+---
+title: Building Thermal Insulation
+category: Building Envelope
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: Thermal insulation installed within or on the building envelope for commercial, institutional, and residential construction, covering above-grade wall assemblies (cavity and continuous), low-slope and steep-slope roof assemblies, floor and ceiling assemblies over unconditioned space, and below-grade foundation wall and slab-edge assemblies. Applies to all principal insulation types: mineral fiber batt and blanket, rigid extruded polystyrene (XPS), expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyisocyanurate board (polyiso), mineral wool board, and spray-applied polyurethane foam (open-cell and closed-cell). Covers R-value determination and energy code compliance, installation grading, continuous insulation and thermal bridging mitigation, fire and smoke characteristics, vapor retarder and air barrier coordination, and field inspection.
+ Not intended for: Pipe and equipment insulation for mechanical systems (see [[sync/hvac-piping-insulation]]); duct wrap and duct liner (see [[sync/hvac-ductwork]]); roofing membrane systems and roof insulation specified as part of a membrane roofing assembly (see [[sync/membrane-roofing]]); below-grade waterproofing and dampproofing insulation specified integral to a waterproofing assembly (see [[sync/below-grade-waterproofing]]); interior gypsum board assemblies with integral insulated framing (see [[sync/gypsum-board-assemblies]]); and sound attenuation batts or acoustical treatment specified solely for acoustic performance rather than thermal performance.
+---
+
+# Scope
+
+This standard governs the selection, specification, and installation of thermal insulation in the building envelope for buildings constructed under the International Building Code (IBC), International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), or ASHRAE 90.1 energy standard. It applies to new construction and to alterations that affect the thermal performance of existing assemblies. The standard addresses the full range of insulation materials used in commercial and residential building envelope assemblies, the verification of thermal performance, fire and smoke classification, moisture management through vapor retarder and air barrier coordination, installation quality grading, and the inspection and testing required to confirm that specified performance is actually achieved in the field.
+
+Thermal insulation is one of the most cost-effective energy conservation measures in a building. However, its in-place thermal performance depends not only on the material's rated R-value but on how it is installed — whether cavities are completely and uniformly filled, whether thermal bridges are properly broken, whether vapor control is correctly placed, and whether the assembly remains dry over its service life. A well-specified insulation scope that is poorly installed may achieve only 50 to 70 percent of its design R-value. This standard therefore addresses both material requirements and installation requirements with equal rigor.
+
+The building envelope is also the primary line of defense against moisture accumulation within the building structure. Incorrect placement of vapor retarders, mismatched permeance between assembly layers, and gaps in the air barrier all create conditions for condensation and long-term moisture damage. This standard coordinates insulation specification with the vapor retarder requirements of IBC Section 1405 and the air barrier requirements of IECC Section C402.5 and ASHRAE 90.1 Section 5.4.
+
+Coordinate with [[sync/membrane-roofing]] for roof assemblies where insulation is specified as part of a single-ply, modified bitumen, or built-up roofing scope. Coordinate with [[sync/below-grade-waterproofing]] where insulation is installed on the exterior of below-grade foundation walls as protection board over waterproofing. Coordinate with [[sync/gypsum-board-assemblies]] for details at interior face of insulated wall assemblies. Coordinate with [[sync/hvac-ductwork]] for duct insulation within the building envelope. Coordinate with [[sync/fluid-applied-air-barrier]] where a separate fluid-applied air barrier membrane is used in conjunction with continuous insulation sheathing.
+
+# Referenced Standards
+
+Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of the following standards and codes. Where the contract documents, the adopted building code, or a referenced standard conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record or Architect of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ASHRAE 90.1 | Energy Standard for Sites and Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |
+| ICC IECC | International Energy Conservation Code |
+| IBC Chapter 7 | Fire and Smoke Protection Features |
+| IBC Chapter 14 | Exterior Walls (vapor retarder requirements) |
+| IBC Section 2603 | Foam Plastic Insulation |
+| ASTM C165 | Standard Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations |
+| ASTM C177 | Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus |
+| ASTM C518 | Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus |
+| ASTM C553 | Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Commercial and Industrial Applications |
+| ASTM C578 | Standard Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation |
+| ASTM C612 | Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation |
+| ASTM C665 | Standard Specification for Mineral-Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Light Frame Construction and Manufactured Housing |
+| ASTM C1029 | Standard Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Polyurethane Thermal Insulation |
+| ASTM C1289 | Standard Specification for Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation Board |
+| ASTM C1320 | Standard Practice for Installation of Mineral Fiber Batt and Blanket Thermal Insulation for Light Frame Construction |
+| ASTM C1338 | Standard Test Method for Determining Fungi Resistance of Insulation Materials and Facings |
+| ASTM E84 | Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |
+| ASTM E96 | Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials |
+| ASTM E283 | Standard Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors |
+| RESNET HERS | Residential Energy Services Network Home Energy Rating System Standards (for installation grading) |
+| NFPA 285 | Standard Fire Test Method for Evaluation of Fire Propagation Characteristics of Exterior Non-Load-Bearing Wall Assemblies Containing Combustible Components |
+| ICC 1100 | Standard for Spray-Applied Polyurethane Foam Plastic Insulation |
+
+# Submittals
+
+## Action Submittals
+
+Contractor shall submit the following for the Architect's or Engineer's review prior to procurement and installation. Installation of insulation in any assembly shall not proceed until the corresponding submittals are reviewed and returned without rejection.
