shall be tapped with a hammer and examined for the ring-test crack indication, because cast iron pipe dropped onto concrete or onto its own ends can crack without visible external indication.

−### PVC pipe stored below 40°F shall be allowed to warm before installation, because PVC subjected to impact in cold weather is susceptible to brittle fracture.

−# Warranty {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Installation Warranty Period

−type: select

−options:

− - "1 year from substantial completion"

− - "2 years from substantial completion"

−default: "1 year from substantial completion"

−```

−

−## The Contractor shall warrant all materials and installation covered by this standard against defects in workmanship and against leakage for the project warranty period following substantial completion.

−## The warranty shall cover all joints, connections, hangers, supports, and specialty drainage items installed under this scope.

−## Manufacturer warranties for floor drain bodies, trap primer valves, and electronic trap seal devices shall be passed through to the Owner as part of the closeout documentation.

−## Where a manufacturer warranty extends beyond the Contractor's installation warranty period, the Contractor shall assign and transfer the manufacturer warranty to the Owner at closeout.

−## The warranty shall not limit or replace the Contractor's obligation to comply with all applicable code requirements and the requirements of this standard.

−## A system that does not leak but was installed with incorrect slopes, improper fittings, or inadequate supports shall still be corrected at the Contractor's expense if deficiencies are discovered within the warranty period.

+---

+title: Sanitary Waste and Vent Piping

+category: Plumbing

+description: >

+ When to use: The sanitary drain, waste, and vent piping inside a building and the building drain out to five feet beyond the foundation wall, in commercial, institutional, industrial, and multifamily buildings: the pipe, fittings, joints, and couplings in cast iron, PVC, ABS, copper, galvanized steel, stainless steel, and polyethylene; the fixture traps, trap arms, and the venting that protects them; the slope and the changes of direction of horizontal drainage; the indirect waste receptors that take equipment discharge; the connections to fixtures, floor drains, cleanouts, grease interceptors, sumps, and ejectors; hangers, vertical support, seismic restraint, thermal movement, acoustic treatment, sleeves, and firestopping; below-slab bedding and backfill; and the rough-in and final tests that prove the system tight.

+ Not intended for: The building sewer beyond the five-foot point ([[sync/sanitary-sewer-systems]]); the site utilities beyond that same point ([[sync/site-utilities]]); storm and roof drainage piping ([[sync/roof-drainage]] and [[sync/storm-drainage]]); floor drains, area drains, cleanout bodies and plugs, fixture carriers, trap primers, trap seal protection devices, and backwater valves as products ([[sync/sanitary-drainage-specialties]]); trench drains and floor drains as assembled systems ([[sync/trench-drains-and-interceptors]]); plumbing fixtures, their trim, and their exposed tailpieces ([[sync/plumbing-fixtures]]); grease interceptors and the material and slope of the grease waste run from the connected appliances to the interceptor ([[sync/grease-interceptors]]); sump pumps, sewage ejectors, and their basins, controls, and the valves on each pump ([[sync/sump-and-sewage-pumps]]); domestic water piping ([[sync/domestic-water-piping]]); pipe insulation and protective covers ([[sync/plumbing-insulation]]); firestop systems themselves ([[sync/firestopping]]); pipe markers and their placement ([[sync/plumbing-piping-identification]]); seismic bracing hardware and its design ([[sync/vibration-isolation-and-seismic-restraint]]); HVAC condensate drainage piping ([[sync/condensate-drainage-piping]]); and laboratory and chemical waste piping, acid waste, and high-temperature process waste, which no standard in this library covers.

+---

+# Scope {toc}

+## This standard governs the gravity piping that carries sewage and liquid waste from every fixture, drain, and receptor in a building to the building sewer, and the vent piping that keeps air moving in that system so that every trap holds its seal. {note}

+## The scope begins at the outlet of each fixture trap, the outlet of each floor drain or receptor body, and the discharge connection of each sump or ejector, and ends five feet outside the foundation wall where the building drain becomes the building sewer. {note}

+## The following are governed elsewhere and are outside this standard: {note}

+- the building sewer and the site sanitary sewer beyond the five-foot point

+- storm and roof drainage piping, leaders, and roof drains

+- floor drains, area drains, cleanout bodies and plugs, fixture carriers, trap primers, trap seal protection devices, and backwater valves as products; this standard sets where they occur, how they connect, and the trap seal they carry

+- trench drains and the floor drains furnished with them as assembled systems

+- plumbing fixtures, fixture trim, and the exposed tailpiece and trap at a fixture

+- grease interceptors, and the material and slope of the grease waste pipe between the connected fixtures and the interceptor

+- sump pumps, sewage ejectors, their basins, controls, and the check and isolation valves on each pump

+- domestic water piping, including the supply to a trap primer

+- pipe insulation, acoustic lagging as a product, and the protective covers below accessible fixtures

+- firestop systems, pipe markers, and seismic bracing hardware

+## Laboratory and chemical waste piping, acid waste and its dilution or neutralization, and high-temperature process waste are not covered by this standard or by any other standard in this library, and a project with those discharges needs a separate specification for them. {note}

+## Pipe sizes, routing, invert elevations at connection points, and the location of every fixture, drain, receptor, and cleanout shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the plumbing plans, riser diagrams, and invert schedules]].

+## This standard sets what the piping must be and how it must be installed and proven; the drawings set where it goes and how large it is, and the sizes on the drawings follow from the fixture-unit method of the adopted plumbing code rather than from any selection made here. {note}

+## Every drainage and vent material offered in this standard is permitted by at least one of the model plumbing codes, and [[parameter: adopted-plumbing-code]] together with the Authority Having Jurisdiction determines which of them may be used on a given project, in which location, and at which sizes. {note}

+# Referenced Standards {toc}

+## Materials, components, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.

+## Where the contract documents, the Authority Having Jurisdiction, or two referenced standards impose conflicting requirements, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.

+## The adopted plumbing code shall take precedence over every other reference on any matter that code addresses directly.

+| Standard | Title |

+|----------|-------|

+| IPC | International Plumbing Code |

+| UPC | Uniform Plumbing Code |

+| IBC | International Building Code |

+| ASCE 7 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures |

+| ASTM A74 | Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings |

+| ASTM A888 | Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications |

+| CISPI 301 | Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste and Vent Piping Applications |

+| CISPI 310 | Coupling for Use in Connection with Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste and Vent Piping Applications |

+| ASTM C1277 | Shielded Couplings Joining Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings |

+| ASTM C1540 | Heavy Duty Shielded Couplings Joining Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings |

+| ASTM C564 | Rubber Gaskets for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings |

+| ASTM C1173 | Flexible Transition Couplings for Underground Piping Systems |

+| ASTM C1460 | Shielded Transition Couplings for Use with Dissimilar DWV Pipe and Fittings Above Ground |

+| ASTM D2665 | Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings |

+| ASTM F891 | Coextruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe with a Cellular Core |

+| ASTM D2661 | Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings |

+| ASTM D2564 | Solvent Cements for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping Systems |

+| ASTM F656 | Primers for Use in Solvent Cement Joints of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe and Fittings |

+| ASTM D2235 | Solvent Cement for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe and Fittings |

+| ASTM D3138 | Solvent Cements for Transition Joints Between Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Non-Pressure Piping Components |

+| ASTM F714 | Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (DR-PR) Based on Outside Diameter |

+| ASTM B306 | Copper Drainage Tube (DWV) |

+| ASME B16.23 | Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings: DWV |

+| ASME B16.29 | Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Drainage Fittings: DWV |

+| ASTM B32 | Solder Metal |

+| ASTM A53/A53M | Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless |

+| ASME B16.12 | Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings |

+| ASME A112.3.1 | Stainless Steel Drainage Systems for Sanitary DWV, Storm, and Vacuum Applications, Above- and Below-Ground |

+| ASSE 1050 | Stack Air Admittance Valves for Sanitary Drainage Systems |

+| ASSE 1051 | Individual and Branch Type Air Admittance Valves for Sanitary Drainage Systems |

+| NSF/ANSI 14 | Plastics Piping System Components and Related Materials |

+| MSS SP-58 | Pipe Hangers and Supports — Materials, Design, Manufacture, Selection, Application, and Installation |

+| MSS SP-69 | Pipe Hangers and Supports — Selection and Application |

+| ASTM E84 | Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |

+# Submittals {toc}

+## Action Submittals {toc}

+### The Contractor shall submit the following for review before any drainage or vent piping material is procured:

+- product data for each pipe and fitting furnished, giving the material, the ASTM, CISPI, or ASME designation, the weight class or wall construction, and the listing mark

+- product data for each coupling, gasket, solvent cement, primer, and transition fitting, giving the standard it conforms to and the pipe materials and sizes it is listed to join

+- product data for each air admittance valve, giving the ASSE listing, the size, and the fixture-unit rating

+- product data for each expansion joint and flexible connector, giving the movement it accommodates and the test pressure it is rated for

+- product data for the hangers, supports, riser clamps, and insulation shields, with the attachment method proposed for each structure type

+- product data for the acoustic lagging proposed where acoustic treatment is selected

+- shop drawings of any venting arrangement the Contractor proposes to change from that shown on the riser diagrams, with the change identified

+```datasheet

+label: Action Submittal Package

+type: checkbox

+options:

+ - "Pipe and fitting product data"

+ - "Coupling, gasket, cement, and transition fitting product data"

+ - "Air admittance valve product data"

+ - "Expansion joint and flexible connector product data"

+ - "Hanger and support product data"

+ - "Acoustic lagging product data"

+ - "Venting change shop drawings"

+```

+### Piping installation shall not begin until the corresponding action submittals have been reviewed and returned.

