+---
+title: Brick Masonry
+category: Structural / Masonry
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: specifying, selecting, and installing clay and shale brick masonry
+ for structural and architectural applications in commercial, institutional, and
+ residential construction. Covers solid facing brick, building brick, hollow brick,
+ and thin brick veneer units across single-wythe veneer, cavity wall, multi-wythe
+ solid, and reinforced assemblies, with associated accessory materials (ties, joint
+ reinforcement, flashing, weeps, expansion-joint sealant). Applies to new exterior
+ and interior brick veneer cladding, structural brick walls, and feature walls under
+ both empirical and engineered (TMS 402) design.
+ Not intended for: mortar and grout mix design (use [[sync/masonry-mortar-and-grout]]);
+ concrete masonry units (use [[sync/concrete-masonry-units]]); veneer anchor and tie
+ hardware design and spacing (use [[sync/masonry-anchorage-and-veneer]]); post-installed
+ anchors into brick (use [[sync/post-installed-anchors]]); mixed CMU-and-brick assemblies
+ (use [[sync/unit-masonry]]); stone masonry; and adhered thin-brick tile as a Division 09
+ tile-setting finish system.
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers the specification, selection, and installation of clay and shale brick masonry units and their accessory materials for structural and architectural applications.
+
+### Covered unit types are solid facing brick (ASTM C216), building brick (ASTM C62), hollow brick (ASTM C652), thin veneer brick (ASTM C1088), and flat wall brick (ASTM C1405). {note}
+
+### Covered assemblies include single-wythe anchored veneer, cavity walls with a brick veneer over a separate backup, multi-wythe solid masonry, and reinforced hollow brick walls. {note}
+
+### Covered accessory materials are wall ties, joint reinforcement, base and through-wall flashing, weeps, and sealant at expansion and control joints. {note}
+
+### This standard supports both empirical design and engineered (allowable-stress or strength) design in accordance with TMS 402. {note}
+
+## The following are outside the scope of this standard; each is governed by the standard or discipline named for it. {note}
+- Mortar and grout mix proportioning, compressive strength, and quality requirements — use [[sync/masonry-mortar-and-grout]]; this standard cites the mortar TYPE selection only
+- Concrete masonry units (CMU block) — use [[sync/concrete-masonry-units]]
+- Veneer anchor and tie hardware design, embedment, and spacing — use [[sync/masonry-anchorage-and-veneer]]; this standard cites maximum spacing only for coordination
+- Post-installed mechanical and adhesive anchors set into cured brick masonry — use [[sync/post-installed-anchors]]
+- Assemblies that combine CMU and brick in a single specified system — use [[sync/unit-masonry]]; reference this standard from there for brick-unit selection
+- Stone masonry (limestone, granite, cast stone) — not addressed by this standard
+- Manufactured thin-brick tile installed as an adhered finish by tile-setting methods — a tile-setting finish system, not covered here
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Brick units, accessories, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+### The Brick Industry Association (BIA) Technical Notes on Brick Construction are authoritative supplementary design guidance and are referenced for selection, expansion-joint, and veneer-detailing recommendations rather than as mandatory code. {note}
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ASTM C62 | Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale) |
+| ASTM C216 | Facing Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale) |
+| ASTM C652 | Hollow Brick (Hollow Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale) |
+| ASTM C1088 | Thin Veneer Brick Units Made from Clay or Shale |
+| ASTM C1405 | Glazed Brick (Single-Fired Solid Brick Units) and Flat Wall Brick |
+| ASTM C67 | Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile |
+| ASTM C270 | Mortar for Unit Masonry |
+| TMS 402 | Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures |
+| TMS 602 | Specification for Masonry Structures |
+| IBC | International Building Code (Chapter 21, Masonry) |
+| BIA Technical Notes | Technical Notes on Brick Construction (TN 9B, 11, 11B, 17A, 18A, 28B) |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review before fabrication or delivery of brick units:
+- Product data for each brick unit type, including ASTM designation, grade, type, nominal and actual dimensions, and physical-property test data
+- Product data for ties, joint reinforcement, flashing, weeps, and expansion-joint materials
+- Shop drawings showing coursing, bond pattern, expansion- and control-joint locations, and special shapes
+- Samples of each brick unit showing the full color and texture range
+- Mortar joint-profile samples for each exposed condition
+- A pre-construction sample panel mockup for approval of color, texture, joint profile, and workmanship
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Brick unit product data (grade, type, dimensions, properties)
+ - Accessory product data (ties, reinforcement, flashing, weeps)
+ - Coursing and joint-layout shop drawings
+ - Full-range brick unit samples
+ - Mortar joint-profile samples
+ - Pre-construction sample panel mockup
+default:
+ - Brick unit product data (grade, type, dimensions, properties)
+ - Accessory product data (ties, reinforcement, flashing, weeps)
+ - Full-range brick unit samples
+ - Pre-construction sample panel mockup
+```
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+- Manufacturer certificates of compliance with the specified ASTM unit standard, grade, and type
+- ASTM C67 test reports for compressive strength, 5-hour boiling absorption, saturation coefficient, and initial rate of absorption (IRA)
+- Qualification data for the masonry contractor and field supervisor
+- Special-inspection program and qualifications where engineered masonry is specified
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Manufacturer certificates of compliance
+ - ASTM C67 unit test reports
+ - Masonry contractor and supervisor qualifications
+ - Special-inspection program and inspector qualifications
+default:
+ - Manufacturer certificates of compliance
+ - ASTM C67 unit test reports
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals:
+- Cleaning and water-repellent product data with manufacturer maintenance instructions
+- Record documentation of the approved sample panel disposition
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Cleaning and water-repellent maintenance data
+ - Sample panel disposition record
+default:
+ - Cleaning and water-repellent maintenance data
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Source and Qualifications {toc}
+
+### Brick units of a single type shall be obtained from a single manufacturer and, for exposed work, from a single production run to the extent available. {note}
+
+### Brick units of a single type shall be obtained from one manufacturer for the entire Project.
+
+### Exposed face brick shall be furnished from a single production run, or from blended runs in proportions established by the approved sample panel.
+
+### The masonry contractor shall have completed at least three projects of comparable scope and exposure within the preceding five years.
+
+### Sourcing exposed brick from multiple production runs without an approved blend ratio is the leading cause of visible color banding on completed walls. {note}
+
+## Sample Panel {toc}
+
+### The sample panel is the project standard for color, texture, joint profile, tooling, and workmanship; all subsequent masonry is judged against it. {note}
+
+### The Contractor shall construct a pre-construction sample panel not less than 4 ft long by 4 ft high using the specified units, mortar, joint profile, and bond pattern.
+
+### The sample panel shall be reviewed and approved by the Architect before masonry work proceeds.
+
+### The approved sample panel shall remain undisturbed and protected at the site until masonry work is accepted.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Sample panel minimum dimensions
+type: select
+options:
+ - 4 ft x 4 ft (BIA TN 11B minimum)
+ - 6 ft x 6 ft (large-format or multi-color blends)
+ - 8 ft long full-height story panel
+default: 4 ft x 4 ft (BIA TN 11B minimum)
+```
+
+## Special Inspection {toc}
+
+### Special inspection requirements scale with the design method: engineered masonry requires a more rigorous quality-assurance program than empirical veneer. {note}
+
+### Engineered masonry shall be provided with continuous or periodic special inspection in accordance with the TMS 602 quality-assurance program required by IBC Chapter 17.
+
+### Empirically designed anchored veneer shall be provided with periodic inspection in accordance with the applicable TMS 602 quality-assurance level.