+
+- Product data for each insulation type, including material composition, physical properties (density, R-value at stated thickness and mean temperature), facing description, and dimensional tolerances, demonstrating conformance with the applicable ASTM product standard
+- Third-party thermal resistance test reports per ASTM C518 or C177 for each insulation product, confirming the stated R-value per inch (RSI per 25mm) at the design mean temperature
+- ASTM E84 flame spread and smoke developed test reports for all insulation products that will be exposed or require classification documentation
+- For foam plastic insulation: documentation that the product has been tested in the intended wall or roof assembly per NFPA 285 where required by IBC Section 2603.5, unless an exemption under IBC Section 2603.5 applies
+- Vapor retarder product data including permeance rating per ASTM E96 and temperature/humidity range of applicability
+- For spray-applied polyurethane foam: contractor qualifications, installer certifications, proposed mix ratio and density range, substrate preparation requirements, and Safety Data Sheets
+- Sample of each insulation product where required for color, finish, or facing verification
+- Manufacturer's installation instructions for each insulation type, including minimum substrate temperature requirements, coverage rates for spray-applied products, and fastener or adhesive recommendations for board products
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Product data and physical properties for each insulation type"
+ - "ASTM C518 or C177 thermal resistance test reports"
+ - "ASTM E84 surface burning test reports"
+ - "NFPA 285 assembly fire test documentation (foam plastic in exterior walls)"
+ - "Vapor retarder product data and permeance rating"
+ - "Spray-applied polyurethane foam installer qualifications and mix documentation"
+ - "Manufacturer installation instructions for each insulation type"
+default: "Product data and physical properties for each insulation type"
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals
+
+Contractor shall provide the following at substantial completion prior to final acceptance.
+
+- Certificate of compliance signed by the Contractor certifying that all insulation was installed in full conformance with the approved submittals, the manufacturer's instructions, and this standard
+- Inspection records and field test reports, including blower door or tracer gas air barrier test results where required
+- Copies of any third-party inspection or HERS rater reports where energy code compliance documentation requires a field grading inspection
+- Warranty documentation for products carrying a manufacturer warranty
+
+# Quality Assurance
+
+## Installer Qualifications
+
+Insulation work shall be performed by installers experienced in the installation of the specific insulation type and assembly being executed. Spray-applied polyurethane foam (SPF) installation shall be performed by an applicator trained and certified by the foam system manufacturer, or by an applicator holding certification under a recognized SPF training program. A certified SPF applicator shall be on-site during all SPF application operations; SPF shall not be applied by untrained laborers.
+
+Mineral fiber batt and blanket installation in assemblies subject to HERS rating or energy code documentation shall achieve RESNET Grade I installation in all conditioned-space assemblies unless the project energy model explicitly accounts for a lower installation grade in the HERS score or compliance calculation. Installation grade shall be verified by a HERS rater or a qualified third-party inspector before assemblies are closed.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Installation Grade Required (RESNET)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Grade I — uniform fill, no voids, splits around obstructions"
+ - "Grade II — minor compression or gaps permitted per RESNET limits"
+ - "Grade III — not acceptable for conditioned assemblies"
+default: "Grade I — uniform fill, no voids, splits around obstructions"
+```
+
+## Regulatory and Energy Code Compliance
+
+Insulation shall be specified and installed to meet the minimum requirements of the energy code adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. The Contractor shall treat the insulation scope as a regulated energy-code element, not merely a material supply item. Where the project uses a prescriptive compliance path under IECC or ASHRAE 90.1, minimum R-values by climate zone shall be met for each assembly type. Where the project uses a performance compliance path (energy modeling), the modeled assembly R-values shall be achievable with the specified materials and installation method.