+## Informational Submittals {toc}

+### The Contractor shall submit the following with, or before, the action submittals:

+- the coupling manufacturer's published torque for every hubless coupling type and size furnished

+- the thermal movement calculation for every plastic stack and every plastic horizontal run longer than 30 ft, with the expansion provision proposed for each

+- seismic restraint calculations sealed by a registered design professional, or the pre-approved restraint detail the Contractor intends to use with its listing identified

+- the training or certification record of every person who will make hubless, solvent cement, fusion, or stainless steel joints

+- the peak discharge rate of every item of equipment that drains to an indirect waste receptor, taken from the equipment submittals, with the receptor and drain each is assigned to

+```datasheet

+label: Informational Submittal Package

+type: checkbox

+options:

+ - "Coupling torque values"

+ - "Thermal movement calculations"

+ - "Seismic restraint calculations or pre-approved detail"

+ - "Joining personnel training records"

+ - "Indirect waste discharge rate schedule"

+```

+## Closeout Submittals {toc}

+### The Contractor shall submit the following before the drainage and vent system is accepted:

+- as-built drawings recording the installed routing, the invert elevation at every cleanout and at the five-foot point, every change from the riser diagrams, and the location of every expansion joint and access panel

+- the test log for every rough-in test section and for the final test, recording the method, the head or pressure at the start and end of the hold, the result, and the witness

+- the record of every joint cut out and remade after a failed test, with the retest result

+- warranty documentation for each product carrying a manufacturer warranty, identifying the coverage period and the date coverage begins

+- a signed receipt from the Owner for the spare parts delivered

+```datasheet

+label: Closeout Submittal Package

+type: checkbox

+options:

+ - "As-built drawings with inverts"

+ - "Test log"

+ - "Failed joint and retest record"

+ - "Warranty documentation"

+ - "Spare parts receipt"

+```

+# Quality Assurance {toc}

+## Installer Qualifications {toc}

+### Drainage and vent piping shall be installed by personnel holding the license the Authority Having Jurisdiction requires for that trade in the jurisdiction where the work is performed.

+### Hubless cast iron joints shall be made only by personnel who have been instructed in the coupling manufacturer's installation procedure, including the torque sequence, and the instruction record shall be on site before the first joint is made.

+### Heat fusion joints in polyethylene pipe shall be made only by personnel who have completed the pipe manufacturer's training for the fusion method and equipment being used.

+### The Contractor shall keep every torque wrench used on hubless couplings within the calibration interval the tool manufacturer publishes, and shall keep the calibration records on site.

+## Product Marking {toc}

+### Every length of pipe and every fitting shall carry a legible marking giving the manufacturer, the material designation, the size, the weight class or wall construction where the standard defines one, and the standard it conforms to.

+### Plastic pipe and fittings shall carry the NSF/ANSI 14 mark or the mark of another listing agency the adopted plumbing code recognizes for that material.

+### Material that does not carry the required markings shall not be incorporated into the work.

+## Inspection Hold Points {toc}

+### The rough-in piping and its test shall be made available for inspection by the Authority Having Jurisdiction before any portion of the system is concealed, insulated, backfilled, or encased.

+### Below-slab piping shall additionally be inspected on its bedding, before any backfill is placed over the pipe.

+### Work concealed before the applicable inspection is complete shall be uncovered at the Contractor's cost, and the concealing construction shall be reinstated at the Contractor's cost.

+# Drainage Design Basis {toc}

+## Pipe Sizing and Fixture Loading {toc}

+### Drainage and vent pipe sizes shall be as indicated on the drawings, and the Contractor shall report any size that is smaller than the fixture-unit method of the adopted plumbing code requires for the fixtures actually connected to it before that run is installed.

+### A fixture or drain added, relocated, or substituted after the drawings were issued changes the fixture-unit load on every run downstream of it, which is why the sizes are rechecked against what is actually being connected rather than taken as fixed. {note}

+### Pipe size shall not be reduced in the direction of flow.

+### No fixture, drain, or receptor shall be connected to a drainage pipe smaller than the minimum trap and trap arm size the adopted plumbing code assigns to that fixture.

+### Where the adopted plumbing code sets a minimum size for the building drain, for a stack serving a water closet, or for a vent stack, that minimum shall govern over any smaller size shown.

+## Horizontal Drainage Slope {toc}

+### Horizontal drainage piping shall be installed at a uniform slope in the direction of flow, not less than the minimum slope the adopted plumbing code assigns to its nominal size.

+### The design slope for horizontal drainage piping shall be as indicated in the datasheet, and where the code minimum for a given size is steeper than the datasheet value the code minimum shall govern.

+```datasheet

+label: Design Slope for Horizontal Drainage Piping

+type: range

+unit: in./ft

+options:

+ min: 0.0625

+ max: 0.5

+ setpoints: [0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5]

+```

+### A steeper slope raises the velocity at low flow, which is what keeps solids moving in a run that sees a few fixtures at a time, and it costs invert elevation along the run, which on a long building drain is the ceiling height of the floor below or the depth of the trench; a slope at the code minimum for the size keeps the system shallow and relies on the pipe running near its design depth to carry solids, and the two codes differ on where that minimum sits, so the slope that is right for a project is a function of its pipe sizes, its run lengths, and the depth available at the outlet end. {note}

+### Horizontal drainage piping shall not be installed at a slope steeper than 1/2 in./ft unless the run is a vertical offset, because at a steep grade the liquid outruns the solids and strands them.

+### The slope of every horizontal run shall be verified with a level at each support before the run is concealed, and a run with a dip, a sag, or a reverse grade shall be rehung before it is tested.

+## Drainage Fittings and Changes of Direction {toc}

+### Every fitting in the drainage system shall be a drainage-pattern fitting with a recessed shoulder and a swept or 45-degree entry in the direction of flow.

+### Pressure-pattern tees, crosses, and fittings without a drainage shoulder shall not be used in drainage piping.

+### A pressure-pattern fitting leaves a square ledge at the branch where paper and solids catch, and a short-pattern tee used on a horizontal run points the branch flow across the main instead of along it, so the fitting pattern is where most chronic stoppages in an otherwise correctly sloped system begin. {note}

+### Changes of direction in drainage piping shall be made with the fittings the adopted plumbing code permits for that change: a sanitary tee only where a horizontal branch joins a vertical pipe, a wye or a combination wye-and-eighth-bend where a branch joins a horizontal pipe or where a vertical pipe turns to the horizontal, and a long-sweep bend or two 45-degree bends where a horizontal run changes direction.

+### A sanitary tee shall not be installed on its back or on its side to receive a horizontal branch, and a double sanitary tee shall not receive the discharge of fixtures whose trap arms are on opposite sides of a stack in the same horizontal plane unless the adopted plumbing code permits that arrangement for the fixtures served.

+### A heel-inlet or side-inlet quarter bend shall receive only a vent connection or a fixture the adopted plumbing code permits to connect at that inlet.

+## Stacks and Offsets {toc}

+### Each soil and waste stack shall run as straight as the building permits, and every horizontal offset in a stack shall be made with fittings no sharper than 45 degrees and shall be vented as the adopted plumbing code requires for an offset at that location.

+### An offset below the lowest branch connection shall be treated as a horizontal drain for slope, support, and cleanout purposes.

+### Horizontal branches shall not connect to a stack within the distance below a horizontal offset, or within the distance above the base of the stack, that the adopted plumbing code reserves for the pressure zone at those points.

+### The base of a stack and the inside of an offset are where the falling column of water decelerates and compresses the air ahead of it, and a trap connected into that zone is blown rather than siphoned; the code keeps branches out of those lengths for that reason, and a branch that lands there passes every test and still bubbles when the building is full. {note}

+### The base of each stack shall turn to the horizontal through a long-sweep fitting or two 45-degree bends, and shall be supported at the turn so that the stack carries none of the weight of the horizontal run.

+# Traps and Trap Arms {toc}

+## Fixture Traps {toc}

+### Every fixture, floor drain, and receptor connected to the drainage system shall discharge through a liquid-seal trap, and no fixture shall be double-trapped.

+### Every trap in the drainage system, including floor drain traps, shall carry a liquid seal of not less than 2 in. and not more than 4 in., except where the adopted plumbing code permits a deeper seal for a specific trap design.

