Architectural Wood Trim and Paneling
Neutrality remake campaign: from-scratch field derivation per authoring cheatsheet; project parameters and derived dispositions
Showing changes from Rev 6
to Rev 7
in Architectural Wood Trim and Paneling.
−---
−title: Architectural Wood Trim and Paneling
−category: Architectural / Specialties
−toc_depth: 3
−description: >
− When to use: Interior architectural woodwork that is fastened to or applied against the building's walls, ceilings, and openings rather than built as cabinets — standing and running trim (base, casing, chair rail, crown, picture mold, and other moldings); wood wall paneling in flat-panel, raised-panel, and stile-and-rail configurations; wood ceiling and wall slat (linear) systems; ornamental and applied woodwork; and the transparent- or opaque-finished millwork that completes a commercial, institutional, or hospitality interior. Covers the architectural-woodwork quality grade (Economy / Custom / Premium) that governs appearance and tolerances, the species and cut of lumber and veneer, veneer leaf matching (book / slip / random) and panel-to-panel assembly matching (running / balanced / center-balanced), the panel product and core, fire-retardant treatment where the woodwork is regulated as an interior wall or ceiling finish, the transparent and opaque finish systems and the choice between factory and field finishing, moisture content and acclimatization, concealed blocking and hanging systems, and expansion provisions.
− Not intended for: Factory-fabricated cabinetry, casework, and countertops (see [[sync/wood-and-laminate-casework]]); wood doors and door frames (see [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]]); wood stairs, handrails, and guards furnished under a dedicated stair-and-rail standard; structural and rough framing, furring, and concealed blocking furnished by other trades; acoustic ceiling tile and suspension systems; gypsum-board wall and ceiling assemblies (see [[sync/gypsum-board-assemblies]]); plastic-laminate-clad wall panels furnished as a laminate cladding system; and exterior wood siding, soffits, and exterior trim exposed to the weather.
−---
−
−# Scope {toc}
−
−## This standard covers the furnishing and installation of interior architectural wood trim, wood paneling, wood ceiling and wall slat systems, and ornamental woodwork for commercial, institutional, hospitality, and similar buildings. {note}
−## The work under this standard is the architectural woodwork that finishes the surfaces of a room rather than the cabinetry that occupies it: the standing and running trim that frames openings and bands the walls; the flat-panel, raised-panel, and stile-and-rail wall paneling that clads them; the linear slat and plank systems applied to walls and ceilings; the applied moldings, pilasters, columns, and ornamental members that articulate them; and the transparent or opaque finish that the woodwork carries. {note}
−## The scope includes the architectural-woodwork quality grade, the lumber species and grade, the veneer species, cut, and matching, the panel product and core, the fire-retardant treatment where the woodwork is regulated as an interior finish, the finish system and whether it is applied in the shop or in the field, the moisture content and acclimatization, the concealed blocking and hanging systems, the expansion and movement provisions, and the field installation. {note}
−
−## This standard is the companion to [[sync/wood-and-laminate-casework]] and deliberately excludes everything that standard covers; casework is a built box (base, wall, and tall cabinets, counters, and millwork built as cabinets, fabricated under ANSI/AWI 0641 and judged on case construction, hinged-door and drawer operation, hardware, and countertop performance), while trim and paneling are surface woodwork applied to the structure, carrying no drawers or doors of their own and judged on appearance, matching, joinery, and the soundness of their attachment to the wall, so the line between the two standards is the difference between a cabinet and a wall surface, not between two species of wood. {note}
−
−## As with casework, the single most consequential decision in this standard is the quality grade — the AWS published jointly by AWI, AWMAC, and WI, and the successor ANSI/AWI product standards (ANSI/AWI 0622.0646 for millwork and wood trim and ANSI/AWI 0642 for wood paneling) define three aesthetic grades (Economy, Custom, and Premium) that propagate into the species and cut allowed, the number and visibility of joints in a run of trim, the veneer match and panel sequencing across a wall, the allowable warp and flatness of a panel, the joinery, and the finish quality, so specifying the grade incorrectly either over-builds the woodwork at needless cost or under-builds it so it fails to meet the project's appearance expectations. {note}
−
−## Project-Specific Information and Coordination {toc}
−
−### This standard establishes the grade, material, matching, fire-rating, finish, and installation requirements for the woodwork shown on the project drawings. {note}
−
−### Trim profiles, paneling layout and elevations, slat-system extents, species, finish, and the locations and quantities of each shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the interior elevations, reflected ceiling plans, millwork details, and finish schedule]].
−
−### Coordinate this work with [[sync/gypsum-board-assemblies]] for in-wall and in-ceiling blocking and backing.
−
−### Coordinate this work with [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]] where trim adjoins door and window openings.
−
−### Coordinate this work with [[sync/interior-painting]] where opaque-finished woodwork is field-finished by the painting trade.
−
−### Coordinate this work with [[sync/wood-and-laminate-casework]] where paneling and trim meet built-in casework.
−
−### Coordinate this work with [[sync/firestopping]] where paneling conceals a rated assembly or a penetration.
−
−# Referenced Standards {toc}
−
−## Compliance with Referenced Standards {toc}
−
−### Materials, fabrication, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted editions of the referenced standards listed below.
−
−### Where the contract documents or the adopted building code impose more stringent requirements than a referenced standard, the more stringent requirement shall govern.
−
−### The Contractor shall resolve conflicts in writing with the Architect before fabrication begins.
−
−## Reference List {toc}
−
−| Standard | Title |
−|----------|-------|
−| AWI/AWMAC/WI AWS | Architectural Woodwork Standards (quality grades and general requirements) |
−| ANSI/AWI 0622.0646 | Millwork & Wood Trim (standing and running trim, moldings, ornamental woodwork) |
−| ANSI/AWI 0642 | Wood Paneling (flat-panel, raised-panel, stile-and-rail, and slat systems) |
−| ANSI/AWI 0620 | Finish Carpentry / Installation (installation grade requirements) |
−| ANSI/HPVA HP-1 | Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood (veneer grades and matching) |
−| ANSI A208.1 | Particleboard |
−| ANSI A208.2 | Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF) for Interior Applications |
−| NEMA LD 3 | High-Pressure Decorative Laminates (where trim or paneling is laminate-faced) |
−| ASTM E84 | Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (flame spread / smoke developed) |
−| UL 723 | Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (equivalent to ASTM E84) |
−| AWPA U1 | Use Category System: User Specification for Treated Wood (fire-retardant treatment, Category UCFA interior) |
−| ASTM D5116 | Small-Scale Environmental Chamber Determination of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products |
−| EPA 40 CFR Part 770 | Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products (TSCA Title VI) |
−| CARB ATCM 93120 | Airborne Toxic Control Measure — Composite Wood Products (Phase 2) |
−| IBC | International Building Code (interior wall and ceiling finish classification) |
−
−# Submittals {toc}
−
−## Action Submittals {toc}
−
−### The following submittals shall be submitted for review and returned before fabrication begins.
−### Submittals shall be complete and internally coordinated before any item is submitted, and shall identify the AWS / ANSI/AWI quality grade for each category of work.
−
−- **Product Data:** Manufacturer's product data for each lumber species and grade, veneer species and cut, panel product and core, adhesive, fastener, fire-retardant treatment, and finish system, including thickness, composition, performance ratings, and the applicable formaldehyde-emission and fire-test documentation.
−- **Shop Drawings:** Plans, interior elevations, reflected ceiling plans, and large-scale sections and profile details of each trim run, paneling elevation, and slat system, drawn to scale, showing profiles, dimensions, joint locations and types, panel and slat module, reveal and shadow-line dimensions, the relationship to adjacent openings and finishes, concealed blocking and backing requirements, the hanging or attachment method, expansion-and-movement provisions, and fastener locations and concealment.
−- **Veneer Layout and Sequence:** For transparent-finished wood-veneer paneling, a veneer layout (elevation) drawing showing the leaf-to-leaf match within each panel face, the panel-to-panel assembly match across each wall elevation, and the sequencing of sequence-matched and blueprint-matched panels in the order they are to be installed. Where the project requires it, a flitch submittal or a sample blanket from the actual flitch shall be provided for the Architect's selection and approval before the veneer is laid up.
−- **Samples:** Finish samples of each species, cut, and finish system on the actual substrate, showing color, sheen, and grain; a sample of each trim profile in the specified species; a corner or joint sample at Custom and Premium grade; and, for fire-retardant-treated work, a sample carrying the treater's classification label.
−- **Quality Grade Certification:** Documentation of the AWS / ANSI/AWI grade certification for the trim and paneling, including AWI Quality Certification Program (QCP) certification or equivalent third-party certification where required by the contract documents.
−- **Fire-Test and Treatment Reports:** Where the woodwork is regulated as an interior wall or ceiling finish, the ASTM E84 (or UL 723) test report establishing the flame-spread and smoke-developed classification of the assembly as it will be installed (including the effect of the finish), and, where fire-retardant-treated wood is used, the AWPA U1 treatment record and the treater's classification label.
−- **Formaldehyde Compliance:** TSCA Title VI / CARB Phase 2 compliance documentation for all composite-wood panel components, including labeling or certificates of conformity.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Action Submittals Required
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Product data for lumber, veneer, panel, core, adhesive, fastener, treatment, and finish"
− - "Dimensioned shop drawings, elevations, RCPs, and large-scale profile sections"
− - "Veneer layout / sequence drawing (transparent-finished veneer paneling)"
− - "Flitch / sample-blanket submittal for veneer selection (where required)"
− - "Finish, profile, and joint samples on actual substrate"
− - "AWS / ANSI/AWI quality grade certification (AWI QCP or equivalent)"
− - "ASTM E84 fire-test report and AWPA U1 treatment record (where regulated as finish)"
− - "Formaldehyde compliance documentation (TSCA Title VI / CARB Phase 2)"
−default: "Dimensioned shop drawings, elevations, RCPs, and large-scale profile sections"
−```
−
−## Closeout Submittals {toc}
−
−### At substantial completion the Contractor shall provide the following for the Owner's future repairs:
−
−- Finish-specific care and maintenance instructions for each finish and species
−- Manufacturer's written warranty
−- Attic-stock matching trim lengths, panel blanks, and touch-up finish
−
−```datasheet
−label: Closeout Submittals Required
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Finish-specific care and maintenance instructions"
− - "Manufacturer and installation warranty documentation"
− - "Attic-stock matching trim, panel blanks, and touch-up finish"
−default: "Finish-specific care and maintenance instructions"
−```
−
−### Care instructions are finish-specific; the Owner's housekeeping staff shall be given the correct guidance to avoid finish damage.
−
−#### A transparent catalyzed finish, a field-applied oil finish, and an opaque painted finish each tolerate different cleaning chemistries, so the care guidance must be matched to the finish on each surface. {note}
−
−# Quality Assurance {toc}
−
−## Manufacturer Qualifications {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Grade Certification Program
−type: radio
−options:
− - "AWI Quality Certification Program (QCP) certified"
− - "Equivalent third-party woodwork certification program"
− - "Manufacturer's self-certification of grade compliance (where AHJ/Architect accepts)"
−default: "AWI Quality Certification Program (QCP) certified"
−```
−
−### The woodwork manufacturer shall be a firm regularly engaged in the fabrication of architectural trim and paneling of the type, grade, species, and finish specified, with documented experience on comparable projects.
−
−### Where the contract documents require third-party grade certification, the manufacturer shall be a licensed participant in the AWI Quality Certification Program (QCP) or an equivalent program.
−
−### Where third-party grade certification is required, the woodwork shall bear the program's certification label.
−
−## Single-Source Responsibility {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Single-Source Responsibility
−type: radio
−options:
− - "All trim, paneling, and ornamental woodwork of a species from a single manufacturer"
− - "Coordinated package from a single supplier with documented material sourcing"
−default: "All trim, paneling, and ornamental woodwork of a species from a single manufacturer"
−```
−
−### All trim, paneling, and ornamental woodwork within a related scope and species shall be furnished by a single manufacturer so that grade, species, cut, veneer match, and finish are consistent across the work.
−
−#### Wood color and figure vary between trees, flitches, and mills, so woodwork drawn from a single coordinated source and, for veneer, from sequenced flitches is the only way to hold a uniform appearance across a room or a building. {note}
−
−## Mockup {toc}
−
−### A mockup is typically a panel module showing the leaf and assembly match, the trim profile and a joint, the reveal or shadow line, and the specified finish. {note}
−
−### Where required by the contract documents, the Contractor shall provide a full-size mockup of a representative paneled wall or trim assembly for the Architect's review and approval of grade, species, match, profile, and finish.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Mockup Required
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Yes — provide one representative paneling and trim mockup for approval"
− - "No — mockup not required"
−default: "No — mockup not required"
−```
−
−### The approved mockup shall establish the standard of quality for the work and may be incorporated into the finished work if undamaged and in an approved location.