+
+### The special-inspection program shall be identified in the Contract Documents and in the owner-architect agreement so that the inspection scope is not left as a gap. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Masonry quality-assurance level (TMS 602)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Level B (periodic) - empirical anchored veneer
+ - Level B (periodic) - non-essential engineered masonry
+ - Level C (continuous) - engineered masonry, non-essential facility
+ - Level C (continuous) - essential facility or seismic SDC D/E/F
+default: Level B (periodic) - empirical anchored veneer
+```
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## Weathering Exposure {toc}
+
+### The weathering grade of a brick unit is governed by the freeze-thaw severity of the project location as mapped by the ASTM C62/C216 weathering index. {note}
+
+### Grade SW (severe weathering) shall be specified where brick is exposed to freezing while saturated, including most of the northern United States and any below-grade or near-grade exposure.
+
+### Grade MW (moderate weathering) may be specified only for vertical above-grade exposures in moderate-weathering regions where saturated freezing is unlikely.
+
+### Grade NW (negligible weathering) shall be limited to interior or fully protected applications not exposed to weather.
+
+### Specifying Grade MW (or NW) in a severe-weathering climate is a recurring error that produces face spalling within five to ten years; when in doubt, specify Grade SW. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Weathering grade (ASTM C62 / C216)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Grade SW - severe weathering (exterior, freeze-thaw, below/near grade)
+ - Grade MW - moderate weathering (vertical above-grade, mild climate)
+ - Grade NW - negligible weathering (interior or fully protected only)
+default: Grade SW - severe weathering (exterior, freeze-thaw, below/near grade)
+```
+
+## Thermal Movement {toc}
+
+### Clay brick expands irreversibly over its service life (moisture expansion) in addition to reversible thermal movement, so brick masonry requires expansion joints rather than control joints. {note}
+
+### Brick masonry expands; concrete masonry shrinks. The two movements are opposite in sign, and joint type and placement shall not be interchanged between brick and CMU. {note}
+
+### Vertical expansion joints shall be provided in exterior brick veneer at a spacing not exceeding 25 ft, reduced to not more than 20 ft for dark-color units in high-solar exposures.
+
+### A horizontal expansion joint shall be provided beneath each shelf angle and at each floor line in multi-story veneer.
+
+### Expansion joints shall be provided at external and internal corners, at offsets, at pilasters, and at wall intersections to relieve restrained movement.
+
+### Omitting expansion joints at returns, pilasters, and intersections is the classic cause of stair-step cracking at corners; joints must be coordinated between the structural and architectural drawings and this specification. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Vertical expansion-joint spacing (exterior veneer)
+type: range
+unit: ft
+min: 10
+max: 25
+step: 1
+default: 25
+```
+
+# Brick Unit Selection {toc}
+
+## Unit Standard and Type {toc}
+
+### Selection begins with the governing ASTM unit standard, which is determined by the unit's role (exposed face, concealed backup, hollow reinforced cell, or adhered thin veneer) and its solidity. {note}
+
+### Exposed exterior and interior face brick shall conform to ASTM C216.
+
+### Concealed building or backup brick not exposed as a finished face shall conform to ASTM C62.
+
+### Hollow brick with a net bedded area less than 75 percent of the gross area shall conform to ASTM C652.
+
+### Thin veneer brick less than 1-5/8 in. thick for adhered applications shall conform to ASTM C1088.