+### Traps shall be self-scouring, shall have no interior partition, and shall be of a design the adopted plumbing code permits; drum traps, bell traps, S-traps, crown-vented traps, and traps with moving parts shall not be installed except where the adopted plumbing code permits one for a specific fixture.

+### Traps and tailpieces concealed within a cabinet, a pedestal, or a chase shall be of a material this standard permits for drainage piping at that location.

+### The exposed trap and tailpiece at a lavatory or sink are furnished under [[sync/plumbing-fixtures]]; this standard governs the trap from the point it is concealed, the trap arm, and every trap formed in the drainage piping. {note}

+### A fixture furnished with an integral trap, including a water closet and a floor drain body with a cast trap, shall not be provided with a second trap in the piping.

+### Each trap shall be installed level with respect to its seal, at the elevation the fixture rough-in requires, and as close to the fixture outlet as the fixture permits, within the vertical distance from the fixture outlet to the trap weir that the adopted plumbing code allows.

+## Trap Arms and Trap Seal Protection {toc}

+### The trap arm from each trap weir to the vent connection shall not exceed the developed length the adopted plumbing code allows for the trap arm size, and shall slope toward the vent connection at not more than the fall that keeps the vent opening above the trap weir.

+### A trap arm that falls more than one pipe diameter between the weir and the vent lets the vent opening drop below the weir, and the arm then acts as an S-trap and siphons on every full-bore discharge, which is what the length and fall limits exist to prevent. {note}

+### Where a trap arm shown on the drawings cannot be installed within the length and fall limits, the Contractor shall report the condition before the rough-in is concealed, and shall not relieve it by adding an air admittance valve, a crown vent, or a mechanical device unless the datasheet and the adopted plumbing code permit that device.

+### Floor drains and receptors that do not receive regular discharge shall be provided with a trap primer connection or a trap seal protection device furnished under [[sync/sanitary-drainage-specialties]], and the connection of the primer line to the trap shall be made under this standard.

+### The locations at which trap seal protection is provided shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the plumbing plans and the drain schedule]].

+# Venting {toc}

+## Venting Method {toc}

+### The venting method for each fixture group shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Venting Method for Fixture Groups

+type: select

+drawing_ref: "the plumbing riser diagrams"

+options:

+ - "Individual vent on every trap"

+ - "Common vents for back-to-back fixtures with individual vents elsewhere"

+ - "Wet venting of bathroom groups"

+ - "Circuit venting of battery-installed fixtures"

+ - "Combination waste and vent for floor drains and sinks"

+ - "Single-stack venting with an engineered stack fitting system"

+ - "Engineered venting designed by the Engineer of Record"

+default: deferred

+```

+### Individual venting puts a vent pipe on every trap and is the arrangement every code permits without conditions, at the cost of the most vent pipe and the most roof penetrations; common and wet venting let one vent serve several fixtures within the limits the code sets on their arrangement and load; circuit venting serves a battery of floor-outlet fixtures from one vent at the end of the branch and needs a relief vent when the branch is heavily loaded; combination waste and vent oversizes the drain so that it carries air above the flow and is limited to fixtures the code names; single-stack systems use aerator and deaerator fittings to control the flow in the stack and are permitted only where the adopted code recognizes the system; and engineered venting is sized by analysis rather than by table and is accepted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction on the Engineer of Record's documentation. {note}

+### The Contractor shall install the venting arrangement shown on the riser diagrams and shall not substitute one venting method for another without the Engineer of Record's written acceptance of the shop drawing showing the change.

+### Where the datasheet selects single-stack venting, the stack fittings, the stack and branch sizes, and the installation of the system shall be as the fitting system manufacturer publishes and as [[parameter: adopted-plumbing-code]] permits for that system, and the system shall not be installed in a jurisdiction whose adopted code does not recognize it.

+### Where the datasheet selects engineered venting, the design documentation shall be submitted to the Authority Having Jurisdiction before the rough-in begins, and the system shall not be installed until that authority has accepted it.

+## Vent Sizing and Routing {toc}

+### Vent pipe sizes shall be as indicated on the drawings and shall be not less than the size the adopted plumbing code assigns for the drainage load served and the developed length of the vent.

+### Every vent shall rise vertically from the drain it serves to a point above the flood level rim of the highest fixture it serves before it runs horizontally, except where the adopted plumbing code permits a vent to run below that level for a specific method.

+### Horizontal vent piping shall slope back to the drain so that condensate and any water that enters the vent drains to the drainage system, and shall not form a pocket in which water can stand.

+### A vent that cannot drain fills with condensate at its low point, and a blocked vent gives no sign of itself until the traps it serves begin to siphon. {note}

+### Vent stacks shall connect to the drainage stack at or below the lowest branch connection, and stack vents shall extend the full size of the drainage stack to the roof, as the adopted plumbing code requires for the stack height served.

+### A vent header that collects several vent stacks before terminating shall be sized as the adopted plumbing code requires for the total load served, and shall be installed at or above the flood level rim of the highest fixture served.

+### Vent piping shall not be used to receive any drainage, and a drain shall not serve as a vent, except within a wet vent or a combination waste and vent installed as the venting method selected.

+## Vent Terminals {toc}

+### Each vent terminal shall extend above the roof by the height indicated in the datasheet, measured from the finished roof surface at the penetration.

+```datasheet

+label: Vent Terminal Height Above the Roof

+type: range

+unit: in.

+derived: "the minimum [[parameter: adopted-plumbing-code]] requires, increased for snow accumulation where the roof is subject to it and for frost closure at [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]]"

+options:

+ min: 6

+ max: 120

+ setpoints: [6, 7, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 120]

+default: derived

+```

+### A vent terminal shall be located not less than the distance the adopted plumbing code requires from any door, operable window, air intake, or roof used for any purpose other than weather protection, and where that distance cannot be achieved the terminal shall extend above the opening by the height the code requires instead.

+### Where [[parameter: site-ambient-temperature-minimum]] is below 0°F, every vent terminal shall be not less than 3 in. in diameter, and a vent smaller than that shall be increased in size inside the building at least 1 ft below the roof.

+### Moist air leaving a vent in severe cold freezes on the pipe wall and closes a small terminal from the inside in a single cold night, which is why the terminal is upsized where the roof is not warm enough to keep it open. {note}

+### Each vent terminal shall be flashed watertight with a flashing furnished under the roofing scope and set by that trade, and the vent pipe shall be supported so that the flashing carries none of its weight.

+### A vent terminal shall not be located under a roof overhang, within a parapet pocket, or where it discharges against a wall, and shall not be fitted with a cap, a screen, or any device that can collect frost or debris unless the adopted plumbing code requires one.

+## Air Admittance Valves {toc}

+### The use of air admittance valves shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Air Admittance Valve Use

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not used"

+ - "Individual and branch vents where the code permits"

+ - "Individual, branch, and stack vents where the code permits"

+default: "Not used"

+```

+### An air admittance valve admits air to the vent when the pressure in the drain falls and seals when it rises, so it replaces the vent pipe from that point to the roof; it saves the vent run and the roof penetration, it needs an accessible location and free air around it, it cannot relieve positive pressure and so does not replace every open vent in a system, it is a mechanical seal that can fail closed or stick open, and the two model codes differ on whether it is permitted at all, which is why the choice is made for the project rather than by the installer. {note}

+### Where the datasheet permits air admittance valves, they shall be used only where [[parameter: adopted-plumbing-code]] and the Authority Having Jurisdiction permit them, at the locations indicated on [[drawing: the plumbing riser diagrams]].

+### Air admittance valves serving individual or branch vents shall conform to ASSE 1051, and those serving stack vents shall conform to ASSE 1050.

+### Each air admittance valve shall be installed above the flood level rim of the highest fixture it serves by the distance the adopted plumbing code requires, in a location with free air around it, accessible for replacement, and not within a wall cavity that is closed without an access opening.

+### Where air admittance valves are used, not less than one vent in the system shall extend open to the outside air, sized as the adopted plumbing code requires for a system relieved through air admittance valves.