−
−## Grade Compliance {toc}
−
−### The trim and paneling shall comply in all respects with the requirements of the specified AWS / ANSI/AWI grade for material, joinery, matching, flatness, and finish.
−
−### The specified grade shall govern wherever this standard is silent.
−
−### Where this standard establishes a requirement more stringent than the grade minimum, this standard shall govern.
−
−# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
−
−## HVAC Operational Before Delivery {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: HVAC and Building Conditions Before Delivery
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Permanent HVAC operating and interior conditioned; wet work complete and dry; building enclosed (standard)"
− - "Temporary conditioning maintaining the service humidity range (where permanent HVAC is not yet available)"
−default: "Permanent HVAC operating and interior conditioned; wet work complete and dry; building enclosed (standard)"
−```
−
−### Wood trim and paneling shall not be delivered to the building until wet-work (concrete, masonry, plaster, and gypsum finishing) is complete and dry, the building is enclosed and weather-tight, and the permanent HVAC system is operating and maintaining the interior temperature and humidity within the range the woodwork will experience in service.
−
−#### Wood is hygroscopic — it continuously gains and loses moisture with the surrounding air until it reaches equilibrium — so woodwork installed before the building's permanent conditions are established will shrink, swell, cup, or open at its joints once those conditions are reached, a failure that no quality of fabrication can prevent. {note}
−
−## Interior Humidity and Moisture Content {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Interior Relative Humidity Range for Delivery and Service
−type: range
−unit: "% RH"
−options:
− min: 25
− max: 55
− setpoints: [25, 30, 35, 45, 50, 55]
−default: 45
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Wood Moisture Content at Fabrication and Installation
−type: range
−unit: "%"
−options:
− min: 5
− max: 12
− setpoints: [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12]
−default: 8
−```
−
−### The interior relative humidity at delivery and in service shall be maintained within the range the AWS specifies for the geographic region and season, generally between 25% and 55% RH, with extended swings avoided.
−
−### Wood moisture content at the time of fabrication and installation shall be in equilibrium with that service condition.
−
−### Architectural woodwork shall be fabricated and delivered at a moisture content near 6% to 9% rather than at the higher moisture content of construction-grade lumber.
−
−#### For most interior conditioned spaces in North America a 25% to 55% RH service range corresponds to an equilibrium moisture content near 6% to 9%, so woodwork installed wetter than its service equilibrium will shrink and open its joints while woodwork installed drier than its service equilibrium will swell and buckle a paneled wall. {note}
−
−## Acclimatization {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Minimum Acclimatization Period in Conditioned Space
−type: range
−unit: hours
−options:
− min: 24
− max: 168
− setpoints: [24, 48, 72, 96, 168]
−default: 72
−```
−
−### Trim and paneling shall be delivered to the conditioned space and acclimatized before installation so that the woodwork reaches equilibrium with the interior conditions while it is still loose and able to move freely, rather than after it is fixed to the wall.
−
−### The Contractor shall protect the woodwork during acclimatization, stack it so air circulates around each piece, and not begin installation until the woodwork has stabilized at the service condition.
−
−# Quality Grade {toc}
−
−## The quality grade is the governing decision for the standard. {note}
−
−## The architectural woodwork quality grade shall be specified as Economy, Custom, or Premium, and that grade shall govern the requirements selected elsewhere in this standard.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Architectural Woodwork Quality Grade
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Economy — utility and back-of-house woodwork"
− - "Custom — standard commercial and institutional default"
− - "Premium — high-visibility architectural feature woodwork"
−default: "Custom — standard commercial and institutional default"
−```
−
−## Grade Selection Guidance {toc}
−
−### Custom grade is the commercial default and is appropriate for the large majority of commercial and institutional trim and paneling: it provides sound joinery, good appearance, controlled veneer matching, and a durable finish at a reasonable cost. {note}
−
−### Economy grade is suitable only for utility and back-of-house work — service corridors, storage, and concealed locations — where appearance is not a priority. {note}
−
−### Premium grade is reserved for the most visible, architecturally significant woodwork — lobbies, boardrooms, courtrooms, executive suites, and feature walls — where the tightest tolerances, the best veneer selection and matching, the most exacting joinery, and the highest finish quality are required and the budget supports them. {note}
−
−## Grade by Area {toc}
−
−### It is common and economical to specify Premium grade for the public and high-visibility woodwork shown on the drawings and Custom grade for the balance. {note}
−
−### The grade may be set differently for different areas of a project.
−
−### The shop drawings and finish schedule shall make clear which grade governs each location.
−
−# Lumber Species and Grade {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Solid-Lumber Species (transparent finish)
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Red oak"
− - "White oak"
− - "Hard maple"
− - "Cherry"
− - "Walnut"
− - "Mahogany / sapele"
− - "Other species per finish schedule"
−default: "White oak"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Solid-Lumber for Opaque (Paint) Finish
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Paint-grade close-grain hardwood (e.g., poplar) for trim and flat members"
− - "MDF for profiled and molded members (smooth, stable, knot-free paint substrate)"
− - "Finger-jointed paint-grade lumber for long running trim (concealed by paint)"
−default: "Paint-grade close-grain hardwood (e.g., poplar) for trim and flat members"
−```
−
−## Solid-lumber trim, stiles, rails, and ornamental members shall be of the species, cut, and grade scheduled, and shall meet the appearance and defect requirements of the specified AWS / ANSI/AWI grade for the chosen finish.
−
−### The species governs color, hardness, grain figure, cost, and whether the woodwork is intended for a transparent finish (a species selected for its figure and color such as oak, maple, cherry, or walnut, with its grain exposed) or an opaque finish (a close-grained paintable species such as poplar, a paint-grade hardwood, or MDF for profiled members, because the paint hides the grain and a less expensive paint-grade species is appropriate). {note}
−
−# Lumber Cut {toc}
−
−## The cut of the lumber and veneer — how the log is sawn relative to the growth rings — determines the grain pattern that shows on the face and how the wood moves with changes in moisture. {note}
−
−## The lumber and veneer cut shall be specified, establishing the grain pattern shown on the face and how the wood moves with changes in moisture.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Lumber and Veneer Cut
−type: select
−drawing_ref: "finish schedule"
−options:
− - "Plain-sawn / flat-sawn — cathedral grain, economical (standard)"
− - "Quarter-sawn — straight grain, ray fleck in oak, more stable"
− - "Rift-sawn — tight uniform straight grain, no fleck (most refined)"
−default: "Plain-sawn / flat-sawn — cathedral grain, economical (standard)"
−```
−
−## Plain-sawn (flat-sawn) lumber shows the familiar cathedral or "flame" grain, is the most economical and highest-yield cut, and is the default for most trim and paneling. {note}
−
−## Quarter-sawn lumber, cut radially, shows a straight, vertical grain (and, in oak, the prized ray fleck), is more dimensionally stable across its width, and is selected where a straight-grain appearance or maximum stability is wanted. {note}
−
−## Rift-sawn lumber, cut at an angle between plain and quarter, shows a very straight, tight, uniform grain with no flecking and is the most material-intensive and costly cut, used for the most refined straight-grain work. {note}
−
−# Veneer for Transparent-Finished Paneling {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Veneer Standard and Grade
−type: radio
−options:
− - "ANSI/HPVA HP-1 decorative veneer at the specified AWS grade (standard)"
− - "Architect-selected flitch, sequenced and reserved for the project (Premium feature work)"
−default: "ANSI/HPVA HP-1 decorative veneer at the specified AWS grade (standard)"
−```
−
−## Transparent-finished wood paneling shall use a decorative wood veneer conforming to ANSI/HPVA HP-1, of the species and cut scheduled, laid up over the specified panel core.
−
−## The veneer grade, species, and cut shall meet the requirements of the specified AWS / ANSI/AWI grade.
−
−### Veneer paneling is preferred to solid-wood paneling for almost all flat and stile-and-rail paneling because a veneered panel is dimensionally stable and flat where a wide solid-wood panel would cup and split, because a single flitch yields enough matched veneer to clad a wall in one continuous figure, and because the figured and exotic species used for feature walls are available only as veneer. {note}
−
−# Veneer Leaf Matching {toc}
−
−## Within a single panel face, the individual veneer leaves are matched to one another to set the figure. {note}
−
−## The veneer leaf match within each panel face shall be specified to set the figure formed by the individual veneer leaves.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Veneer Leaf Match (within each panel face)
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Book match — adjacent leaves mirrored, maximum grain continuity (standard)"
− - "Slip match — leaves slid without flipping, repeating figure (ribbon-stripe veneers)"
− - "Random / plank match — mixed leaves, deliberately non-uniform planked look"
−default: "Book match — adjacent leaves mirrored, maximum grain continuity (standard)"
−```
−
−## Book match — turning every other leaf over so adjacent leaves mirror each other at the joint like the open pages of a book — is the standard and most widely used match, giving maximum grain continuity across the joints and a symmetrical figure. {note}
−
−## Slip match — sliding successive leaves out without flipping them, so the same face of each leaf shows and the figure repeats without mirroring — is used to avoid the barber-pole effect that book matching can produce in certain ribbon-stripe veneers and to give a more uniform, repeating pattern. {note}
−
−## Random (plank) match — placing leaves without regard to grain continuity, deliberately mixing color and figure — gives a casual, planked, unmatched appearance and is used where a non-uniform, board-like look is the design intent. {note}
−
−# Veneer Panel-Face Assembly Match {toc}
−
−## Separately from how leaves are matched to one another, the leaves are arranged on the panel face to set its symmetry. {note}
−
−## The veneer assembly match across each panel face shall be specified to set the symmetry of the leaves arranged on that face.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Veneer Assembly Match (across each panel face)
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Running match — non-uniform, most economical (concealed or back-of-house)"
− - "Balance match — equal-width leaves, symmetrical face (Custom default)"
− - "Center-balance match — centered grain joint, most refined (Premium feature work)"
−default: "Balance match — equal-width leaves, symmetrical face (Custom default)"
−```
−
−## Running match assembles each face from as many leaves as the width requires, with no attempt to make the leaves equal in width or symmetrical, so panel faces are not uniform from one to the next; it is the most economical assembly and is used where panels are not seen side by side. {note}
−
−## Balance match uses leaves of an equal width on each face so the face is symmetrical (an even or odd number of equal leaves), giving a consistent, balanced appearance across panels. {note}
−
−## Center-balance match uses an even number of equal-width leaves with a single grain joint centered on the panel face; it is the most symmetrical and refined assembly, the most labor- and material-intensive, and the default for the most visible Premium work. {note}
−
−# Panel-to-Panel Sequence Matching {toc}
−
−## Across a wall elevation, the finished panels are matched to one another so the figure flows from panel to panel rather than changing abruptly at each joint. {note}
−
−## The panel-to-panel sequence matching across a wall elevation shall be specified so the figure flows between panels rather than changing abruptly at each joint.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Panel-to-Panel Sequence Matching (across a wall elevation)
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Premanufactured sets — matched within a set, not set to set (economical)"
− - "Sequence-matched panels — laid up and installed in flitch order across the wall (Custom feature)"
− - "Blueprint-matched panels and components — continuous figure to field dimensions (Premium)"
−default: "Sequence-matched panels — laid up and installed in flitch order across the wall (Custom feature)"
−```
−
−## Sequence matching lays up the panels for a wall from one flitch in the order they are cut and installs them in that order, so the grain progresses naturally across the wall. {note}
−
−## Blueprint matching is the most exacting: each panel and each component (including the panels over and around doors and openings) is sized and cut to the actual field dimensions from the shop drawings so the veneer figure is continuous across the entire elevation as drawn. {note}
−
−## Premanufactured sets are matched within each set but not from set to set, and are used where individual panels are not installed in a continuous run. {note}
−
−# Panel Product and Core {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Paneling Core Material
−type: select
−options:
− - "Particleboard core (ANSI A208.1) — standard veneered and laminate paneling"
− - "MDF core (ANSI A208.2) — thin face veneer, painted and routed profiles"
− - "Veneer-core hardwood plywood (ANSI/HPVA HP-1) — lighter, better edge screw-holding"
− - "Moisture-resistant (MR) core — paneling in humid or incidental-wet locations"
−default: "Particleboard core (ANSI A208.1) — standard veneered and laminate paneling"
−```
−
−## Veneered and laminate-faced paneling shall be built on a flat, stable manufactured core rather than on solid wood.