+
+### ASTM C216 face brick is furnished in three appearance types: FBS for standard general use, FBX for tight dimensional tolerances and uniform appearance, and FBA for a deliberately non-uniform architectural effect. {note}
+
+### Face brick type shall be FBS for standard commercial work unless the design requires the tighter tolerances of FBX or the architectural irregularity of FBA.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Brick unit standard and role
+type: radio
+options:
+ - ASTM C216 facing brick - exposed exterior/interior face
+ - ASTM C62 building brick - concealed backup/structural
+ - ASTM C652 hollow brick - reinforced grouted-cell wall
+ - ASTM C1088 thin veneer brick - adhered veneer
+default: ASTM C216 facing brick - exposed exterior/interior face
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Facing brick appearance type (ASTM C216)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Type FBS - standard general use (default commercial)
+ - Type FBX - tight tolerances, uniform appearance
+ - Type FBA - non-uniform architectural effect
+default: Type FBS - standard general use (default commercial)
+```
+
+## Unit Size and Coursing {toc}
+
+### Brick size determines coursing layout, the number of mortar joints per unit area, and the bond pattern; the nominal size includes the mortar joint while the actual unit is 3/8 in. smaller on each plan dimension. {note}
+
+### Drawing dimensions shall be coordinated against the ACTUAL unit dimensions at openings, floors, and corners; nominal dimensions include the mortar joint and shall not be used directly for coursing. {note}
+
+### Modular brick (4 in. by 2-2/3 in. by 8 in. nominal) is the default unit for United States commercial construction and is stock at all major manufacturers. {note}
+
+### The specified unit size shall match the coursing shown on the architectural drawings and the approved sample panel.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Nominal brick size / coursing unit
+type: select
+options:
+ - Modular (4 x 2-2/3 x 8 nominal) - default
+ - Norman (4 x 2-2/3 x 12 nominal)
+ - Utility / Jumbo (4 x 4 x 12 nominal)
+ - King (actual 2-3/4 x 2-5/8 x 9-5/8)
+ - Queen (actual 2-3/4 x 2-3/4 x 7-5/8)
+ - Roman (4 x 2 x 12 nominal)
+ - Oversize / custom (special order, confirm lead time)
+default: Modular (4 x 2-2/3 x 8 nominal)
+```
+
+## Color, Texture, and Finish {toc}
+
+### Color and texture are selected from the manufacturer's range and confirmed by the approved sample panel; the specification controls the blend tolerance, not a single fired color. {note}
+
+### Where a color blend of units from different production runs is specified, the blend proportions and acceptable variation shall be established and locked by the approved sample panel.
+
+### Omitting color-range panel submittal requirements produces the single most common masonry RFI and punch-list dispute; the approved panel governs all color and blend judgments. {note}
+
+### Handmade or hand-molded Type FBA brick and other specialty units require 8 to 16 week lead times and shall be flagged in the procurement schedule so delivery does not delay enclosure. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Surface texture / finish
+type: select
+options:
+ - Smooth / die-skin
+ - Wire-cut
+ - Sand-faced
+ - Velour
+ - Tumbled / distressed
+ - Handmade / molded (Type FBA, extended lead time)
+default: Wire-cut
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Color blend tolerance (units from differing runs)
+type: range
+unit: '%'
+min: 0
+max: 30
+step: 5
+default: 15
+```
+
+# Physical Properties {toc}
+
+## Compressive Strength {toc}
+
+### Minimum compressive strength is set by the weathering grade under ASTM C67 testing; typical commercial production brick greatly exceeds the grade minimum. {note}
+
+### Grade SW units shall have an average compressive strength of not less than 3,000 psi and an individual minimum of not less than 2,500 psi.
+
+### Grade MW units shall have an average compressive strength of not less than 2,500 psi and an individual minimum of not less than 2,200 psi.
+
+### Grade NW units shall have an average compressive strength of not less than 1,500 psi and an individual minimum of not less than 1,250 psi.
+
+### Typical fired production brick averages 8,000 psi to 12,000 psi in compression, well above the grade minimums; strength is rarely the governing selection criterion for veneer. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum average compressive strength (ASTM C67)
+type: range
+unit: psi
+min: 1500
+max: 12000
+step: 100
+default: 3000
+```
+
+## Absorption and Durability {toc}
+
+### Water absorption and the saturation coefficient measured by ASTM C67 5-hour boiling are the durability indicators; they bound how much water a unit absorbs and how completely its pores fill. {note}
+
+### Grade SW units shall have a maximum 5-hour boiling absorption of 17.0 percent average and 20.0 percent individual.