+# Drainage Piping Materials {toc}

+## Material Selection by Location {toc}

+### The material of drainage piping above the floor slab shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Above-Grade Drainage Piping Material

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Hubless cast iron"

+ - "Hub-and-spigot cast iron"

+ - "PVC drain, waste, and vent pipe"

+ - "ABS drain, waste, and vent pipe"

+ - "Copper drainage tube"

+ - "Galvanized steel pipe with drainage fittings"

+ - "Stainless steel drainage pipe"

+```

+### The material of drainage piping below the floor slab and within the building footprint shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Below-Slab Drainage Piping Material

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Hub-and-spigot cast iron"

+ - "Hubless cast iron with heavy-duty couplings"

+ - "PVC drain, waste, and vent pipe"

+ - "ABS drain, waste, and vent pipe"

+ - "Stainless steel drainage pipe"

+ - "Polyethylene pipe, heat fused"

+```

+### The material of vent piping shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Vent Piping Material

+type: select

+options:

+ - "The same material as the above-grade drainage piping"

+ - "Hubless cast iron"

+ - "Hub-and-spigot cast iron"

+ - "PVC drain, waste, and vent pipe"

+ - "ABS drain, waste, and vent pipe"

+ - "Copper drainage tube"

+ - "Galvanized steel pipe with drainage fittings"

+ - "Stainless steel drainage pipe"

+```

+### Above the slab the material decision is mostly about what the pipe does to the building around it: cast iron damps the sound of the flow, does not move with temperature, and does not burn, and it is the heaviest to hang and the slowest to join; PVC and ABS cost and weigh less, are joined without a torque wrench, carry the sound of the flow through a partition, move enough with temperature that a long run needs an expansion provision, need a listed firestop system at every rated penetration, and are limited in plenums and in some occupancies by the adopted code; copper drainage tube is chosen where the pipe is exposed as a finish element or where space is tight, and is attacked by some wastes; galvanized steel with drainage fittings is a permitted material that survives impact in an exposed location and corrodes from the inside in service; and stainless steel is specified for corrosive wastes and washdown environments at the highest material cost. {note}

+### Below the slab the pipe is reached only by breaking the floor, so the choice there weighs a joint that stays tight under settlement against a wall that survives the backfill: a hub-and-spigot gasketed joint deflects without leaking, a hubless joint needs the heavy-duty coupling to hold its alignment without a hanger at each side of it, plastic pipe needs an embedment that supports it continuously, stainless steel is chosen where the soil or the waste is corrosive, and heat-fused polyethylene has no joints in the run and is permitted below the slab in the jurisdictions whose code lists it. {note}

+### A vent carries air and a trickle of condensate and never sees the waste, so a lighter or cheaper material is often chosen for it than for the drain, at the cost of a transition fitting at every point where vent and drain meet; keeping the vent in the drainage material removes those transitions and the second set of hangers and tools. {note}

+### Where [[sync/grease-interceptors]] selects the material of the grease waste pipe between the connected fixtures and the interceptor, the pipe standard, the joints, the hangers, the cleanouts, the traps, and the field tests of that pipe shall be as specified in this standard for that material.

+### The Engineer of Record shall confirm that every material selected is permitted by the adopted plumbing code for the service, the location, and the pipe sizes involved.

+## Hubless Cast Iron {toc}

+### Requirements in this article apply where hubless cast iron is selected for a location.

+### Hubless cast iron pipe and fittings shall conform to ASTM A888 or CISPI 301.

+### The weight class of cast iron soil pipe, hubless and hub-and-spigot alike, shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Cast Iron Soil Pipe Weight Class

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Service weight"

+ - "Extra-heavy weight"

+default: "Service weight"

+```

+### Extra-heavy pipe carries a thicker wall for the same nominal size, which buys crush resistance under a slab that sees vehicle loads and impact resistance where the pipe is exposed, at a higher weight to hang and a higher cost per foot. {note}

+### Cast iron pipe below a slab subject to vehicular loading shall be extra-heavy weight regardless of the datasheet selection.

+### The shielded coupling type for hubless cast iron above the slab shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Hubless Coupling Type Above the Slab

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Standard shielded coupling to CISPI 310 and ASTM C1277"

+ - "Heavy-duty shielded coupling to ASTM C1540"

+default: "Standard shielded coupling to CISPI 310 and ASTM C1277"

+```

+### A standard coupling holds the joint watertight and relies on the hangers at each side of it to hold the pipe in line; a heavy-duty coupling adds a wider, thicker shield and more clamp bands, so that the joint itself resists deflection and the internal pressure of a tested or surcharged line, at roughly twice the cost per joint. {note}

+### Hubless joints below the slab shall be made with heavy-duty shielded couplings conforming to ASTM C1540.

+### Shielded couplings shall have a stainless steel shield, stainless steel clamp bands, and an elastomeric sleeve gasket conforming to ASTM C564.

+### Every hubless coupling shall be tightened with a calibrated torque wrench to the coupling manufacturer's published torque, in the sequence the manufacturer publishes, and the pipe ends shall butt against the center stop of the gasket with the coupling centered over the joint.

+### Couplings tightened by feel are the recurring source of leaks at test on hubless systems: an under-torqued band leaks at the test head and an over-torqued band strips or cuts the gasket, and neither is visible until water is in the line. {note}

+### Pipe ends shall be cut square, and a cut end with a burr, a spall, or an out-of-round condition that prevents the gasket from seating shall be recut.

+## Hub-and-Spigot Cast Iron {toc}

+### Requirements in this article apply where hub-and-spigot cast iron is selected for a location.

+### Hub-and-spigot cast iron pipe and fittings shall conform to ASTM A74.

+### The hub-and-spigot joint type shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Hub-and-Spigot Joint Type

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Compression gasket to ASTM C564"

+ - "Caulked lead and oakum"

+default: "Compression gasket to ASTM C564"

+```

+### A compression gasket joint is made by driving the spigot into a gasket seated in the hub, and it flexes without leaking; a caulked joint is made by packing oakum and pouring lead, and it is the joint some jurisdictions require to match an existing system and the joint chosen where the seal cannot depend on an elastomer. {note}

+### Compression gaskets shall be lubricated with the gasket manufacturer's lubricant, and the spigot shall be driven fully home in the hub with the joint in alignment.

+### Where caulked joints are furnished, the oakum shall be packed to the depth the pipe manufacturer publishes and the lead shall be poured in one pour and caulked to a dense finish flush with the hub.

+### A connection to existing lead-and-oakum piping shall be made with a transition coupling listed for the hub and spigot dimensions of the existing pipe, and an existing caulked joint shall not be disturbed to make the connection unless it is remade in full.

+## PVC and ABS Pipe {toc}

+### Requirements in this article apply where PVC or ABS drain, waste, and vent pipe is selected for a location.

+### PVC pipe and fittings shall conform to ASTM D2665, and the PVC wall construction shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: PVC Pipe Wall Construction

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Solid wall Schedule 40 to ASTM D2665"

+ - "Cellular core to ASTM F891"

+default: "Solid wall Schedule 40 to ASTM D2665"

+```

+### Cellular-core pipe has a foamed inner layer between two solid skins, weighs less and costs less than solid wall, and carries a lower crush rating and a lower impact resistance, which is why the adopted codes permit it above ground and restrict it below a slab in many jurisdictions. {note}

+### Cellular-core pipe shall not be installed below a slab, in a location subject to impact, or in any location where [[parameter: adopted-plumbing-code]] does not permit it.

+### ABS pipe and fittings shall conform to ASTM D2661.

+### PVC joints shall be made with a primer conforming to ASTM F656 and a solvent cement conforming to ASTM D2564, and ABS joints shall be made with a solvent cement conforming to ASTM D2235.

+### A one-step PVC cement without a primer shall be used only where the cement is listed for that use and [[parameter: adopted-plumbing-code]] permits a joint made without a primer.

+### PVC and ABS shall not be joined to each other by their own solvent cements, and a transition between them shall be made with a transition cement conforming to ASTM D3138 or a listed mechanical coupling.

+### Pipe shall be cut square, deburred, and dry-fit to full socket depth before cement is applied, and pipe that does not enter the socket to full depth shall not be forced.

+### Solvent cement joints shall be made at ambient temperatures within the range the cement manufacturer publishes, and shall be allowed to cure for the period the cement manufacturer publishes for the pipe size and the temperature before the line is moved, filled, or tested.

+### Cure time lengthens sharply as ambient temperature falls, and a joint that would be ready in an hour at 75°F can need several hours at 40°F. {note}

+### Plastic pipe shall not be threaded, and a threaded connection to plastic drainage pipe shall be made with a molded adapter fitting.

+### Plastic pipe installed before the building is closed in shall be shielded from direct sunlight, and pipe that has chalked or discolored from ultraviolet exposure shall not be installed.

+## Copper Drainage Tube {toc}

+### Requirements in this article apply where copper drainage tube is selected for a location.

+### Copper drainage tube shall conform to ASTM B306, and fittings shall be cast copper alloy drainage fittings conforming to ASME B16.23 or wrought copper drainage fittings conforming to ASME B16.29.

+### Copper joints shall be soldered with a lead-free solder conforming to ASTM B32, with the heat applied to the fitting, and the joint shall be cleaned of flux residue after soldering.

+### Copper tube shall be isolated from ferrous hangers and from contact with any dissimilar metal by a dielectric insert or a plastic-coated hanger.

+### Copper drainage tube shall not receive the discharge of a non-water urinal, of a water softener, or of any equipment whose discharge the tube manufacturer identifies as corrosive to copper.

+## Galvanized Steel Pipe {toc}

+### Requirements in this article apply where galvanized steel pipe is selected for a location.

+### Galvanized steel pipe shall conform to ASTM A53/A53M, Schedule 40, hot-dip galvanized, and fittings shall be galvanized cast iron threaded drainage fittings conforming to ASME B16.12.

+### Galvanized steel shall be installed only above ground, and shall not be installed below a slab, in soil, or in any location where [[parameter: adopted-plumbing-code]] does not permit it.