−
−### Particleboard core (ANSI A208.1) is flat, dimensionally stable, economical, and the standard core for most veneered and laminate paneling; MDF core (ANSI A208.2) is denser and smoother with a superior machined edge, preferred for thin face veneers and opaque-painted profiled paneling and machining crisply for routed reveals and profiles; and veneer-core hardwood plywood (ANSI/HPVA HP-1) is lighter, holds fasteners well in its edges, resists incidental moisture better than particleboard, and is selected where weight or edge screw-holding matters or a bending plywood is required for a curved panel. {note}
−
−# Laminate-Faced Paneling {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Laminate-Faced Paneling (where specified in lieu of wood veneer)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "High-pressure decorative laminate, NEMA LD 3 vertical grade (VGS), with balancing backer"
− - "Not applicable — wood-veneer or solid-wood paneling"
−default: "Not applicable — wood-veneer or solid-wood paneling"
−```
−
−## Where paneling is faced with high-pressure decorative laminate rather than wood veneer, the laminate shall conform to NEMA LD 3 and shall be the vertical grade (VGS) appropriate to a wall surface.
−
−## The laminate shall be balanced with a backing sheet on the reverse of the core so the panel does not warp toward the faced side.
−
−### Laminate-faced paneling is used where a durable, cleanable, color-stable wall surface is wanted without the cost and maintenance of a wood finish; it is not a substitute for a casework or countertop surface (see [[sync/wood-and-laminate-casework]]). {note}
−
−# Adhesives {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Adhesives
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Manufacturer's standard adhesives suited to substrate and service (standard)"
− - "Low-VOC / low-emitting adhesives (green-building or sensitive occupancy)"
−default: "Manufacturer's standard adhesives suited to substrate and service (standard)"
−```
−
−## Adhesives used to bond veneer to core, to laminate components, and to install paneling shall be appropriate to the substrate and the service condition.
−
−## Adhesives shall be low-emitting where a low-emitting-materials requirement applies.
−
−### Adhesives in composite-wood panel products are subject to the same formaldehyde-emission limits as the panels themselves. {note}
−
−# Fasteners {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Fastening and Fastener Concealment
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Concealed clips / French-cleat hanging system for panels; blind-nailed trim (standard)"
− - "Adhesive plus concealed mechanical fastening to blocking"
− - "Exposed finish nails set and filled to match (where concealment is not feasible)"
−default: "Concealed clips / French-cleat hanging system for panels; blind-nailed trim (standard)"
−```
−
−## Trim and paneling shall be fastened with concealed fasteners wherever the grade and detail permit.
−
−## Exposed face nailing shall be limited to where it is unavoidable, shall use finish nails set below the surface, and the holes shall be filled to match the finish.
−
−### Concealed methods — blind nailing through the tongue or back of a member, hanging clips and French cleats for panels, and adhesive in combination with mechanical fastening — produce the clean, fastener-free face expected at Custom and Premium grade. {note}
−
−# Fire-Retardant Treatment {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Interior Finish Fire Classification (ASTM E84)
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Class A — flame spread 0-25, smoke developed 0-450 (exits, vertical exit enclosures, high-occupancy)"
− - "Class B — flame spread 26-75, smoke developed 0-450 (corridors and many assembly/business areas)"
− - "Class C — flame spread 76-200, smoke developed 0-450 (rooms and areas where permitted)"
− - "Not regulated as interior finish at this location"
−default: "Not regulated as interior finish at this location"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Fire-Retardant Treatment Method (where required to meet classification)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Pressure-impregnated FRTW, AWPA U1 Category UCFA, Interior Type A, labeled"
− - "Listed fire-retardant / intumescent coating as basis of the rated assembly"
− - "Inherently compliant assembly without treatment (thin veneer over noncombustible substrate)"
− - "Not required — woodwork not regulated as interior finish at this location"
−default: "Not required — woodwork not regulated as interior finish at this location"
−```
−
−## Where the trim or paneling is regulated by the building code as an interior wall or ceiling finish, the woodwork shall meet the surface-burning classification required for the occupancy and location under ASTM E84 (or UL 723).
−
−## Fire-retardant-treated wood shall be provided where that classification cannot otherwise be achieved.
−
−## Interior fire-retardant-treated wood shall be pressure-impregnated and classified under AWPA U1, Use Category UCFA (interior, weather-protected), and shall carry the treater's classification label.
−
−## The treatment shall be Interior Type A so that the woodwork does not gain excessive moisture or lose its fire-retardant performance under the humidity swings of an occupied building.
−
−## A listed intumescent or fire-rated coating applied over untreated wood shall be used only where it is the basis of the listed assembly.
−
−## The treatment shall be applied before the woodwork is milled to its final profile to the extent practicable.
−
−## Any field cuts in treated wood shall be re-treated with the manufacturer's field-applied fire-retardant where required to maintain the classification.
−
−## The Contractor shall submit the ASTM E84 test report for the assembly as it will be installed, which governs whether treatment is needed.
−
−### Fire-retardant treatment is a chemical pressure treatment of the wood, not a surface coating; an intumescent or fire-rated coating applied over untreated wood is a different approach. {note}
−
−### A thin wood veneer (typically 1/28 in. or thinner) bonded to a noncombustible or fire-rated substrate often achieves a Class A classification as an assembly without treating the wood, because the small mass of the veneer cannot sustain flame spread; the ASTM E84 report for the actual assembly governs whether treatment is needed. {note}
−
−# Composite-Wood Formaldehyde Compliance {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Composite-Wood Formaldehyde Compliance
−type: radio
−options:
− - "TSCA Title VI / CARB Phase 2 compliant (mandatory baseline)"
− - "No-added-formaldehyde (NAF) composite wood"
− - "Ultra-low-emitting-formaldehyde (ULEF) composite wood"
−default: "TSCA Title VI / CARB Phase 2 compliant (mandatory baseline)"
−```
−
−## All composite-wood panel components of the trim and paneling — particleboard, MDF, and hardwood plywood — shall comply with the formaldehyde emission standards of EPA TSCA Title VI (40 CFR Part 770) and CARB ATCM 93120 (Phase 2), and shall be labeled or certified accordingly.
−
−## Where the project pursues a low-emitting-materials credit or serves a sensitive occupancy (healthcare, schools, childcare), no-added-formaldehyde (NAF) or ultra-low-emitting-formaldehyde (ULEF) composite wood should be specified.
−
−## Emissions may be verified by small-scale chamber testing under ASTM D5116 where required by the contract documents.
−
−### EPA TSCA Title VI (40 CFR Part 770) and CARB ATCM 93120 (Phase 2) set identical emission limits, and compliance is mandatory for composite-wood products sold in the United States and is not optional. {note}
−
−# Fabrication {toc}
−
−## Grade and Joinery {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Running-Trim Joinery at Corners
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Coped inside corners, mitered outside corners, scarfed running joints (standard)"
− - "Mitered all corners (where profile or material requires)"
−default: "Coped inside corners, mitered outside corners, scarfed running joints (standard)"
−```
−
−### Trim, paneling, and ornamental woodwork shall be fabricated to the requirements of the specified grade, with members machined, assembled, and finished in the shop to the maximum extent practicable so that field work is limited to fitting, joining at the necessary field joints, and installation.
−
−### Profiles shall be milled true and continuous.
−
−### Joints in running trim shall be kept to the minimum the lengths and the grade allow.
−
−### Where a running joint is unavoidable it shall be a scarf or mitered-and-splined joint that closes tight and is located inconspicuously, not a butt joint at a visible location.
−
−### Coped joints shall be used at inside corners of profiled running trim, and mitered joints at outside corners, so the profile reads continuously around the corner.
−
−### Stile-and-rail paneling shall be joined with mortise-and-tenon or equivalent concealed joinery appropriate to the grade.
−
−## Panel Flatness and Matching {toc}
−
−### Panel faces shall be flat within the tolerance allowed by the specified grade.
−
−### The veneer leaf match, assembly match, and panel-to-panel sequence shall be executed as scheduled and as shown on the approved veneer-layout drawing.
−
−### Veneer shall be balanced — a face veneer on the show side shall be balanced by a backing veneer of comparable thickness and expansion on the reverse — so the panel does not cup toward the face veneer.
−
−#### An unbalanced veneered panel will cup over time no matter how flat it leaves the press. {note}
−
−## Stile-and-Rail and Raised-Panel Construction {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Stile-and-Rail Panel Construction
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Floating field panel in grooved frame (allows seasonal movement — standard for stile-and-rail)"
− - "Not applicable — flat-panel or slat system"
−default: "Floating field panel in grooved frame (allows seasonal movement — standard for stile-and-rail)"
−```
−
−### In stile-and-rail paneling, the field panel shall float in the grooved frame of stiles and rails rather than being glued fast on all edges, so the panel can expand and contract with seasonal moisture change without splitting itself or forcing the frame apart.
−
−### A raised (profiled) field panel shall likewise float in the frame.
−
−#### This floating construction is the defining feature of traditional wood paneling and the reason it survives decades of seasonal movement; gluing or pinning a wide panel on all four edges is a fabrication error that guarantees a split panel. {note}
−
−## Wood Ceiling and Wall Slat Systems {toc}
−
−### In an acoustic slat system the slats are spaced over an acoustically absorptive backing and the reveal is the acoustic opening. {note}
−
−### Wood slat (linear) systems — parallel slats or planks mounted on a concealed carrier, backer, or grid with an open or acoustically backed reveal between slats — shall be fabricated as a coordinated system with the slat module, reveal, carrier, and end and edge conditions as shown on the drawings.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Wood Slat / Linear System Type (where specified)
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Solid-wood or veneered slats on concealed carrier, open reveal"
− - "Acoustic slat system over absorptive backing (reveal is the acoustic opening)"
− - "Plank / tongue-and-groove ceiling or wall system"
− - "Not applicable — no slat or linear system"
−default: "Not applicable — no slat or linear system"
−```
−
−### Where the system is acoustic, the slat module and reveal shall not be altered in the field because they set both the appearance and the acoustic performance.
−
−### Slat systems mounted on ceilings and high on walls are interior finishes and shall meet the required ASTM E84 classification for the location.
−
−# Finishing {toc}
−
−## Transparent Finish System {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Transparent Finish System
−type: select
−options:
− - "Factory catalyzed / conversion-varnish system (standard)"
− - "Factory UV-cured finish system (flat panel stock)"
− - "Factory pre-catalyzed lacquer (lighter-duty)"
− - "Field-applied finish (where factory finishing is not feasible)"
−default: "Factory catalyzed / conversion-varnish system (standard)"
−```
−
−### Transparent finishes — clear and stained systems that show the wood grain — shall be applied as a system meeting the requirements of the specified AWS / ANSI/AWI grade.
−
−### The finish system, stain color, and sheen shall be as scheduled.
−
−### The stain shall be sampled and approved on the actual species and cut because the same stain reads very differently on different species and cuts.
−
−#### A factory-applied catalyzed (conversion-varnish or comparable two-component) finish is the commercial default for transparent-finished trim and paneling because it is harder, more chemical- and moisture-resistant, and more uniform than a field finish and is cured under controlled conditions before delivery, while UV-cured finishes provide a hard, fast-cured factory finish on flat panel stock. {note}
−
−## Opaque (Paint) Finish System {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Opaque (Paint) Finish System
−type: select
−options:
− - "Factory catalyzed or UV-cured pigmented finish (standard for profiled paneling)"
− - "Factory primed; field topcoat by painting trade (running trim)"
− - "Field primed and painted by painting trade"
−default: "Factory catalyzed or UV-cured pigmented finish (standard for profiled paneling)"
−```
−
−### Opaque finishes — pigmented systems that hide the wood — shall be applied as a system meeting the specified grade.
−
−### Where the trim is field-painted, the woodwork shall be furnished primed or factory-prime-sealed so the field topcoats lie down evenly.
−
−#### A factory-applied catalyzed or UV-cured pigmented finish is the durable default, preferred for profiled and routed members where a sprayed factory finish reaches into the profile uniformly, while field-applied opaque finishing by the painting trade is common for running trim that is set, then filled, caulked, and painted with the adjacent wall and coordinated with [[sync/interior-painting]]. {note}
−
−## Factory Versus Field Finishing {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Finishing Location
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Factory-finished (paneling and transparent-finished trim — standard)"
− - "Field-finished (opaque running trim integrated with painted walls)"
− - "Factory-finished paneling; field-finished running trim (mixed by category)"
−default: "Factory-finished (paneling and transparent-finished trim — standard)"
−```
−
−### The choice between factory and field finishing shall be made per category of work and stated on the finish schedule.
−
−### Mixing factory- and field-finished pieces of the same exposed transparent woodwork shall be avoided because the two finishes will not match.