+
+### Grade MW units shall have a maximum 5-hour boiling absorption of 22.0 percent average and 25.0 percent individual.
+
+### Grade SW units shall have a maximum saturation coefficient of 0.78 average and 0.80 individual.
+
+### Grade MW units shall have a maximum saturation coefficient of 0.88 average and 0.90 individual.
+
+### The initial rate of absorption (IRA, suction) governs mortar bond: units with high suction pull water from the mortar and weaken the bond. {note}
+
+### Where the unit IRA exceeds 30 g/min per 30 in.² in hot or dry conditions, the units shall be wetted before laying and allowed to surface-dry so the bedding surface is damp but not wet.
+
+### Low-absorption Grade SW units generally do not require pre-wetting; failing to pre-wet high-suction units, however, is a frequent cause of weak, leaky bed joints. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum 5-hour boiling absorption (ASTM C67, average)
+type: range
+unit: '%'
+min: 8
+max: 22
+step: 0.5
+default: 17.0
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pre-wetting required (IRA > 30 g/min/30 in.²)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Not required (low-suction SW units, mild conditions)
+ - Required - wet and surface-dry before laying (high IRA / hot-dry)
+default: Not required (low-suction SW units, mild conditions)
+```
+
+## Dimensional Tolerance {toc}
+
+### Permissible dimensional variation is set by the ASTM C216 appearance type; FBS is the standard commercial allowance and FBX is the tight tolerance. {note}
+
+### Type FBS units shall meet the standard dimensional tolerance of approximately ±3/32 in. for unit faces up to 8 in.
+
+### Type FBX units shall meet the tighter dimensional tolerance of approximately ±1/16 in. for unit faces up to 8 in.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Dimensional tolerance class (ASTM C216)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Type FBS - standard (approx ±3/32 in.)
+ - Type FBX - tight (approx ±1/16 in.)
+default: Type FBS - standard (approx ±3/32 in.)
+```
+
+# Wall Assembly and Mortar {toc}
+
+## Assembly Type {toc}
+
+### The wall assembly determines the structural behavior, the drainage strategy, and the coordination needed with backup, ties, reinforcement, and flashing. {note}
+
+### Anchored brick veneer over a separate backup is a drained cavity wall: the veneer carries no gravity load from the structure and water that penetrates the veneer is collected on flashing and drained out at weeps.
+
+### Reinforced hollow brick walls shall have their cells, reinforcement, and grout detailed and coordinated with TMS 602; calling out hollow brick without detailing the grout and reinforcement leaves a structural gap.
+
+### Multi-wythe solid masonry shall have the wythes bonded by masonry headers or metal ties as required by TMS 402 for the design method used.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wall assembly type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Anchored brick veneer over drained cavity (default)
+ - Single-wythe structural brick
+ - Multi-wythe solid masonry
+ - Reinforced hollow brick (grouted cells)
+default: Anchored brick veneer over drained cavity (default)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Reinforcement approach
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Unreinforced (empirical design, SDC A/B)
+ - Reinforced grouted cells (engineered, seismic or structural)
+default: Unreinforced (empirical design, SDC A/B)
+```
+
+## Mortar Type and Joints {toc}
+
+### Mortar type selection balances bond strength against the durability of the joint; this standard selects the TYPE only, and the mix design is governed by [[sync/masonry-mortar-and-grout]]. {note}
+
+### Above-grade exterior brick veneer shall be set in ASTM C270 Type S mortar unless project conditions permit Type N; Type S is the default for durable, weather-resisting joints.
+
+### Brick at or below grade, in high-wind exposures, and in foundation walls shall be set in Type S mortar.
+
+### Specifying Type N mortar throughout an exterior wall saves no meaningful cost over Type S and creates a durability liability in demanding exposures; default to Type S. {note}
+
+### Bed and head joints shall be 3/8 in. nominal thickness and shall not exceed 1/2 in. or vary more than ±1/8 in. from the specified thickness.