+### Threaded joints shall be made with a thread compound compatible with the zinc coating, and the cut end of each pipe shall be reamed to full bore before assembly.

+### A pipe end not reamed after cutting leaves an internal burr at every joint, and in a drain that burr is the first thing paper catches on. {note}

+## Stainless Steel Drainage Pipe {toc}

+### Requirements in this article apply where stainless steel drainage pipe is selected for a location.

+### Stainless steel drainage pipe and fittings shall conform to ASME A112.3.1 and shall be joined by the push-fit gasketed joint or the mechanical coupling that standard covers.

+### The stainless steel grade shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Stainless Steel Drainage Pipe Grade

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Type 304"

+ - "Type 316L"

+```

+### Type 304 resists the ordinary sanitary waste stream and the washdown chemicals of a commercial kitchen; the molybdenum in Type 316L raises the resistance to chlorides, which matters for brine discharge, for coastal soils below the slab, and for wastes carrying chlorinated cleaners. {note}

+### Stainless steel shall not be brought into contact with carbon steel tools, brushes, or wool, and tools used on stainless steel shall be dedicated to it.

+## Polyethylene Pipe {toc}

+### Requirements in this article apply where heat-fused polyethylene pipe is selected for the below-slab location.

+### Polyethylene pipe shall conform to ASTM F714 in the dimension ratio the pipe manufacturer publishes for gravity drainage, and fittings shall be the pipe manufacturer's molded or fabricated drainage fittings of the same material.

+### Joints shall be made by butt fusion or electrofusion using the equipment and the time, temperature, and pressure parameters the pipe manufacturer publishes, and every fused joint shall be allowed to cool undisturbed for the period the manufacturer publishes before the pipe is moved.

+### Polyethylene pipe shall be installed only where [[parameter: adopted-plumbing-code]] lists it for the below-slab building drain, and the transition to the above-slab material shall be made with a transition fitting listed for both materials.

+## Transitions Between Materials {toc}

+### Every joint between two different drainage materials shall be made with a fitting or coupling listed for the two materials and the two outside diameters joined, and a transition shall not be made with a coupling intended for one material alone.

+### Transition couplings above ground shall conform to ASTM C1460 or shall be the listed adapter the pipe manufacturer publishes for the transition, and transition couplings below ground shall conform to ASTM C1173.

+### A hubless coupling slipped over a plastic pipe seals on an outside diameter it was not sized for, and it is the transition that leaks at the test or, worse, after the slab is poured. {note}

+### Where plastic drainage pipe connects to a cast iron hub, the connection shall be made with a listed hub adapter or a compression gasket listed for the plastic pipe's outside diameter.

+### A threaded connection between a metal drainage fitting and an item of equipment shall be made with a drainage-pattern fitting conforming to ASME B16.12 where the connection is galvanized steel, or with the adapter the equipment manufacturer publishes.

+# Special Discharges and Receptors {toc}

+## Indirect Waste Receptors {toc}

+### Every item of equipment that the adopted plumbing code requires to discharge indirectly, including water heater relief and drain-down discharge, water treatment brine and backwash, backflow assembly relief discharge, condensing appliance condensate, and the appliances that discharge through an air gap to a floor sink, shall discharge through an air gap or an air break to a receptor connected to the drainage system through a trap and a vent.

+### The receptor type at each indirect waste location shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Indirect Waste Receptor Type

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Floor sink"

+ - "Hub drain"

+ - "Floor drain with funnel"

+ - "Open standpipe"

+ - "Service sink or mop basin"

+```

+### A floor sink has a basket strainer and a deep body and takes a splashing discharge at floor level without wetting the floor; a hub drain is an open pipe end raised above the floor and takes a piped discharge that is not splashed; a floor drain with a funnel receives a small continuous discharge such as condensate through the funnel without blocking the drain's grate; an open standpipe takes a hose discharge from a pumped appliance; and a service sink is used where the receptor doubles as a fixture, at the cost of a receptor that is occasionally occupied when the equipment discharges. {note}

+### The receptor body itself is furnished under [[sync/sanitary-drainage-specialties]]; this standard sets that a receptor is provided, its type, the trap and vent it connects through, and the size of the drain serving it. {note}

+### The receptor outlet and the drainage pipe serving it shall be sized by the fixture-unit method of the adopted plumbing code for the peak discharge rate of every item that can discharge to the receptor at the same time, as scheduled in the informational submittals, and the drain shall be not less than 2 in.

+### The receptor shall be sized so that the peak discharge does not overflow its rim, and the Contractor shall report any receptor whose scheduled discharge exceeds its rated capacity before the receptor is set.

+### Where the discharge of a relief valve, a water treatment vessel, or a sump could flood the room if the receptor backed up, the receptor shall be located where a discharge is visible to operating staff and shall not be the only drain in the room.

+### Indirect waste piping from the equipment to the air gap is furnished under the standard governing that equipment; this standard begins at the receptor. {note}

+## Elevated-Temperature and Corrosive Discharges {toc}

+### Drainage piping that receives discharge at a temperature above 140°F, including relief valve discharge, boiler blowdown after a blowdown tank, and bulk discharge from a hot process, shall be cast iron, stainless steel, or another material its manufacturer rates for the discharge temperature, from the receptor to the point where the discharge is mixed with enough cooler flow to bring it below 140°F.

+### Thermoplastic drainage pipe is rated for intermittent discharge to 140°F, and a relief valve or a sanitizing rinse that runs hotter softens the wall at the receptor connection and deforms the first fitting downstream, which is why the hot run is carried in a metal that does not care. {note}

+### Where an elevated-temperature discharge cannot be cooled by mixing before it reaches the sewer, it shall be cooled to the temperature the sewer authority permits by a method the Engineer of Record directs, and the cooling device is not furnished under this standard.

+### The receptor and the drainage piping that receive the condensate of a condensing appliance without neutralization shall be of a plastic or stainless steel material not subject to attack by the condensate, from the receptor to the point where the condensate joins a flow that dilutes it.

+### Where [[sync/water-heaters]] furnishes a condensate neutralizer, the receptor downstream of the neutralizer may be of any material this standard permits for the location. {note}

+### The receptor and the drainage piping that receive the brine and backwash discharge of water treatment equipment shall be of a material not subject to attack by brine, and shall not be connected to a grease interceptor.

+### Brine discharge is intermittent, salty, and arrives at the regeneration flow rate of every vessel that regenerates at once, so the receptor serving a treatment train is sized for that combined flow under this standard and the material is chosen for chloride rather than for temperature. {note}

+## Non-Water Urinal Waste {toc}

+### The waste branch from each non-water urinal to the point where it joins a branch receiving a water-flushed fixture shall be of the material indicated in the datasheet, and that material shall be one its manufacturer publishes as resistant to undiluted urine.

+```datasheet

+label: Non-Water Urinal Waste Branch Material

+type: select

+options:

+ - "The drainage piping material selected for the location"

+ - "PVC drain, waste, and vent pipe"

+ - "Stainless steel drainage pipe"

+```

+### Undiluted urine deposits struvite and calcium salts on a rough or reactive wall and attacks copper and bare cast iron over time, so the branch from a non-water urinal is usually carried in a smooth plastic or stainless wall until it reaches the dilution of a flushed fixture; keeping the location's material simplifies the installation and is acceptable where that material is one the manufacturer publishes as resistant. {note}

+### The waste branch serving a non-water urinal shall be arranged so that a water-flushed fixture discharges into the branch upstream of the point where it joins the stack, where [[parameter: adopted-plumbing-code]] requires that arrangement, and shall carry a cleanout at the urinal connection.

+### The trap seal method of the urinal itself is selected under [[sync/plumbing-fixtures]]; this standard governs the branch from the urinal outlet. {note}

+## Grease Waste Connections {toc}

+### Each fixture and appliance that discharges to a grease interceptor shall be trapped and vented under this standard, and the interceptor shall not serve as the trap for any fixture unless the interceptor is certified as providing a trap seal and the adopted plumbing code permits it.

+### The vent connections to each grease interceptor shall be made under this standard at the points [[sync/grease-interceptors]] requires, and the interceptor outlet shall be vented so that its discharge cannot siphon the interceptor or the traps of the fixtures it serves.

+### Water closets, urinals, and any fixture receiving human waste, and the brine and backwash discharge of water treatment equipment, shall bypass the grease interceptor and connect to the sanitary drainage system under this standard.

+### The drainage piping from the interceptor outlet fitting, or from the sampling point where one is furnished, to the building drain shall be of the material selected for the location under this standard.

+## Sumps and Ejectors {toc}

+### Gravity drainage from fixtures and drains below the level of the building sewer shall be carried under this standard to the inlet of a sump or ejector basin at the location indicated on [[drawing: the plumbing plans]], entering the basin through the inlet hub the basin is furnished with.