−
−#### Factory finishing is preferred for paneling and transparent-finished trim because the finish is applied and cured under controlled temperature, humidity, and dust conditions and is more uniform and durable than a field finish and because spraying flat in the shop produces a better film than brushing or rolling in place, while field finishing is used for opaque running trim integrated with the painted wall (joints filled and caulked, trim disappearing into the wall color) and for woodwork that must be scribed, cut, and fitted in the field before it can be finished. {note}
−
−## Finish Sheen {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Finish Sheen
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Satin"
− - "Semi-gloss"
− - "Matte / flat"
− - "Gloss"
−default: "Satin"
−```
−
−# Installation {toc}
−
−## Trim and paneling shall be installed after the space is enclosed, conditioned, and dry, after wet finishes are complete, and after the woodwork has acclimatized to the interior conditions.
−
−## The Contractor shall install the woodwork to the requirements of the specified installation grade (ANSI/AWI 0620 or the AWS installation grade), plumb, level, true, and securely fastened, with tight, properly fitted joints, uniform reveals, and the figure and sequence of veneered panels installed in the order shown on the approved veneer-layout drawing.
−
−## Blocking and Backing {toc}
−
−### Blocking is furnished and installed under the wall and ceiling trades and coordinated on the woodwork shop drawings. {note}
−
−### The Contractor shall verify before installation that solid, continuous in-wall and in-ceiling blocking or backing has been provided at every panel-hanging location, at heavy and large panels, at slat-system carriers, and at trim that cannot be reliably fastened to framing or furring alone.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Blocking and Backing Verified Before Installation
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Yes — continuous blocking/backing verified at all panel, slat-carrier, and heavy-trim locations"
− - "Not applicable — light trim fastened to framing/furring only at this location"
−default: "Yes — continuous blocking/backing verified at all panel, slat-carrier, and heavy-trim locations"
−```
−
−### The Contractor shall confirm the presence and location of blocking and shall notify the Architect of missing or mislocated blocking before proceeding.
−
−### Paneling and slat systems hung on gypsum board without blocking will pull loose and shall not be permitted.
−
−## Hanging Systems {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Wall Paneling Attachment Method
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Concealed hanging clips / Z-clips on blocking (removable, adjustable — standard)"
− - "Hanging-rail system on blocking"
− - "Adhesive plus concealed mechanical fastening to continuous backing"
− - "Concealed face-fastening with set-and-filled finish nails (light paneling only)"
−default: "Concealed hanging clips / Z-clips on blocking (removable, adjustable — standard)"
−```
−
−### Wall paneling should be installed on a concealed hanging system — interlocking metal or wood Z-clips (French cleats) or a hanging-rail system fastened to the blocking — rather than face-fastened, so the panels carry no visible fasteners, hang flat and plumb, can be shimmed off an uneven wall to a true plane, and can be removed individually for access or replacement without damage.
−
−### Face-fastening shall be used only where a hanging system is impractical and the fasteners can be concealed in a joint or filled.
−
−## Scribing and Fitting {toc}
−
−### Paneling and trim that meet walls, floors, ceilings, columns, and adjacent finishes shall be scribed to fit the contour of the adjacent surface so the joint is tight and uniform.
−
−### Scribe pieces, fillers, and closures shall be provided to close the gaps between panels and between paneling and adjacent construction, finished to match the woodwork.
−
−### Reveals and shadow lines designed into the work shall be held uniform.
−
−#### Surfaces in a building are rarely flat or plumb, so a panel set against an out-of-plumb wall without scribing leaves a tapered gap, and an uneven reveal is the most visible defect in a paneled wall. {note}
−
−## Expansion and Movement {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Expansion and Movement Provisions
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Floating field panels in stile-and-rail frames"
− - "Reveals / slip joints between panels to absorb movement"
− - "Fastening that restrains panels while allowing cross-grain movement"
− - "Trim detailed to cross building expansion joints"
−default: "Reveals / slip joints between panels to absorb movement"
−```
−
−### The installation shall accommodate the seasonal expansion and contraction of the wood.
−
−### Running trim that crosses a building expansion joint shall be detailed to move with the joint.
−
−### Paneled walls and long runs of trim shall be installed so the wood can move without buckling or opening visible gaps — floating field panels in their frames, slip joints and reveals that absorb movement, and fastening that holds the woodwork to the wall while letting it expand and contract across its width.
−
−### Paneling shall not be fastened so rigidly across its full width that seasonal swelling has nowhere to go.
−
−#### Fastening paneling rigidly across its full width produces a buckled wall in the humid season and open joints in the dry season. {note}
−
−## Slat-System Installation {toc}
−
−### Wood slat and linear systems shall be installed on their carriers to the module and reveal shown, with carriers fastened to verified blocking, slats aligned and the reveal held uniform, and end, edge, and transition conditions executed per the details.
−
−### Where the system is acoustic, the absorptive backing shall be installed continuously behind the open reveals as the assembly was tested, because the backing, not the wood, provides the absorption.
−
−# Testing and Inspection {toc}
−
−## Field Quality Control {toc}
−
−### After installation the Contractor shall inspect the trim and paneling for grade compliance, alignment, matching, and finish.
−
−### Panels shall be checked for plumb, flatness, uniform reveals, and correct veneer sequence.
−
−### Running trim shall be checked for tight coped and mitered joints, true profiles, and inconspicuous running joints.
−
−### Exposed surfaces shall be checked for damage and finish defects.
−
−### Woodwork that does not meet the specified grade, that is out of alignment, that breaks the veneer sequence, or that is damaged shall be corrected or replaced.
−
−## Fire Classification Verification {toc}
−
−### Where the woodwork is regulated as an interior finish, the Contractor shall make available the ASTM E84 (or UL 723) classification documentation and, for fire-retardant-treated wood, the AWPA U1 treatment label, for the Authority Having Jurisdiction's inspection.
−
−### Field cuts in fire-retardant-treated wood that expose untreated material shall be field-treated where required to maintain the classification.
−
−# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
−
−## Delivery and Storage {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Humidity Protection in Transit and Storage
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Maintain woodwork within the service RH range; store flat in conditioned space (standard)"
− - "Wrapped and climate-controlled transport and storage (Premium / sensitive species)"
−default: "Maintain woodwork within the service RH range; store flat in conditioned space (standard)"
−```
−
−### Trim and paneling shall be delivered to the project only after the building is enclosed and conditioned and shall be stored flat and fully supported in the conditioned space, protected from moisture, direct sunlight, and physical damage, with air circulation around stacked material during acclimatization.
−
−### Veneered panels shall be stored flat and stickered, never on edge or leaning, because a panel stored on edge or leaning takes a set and warps.
−
−### Finished woodwork shall be protected from impact, abrasion, and finish-damaging chemicals through delivery, storage, installation, and the remainder of construction.
−
−## Protection During Construction {toc}
−
−### Protective coverings shall be installed over completed paneling and trim and shall remain until substantial completion to protect the work from damage by other trades.
−
−### The coverings shall not trap moisture against the woodwork or mark or adhere to the finish.
−
−# Warranty {toc}
−
−## Warranty Period and Coverage {toc}
−
−```datasheet
−label: Woodwork Warranty Period
−type: select
−options:
− - "1 year from substantial completion — standard"
− - "2 years from substantial completion"
− - "5 years from substantial completion (Premium / institutional programs)"
−default: "1 year from substantial completion — standard"
−```
−
−### The manufacturer and the Contractor shall warrant the trim, paneling, and ornamental woodwork against defects in materials and workmanship for the specified period, including warping, cupping, or twisting beyond the grade tolerance, delamination of veneer, open or telegraphing joints, finish failure, and failure of the attachment or hanging system under normal use.
−
−### The warranty shall exclude damage caused by moisture exposure or interior humidity outside the specified service range (where the woodwork was installed and the building maintained within that range), by abuse, and by modifications made without authorization.
−
−### The Contractor shall warrant the installation — including blocking verification, attachment and hanging, scribing and fitting, joint quality, veneer-sequence installation, and accommodation of expansion and movement — for the specified period.
−
−### Deficiencies attributable to installation workmanship shall be corrected by the Contractor at no cost to the Owner.
−
−# Maintenance {toc}
−
−## Owner Maintenance and Care {toc}
−
−### The Contractor shall provide finish-specific care and maintenance instructions and an inventory of attic-stock matching trim, panel blanks, and touch-up finish for the Owner's future repairs.
−
−### The Owner should maintain the interior temperature and relative humidity within the specified service range for the life of the woodwork.
−
−### Cleaning shall use the method appropriate to the finish, and finish refresh and repair shall use the attic-stock touch-up materials and the manufacturer's recommended products.
−
−#### The most common cause of in-service paneling and trim failure is not a defect in the woodwork but a building allowed to swing far outside the humidity range the woodwork was fabricated for, which drives the cupping, splitting, and open joints that the floating-panel and movement provisions can only partly absorb. {note}
+---
+title: Architectural Wood Trim and Paneling
+category: Architectural / Specialties
+description: >
+ When to use: Interior architectural woodwork applied to the building's walls, ceilings, and openings rather than built as cabinets — standing and running trim (base, casing, chair rail, crown, picture mold, and other moldings); wood wall and ceiling paneling in flush, stile-and-rail, and raised-panel configurations; wood slat and linear plank systems, including acoustic slat assemblies; applied and ornamental woodwork; and the transparent or opaque finish that completes them. Covers the architectural woodwork quality grade, the species and cut of solid lumber and decorative veneer, face veneer grade, leaf and assembly matching and panel-to-panel sequencing, panel face and core construction, interior finish fire classification and fire-retardant treatment, composite-wood formaldehyde compliance, adhesives, finish system and finishing location, service humidity and wood moisture content, concealed blocking and hanging systems, joinery, and movement provisions.
+ Not intended for: Factory-fabricated cabinetry, casework, and countertops (see [[sync/wood-and-laminate-casework]]); wood doors, door frames, and their hardware (see [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]]); wood stairs, handrails, and guards; structural framing, furring, and the concealed blocking furnished by the wall and ceiling trades; acoustic ceiling tile and suspension systems; gypsum board wall and ceiling assemblies (see [[sync/gypsum-board-assemblies]]); site-applied painting of surfaces other than woodwork (see [[sync/interior-painting]]); and exterior wood siding, soffits, and trim exposed to the weather.
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers the furnishing and installation of interior architectural wood trim, wood wall and ceiling paneling, wood slat and linear systems, and ornamental woodwork. {note}
+
+## The work under this standard is the woodwork that finishes the surfaces of a room rather than the cabinetry that occupies it. Three product categories are covered, and most decisions in this standard are made separately for each because they are procured, fabricated, finished, and attached differently: {note}
+
+- **Standing and running trim** — base, casing, chair rail, crown, picture mold, aprons, stools, and other milled moldings, together with the applied moldings, pilasters, columns, and ornamental members that articulate a wall or opening
+- **Wall and ceiling paneling** — flush (flat) panels, stile-and-rail panels, and raised panels, faced with decorative veneer, solid wood, or a decorative overlay
+- **Slat and linear systems** — parallel slats or planks carried on a concealed carrier or grid, with an open or acoustically backed reveal between members
+
+## The following are outside this standard's boundary: {note}
+
+- Casework and countertops, which are built as boxes and judged on case construction, door and drawer operation, and countertop performance rather than on surface appearance (see [[sync/wood-and-laminate-casework]])
+- Wood doors and door frames, which are governed by their own performance and fire-rating requirements (see [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]])
+- Wood stairs, handrails, and guards, which carry structural and code loads
+- Concealed blocking, backing, framing, and furring, which are installed before the wall or ceiling is closed
+- Exterior woodwork exposed to weather, which is a different service condition entirely
+
+## The extent, layout, elevations, and profiles of the trim, paneling, and slat systems shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the interior elevations, reflected ceiling plans, and millwork details]].
+
+## The slat module, reveal width, and end and edge conditions of a slat or linear system shall be [[drawing: as detailed for each slat system]].
+
+## The Contractor shall coordinate this work with [[sync/gypsum-board-assemblies]] for the in-wall and in-ceiling blocking and backing this woodwork is fastened to.
+
+## The Contractor shall coordinate this work with [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]] where trim adjoins door and window openings.
+
+## The Contractor shall coordinate this work with [[sync/interior-painting]] where woodwork receives a field-applied opaque finish.
+
+## The Contractor shall coordinate this work with [[sync/wood-and-laminate-casework]] where paneling and trim meet built-in casework.
+
+## The Contractor shall coordinate this work with [[sync/firestopping]] where paneling or a slat system conceals a rated assembly or a penetration through one.