+
+### Exposed exterior joints shall be tooled to a concave profile for maximum water resistance unless an alternate profile is shown and approved.
+
+### Raked and flush joints shed water poorly and increase efflorescence risk; the concave tooled joint is the default for any weather-exposed wall. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mortar type (ASTM C270; mix design per masonry-mortar-and-grout)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Type S - exterior above grade (default), below/near grade, high wind
+ - Type N - protected above-grade veneer, mild exposure
+ - Type M - severe below-grade or load-bearing only
+default: Type S - exterior above grade (default), below/near grade, high wind
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mortar joint thickness (nominal)
+type: range
+unit: in
+min: 0.25
+max: 0.5
+step: 0.0625
+default: 0.375
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exposed joint profile
+type: select
+options:
+ - Concave (tooled) - default, best water resistance
+ - V-joint - good water resistance
+ - Weathered - moderate water resistance
+ - Flush - poor water resistance, interior/protected
+ - Raked - poor water resistance, accent only
+default: Concave (tooled) - default, best water resistance
+```
+
+# Ties, Reinforcement, and Movement {toc}
+
+## Wall Ties and Anchors {toc}
+
+### Anchored veneer is connected to its backup by ties or adjustable anchors; the hardware design, embedment, and corrosion class are governed by [[sync/masonry-anchorage-and-veneer]] and only the maximum spacing is stated here for coordination. {note}
+
+### Ties and anchors shall be spaced at not more than 16 in. vertically by 24 in. horizontally.
+
+### Ties and anchors shall provide not less than one anchor per the supported wall area required by TMS 402 §12.
+
+### Additional ties shall be provided around openings and at expansion joints as required by [[sync/masonry-anchorage-and-veneer]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum tie/anchor spacing (TMS 402 §12; hardware per masonry-anchorage-and-veneer)
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "structural drawings"
+options:
+ - 16 in. vertical x 24 in. horizontal (code maximum)
+ - 16 in. vertical x 16 in. horizontal (high wind / seismic)
+default: 16 in. vertical x 24 in. horizontal (code maximum)
+```
+
+## Joint Reinforcement {toc}
+
+### Horizontal joint reinforcement controls shrinkage and distributes movement in the bed joints; its use and spacing depend on the assembly and the design method. {note}
+
+### Where horizontal joint reinforcement is required, it shall be installed continuous in the bed joints at the spacing shown, lapped at splices, and discontinuous across expansion joints.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Horizontal joint reinforcement spacing
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "structural drawings"
+options:
+ - 16 in. o.c. vertical
+ - 24 in. o.c. vertical
+ - Not required (anchored veneer, ties only)
+default: 16 in. o.c. vertical
+```
+
+## Shelf Angles {toc}
+
+### Shelf angles transfer veneer weight to the structure at floor lines; their deflection must be limited so the supported brick is not overstressed and the soft joint below is not closed. {note}
+
+### Shelf angles supporting brick masonry shall be designed to a deflection limit of L/600 under the supported load in accordance with TMS 402.
+
+### A horizontal expansion (soft) joint shall be provided immediately beneath each shelf angle and shall remain open and sealed, never mortared solid.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Shelf-angle deflection limit
+type: radio
+options:
+ - L/600 (TMS 402 masonry support)
+ - L/480 (minimum practice)
+ - Per structural engineer of record
+default: L/600 (TMS 402 masonry support)
+```
+
+# Flashing, Weeps, and Moisture Control {toc}
+
+## Through-Wall and Base Flashing {toc}
+
+### Flashing collects water that penetrates the veneer and directs it back to the exterior; it is required at the base of the wall, at shelf angles, and over and under all openings. {note}
+
+### Through-wall flashing shall be installed continuous at the base of the wall, at each shelf angle, and at heads and sills of openings, and shall be lapped and sealed at all end laps and corners.