+### The basin, the pumps, the controls, the check and isolation valves, and the discharge assembly up to its connection point are furnished under [[sync/sump-and-sewage-pumps]]; this standard carries the gravity piping to the basin inlet and the gravity discharge piping from the connection point onward. {note}

+### The ejector discharge shall connect to the gravity drainage system through a wye fitting in the direction of flow at a point downstream of every gravity branch that could receive the pumped discharge by backflow, and the connection point shall be coordinated with [[sync/sump-and-sewage-pumps]] before the basin is set.

+### A sewage ejector basin shall be vented through a vent of the size the adopted plumbing code requires for the basin, connected under this standard to the basin vent hub and carried to the vent system or to the outside air independently of any fixture vent.

+### A pumped discharge entering an undersized or wrongly placed connection pressurizes the gravity branches around it and blows the nearest trap on every pump cycle, which is why the connection is placed downstream of the branches and made with a wye rather than a tee. {note}

+## Backwater Protection {toc}

+### Where a fixture, a floor drain, or a receptor has a flood level rim below the elevation of the next upstream manhole cover of the public sewer, the drainage from it shall be protected against backflow by a backwater valve furnished under [[sync/sanitary-drainage-specialties]] and installed under this standard in the branch serving only those fixtures.

+### Drainage from fixtures above that elevation shall not discharge through the backwater valve.

+### A backwater valve on the whole building drain closes against the surcharge and traps every upper-floor discharge behind it, which then backs up into the lowest fixtures the valve was meant to protect; placing it on the low branch alone protects those fixtures and leaves the rest of the building draining. {note}

+### Each backwater valve shall be installed where its cover is accessible for service, with a cleanout on its upstream side.

+# Cleanouts and Drain Connections {toc}

+## Cleanout Locations {toc}

+### Cleanouts shall be provided at the base of every stack, at the upper end of every horizontal drain not served by a stack or a fixture that gives rodding access, at every change in direction of a horizontal drain greater than 45 degrees, at intervals not exceeding 100 ft along horizontal drains, at the connection of every non-water urinal, and where the building drain leaves the building, as the adopted plumbing code requires and as indicated on [[drawing: the plumbing plans]].

+### Each cleanout shall be the full size of the pipe it serves up to 4 in., and not less than 4 in. on larger pipe, and shall open in the direction of flow or at right angles to it.

+### Each cleanout shall be installed so that it can be opened and rodded without removing permanent construction, with the clearance in front of it that the adopted plumbing code requires for the cleanout size.

+### Cleanouts in finished floors shall be provided with an access cover at the finished surface, and cleanouts in walls or above ceilings shall be provided with an access panel or a wall cleanout plate.

+### Cleanout bodies, ferrules, plugs, access covers, and wall plates are specified in [[sync/sanitary-drainage-specialties]]; this standard sets where cleanouts occur on the drainage piping and how they connect. {note}

+### A cleanout shall not be installed below the slab without a riser to the floor, and a cleanout riser shall be of the material selected for the below-slab location, extended to the finished floor through a sleeve.

+## Floor Drains and Drain Connections {toc}

+### Floor drains, floor sinks, hub drains, and area drains shall be installed at the locations indicated on [[drawing: the plumbing plans and the drain schedule]], each connected to the drainage system through a trap of the depth this standard requires and a vent as the venting method selected.

+### The drain bodies, grates, strainers, sediment buckets, and clamping collars are furnished under [[sync/sanitary-drainage-specialties]] or, for trench drains and the floor drains furnished with them, under [[sync/trench-drains-and-interceptors]]; this standard governs the trap, the outlet connection, and the piping from the outlet. {note}

+### The drain outlet connection shall be made with the outlet type the drain body is furnished with, in the material this standard permits for the location, and a drain body with a caulked or gasketed outlet shall not be solvent cemented.

+### Each drain body shall be set so that its outlet connection, its trap, and the piping from it are supported independently of the slab or the deck, and so that the clamping collar, where one is furnished, is set in the waterproofing membrane under the direction of the trade installing that membrane.

+### The drainage connection to each shower drain, including the setting of the drain body's clamping ring in the shower pan membrane where the drain is furnished with one, shall be made under this standard with the drain body furnished under [[sync/plumbing-fixtures]].

+### A drain set with its outlet piping hung from the slab reinforcement or bearing on the subgrade settles with the slab and pulls the outlet joint apart, and the leak runs under the floor for years before it shows. {note}

+# Hangers and Supports {toc}

+## Hanger Materials {toc}

+### Hangers and supports shall conform to MSS SP-58 and shall be selected and applied in accordance with MSS SP-69.

+### The hanger and support material shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Hanger and Support Material

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Carbon steel, electroplated zinc"

+ - "Carbon steel, hot-dip galvanized"

+ - "Stainless steel"

+ - "Copper-plated or plastic-coated carbon steel"

+default: "Carbon steel, electroplated zinc"

+```

+### An electroplated hanger is the ordinary interior hanger and is adequate wherever the pipe stays dry on the outside; hot-dip galvanizing is chosen for a parking level, a loading dock, a kitchen, or any location that is washed or wet; stainless steel is specified where the atmosphere is corrosive; and a copper-plated or plastic-coated hanger is what isolates copper tube from a ferrous hanger. {note}

+### Hangers on piping in a parking structure, a loading dock, a commercial kitchen, an unconditioned space open to the weather, or any washed-down space shall be hot-dip galvanized or stainless steel.

+### Plastic pipe shall be supported with hangers that provide a continuous bearing surface without sharp edges and that do not constrict the pipe.

+### Field-fabricated hangers, perforated strap, wire, and chain shall not be used to support drainage or vent piping.

+### Support attachments to the building structure shall be made only at points and by methods the structural drawings permit, and attachment methods shall be as indicated on [[drawing: the structural drawings and their attachment details]].

+### Piping shall not be supported from another pipe, from ductwork, from conduit, from cable tray, from suspended ceiling framing, or from equipment.

+## Horizontal Support Spacing {toc}

+### The Contractor shall not exceed the following support spacings on horizontal piping.

+| Piping Material | Nominal Size | Maximum Horizontal Spacing |

+|---|---|---|

+| Hubless and hub-and-spigot cast iron | All sizes | Each side of every joint and 5 ft, or 10 ft where 10 ft lengths are used with a support at each joint |

+| PVC and ABS pipe | All sizes | 4 ft |

+| Copper drainage tube | 1-1/4 in. and smaller | 6 ft |

+| Copper drainage tube | 1-1/2 in. and larger | 10 ft |

+| Galvanized steel pipe | All sizes | 12 ft |

+| Stainless steel drainage pipe | All sizes | 10 ft |

+| Polyethylene pipe | All sizes | Continuous bedding below the slab |

+### Support spacing shall be reduced where the adopted plumbing code, the pipe manufacturer, or the operating temperature requires a shorter span than the table gives.

+### A support at each side of a cast iron coupling keeps the joint from carrying a bending moment: the coupling is a watertight seal and not a structural connection, and a span load across it works the gasket loose with every fill of the line. {note}

+### Thermoplastics creep under sustained load, so an unsupported span that looks acceptable at installation sags progressively under the weight of the pipe and its contents, and a sag in a drain is a pocket that holds solids. {note}

+### A support shall be provided within 12 in. of each change of direction, at each side of every expansion joint and flexible connector, and at the base of every stack.

+### Horizontal piping shall be supported so that it holds the installed slope without sag between supports.

+## Vertical Support {toc}

+### Each stack shall be supported at its base and at every floor by a riser clamp bearing on the structure, and the clamp shall carry the stack's weight to the structure rather than to the horizontal piping below or to the branch connections at that floor.

+### Cast iron stacks shall be supported at intervals not exceeding 15 ft, and plastic, copper, and stainless steel stacks at every floor and at intervals not exceeding 10 ft.

+### Riser clamps on plastic stacks shall be installed so that the stack can move through the clamp at every floor except the anchor floor, with the anchor floor as the thermal movement calculation shows.

+### Stacks shall be installed plumb, and an offset shall be supported on each side of the offset.

+## Seismic Restraint {toc}

+### The scope of seismic restraint on the drainage and vent piping shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Seismic Restraint Scope

+type: select

+derived: "[[parameter: seismic-design-category]], the component importance factor the project assigns to the drainage system, and the pipe size threshold [[parameter: adopted-building-code]] and ASCE 7 Chapter 13 apply at that category"

+options:

+ - "None because the piping falls below the threshold at which restraint is required"

+ - "Piping above the code threshold size, restrained laterally and longitudinally"

+ - "All drainage and vent piping regardless of size, restrained laterally and longitudinally"

+ - "All drainage and vent piping, restrained laterally and longitudinally, with the additional bracing an essential facility requires"

+default: derived

+```

+### A gravity hanger carries load in one direction only, so in a seismic event the pipe swings on its rods until it strikes something or until a joint takes the bending; a hubless coupling has no bending strength and a solvent cement joint has no give, so the restraint scope follows the code threshold for the category and is widened where the building must stay in service after the event. {note}

+### Where seismic restraint is required, it shall be designed and installed in accordance with [[sync/vibration-isolation-and-seismic-restraint]], and the bracing shall not restrain the movement that the expansion provisions in this standard depend on.