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Materials, fabrication, finishing, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+## Where the Contractor identifies a conflict between a referenced standard and the Contract Documents, the Contractor shall obtain the Engineer of Record's written resolution before fabrication of the affected woodwork begins.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| AWI/AWMAC/WI AWS | Architectural Woodwork Standards |
+| ANSI/AWI 0620 | Finish Carpentry/Installation |
+| ANSI/AWI 0622.0646 | Millwork and Wood Trim |
+| ANSI/AWI 0642 | Wood Paneling |
+| ANSI/AWI 0400 | Factory Finishing |
+| ANSI/HPVA HP-1 | American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood |
+| ANSI A208.1 | Particleboard |
+| ANSI A208.2 | Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) for Interior Applications |
+| NEMA LD 3 | High-Pressure Decorative Laminates |
+| ASTM E84 | Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |
+| UL 723 | Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |
+| ASTM E2768 | Extended Duration Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (30 min Tunnel Test) |
+| NFPA 286 | Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth |
+| ASTM C423 | Sound Absorption and Sound Absorption Coefficients by the Reverberation Room Method |
+| ASTM D523 | Specular Gloss |
+| ASTM E1333 | Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air from Wood Products Using a Large Chamber |
+| AWPA U1 | Use Category System: User Specification for Treated Wood (Commodity Specification H, Use Category UCFA) |
+| 40 CFR Part 770 | Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Products (TSCA Title VI) |
+| CARB ATCM 93120 | Airborne Toxic Control Measure to Reduce Formaldehyde Emissions from Composite Wood Products |
+| IBC | International Building Code (Chapter 8, Interior Finishes) |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer of Record's review, and shall not begin fabrication of an item until that item's submittals have been reviewed and returned:
+
+- **Product Data:** Data for each lumber species and grade, veneer species, cut, and grade, panel face and core product, adhesive, fastener and hanging system, fire-retardant treatment, and finish system, including thickness, composition, and the applicable fire-test and formaldehyde-emission documentation.
+- **Shop Drawings:** Plans, interior elevations, reflected ceiling plans, and large-scale sections and profile details for each trim run, paneling elevation, and slat system, drawn to scale, showing profiles, dimensions, joint locations and types, panel and slat module, reveal and shadow-line dimensions, the relationship to adjacent openings and finishes, the required concealed blocking and backing, the attachment or hanging method, movement provisions, and fastener locations and concealment.
+- **Veneer Layout Drawing:** For transparent-finished veneered paneling, an elevation drawing showing the leaf match within each panel face, the assembly match across each face, and the panel-to-panel sequence in the order the panels are to be installed.
+- **Flitch or Sample Blanket:** Where the datasheet requires panel-to-panel sequencing beyond premanufactured sets, a sample blanket drawn from the actual flitch reserved for the project, for the Engineer of Record's selection before the veneer is laid up.
+- **Samples:** A finish sample of each species, cut, and finish system on the actual substrate showing color, sheen, and grain; a sample of each trim profile in the specified material; and a corner or joint sample for each specified joinery condition.
+- **Grade Certification:** Documentation of the quality grade certification applicable to the trim, the paneling, and the installation, from the certification program identified in the datasheet.
+- **Fire-Test and Treatment Documentation:** The ASTM E84, UL 723, or NFPA 286 report for the assembly as it will be installed, including the effect of the finish, and, where fire-retardant-treated wood is furnished, the AWPA U1 treatment record and the treater's classification label.
+- **Formaldehyde Compliance Documentation:** Certification or labeling establishing compliance of every composite-wood component with 40 CFR Part 770 and CARB ATCM 93120 at the level identified in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Product data for lumber, veneer, panel, core, adhesive, fastener, treatment, and finish"
+ - "Dimensioned shop drawings, elevations, reflected ceiling plans, and profile sections"
+ - "Veneer layout drawing showing leaf match, assembly match, and panel sequence"
+ - "Flitch or sample blanket from the reserved flitch"
+ - "Finish, profile, and joint samples on the actual substrate"
+ - "Quality grade certification for trim, paneling, and installation"
+ - "Fire-test report and fire-retardant treatment documentation"
+ - "Composite-wood formaldehyde compliance documentation"
+default: ["Product data for lumber, veneer, panel, core, adhesive, fastener, treatment, and finish", "Dimensioned shop drawings, elevations, reflected ceiling plans, and profile sections", "Finish, profile, and joint samples on the actual substrate", "Composite-wood formaldehyde compliance documentation"]
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following at Substantial Completion:
+
+- **Care and Maintenance Instructions:** Written cleaning, care, and refinishing guidance specific to each finish system and species installed.
+- **Warranty Documentation:** The executed product and installation warranties required by this standard.
+- **Attic Stock Inventory:** A written inventory of the attic stock delivered, identifying each item by profile, species, cut, finish, and quantity, and its storage location.
+- **Moisture and Humidity Record:** The record of interior relative humidity and wood moisture content taken at delivery, at the end of acclimatization, and at the completion of installation.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Finish-specific care, cleaning, and refinishing instructions"
+ - "Executed product and installation warranties"
+ - "Attic stock inventory identifying profile, species, cut, finish, and quantity"
+ - "Interior humidity and wood moisture content record"
+default: ["Finish-specific care, cleaning, and refinishing instructions", "Executed product and installation warranties", "Attic stock inventory identifying profile, species, cut, finish, and quantity"]
+```
+
+### A transparent catalyzed film finish, a penetrating oil finish, and an opaque enamel each tolerate different cleaning chemistries, and the guidance that preserves one will dull or soften another. {note}
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Woodwork Manufacturer Qualifications {toc}
+
+### The woodwork manufacturer shall be a firm regularly engaged in fabricating architectural trim and paneling of the type, grade, species, and finish specified, and shall submit a list of at least three completed projects of comparable grade and scope.
+
+### All trim, paneling, and ornamental woodwork of a given species within a related area of the project shall be furnished by a single manufacturer.
+
+### Veneer for the panels of a single wall elevation shall be drawn from a single flitch.
+
+#### Color and figure vary between trees, between flitches cut from the same tree, and between mills, so a single fabrication source and a single flitch are the mechanisms that hold appearance consistent across a wall; woodwork of the same species from two sources will differ visibly under the same finish. {note}
+
+## Grade Certification {toc}
+
+### The certification program that verifies compliance with the specified quality grades shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Quality Grade Certification Program
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "AWI Quality Certification Program"
+ - "Equivalent third-party woodwork certification program"
+ - "Manufacturer certification of grade compliance without third-party verification"
+```
+
+### Where a third-party certification program is selected in the datasheet, the manufacturer shall be a licensed participant in that program at the time of fabrication, and the delivered woodwork shall bear the program's label.
+
+#### A third-party program verifies grade compliance by inspecting the shop and the delivered product; a manufacturer's own certification is a representation the Owner would have to test to disprove. The cost of the program is carried in the woodwork price and rises with the grade. {note}
+
+## Mockups {toc}
+
+### Whether a paneling mockup is required shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Paneling Mockup Required
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required"
+ - "Not required"
+```
+
+### Whether a trim mockup is required shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Trim Mockup Required
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required"
+ - "Not required"
+```
+
+### Where a mockup is required, it shall be full size, built with the specified materials, grade, matching, joinery, and finish, and erected in a location the Engineer of Record designates.
+
+### The Contractor shall obtain the Engineer of Record's written acceptance of a required mockup before fabricating the corresponding work.
+
+### An accepted mockup shall establish the standard of quality for the corresponding work and may remain in the finished work if it is undamaged and in a location shown to receive that work.
+
+#### A paneling mockup is normally one panel module carrying the leaf and assembly match, the joint or reveal, and the finish; a trim mockup is normally a short run carrying the profile, an inside corner, an outside corner, and the finish. {note}
+
+## Precedence of Grade Requirements {toc}
+
+### Trim, paneling, and installation shall comply in all respects with the requirements of their specified grades for material, joinery, matching, flatness, tolerance, and finish.
+
+### The specified grade shall govern any requirement on which this standard is silent.
+
+### Where this standard states a requirement more stringent than the specified grade requires, this standard shall govern.
+
+# Interior Conditions and Wood Moisture Content {toc}
+
+## Building Readiness Before Delivery {toc}
+
+### Wood trim and paneling shall not be delivered to the building until the building is enclosed and weather-tight.
+
+### Wood trim and paneling shall not be delivered to the building until concrete, masonry, plaster, and gypsum board finishing operations are complete and the affected construction is dry.
+
+### Wood trim and paneling shall not be delivered to the building until interior temperature and relative humidity are being held within the ranges indicated in the datasheet.
+
+### The source of interior conditioning before and during delivery, acclimatization, and installation shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Interior Conditioning Source Before and During Installation
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Permanent HVAC system in operation"
+ - "Temporary conditioning maintaining the specified humidity range"
+ - "Either, at the Contractor's option, provided the specified range is maintained and recorded"
+```
+
+#### Wood is hygroscopic: it exchanges moisture with the surrounding air until it reaches equilibrium, and it changes dimension across the grain as it does so. Woodwork fixed to a wall before the building's service condition is established will shrink, swell, cup, or open at its joints once that condition arrives, and no quality of fabrication prevents it. {note}
+
+#### A permanent HVAC system holds the actual service condition the woodwork will live in; temporary conditioning can hold the same numbers but is removed at some point before occupancy, so the recorded humidity log is the only evidence that the range was continuous. {note}
+
+## Service Relative Humidity Range {toc}
+
+### The minimum and maximum interior relative humidity to be maintained at delivery, during installation, and in service shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Interior Relative Humidity in Service
+type: range
+unit: '% RH'
+options:
+ min: 15
+ max: 50
+ step: 5
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Interior Relative Humidity in Service
+type: range
+unit: '% RH'
+options:
+ min: 45
+ max: 75
+ step: 5
+```
+
+#### The humidity range that suits woodwork is regional, not universal. Across most of the United States and Canada an interior range near 25% to 55% RH corresponds to the moisture content architectural woodwork is fabricated at; the damp southern coastal region runs higher, near 43% to 70% RH, and the dry southwestern United States and the Canadian prairie provinces run lower, near 20% to 50% RH. Specifying a range from another region is the most common cause of woodwork that fails in service while meeting every fabrication requirement. {note}
+
+#### It is the width and the frequency of the swing, not the average, that opens joints. A building held steadily at either end of its range moves the wood once; a building that crosses the range every season moves it repeatedly, and each cycle works the joints further open. {note}
+
+## Wood Moisture Content at Delivery {toc}
+
+### The minimum and maximum wood moisture content at fabrication, at delivery, and at installation shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Wood Moisture Content at Delivery
+type: range
+unit: '%'
+options:
+ min: 3
+ max: 10
+ step: 1
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Wood Moisture Content at Delivery
+type: range
+unit: '%'
+options:
+ min: 6
+ max: 15
+ step: 1
+```
+
+### The Contractor shall measure and record the moisture content of a representative sample of each species and product on arrival at the site, and shall report a reading outside the specified range to the Engineer of Record before the material is installed.
+
+### Where the Contractor and the Engineer of Record disagree whether a reading is representative, the Engineer of Record shall make the initial determination and may direct additional readings at the Contractor's cost.
+
+#### Moisture content and the service humidity range are two views of the same equilibrium. Across most of the United States and Canada a 25% to 55% RH service range corresponds to roughly 5% to 10% moisture content; the damp southern coastal region corresponds to roughly 8% to 13%, and the dry southwest and prairie provinces to roughly 4% to 9%. Woodwork installed wetter than its service equilibrium shrinks and opens its joints, and woodwork installed drier swells and buckles a paneled wall. {note}
+
+#### Construction-grade framing lumber is dried to a far higher moisture content than architectural woodwork and is not interchangeable with it, even for concealed members inside a paneled assembly. {note}
+
+## Acclimatization Before Installation {toc}
+
+### The minimum period woodwork is held in the conditioned space before installation begins shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Acclimatization Period in the Conditioned Space
+type: range
+unit: hours
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 336
+ setpoints: [0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 168, 240, 336]
+```
+
+### The Contractor shall stack acclimatizing woodwork flat, fully supported, and stickered so air circulates around every piece.
+
+### The Contractor shall verify by moisture reading that the woodwork is within the specified moisture content range before installation begins, regardless of the elapsed acclimatization period.