+
+### Flashing shall extend through the face of the veneer and turn down to form a drip projecting not less than 1/2 in. beyond the brick face.
+
+### Flashing shall terminate at the backup with a sealed termination bar; failure to seal the shelf-angle flashing termination is the most common moisture source in multi-story brick cavity walls. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flashing material
+type: select
+options:
+ - Stainless steel (Type 304)
+ - Copper (cold-rolled)
+ - Copper composite / fabric-laminated
+ - Flexible thermoplastic / TPO membrane
+ - Rubberized-asphalt (self-adhered) - protected only
+default: Stainless steel (Type 304)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flashing drip projection beyond brick face
+type: range
+unit: in
+min: 0.5
+max: 1.0
+step: 0.125
+default: 0.5
+```
+
+## Weeps {toc}
+
+### Weeps drain the cavity at every line of flashing; without them, collected water has no exit and saturates the wall. {note}
+
+### Weep holes shall be provided immediately above all through-wall flashing at a spacing not exceeding 24 in. on center.
+
+### Weeps shall be open head joints, rope wicks, or manufactured weep vents, and shall be kept clear of mortar droppings.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Weep type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Open head joint (with insect screen / vent)
+ - Manufactured weep vent
+ - Rope wick
+default: Open head joint (with insect screen / vent)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Weep spacing (maximum)
+type: range
+unit: in
+min: 16
+max: 24
+step: 8
+default: 24
+```
+
+## Expansion-Joint Sealant and Efflorescence {toc}
+
+### Expansion joints are sealed to keep water out while still permitting the brick to move; the filler must be compressible and the sealant must accommodate the joint movement. {note}
+
+### Vertical and horizontal expansion joints shall be filled with closed-cell backer rod and sealed with a polyurethane sealant, or shall use a preformed compressible filler.
+
+### Expansion joints shall never be filled with mortar.
+
+### Efflorescence (soluble-salt staining) shall be controlled by using low-soluble-salt units, integral water-repellent mortar where specified, and keeping masonry covered and dry during construction.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Expansion-joint filler and sealant
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Backer rod + polyurethane sealant (default)
+ - Preformed compressible foam filler + sealant
+ - Preformed neoprene/rubber joint profile
+default: Backer rod + polyurethane sealant (default)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Efflorescence-control measures
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Low-soluble-salt units (verified by manufacturer)
+ - Integral water-repellent mortar admixture
+ - Cover and protect masonry during construction
+ - Post-construction breathable water-repellent treatment
+default:
+ - Low-soluble-salt units (verified by manufacturer)
+ - Cover and protect masonry during construction
+```
+
+# Testing {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall perform the following tests and submit the results before and during construction as applicable.
+
+### Brick units shall be sampled and tested in accordance with ASTM C67 for compressive strength, 5-hour boiling absorption, saturation coefficient, and, where pre-wetting is in question, initial rate of absorption.
+
+### Where engineered design requires a verified assembly strength, masonry prisms shall be tested in accordance with TMS 602 by the unit-strength method or the prism-test method as specified.
+
+### Field test specimens and the masonry quality-assurance level shall be coordinated with the special-inspection program required by IBC Chapter 17.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Unit testing scope (ASTM C67)
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Compressive strength
+ - 5-hour boiling absorption
+ - Saturation coefficient
+ - Initial rate of absorption (IRA)
+default:
+ - Compressive strength
+ - 5-hour boiling absorption
+ - Saturation coefficient
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Assembly compressive-strength verification (TMS 602)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Unit-strength method (tabulated f'm)
+ - Prism-test method (cast and tested prisms)
+ - Not required (empirical veneer)
+default: Not required (empirical veneer)
+```
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Workmanship {toc}
+
+### Brick shall be laid in the specified bond pattern, plumb and true to line, with full and solid bed and head joints and no furrowed or unfilled joints in exterior work. {note}
+
+### Brick shall be laid with full head and bed joints; exterior bed joints shall not be furrowed in a manner that leaves voids.