+### Drainage piping crossing a building seismic joint shall be provided with a flexible connection accommodating the movement in every direction the structural drawings state.

+# Movement, Noise, and Penetrations {toc}

+## Thermal Movement of Plastic Piping {toc}

+### Where the thermal movement calculation shows a movement in a plastic stack or a plastic horizontal run greater than the movement its joints and supports accommodate, an expansion joint listed for drainage service, an expansion loop, or an offset with swing joints shall be provided for that run.

+### PVC and ABS move several times as much as cast iron for the same temperature change, and a stack that runs from a sunlit roof to a cool basement, or a horizontal run that receives hot discharge, accumulates that movement at the base fitting, where a solvent cement joint has no give at all. {note}

+### Expansion joints in drainage piping shall be installed with the pipe anchored on one side and guided on the other, located where they remain accessible, and rated for the test pressure of the section they are in.

+### Plastic stacks shall be anchored at the top or at one intermediate floor and guided at the others so that the movement is directed toward the expansion provision.

+## Acoustic Treatment {toc}

+### The acoustic treatment of drainage piping in the noise-sensitive locations indicated on [[drawing: the plumbing plans]] shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Acoustic Treatment of Drainage Piping in Noise-Sensitive Locations

+type: select

+options:

+ - "None"

+ - "Cast iron substituted for plastic in those locations"

+ - "Field-applied acoustic lagging over the plastic pipe"

+ - "Cast iron with acoustic lagging"

+```

+### A plastic drain beside a bedroom, a patient room, a classroom, or a conference room carries the sound of every flush through the partition; substituting cast iron in those locations damps the sound at the source and adds a transition at each end of the substituted run; a mass-loaded acoustic lagging over the plastic pipe achieves a comparable reduction without changing the material and adds a product to procure and install around every hanger; and lagging over cast iron is specified where the acoustic criterion of the room is stricter than bare cast iron meets. {note}

+### Where acoustic lagging is selected, it shall be a mass-loaded barrier with a decoupling layer, applied continuously over the pipe and fittings with lapped and sealed seams, carried through every hanger with an insert, and listed for a flame spread index not exceeding 25 and a smoke developed index not exceeding 50 when tested to ASTM E84.

+### Where cast iron is substituted for plastic in a noise-sensitive location, the substituted run shall extend through the full length of the partition or floor bounding the room and shall be isolated from the structure by resilient hanger inserts.

+## Plenums {toc}

+### Plastic drainage and vent piping shall not be installed within a return-air or supply-air plenum unless it is listed for that use, and where it is not listed the piping within the plenum shall be of a material this standard permits that is not plastic.

+### A plenum carries whatever burns in it to every room it serves, and the model codes treat a plastic pipe in a plenum as a fuel load unless it is listed for the exposure. {note}

+## Sleeves and Firestopping {toc}

+### Drainage and vent piping passing through a floor, a wall, a footing, or a foundation wall shall pass through a sleeve or a cored opening sized to leave clearance around the pipe, and the annular space shall be sealed against the passage of water at floors and foundation walls.

+### A pipe cast directly into concrete is restrained against thermal movement, abrades against the concrete, and cannot be replaced without breaking the structure. {note}

+### Piping passing through a fire-resistance-rated floor, wall, or shaft shall be firestopped with a system listed for the pipe material, the pipe size, and the assembly, installed in accordance with [[sync/firestopping]].

+### A plastic stack through a rated floor is the case that needs the intumescent collar rather than a sealant, because the pipe itself burns away and leaves the opening it occupied. {note}

+### Openings through structural members shall be located, sized, and reinforced as the structural drawings show, and the Contractor shall not cut an opening the structural drawings do not show without the structural engineer of record's written direction.

+## Insulation of Drainage Piping {toc}

+### Drainage piping that is to be insulated for condensation control, and the waste and trap piping below accessible fixtures that is to be covered, shall be insulated in accordance with [[sync/plumbing-insulation]], and the piping shall be installed so that the insulation and its vapor retarder can be applied continuously.

+# Buried and Below-Slab Piping {toc}

+## Bedding and Backfill {toc}

+### Below-slab and buried drainage piping shall be installed on a continuous bedding of the material indicated in the datasheet, shaped to the pipe barrel and free of rock, debris, and frozen material.

+```datasheet

+label: Below-Slab Pipe Bedding Material

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Undisturbed native soil shaped to the pipe"

+ - "Compacted sand or screened granular material"

+ - "Controlled low-strength material"

+default: "Compacted sand or screened granular material"

+```

+### Native soil bedding costs nothing and is adequate where the subgrade is undisturbed and uniform, and it transmits every soft spot and every rock to the pipe; granular bedding gives uniform support under the barrel and is compacted around the haunches, and it needs a bell hole at every hub so that the pipe bears on its barrel; controlled low-strength material flows under and around the pipe and sets to a uniform support, is specified where the trench cannot be compacted or the pipe cannot be disturbed after placement, and restrains the pipe completely once set. {note}

+### The bedding thickness below the pipe barrel shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Bedding Thickness Below the Pipe

+type: range

+unit: in.

+options:

+ min: 0

+ max: 12

+ setpoints: [0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12]

+default: 4

+```

+### Bell holes shall be excavated at every hub and coupling so that the pipe bears on its barrel and not on the joint, and the bell hole shall be hand-filled with bedding after the joint is made and inspected.

+### Backfill shall be placed in lifts on both sides of the pipe at the same time and compacted by hand or with light equipment until the pipe has not less than 12 in. of cover, and mechanical compaction equipment shall not be operated directly over the pipe until that cover is in place.

+### Backfill placed on one side of a pipe before the other rolls the pipe off its grade, and a sag introduced that way is the one the slab is poured over. {note}

+### The minimum cover from the top of the pipe to the underside of the slab shall be not less than 6 in., and the cover below the slab shall otherwise be as indicated on [[drawing: the plumbing plans and the foundation details]].

+### Where the trench bottom is softer or more variable than the soil conditions assumed in the structural drawings, the Contractor shall report the condition to the geotechnical engineer of record before installing any piping, and shall over-excavate and replace the unsuitable material as that engineer directs.

+### Where below-slab piping is installed below [[parameter: seasonal-high-groundwater-elevation]], the trench shall be dewatered until the backfill is placed, and empty piping shall be restrained against flotation.

+### Drainage piping shall be encased in concrete where indicated on [[drawing: the structural drawings and the foundation details]], and the encasement shall be placed only after the piping has passed its rough-in test.

+### Encasing untested piping makes repair after a failed test a demolition job rather than a joint remake. {note}

+### Where drainage piping passes under a footing or within the zone of influence of a footing, it shall be sleeved or encased as the structural drawings show, and shall not be installed within that zone without a detail on those drawings.

+## Building Drain and Sewer Connection {toc}

+### The building drain shall extend to a point five feet outside the foundation wall at the location and invert elevation indicated on [[drawing: the plumbing site plan]], and shall terminate there with a cleanout brought to grade and a transition fitting listed for the building sewer material.

+### The building sewer from that point is furnished under [[sync/sanitary-sewer-systems]] within the site, and the five-foot point is also the boundary [[sync/site-utilities]] draws. {note}

+### The Contractor shall verify the invert elevation of the building sewer at the connection point before any horizontal drainage piping inside the building is installed, and shall report any elevation that does not permit the slope indicated in the datasheet from the farthest fixture.

+### An invert discovered too high after the building drain is bedded leaves no fix short of resetting every run upstream of it, so the elevation is checked at the outside end first. {note}

+### The building drain shall pass through the foundation wall in a sleeve or a wall pipe with clearance for the pipe to move, and the annular space shall be sealed against water entry.

+### The portion of the building drain outside the foundation wall shall be installed below [[parameter: frost-depth]] or shall be protected against freezing by a method the Engineer of Record directs.

+### Where the building drain cannot reach the building sewer by gravity, it shall discharge to a sewage ejector as specified in this standard.

+# Installation {toc}

+## Workmanship {toc}

+### Piping shall be installed in accordance with the adopted plumbing code and the pipe manufacturer's published installation instructions for the material and joining method used, parallel or perpendicular to the building lines except where a slope is required.

+### Piping shall be installed clear of the openings of electrical equipment, and shall not be routed directly above a switchboard, a panelboard, a motor control center, a transformer, or an open electrical enclosure.

+### Drainage or vent piping shall not be installed within an elevator hoistway, within a machine room, or above an elevator pit except as the adopted building code and the elevator code permit.

+### Where the Contractor identifies a conflict that cannot be resolved by adjusting the routing within the slope and the allowances the drawings give, the Contractor shall request a routing change from the Engineer of Record before penetrating the structure, and shall not reduce a slope below the datasheet value or the code minimum to clear a conflict.

+### The Contractor shall coordinate the routing with the structural, mechanical, electrical, and fire protection work before installation begins, and gravity drainage shall take precedence in that coordination over systems that can be routed around it.