+
+#### The elapsed period is a procurement and scheduling commitment; the moisture reading is the acceptance criterion. Material that arrives already at equilibrium needs no waiting period, and material that arrives far off equilibrium will not reach it in a fixed number of hours, which is why a period of zero is a legitimate selection when readings govern. {note}
+
+# Architectural Woodwork Quality Grade {toc}
+
+## Grade for Standing and Running Trim {toc}
+
+### The quality grade for standing and running trim, applied moldings, and ornamental woodwork shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Standing and Running Trim Quality Grade
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Economy"
+ - "Custom"
+ - "Premium"
+default: "Custom"
+```
+
+#### Under the AWI standards Custom Grade applies where the Contract Documents name no grade, so a project that is silent on grade has already selected Custom. {note}
+
+## Grade for Wall and Ceiling Paneling {toc}
+
+### The quality grade for wall and ceiling paneling shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wall and Ceiling Paneling Quality Grade
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Economy"
+ - "Custom"
+ - "Premium"
+default: "Custom"
+```
+
+#### Trim and paneling carry their grades independently because they are usually different purchases from different production lines, and a project routinely raises one without raising the other. {note}
+
+## Installation Grade {toc}
+
+### The installation grade under ANSI/AWI 0620 shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Installation Grade
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Economy"
+ - "Custom"
+ - "Premium"
+default: "Custom"
+```
+
+#### The installation grade governs the erected result — plumb, level, flatness of plane, joint tightness, reveal uniformity, and fastener concealment — and is a separate purchase from the fabrication grade. Premium-grade panels set by an Economy-grade installation read as Economy-grade work. {note}
+
+## Grade Applied by Area {toc}
+
+### The grade may be set differently for different areas of the project, and each grade selection in the datasheet may be scheduled by area.
+
+### The shop drawings and the finish schedule shall identify which grade governs each location.
+
+#### The grade sets the permitted lumber and veneer characteristics, the number and visibility of joints allowed in a run, the matching required, the allowable warp and flatness of a panel, the joinery, and the finish quality. It does not set the species, the profile, or the layout, which the drawings and the rest of this datasheet set independently. {note}
+
+#### Premium Grade narrows the permitted lumber and veneer characteristics, tightens the flatness and joint tolerances, and requires the most exacting joinery and finish, at a higher unit cost; the difference is visible where woodwork is viewed closely and in good light and largely invisible where it is not. {note}
+
+#### Economy Grade permits the widest range of natural and manufacturing characteristics and the most visible joinery, at the lowest cost; it also permits joints in positions a closely viewed surface would expose. {note}
+
+# Solid Lumber for Trim and Ornamental Woodwork {toc}
+
+## Species for Transparent-Finished Lumber {toc}
+
+### The solid lumber species for transparent-finished trim and ornamental woodwork shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Transparent-Finished Solid Lumber Species
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "finish schedule"
+options:
+ - "Red oak"
+ - "White oak"
+ - "Hard maple"
+ - "Soft maple"
+ - "Birch"
+ - "Beech"
+ - "Cherry"
+ - "Black walnut"
+ - "Ash"
+ - "Hickory"
+ - "Alder"
+ - "Sapele"
+ - "African mahogany"
+ - "Genuine mahogany"
+ - "Teak"
+ - "Douglas fir"
+ - "Western red cedar"
+ - "Bamboo"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### Solid lumber shall meet the appearance and characteristic limits of the specified trim grade for the selected species and finish.
+
+#### Species sets color, hardness, grain figure, and cost, and it also sets how a stain reads: the same stain on red oak, hard maple, and cherry produces three different colors, which is why the finish sample is approved on the actual species rather than on a generic panel. {note}
+
+## Material for Opaque-Finished Trim {toc}
+
+### The material for opaque-finished trim shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Opaque-Finished Trim Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Poplar"
+ - "Soft maple"
+ - "Basswood"
+ - "Radiata pine"
+ - "Finger-jointed poplar"
+ - "Finger-jointed pine"
+ - "Medium density fiberboard"
+ - "Moisture-resistant medium density fiberboard"
+```
+
+#### An opaque finish hides grain and figure, so the material is selected for how it machines and how it holds a film rather than for appearance: close-grained hardwoods take a crisp profile and a smooth enamel, medium density fiberboard machines a routed profile without grain raise or knots, and finger-jointed stock supplies long lengths that solid stock of the same grade cannot. {note}
+
+#### Medium density fiberboard swells irreversibly when it absorbs liquid water and holds a fastener poorly in its edge, so its behavior at a floor line, in a wet-cleaned room, or where trim is fastened through its edge differs from that of solid lumber. {note}
+
+## Lumber Cut {toc}
+
+### The cut of solid lumber shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Solid Lumber Cut
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Plain-sawn"
+ - "Quarter-sawn"
+ - "Rift-sawn"
+ - "Live-sawn"
+default: "Plain-sawn"
+```
+
+#### The cut is the angle between the face of the board and the growth rings, and it sets both the figure and the movement. Plain-sawn boards show cathedral figure and move most across their width; quarter-sawn boards show straight vertical grain, and in oak the ray fleck, and move roughly half as much; rift-sawn boards show tight uniform straight grain with no fleck. Yield falls and cost rises from plain toward rift, because each cut discards more of the log. {note}
+
+#### Plain-sawn is the cut standing lumber is milled as unless another cut is ordered, which is why it is the starting point rather than a judgment about the project. {note}
+
+# Decorative Veneer {toc}
+
+## Veneer Species and Cut {toc}
+
+### Transparent-finished veneered paneling shall use decorative veneer conforming to ANSI/HPVA HP-1, of the species and cut indicated in the datasheet, laid up over the specified core.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Decorative Veneer Species
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "finish schedule"
+options:
+ - "Red oak"
+ - "White oak"
+ - "Hard maple"
+ - "Birch"
+ - "Cherry"
+ - "Black walnut"
+ - "Ash"
+ - "Sapele"
+ - "African mahogany"
+ - "Anigre"
+ - "Makore"
+ - "Wenge"
+ - "Zebrawood"
+ - "Teak"
+ - "Bamboo"
+ - "Reconstituted veneer"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Decorative Veneer Cut
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "finish schedule"
+options:
+ - "Plain-sliced"
+ - "Quarter-sliced"
+ - "Rift-cut"
+ - "Comb grain"
+ - "Half-round sliced"
+ - "Rotary-cut"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+#### A veneered panel is flat and dimensionally stable where a solid panel of the same width would cup and split, one flitch yields enough matched leaves to clad a whole wall in a single continuing figure, and the figured and rare species used for feature surfaces are produced only as veneer. Solid-wood paneling remains available and is selected where the depth and repairability of solid stock matter more than flatness. {note}
+
+#### Reconstituted veneer is dyed and re-laminated fast-growing wood sliced to a repeating figure; it delivers uniform color and grain across an unlimited quantity, which natural veneer cannot, and it does not carry natural figure variation. {note}
+
+## Face Veneer Grade {toc}
+
+### The face veneer grade under ANSI/HPVA HP-1 shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Face Veneer Grade (ANSI/HPVA HP-1)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "AA"
+ - "A"
+ - "B"
+ - "C"
+ - "D"
+ - "E"
+```
+
+### The face veneer grade shall be not less than the minimum the specified paneling quality grade requires for the selected species and cut.
+
+### The back veneer of a panel with one exposed face shall be a grade suitable for the concealed condition and shall be selected for balance rather than appearance.
+
+#### HP-1 face grades run from AA, which permits the least color and character variation and requires the most careful splicing, down through E, which permits the most. The grade limits natural characteristics — knots, mineral streak, color variation, splice quality — and is independent of species, cut, and match. {note}
+
+# Veneer and Panel Matching {toc}
+
+## Leaf Match Within a Panel Face {toc}
+
+### The veneer leaf match within each panel face shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Veneer Leaf Match Within a Panel Face
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Book match"
+ - "Slip match"
+ - "Random plank match"
+ - "Pleasing match"
+default: "Book match"
+```
+
+#### Book match turns every other leaf over so adjacent leaves mirror each other at the splice, the way facing pages of an open book mirror. It is the layup a flitch produces when leaves are simply taken in sequence and alternately flipped, so it is what a panel is laid up as unless another match is called for. {note}
+
+#### Because book matching alternates the tight and loose faces of the veneer, and those faces take stain differently, a ribbon-stripe or heavily figured veneer can show a light-dark alternation across the panel known as barber pole. Slip match slides successive leaves without flipping, so every leaf shows the same face and the figure repeats rather than mirrors, which removes the alternation at the cost of symmetry. {note}
+
+#### Random plank match sets leaves without regard to continuity, deliberately mixing color and figure so the face reads as separate boards; pleasing match holds color compatible between adjacent leaves without requiring grain to match at the splice. {note}
+
+## Assembly Match Across a Panel Face {toc}
+
+### The veneer assembly match across each panel face shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Veneer Assembly Match Across a Panel Face
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Running match"
+ - "Balance match"
+ - "Center-balance match"
+```
+
+### The assembly match shall be not less than the minimum the specified paneling quality grade requires.
+
+#### The assembly match governs how leaves are sized and placed on the face, which is a different decision from how adjacent leaves are matched to each other. Running match takes whatever leaf widths the flitch yields and runs them across the face, so faces differ from one panel to the next; balance match trims leaves to equal width so each face is symmetrical; center-balance match uses an even number of equal leaves so a single splice falls on the centerline of the face. Cost rises with each step because trimming to equal width discards veneer. {note}
+
+#### A center-balance match places a grain joint on the panel centerline, which is symmetrical but visible; a balance match with an odd leaf count places a leaf on the centerline instead. Which reads better depends on the figure and on how the panel is lit, so the two are worth comparing on the mockup rather than selecting from a description. {note}
+
+## Panel-to-Panel Sequence Across an Elevation {toc}
+
+### The panel-to-panel sequence matching across each wall elevation shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel-to-Panel Sequence Matching Across an Elevation
+type: select
+options:
+ - "No panel-to-panel matching required"
+ - "Premanufactured sets"
+ - "Sequence-matched uniform-size sets"
+ - "Selectively reduced sequence-matched sets"
+ - "Blueprint-matched panels and components"
+```
+
+### Panels requiring a sequence shall be marked in the shop with their installed position and installed in that order.
+
+#### Sequence matching lays panels up from one flitch in the order the leaves were cut and installs them in that order, so figure progresses across the wall instead of restarting at every joint. Premanufactured sets are matched within a set but not from set to set. Uniform-size sets are matched across a run of equal panels and are trimmed at the ends of the run. Selectively reduced sets are made from a larger sequence with panels omitted where openings occur. {note}
+
+#### Blueprint matching sizes every panel and every component — including the panels above and beside doors and openings — to the actual field dimensions taken from the approved shop drawings, so figure is continuous across the whole elevation as drawn. It requires field measurement before layup, it cannot absorb a dimensional change made after layup, and it produces no interchangeable spare panels. {note}
+
+# Panel Construction {toc}
+
+## Panel Face Material {toc}
+
+### The panel face material shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Paneling Face Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Decorative wood veneer"
+ - "Solid wood"
+ - "High-pressure decorative laminate"
+ - "Thermally fused laminate"
+ - "Solid phenolic"
+default: "Decorative wood veneer"
+```
+
+### Where the face is high-pressure decorative laminate, it shall conform to NEMA LD 3 in a grade rated for vertical surface use.
+
+### Every panel with a decorative face on one side shall carry a backing sheet or backing veneer of comparable thickness and moisture response on the reverse.
+
+#### A panel finished on one face only is a bimetallic strip: the faced side and the bare side absorb and release moisture at different rates, and the panel curls toward the side that shrinks. The backer equalizes the two faces, and no amount of press flatness substitutes for it. {note}
+
+## Panel Core {toc}
+
+### The panel core shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Paneling Core Material
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Particleboard"
+ - "Medium density fiberboard"
+ - "Veneer-core hardwood plywood"
+ - "Combination core"
+ - "Moisture-resistant particleboard"
+ - "Moisture-resistant medium density fiberboard"
+ - "Fire-rated particleboard"
+ - "Agrifiber particleboard"
+default: "Particleboard"
+```
+
+### Particleboard core shall conform to ANSI A208.1 and medium density fiberboard core to ANSI A208.2.
+
+### Veneer-core hardwood plywood shall conform to ANSI/HPVA HP-1.
+
+#### Particleboard is the flattest and most economical core and is what a veneered architectural panel is pressed on unless another core is specified; medium density fiberboard is denser and machines a crisp routed edge or profile, which matters for a thin face veneer or a routed reveal; veneer core is lighter, holds a screw in its edge, and can be bent for a curved panel; a combination core places veneer plies against a fiberboard face to get both the screw-holding and the flat face. {note}
+
+#### A moisture-resistant core resists incidental wetting and humidity swings but is not a waterproof panel and does not make paneling suitable for a wet location. A fire-rated core is a manufactured product whose classification is established by test on the finished assembly, not by treating a standard core. {note}
+
+## Panel Thickness {toc}
+
+### The nominal paneling thickness shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Nominal Paneling Thickness
+type: range
+unit: in.
+drawing_ref: "millwork details"
+options:
+ min: 0.25
+ max: 1.125
+ setpoints: [0.25, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625, 0.75, 1.0, 1.125]
+```
+
+#### Thickness follows the detail rather than the material: it is set by the reveal and shadow-line dimensions drawn at the panel edges, by the depth the hanging hardware needs behind the panel, and by the span between carriers. {note}
+
+## Panel Flatness and Executed Matching {toc}
+
+### Panel faces shall be flat within the tolerance the specified paneling grade allows, measured after the panel has acclimatized and before it is installed.