+
+### Units shall be laid plumb, level, and true to line, with courses gauged to maintain uniform joint thickness.
+
+### Brick shall not be wetted at the time of laying except where pre-wetting of high-IRA units is required; saturated-surface-dry is the target condition.
+
+### Brick masonry shall not be laid when the ambient temperature is below 40 °F or above 100 °F unless cold-weather or hot-weather construction procedures conforming to TMS 602 are implemented.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Bond pattern
+type: select
+drawing_ref: "architectural drawings"
+options:
+ - Running bond (default)
+ - Common (American) bond
+ - Flemish bond
+ - English bond
+ - Stack bond (requires added joint reinforcement)
+default: Running bond (default)
+```
+
+## Cold- and Hot-Weather Procedures {toc}
+
+### Temperature extremes change how mortar gains strength: cold weather slows hydration and risks freezing, while hot, dry, windy weather flash-sets mortar and weakens the bond. {note}
+
+### When the ambient temperature is below 40 °F, cold-weather construction provisions of TMS 602 shall be implemented, including heating materials and protecting completed work.
+
+### When the ambient temperature exceeds 100 °F, or exceeds 90 °F with wind, hot-weather construction provisions of TMS 602 shall be implemented, including shading materials and reducing the spread of mortar ahead of laying.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Anticipated weather-protection regime
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Normal (40 °F to 100 °F)
+ - Cold-weather procedures (< 40 °F)
+ - Hot-weather procedures (> 100 °F, or > 90 °F with wind)
+default: Normal (40 °F to 100 °F)
+```
+
+## Cleaning and Protection {toc}
+
+### Newly laid masonry is protected from rain, freezing, and staining until cured, then cleaned with the gentlest method that removes mortar smears without etching the units. {note}
+
+### The tops of unfinished walls shall be covered with a weather-resistant membrane at the end of each work day and whenever rain is imminent.
+
+### Completed masonry shall be cleaned with the method approved on the sample panel, using low-pressure water and a masonry cleaner appropriate to the unit; acid cleaners shall not be used on units the manufacturer prohibits.
+
+### Cleaning and water-repellent products shall be tested on the approved sample panel before application to the wall.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cleaning method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Low-pressure water + proprietary masonry cleaner (default)
+ - Bucket-and-brush with masonry detergent
+ - Diluted acid cleaner (only where manufacturer permits)
+default: Low-pressure water + proprietary masonry cleaner (default)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Post-construction water-repellent treatment
+type: radio
+options:
+ - None
+ - Breathable silane/siloxane water repellent
+default: None
+```
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Brick units and accessory materials shall be delivered, stored, and handled to prevent damage, contamination, and saturation.
+
+### Brick shall be delivered to the site banded or cubed and shall be handled to prevent chipping and breakage.
+
+### Brick shall be stored above grade on pallets and covered with a weather-resistant membrane to keep units clean and dry before laying.
+
+### Flashing, ties, joint reinforcement, and sealant materials shall be stored under cover and protected from corrosion, deformation, and ultraviolet degradation.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall provide a written warranty against defects in brick masonry materials and workmanship for the period specified below.
+
+### The Contractor shall warrant the masonry against spalling, cracking attributable to defective work, and water penetration resulting from defective workmanship.
+
+### Manufacturer warranties for water-repellent treatments and sealants shall be provided in addition to the Contractor's workmanship warranty.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Workmanship warranty period
+type: select
+options:
+ - 1 year
+ - 2 years
+ - 5 years
+default: 2 years
+```
+
+# Spare Materials {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall deliver clean, undamaged spare brick units for the Owner's future repair use.
+
+### Spare brick units of each type and color shall be delivered to the Owner in the quantity specified, palletized and labeled by type, color, and production run.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare brick quantity (per type/color)
+type: select
+options:
+ - 1% of installed units
+ - 2% of installed units
+ - 100 units minimum
+default: 2% of installed units
+```