+## Fixture and Equipment Connections {toc}

+### Fixture waste outlet connections, trap arms, and vent connections shall be roughed in at the dimensions the fixture rough-in sheets give, and the Contractor shall coordinate those dimensions with [[sync/plumbing-fixtures]] before the rough-in is concealed.

+### Each fixture connection shall be made at the elevation that gives the trap arm its required slope and keeps the vent opening above the trap weir, and a fixture connection that cannot meet both shall be reported before the rough-in is concealed.

+### Drainage connections to equipment shall be made with a union, a flanged connection, or a coupling that permits the equipment to be removed without cutting pipe.

+### Connections to plumbing specialties furnished under [[sync/sanitary-drainage-specialties]] and [[sync/plumbing-specialties]] shall be made in the material this standard permits for the location, and those specialties shall be included in the drainage system tests performed under this standard.

+## Protection During Construction {toc}

+### Open ends of installed piping shall be capped or plugged at the end of each work period, from the first length installed through the final test.

+### An open drain left overnight collects mortar, drywall mud, and debris that the first flow carries to the nearest fitting, and the stoppage that results shows up at occupancy. {note}

+### Installed piping shall be protected from damage by other trades, and temporary physical protection shall be provided where material handling, staging, or lift traffic passes an installed run.

+### Piping damaged during construction shall be cut out and replaced rather than repaired, unless the pipe manufacturer publishes a repair for the specific damage.

+### The Contractor shall not use the drainage or vent piping as a support, a lever, a lifting point, or a conduit for temporary services.

+# Identification {toc}

+## Drainage and vent piping in mechanical rooms, in accessible ceiling spaces, in chases with access, and wherever it is exposed shall be identified in accordance with [[sync/plumbing-piping-identification]], and the legends, colors, sizes, and placement of the markers are as that standard specifies.

+## A sanitary stack and a storm leader are both black pipe in a chase, and the marker is what keeps a future tie-in off the wrong one. {note}

+# Testing {toc}

+## Test Method {toc}

+### Drainage and vent piping shall be tested after rough-in and before any pipe is concealed by construction, insulation, backfill, or encasement, by the method indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Rough-In Test Method

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Water test"

+ - "Air test"

+default: "Water test"

+```

+### A water test shows a leak as a wet spot at the joint and holds a slow leak visible for as long as anyone watches; an air test can be run in freezing weather and on a section whose base fitting cannot yet carry a column of water, and it shows a leak only as a gauge that falls, which then has to be found with soap. {note}

+### Plastic pipe shall not be air tested, and where an air test is indicated in the datasheet, plastic sections shall be water tested.

+### Plastic pipe fails under air pressure by fracture rather than by leak, and the stored energy of compressed air throws the fragments; a manufacturer's warranty on plastic pipe is void where the pipe has been air tested. {note}

+### Piping shall be tested in sections small enough that a failure can be located, and the extent of each section shall be recorded in the test log.

+### Below-slab piping shall be tested as its own section before any backfill is placed over the pipe, in addition to any test of the connected above-slab piping.

+## Water Test {toc}

+### For a water test, every opening in the section shall be plugged and the section shall be filled with water to a head not less than 10 ft above the highest joint in the section, except that the top section of a stack shall be filled to its vent terminal, and the head shall be held for not less than 15 minutes with no drop in level and no visible leakage.

+### Test plugs shall be rated for the head applied and shall be restrained so that they cannot be ejected.

+### Where a section has been filled from a water source that cannot be isolated during the hold, the fill shall be closed at a valve and the level watched at the open top of the section.

+## Air Test {toc}

+### For an air test, every opening in the section shall be plugged and the section shall be pressurized to not less than 5 psi, and the pressure shall be held for not less than 15 minutes with no drop shown on a gauge graduated in increments of not more than 0.1 psi.

+### Joints in a section under air test shall be checked with a soap solution where the gauge shows a loss.

+### The pressurizing source shall be fitted with a relief device set no higher than the test pressure, and the test area shall be cleared of personnel who are not conducting the test while the section is under pressure.

+## Final Test {toc}

+### After the fixtures are set and the traps are filled, the completed system shall be given a final test by the method indicated in the datasheet, and the test shall show no leakage at any trap, fixture connection, or joint.

+```datasheet

+label: Final Test Method After Fixture Setting

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Fill and flush test with every trap sealed and the fixtures discharged together"

+ - "Smoke test"

+ - "Peppermint test"

+```

+### A fill and flush test discharges the fixtures floor by floor from the top down while every accessible joint below is watched, and it proves the fixture connections under flow; a smoke test fills the whole system with a dense smoke under a slight pressure and shows every open joint, every dry trap, and every missing cleanout plug at once, including the ones in the vent; and a peppermint test introduces oil of peppermint at the vent terminals and relies on an observer's nose to find the opening, which costs nothing in equipment and finds only the openings the observer passes. {note}

+### Where the adopted plumbing code or the Authority Having Jurisdiction requires a specific final test method, that method shall be used regardless of the datasheet selection.

+### Where a smoke or peppermint test is selected, every trap shall be filled before the test and the test shall not be run through a section whose plastic solvent cement joints have not fully cured.

+## Retesting and Records {toc}

+### A section that leaks or loses head or pressure shall be repaired by remaking the joint or replacing the pipe, and shall be retested by the same method until it passes.

+### A failed joint shall be cut out and remade, and shall not be sealed by caulking, by a wrap, by an external sealant, or by retightening a coupling that has already been torqued.

+### The cost of repair and retesting, including the cost of removing and reinstating any construction that conceals the section, shall be borne by the Contractor.

+### Tests shall be witnessed by the Engineer of Record's representative and, where the permit requires it, by the Authority Having Jurisdiction's inspector, and a test not witnessed shall be repeated.

+### Where the Contractor and the Engineer of Record disagree whether an observed loss of head or pressure constitutes a failure, the Engineer of Record shall make the initial determination.

+### The Contractor shall keep a test log recording each section, the date, the method, the head or pressure at the start and the end of the hold, the result, the witness, and every joint cut out and remade, and shall include the log in the closeout submittals.

+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}

+## Pipe, fittings, couplings, and gaskets shall be delivered in the manufacturer's packaging with the markings legible and intact, and deliveries shall be inspected on receipt.

+## Material that arrives unmarked, cracked, spalled at a hub or a spigot, out of round, or of a lighter weight class or wall construction than specified shall be rejected and returned.

+## Cast iron pipe that has been dropped shall be rung with a hammer, and a length that does not ring clear shall be rejected.

+## Pipe shall be stored off the ground on continuous dunnage, supported at intervals that prevent permanent sag, and with the ends protected.

+## Plastic pipe and fittings shall be stored out of direct sunlight and away from heat sources, and a length that has chalked, discolored, or deformed in storage shall not be installed.

+## Gaskets, sealing elements, solvent cements, primers, and lubricants shall be stored within the temperature range the manufacturer publishes, protected from ozone and sunlight, and shall not be used after the expiration date printed on the container.

+## Solvent cement that has thickened, gelled, or separated shall be discarded and shall not be thinned for use.

+## Material shall be handled without dropping, dragging, or bending, and shall not be used as a lever, a support, or a lifting point.

+# Warranty {toc}

+## The Contractor shall warrant the drainage and vent piping installation against defects in materials and workmanship, including joint failure, pipe failure, loss of slope, support failure, and leakage at any connection made under this standard, for the period indicated in the datasheet, beginning at the date of substantial completion.

+```datasheet

+label: Installation Warranty Period

+type: range

+unit: years

+options:

+ min: 1

+ max: 10

+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 5, 10]

+default: 1

+```

+## The warranty shall cover the repair of the failed work, the restoration of any construction opened to reach it, and the repair of building finishes and Owner property damaged by the failure or by the water it released.

+## The warranty shall not cover a stoppage caused by material introduced into the system by the Owner's use, damage from freezing where the building heating system was not maintained in operation, or physical damage caused by others after the work was accepted.

+## Where a warranty repair is made, the repaired work shall carry a new warranty for the full original period from the date the repair is accepted, or for the remainder of the original period, whichever ends later.

+## The Contractor shall respond to a reported warranty failure that is actively releasing water or sewage within 24 hours of the report, and to any other reported warranty failure within 5 business days.

+## Manufacturer warranties for the products furnished shall be assigned to the Owner at substantial completion and included in the closeout submittal package.

+# Spare Parts {toc}

+## The Contractor shall deliver the spare parts indicated in the datasheet to the Owner before substantial completion.

+```datasheet

+label: Spare Parts to Be Delivered

+type: checkbox

+options:

+ - "Two shielded couplings of each type and size installed"

+ - "Two compression gaskets of each size installed"

+ - "One air admittance valve of each size installed"

+ - "One expansion joint of each size installed"

+```

+## Spare parts shall be the same product, from the same manufacturer, as the item installed.

+## Spare parts shall be delivered in labeled packaging identifying the part and the quantity, stored where the Owner directs, and the Contractor shall obtain a signed receipt from the Owner and include it in the closeout submittals.

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