+
+### The leaf match, assembly match, and panel-to-panel sequence shall be executed as scheduled and as shown on the reviewed veneer layout drawing.
+
+### Panels that do not meet the flatness tolerance or that break the approved sequence shall be replaced at the Contractor's cost, including the cost of removing and reinstalling adjacent panels disturbed by the replacement.
+
+## Stile-and-Rail and Raised-Panel Construction {toc}
+
+### Where stile-and-rail paneling is specified, the field panel shall float in the grooved frame of stiles and rails and shall not be glued, pinned, or otherwise fixed along more than one edge.
+
+### Where a raised or profiled field panel is specified, it shall likewise float in its frame.
+
+### Stile-and-rail frames shall be joined with mortise-and-tenon or equivalent concealed joinery meeting the specified paneling grade.
+
+#### Floating construction is what allows traditional paneling to survive decades of seasonal movement: the frame members are narrow and move little, and the wide field panel is free to expand and contract behind them. Fixing a wide panel along opposing edges guarantees that it splits itself or forces the frame apart at the first full humidity cycle. {note}
+
+# Adhesives for Lay-Up and Installation {toc}
+
+## The adhesive used to bond veneer and overlays to the core and to assemble panel components shall be selected by the woodwork manufacturer for the substrate and the service condition, and shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel Lay-Up and Assembly Adhesive
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Polyvinyl acetate"
+ - "Cross-linking polyvinyl acetate"
+ - "Polyurethane reactive hot melt"
+ - "Urea-formaldehyde resin"
+ - "Phenol-formaldehyde resin"
+ - "Contact adhesive"
+ - "Epoxy"
+default: manufacturer
+```
+
+## The manufacturer shall identify the adhesive actually used in the product data submittal.
+
+## The adhesive emission requirement applicable to shop and field adhesives shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Adhesive Emission Requirement
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Low-emitting adhesives required for both shop and field work"
+ - "Low-emitting adhesives required for field-applied adhesives"
+ - "No requirement beyond the composite-wood formaldehyde standards"
+```
+
+### Adhesives in a composite-wood panel are inside the emission limits the panel itself is certified to, so a panel that carries a compliant label carries its lay-up adhesive with it. Field-applied adhesives are outside that certification and are governed separately. {note}
+
+# Interior Finish Fire Classification {toc}
+
+## Required Classification {toc}
+
+### The interior wall and ceiling finish classification required at each location shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Required Interior Finish Classification
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: "code analysis and life safety plans"
+options:
+ - "Class A"
+ - "Class B"
+ - "Class C"
+ - "Not regulated as an interior wall or ceiling finish at this location"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### The classification shall be established by ASTM E84 or UL 723 testing of the assembly in the form it will be installed, including the finish, or by NFPA 286 room-corner testing where the adopted code accepts that alternative.
+
+#### Class A is a flame spread index of 0 to 25, Class B is 26 to 75, and Class C is 76 to 200; all three carry the same smoke developed index limit of 450. Smoke, not flame spread, is the limit a wood assembly with a heavy finish film most often fails. {note}
+
+#### The classification belongs to the assembly, not to the wood. A finish film, an adhesive, and a substrate all contribute, so a report on bare wood does not establish the rating of the finished panel. {note}
+
+## Fire-Retardant Treatment {toc}
+
+### The method used to achieve the required classification shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Method of Achieving the Required Classification
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Pressure-impregnated interior fire-retardant-treated wood"
+ - "Shop-applied listed intumescent or fire-retardant coating"
+ - "Fire-rated panel core with a face qualified by assembly test"
+ - "Thin veneer over a noncombustible substrate qualified by assembly test"
+ - "No treatment, with the untreated assembly qualified by assembly test"
+```
+
+### Where pressure-impregnated treatment is selected, the wood shall be treated to AWPA U1, Commodity Specification H, Use Category UCFA, and shall bear the treater's classification label.
+
+### Interior fire-retardant-treated wood shall be an interior type formulated to retain its classification under the humidity range specified for the building, and shall not be a formulation intended for exterior or high-humidity exposure.
+
+### Treated wood shall be redried after treatment to the moisture content range specified in this standard before it is machined.
+
+### Treatment shall be applied before the woodwork is milled to its final profile to the extent the profile and the treating process allow.
+
+### Where a coating is selected as the method, it shall be a listed product applied at the listed spread rate over the listed substrate, and the listing shall be the basis of the classification submitted.
+
+#### Pressure treatment drives chemicals through the wood; a coating sits on the surface and reacts under fire exposure. They are qualified by different listings and they fail differently: a coating can be defeated by later refinishing or by a field cut, and treated wood carries its classification through the thickness. {note}
+
+#### A thin face veneer bonded to a noncombustible or fire-rated substrate frequently qualifies as a Class A assembly without treating the wood, because there is too little combustible mass to sustain flame spread. Whether it does is a question the assembly test answers, not one the veneer thickness answers by itself. {note}
+
+#### Fire-retardant treatment darkens most species, raises grain, and changes how stain is absorbed, so the finish sample and the mockup are taken on treated stock when treated stock will be installed. {note}
+
+## Field Cuts in Treated Wood {toc}
+
+### Field cuts and drilling that expose untreated wood in a pressure-treated member shall be treated with the treater's field-applied product where the listing requires it to maintain the classification.
+
+### Field cuts through a coated member shall be recoated with the listed coating at the listed spread rate.
+
+### The Contractor shall make the treatment records and classification labels available for the Authority Having Jurisdiction's inspection until the work is accepted.
+
+# Composite-Wood Formaldehyde Emissions {toc}
+
+## Every composite-wood component of the trim and paneling, including particleboard, medium density fiberboard, and hardwood plywood, shall comply with 40 CFR Part 770 and CARB ATCM 93120 and shall be labeled or certified accordingly.
+
+## The compliance level required shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Composite-Wood Formaldehyde Compliance Level
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "TSCA Title VI and CARB Phase 2 certified"
+ - "Ultra-low-emitting formaldehyde (ULEF) exempt panels"
+ - "No-added-formaldehyde (NAF) exempt panels"
+default: "TSCA Title VI and CARB Phase 2 certified"
+```
+
+### Compliance with 40 CFR Part 770 is a condition of lawful sale in the United States and is not a project option; the datasheet selection determines only whether the project requires the further ULEF or NAF exemption levels. {note}
+
+### The emission limits are set per product: 0.05 ppm for hardwood plywood with either a veneer core or a composite core, 0.09 ppm for particleboard, 0.11 ppm for medium density fiberboard, and 0.13 ppm for thin medium density fiberboard, measured by the large chamber method of ASTM E1333. {note}
+
+### ULEF and NAF panels are certified through separate exemptions granted to the panel producer, which means their availability is a supply question rather than a specification question, and long-lead confirmation belongs in the product data submittal. {note}
+
+# Trim Fabrication and Joinery {toc}
+
+## Trim, paneling, and ornamental woodwork shall be machined, assembled, and finished in the shop to the greatest extent the members, the transport, and the openings allow, so that field work is limited to fitting, the necessary field joints, and installation.
+
+## Profiles shall be milled true and continuous over their full length, with no visible change in profile at a joint.
+
+## Joints in running trim shall be limited to the number the available lengths and the specified trim grade allow.
+
+## A running joint in exposed trim shall be a scarf or a mitered-and-splined joint, closed tight, and located away from the center of a wall and away from any location the drawings identify as a focal point.
+
+## Unless the datasheet or the Contract Documents indicate otherwise, a butt joint shall not be used as a running joint in exposed trim.
+
+## The inside-corner joint in profiled running trim shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Inside-Corner Joint in Profiled Running Trim
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Coped"
+ - "Mitered"
+ - "Butted to a corner block"
+default: "Coped"
+```
+
+## The outside-corner joint in profiled running trim shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Outside-Corner Joint in Profiled Running Trim
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Mitered"
+ - "Mitered and splined"
+ - "Butted to a corner block"
+default: "Mitered"
+```
+
+### A coped inside corner cuts one member to the reverse profile of the other, so the joint closes on a profile line rather than on a glue line; it holds its appearance when the wall corner is out of square and when the members shrink, both of which open a mitered inside corner. A mitered outside corner is the only joint that carries the profile continuously around a projecting corner. {note}
+
+### Corner blocks and plinths remove the corner joint from the profile entirely by terminating both runs against a square block, which is a design decision about how the trim reads rather than a fallback for a difficult corner. {note}
+
+# Wood Slat and Linear Systems {toc}
+
+## The type of slat or linear system shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wood Slat or Linear System Type
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "reflected ceiling plans and interior elevations"
+options:
+ - "Solid-wood slats on a concealed carrier"
+ - "Veneered slats on a concealed carrier"
+ - "Acoustic slat panel over an absorptive backing"
+ - "Perforated veneered acoustic panel"
+ - "Tongue-and-groove plank system"
+ - "No slat or linear system specified"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+## A slat or linear system shall be furnished as a coordinated assembly of slats, carriers, backing, and end, edge, and transition trim from a single manufacturer.
+
+## Where an acoustic slat or linear system is specified, its noise reduction coefficient shall be as indicated in the datasheet, established by testing under ASTM C423 in the mounting the system will be installed in.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Acoustic Slat System Noise Reduction Coefficient
+type: range
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 1.05
+ step: 0.05
+```
+
+## The slat module and reveal shall not be altered in the field.
+
+### In an acoustic slat system the reveal between slats is the acoustic opening and the backing behind it does the absorbing; the wood contributes almost nothing. Changing the module or the reveal in the field changes both the appearance and the tested performance, and the mounting used in the test governs the rating, so the same slats over a different plenum depth are a different assembly. {note}
+
+### Slat systems on ceilings and high on walls are interior finishes for code purposes, and the open reveal exposes more surface area to a fire than a flat panel of the same footprint does. {note}
+
+# Finishing {toc}
+
+## Finish Type by Product Category {toc}
+
+### The finish type for standing and running trim shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Standing and Running Trim Finish Type
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: "finish schedule"
+options:
+ - "Transparent"
+ - "Opaque"
+ - "Unfinished"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### The finish type for wall and ceiling paneling shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wall and Ceiling Paneling Finish Type
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: "finish schedule"
+options:
+ - "Transparent"
+ - "Opaque"
+ - "Unfinished"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+#### Trim and paneling in the same room routinely take different finish types — painted trim against veneered paneling is a common elevation — so the two are scheduled independently. {note}
+
+## Finishing Location for Trim {toc}
+
+### Where the trim is finished shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Standing and Running Trim Finishing Location
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Factory-finished complete"
+ - "Factory-primed with field-applied topcoats"
+ - "Field-primed and field-finished"
+```
+
+### Where the trim is factory-primed for a field topcoat, the primer shall be compatible with the specified topcoat and shall be identified in the product data submittal.
+
+### Field-applied topcoats on trim shall be applied under [[sync/interior-painting]].
+
+#### Running trim that disappears into a painted wall is normally set first and then filled, caulked, and painted with the wall, because the nail holes and the wall joint have to be closed before the film goes on; a factory-finished piece has to be installed with those operations already ruled out. {note}
+
+## Finishing Location for Paneling {toc}
+
+### Where the paneling is finished shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wall and Ceiling Paneling Finishing Location
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Factory-finished complete"
+ - "Factory-sealed with field-applied topcoats"
+ - "Field-finished complete"
+default: "Factory-finished complete"
+```
+
+### Factory-finished and field-finished pieces shall not be mixed within a continuous run of exposed transparent-finished woodwork.
+
+### Where a factory-finished piece must be cut or scribed in the field, the exposed cut shall be sealed and touched up with the manufacturer's matching material.
+
+#### A panel finish sprayed flat in a booth and cured at controlled temperature, humidity, and dust levels produces a film that a brush or roller on an erected vertical panel does not reproduce, and the catalyzed and UV-cured systems used on paneling cure only under shop conditions. Two finishes applied by different methods will not match on adjacent panels, which is why the mixing limit applies to a continuous run rather than to the project. {note}
+
+## Transparent Finish System {toc}
+
+### The transparent finish system shall be as indicated in the datasheet and shall be applied as a complete system of stain, sealer, and topcoats from one supplier.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Transparent Finish System
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Conversion varnish"
+ - "Catalyzed polyurethane"
+ - "Catalyzed polyester"
+ - "Catalyzed vinyl"
+ - "Pre-catalyzed lacquer"
+ - "Post-catalyzed lacquer"
+ - "Nitrocellulose lacquer"
+ - "UV-cured acrylated urethane"
+ - "UV-curable waterborne"
+ - "Cross-linking waterborne acrylic"
+ - "Waterborne polyurethane"
+ - "Penetrating oil"
+```
+
+### The stain color shall be sampled and accepted on the actual species and cut before production finishing begins.
+
+#### The systems differ in film hardness, chemical and moisture resistance, clarity, repairability, and cure requirements, and those properties trade against each other. Catalyzed systems build a hard chemically resistant film that resists spot repair; lacquers are easily repaired and re-melted but are softer; UV-cured systems reach full cure in seconds on flat stock but need line equipment and reach profiles less evenly; penetrating oils leave no film to fail, are renewed rather than repaired, and offer the least resistance to spills. {note}
+
+## Opaque Finish System {toc}
+
+### The opaque finish system shall be as indicated in the datasheet and shall be applied as a complete system of primer and topcoats from one supplier.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Opaque Finish System
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Pigmented conversion varnish"
+ - "Pigmented catalyzed polyurethane"
+ - "Pigmented catalyzed polyester"
+ - "Pigmented pre-catalyzed lacquer"
+ - "Pigmented UV-cured"
+ - "Pigmented cross-linking waterborne acrylic"
+ - "Pigmented waterborne polyurethane"
+ - "Alkyd enamel"
+```
+
+#### A pigmented film hides the substrate but shows every defect in the surface under it, so an opaque finish raises rather than lowers the required quality of sanding, filling, and profile machining. Sprayed factory systems reach into a routed profile evenly; a brushed field enamel builds at the profile edges and thins in the hollows. {note}
+
+## Finish Sheen {toc}
+
+### The finish sheen shall be as indicated in the datasheet, measured under ASTM D523 at the angle the finish supplier reports.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Finish Sheen
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "finish schedule"
+options:
+ - "Matte"
+ - "Satin"
+ - "Semi-gloss"
+ - "Gloss"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+#### Sheen names are not standardized between suppliers, so a named sheen is confirmed against the gloss reading and the approved sample rather than against the name. Higher sheen shows surface defects, dust in the film, and telegraphing from the substrate more readily; lower sheen shows handling marks and cleaning wear more readily. {note}
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Concealed Blocking and Backing {toc}
+
+### The trade that furnishes and installs the concealed blocking and backing this woodwork is fastened to shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Concealed Blocking and Backing Furnished Under
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "The wall and ceiling framing trades"
+ - "The Contractor performing the work of this standard"
+default: "The wall and ceiling framing trades"
+```
+
+### The woodwork shop drawings shall show the location, extent, and required capacity of every piece of blocking and backing the woodwork depends on.
+
+### The Contractor shall verify before installation begins that blocking and backing have been provided at every panel hanging location, at every slat system carrier, and at every trim member that cannot be fastened reliably to framing or furring.
+
+### The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of Record of missing or mislocated blocking before proceeding, and shall not proceed over a known deficiency.
+
+### Unless the Contract Documents indicate otherwise, paneling and slat systems shall not be hung on gypsum board alone.
+
+#### Blocking is normally installed by the framing trades before the wall is closed, which is why the shop drawings that locate it have to be reviewed before the wall is closed. Once the board is on, blocking that was missed becomes demolition. {note}
+
+## Wall Paneling Attachment {toc}
+
+### The wall paneling attachment method shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wall Paneling Attachment Method
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Interlocking Z-clips"
+ - "Hanging rail system"
+ - "Concealed clips on a continuous carrier"
+ - "Adhesive with concealed mechanical fastening to continuous backing"
+ - "Blind fastening through a tongue or rabbet"
+ - "Face fastening with finish nails set and filled"
+```
+
+### The attachment shall hold the panel flat and in plane while allowing the panel to expand and contract across its width.
+
+### Where a concealed hanging system is selected, it shall be shimmed as required to bring the panel faces into a true plane independent of the flatness of the wall behind them.
+
+#### A concealed hanging system carries no visible fastener, can be shimmed off an out-of-plane wall, and lets a single panel be lifted out for access or replacement without disturbing its neighbors. Adhesive attachment is faster and less expensive and gives up all three of those, since a bonded panel is removed by destroying it. Face fastening puts a repair in the finished face at every fastener. {note}
+
+## Trim Fastening {toc}
+
+### The standing and running trim fastening method shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Standing and Running Trim Fastening Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Blind fastening concealed by the profile"
+ - "Face fastening with finish nails set and filled"
+ - "Adhesive with supplemental concealed fastening"
+ - "Concealed clips on a continuous carrier"
+```
+
+### Where face fastening is used, fasteners shall be finish nails set below the surface and the holes shall be filled with a material that takes the specified finish to match.
+
+### On transparent-finished trim, filler shall be color-matched to the finished member and accepted on the sample before production filling begins.
+
+#### A filled hole in a painted member disappears under the film; the same hole in a transparent-finished member remains a visible spot of a different color and sheen, because filler does not take stain the way wood does. That difference, not the fastening method itself, is what usually drives trim to blind fastening. {note}
+
+## Panel Joints and Reveals {toc}
+
+### The treatment of the joint between adjacent panels shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel-to-Panel Joint Treatment
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "millwork details"
+options:
+ - "Tight closed joint"
+ - "Open reveal between panels"
+ - "Batten-covered joint"
+ - "Shiplap joint"
+ - "Tongue-and-groove joint"
+ - "Splined joint"
+default: deferred
+```
+
+### Reveals and shadow lines shall be held uniform in width over their full length within the tolerance the specified installation grade allows.
+
+#### An open reveal is the joint detail that tolerates movement and construction tolerance, because the gap absorbs both and the eye reads a deliberate line rather than an opening joint. A tight closed joint shows every increment of seasonal movement as a variable gap. {note}
+
+## Scribing and Fitting {toc}
+
+### Paneling and trim meeting walls, floors, ceilings, columns, and adjacent finishes shall be scribed to the contour of the adjacent surface so the joint closes tight and reads uniform.
+
+### Scribe pieces, fillers, and closures shall be furnished to close the gaps between panels and adjacent construction, and shall be finished to match the adjoining woodwork.
+
+#### Building surfaces are rarely flat, plumb, or square, so a panel set against an untouched wall leaves a tapered gap that widens along its length. A tapered gap and an uneven reveal are the two defects a viewer notices first in a paneled wall, ahead of any variation in the wood itself. {note}
+
+## Expansion and Movement {toc}
+
+### The installation shall accommodate the seasonal expansion and contraction of the woodwork across the grain without buckling, splitting, or opening a visible gap.
+
+### Paneling shall not be fastened rigidly across its full width.
+
+### Running trim that crosses a building expansion joint shall be detailed and installed to move with that joint.
+
+### Long runs of trim and continuous paneled walls shall be installed with the movement provisions shown on the reviewed shop drawings at the intervals shown.
+
+#### Wood moves across the grain and hardly at all along it, so the movement provisions all address panel width and run length rather than height or thickness. Restrained across its width, a paneled wall buckles in the humid season and opens its joints in the dry one, and the same wall left free to move does neither. {note}
+
+## Slat System Installation {toc}
+
+### Slat and linear system carriers shall be fastened to verified blocking at the spacing the system manufacturer requires for the slat weight and span.
+
+### Slats shall be installed to the module and reveal shown, aligned end to end, with the reveal held uniform.
+
+### Where the system is acoustic, the absorptive backing shall be installed continuously behind the open reveals in the mounting the tested assembly used.
+
+### End, edge, and transition conditions shall be executed with the manufacturer's matching components, and cut slat ends at an exposed edge shall be finished to match.
+
+# Inspection of Completed Woodwork {toc}
+
+## After installation the Contractor shall inspect the completed trim and paneling and shall correct or replace work that does not comply before requesting the Engineer of Record's review.
+
+## Panels shall be checked for plumb, flatness of plane, uniform reveals, and conformance to the approved veneer sequence.
+
+## Running trim shall be checked for tight corner joints, true and continuous profiles, and running joints in the reviewed locations.
+
+## Exposed surfaces shall be checked for handling damage, filler that does not match, and finish defects.
+
+## Woodwork that fails to meet the specified fabrication or installation grade, that breaks the approved veneer sequence, or that is damaged shall be corrected or replaced at the Contractor's cost.
+
+## Where the Contractor and the Engineer of Record disagree whether an observed condition is within the specified grade tolerance, the Engineer of Record shall make the initial determination by measurement against the governing grade requirement.
+
+### A veneer sequence break cannot be corrected by refinishing or by moving a panel; the replacement panel has to come from the same flitch, which is the reason the flitch is reserved and the attic stock panels are cut from it at the same time as the work. {note}
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Delivery and On-Site Storage {toc}
+
+### Trim and paneling shall be delivered only after the building readiness conditions of this standard are satisfied.
+
+### Woodwork shall be stored inside the conditioned space, flat, fully supported, and protected from moisture, direct sunlight, and physical damage.
+
+### Veneered panels shall be stored flat and stickered and shall not be stored on edge or leaning.
+
+### The Contractor shall bear the cost of storage, of conditioning during storage, and of replacing woodwork damaged or distorted in storage.
+
+#### A panel stored leaning takes a permanent set along the line it bears on, and direct sunlight on part of a stack bleaches and dries that part unevenly, both of which produce a panel that will not lie flat or match its neighbors regardless of how it was made. {note}
+
+## Protection During Construction {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall install protective covering over completed paneling and trim and shall maintain it until Substantial Completion.
+
+### Protective covering shall not trap moisture against the woodwork, mark the finish, or leave adhesive residue.
+
+### Damage to finished woodwork occurring after installation shall be repaired or the affected member replaced at the Contractor's cost, and a repair shall be indistinguishable from the surrounding work at normal viewing distance.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## Product Warranty {toc}
+
+### The product warranty period, measured from the date of Substantial Completion, shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Product Warranty Period
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 5, 10]
+default: 1
+```
+
+### The manufacturer shall warrant the trim, paneling, and ornamental woodwork against defects in material and fabrication for the specified period, including warp, cup, or twist beyond the specified grade tolerance, veneer delamination, open or telegraphing joints, and finish failure.
+
+### The warranty shall exclude damage caused by interior temperature or relative humidity outside the range specified in the datasheet, provided the woodwork was delivered, acclimatized, and installed in compliance with this standard.
+
+### The warranty shall exclude damage caused by abuse, by cleaning methods contrary to the delivered care instructions, and by modification made without the manufacturer's written approval.
+
+## Installation Warranty {toc}
+
+### The installation warranty period, measured from the date of Substantial Completion, shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Installation Warranty Period
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 5, 10]
+default: 1
+```
+
+### The Contractor shall warrant the installation for the specified period, including attachment and hanging, blocking verification, scribing and fitting, joint quality, veneer sequence as installed, and the movement provisions.
+
+### The Contractor shall correct a deficiency attributable to installation workmanship at no cost to the Owner, including the cost of removing and reinstalling adjacent work required for access and the cost of repairing collateral damage caused by the correction.
+
+### Work corrected under warranty shall carry a fresh warranty of the specified period running from the date of the correction, or the unexpired remainder of the original period, whichever ends later.
+
+# Attic Stock and Owner Maintenance {toc}
+
+## Attic Stock {toc}
+
+### The quantity of attic stock trim, expressed as a percentage of the installed length of each profile, shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Attic Stock Trim Quantity
+type: range
+unit: '%'
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 10
+ step: 1
+```
+
+### The quantity of attic stock panels shall be as indicated in the datasheet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Attic Stock Panel Quantity
+type: range
+unit: panels
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 20
+ step: 1
+```
+
+### Attic stock shall be from the same production run, species, cut, flitch, and finish as the installed work, and shall be finished at the same time as the installed work.
+
+### Attic stock shall be delivered wrapped, labeled with profile, species, cut, finish, and quantity, and stored where the Owner directs.
+
+### Touch-up finish material shall be delivered in the manufacturer's labeled containers with the batch identification of the finish applied to the work.
+
+#### Attic stock cut and finished later will not match: a later flitch is a different tree, and a later finish batch is a different color, so material that was not made with the work is not a spare part for it. {note}
+
+## Owner Care of Installed Woodwork {toc}
+
+### The Owner should maintain interior temperature and relative humidity within the specified service range for the life of the woodwork.
+
+### Cleaning should use the method the delivered care instructions give for the finish on the surface being cleaned.
+
+### Finish repair and refresh should use the delivered touch-up material and the finish supplier's recommended products.
+
+#### The most common cause of in-service failure in trim and paneling is not a fabrication defect but a building allowed to swing well outside the humidity range the woodwork was made for. The floating panels, movement provisions, and open reveals absorb the movement the specified range produces; they do not absorb the movement an unconditioned winter produces. {note}