+
+The Contractor shall verify that no assembly is closed — drywalled over, covered by cladding, or membraned — before the insulation in that assembly has been inspected by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, the HERS rater, or the designated third-party inspector as required by the adopted energy code.
+
+## Listing, Labeling, and Product Certification
+
+All insulation products shall be listed, labeled, and certified by the manufacturer as conforming to the applicable ASTM product standard. Labels shall be intact on delivered materials. The stated R-value on the label or product data sheet shall be based on tests conducted per ASTM C518 or C177 at the mean temperature relevant to the application (75°F mean temperature for most building envelope applications).
+
+Polyisocyanurate board insulation shall be labeled with its Long-Term Thermal Resistance (LTTR) value per ASTM C1289, not its initial thermal resistance. Polyiso's thermal performance decreases over the first several years after manufacture as blowing agent gases diffuse out of the foam cells; LTTR represents the stabilized in-service value and is the appropriate basis for energy code compliance calculations.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Polyisocyanurate R-Value Basis
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "LTTR (Long-Term Thermal Resistance per ASTM C1289) — required for energy code compliance"
+ - "Initial (aged 180 days) — confirm acceptability with AHJ before use"
+default: "LTTR (Long-Term Thermal Resistance per ASTM C1289) — required for energy code compliance"
+```
+
+# Thermal Performance and Energy Code Basis
+
+## Climate Zone and Prescriptive Requirements
+
+The minimum R-values required by the adopted energy code (IECC or ASHRAE 90.1) are a function of climate zone, building type (residential or commercial), and assembly type (roof/ceiling, above-grade wall, below-grade wall, slab). The Contractor shall obtain the climate zone for the project location from the drawings or from the energy code report; the climate zone governs minimum R-values throughout this standard.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Project Climate Zone (IECC/ASHRAE)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Zone 1 (Tropical — Miami, Honolulu)"
+ - "Zone 2 (Hot/Humid — Houston, Phoenix)"
+ - "Zone 3 (Warm — Atlanta, Los Angeles)"
+ - "Zone 4 (Mixed — Baltimore, Seattle)"
+ - "Zone 4 Marine (Pacific Northwest)"
+ - "Zone 5 (Cool — Chicago, Denver)"
+ - "Zone 6 (Cold — Minneapolis, Burlington)"
+ - "Zone 7 (Very Cold — Duluth, Fairbanks)"
+ - "Zone 8 (Sub-Arctic — Anchorage interior)"
+drawing_ref: true
+default: "Zone 4 (Mixed — Baltimore, Seattle)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Energy Code Compliance Path
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Prescriptive (minimum R-values from IECC Table R402.1.2 or ASHRAE 90.1 Table 5.5)"
+ - "Trade-off (UA trade-off or component performance approach)"
+ - "Performance (whole-building energy model)"
+default: "Prescriptive (minimum R-values from IECC Table R402.1.2 or ASHRAE 90.1 Table 5.5)"
+```
+
+The prescriptive minimum R-values for the project climate zone shall be [[drawing: as tabulated on the energy compliance drawings or energy code compliance report]]. These values represent the minimum acceptable performance level; the Architect or Engineer may specify higher R-values for energy efficiency, owner goals, or resilience objectives.
+
+## Assembly R-Value vs. Nominal R-Value
+
+The nominal R-value of an insulation product is the R-value of the insulation material alone. The assembly R-value is the thermal performance of the complete wall, roof, or floor section including framing members, air films, and all other materials. These are not the same. Framing members in stud walls and roof framing create thermal bridges that substantially reduce the assembly R-value below the cavity R-value. ASHRAE 90.1 Section 5.5 and the supporting tables are based on assembly R-values (opaque assemblies), not nominal cavity R-values.
+
+For a typical wood-framed wall with 2×6 studs at 16 inches on center, the framing fraction reduces the effective clear-field R-19 cavity assembly to approximately R-15 to R-17 at the whole-wall level. This is why IECC and ASHRAE 90.1 increasingly require continuous insulation layers on the exterior of framed walls — to supplement the cavity insulation and reduce the influence of framing members on whole-assembly performance.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wall Assembly Thermal Performance Basis
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Nominal cavity R-value (not compliant with ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive tables)"
+ - "Whole-wall effective R-value per ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix A (required for prescriptive compliance)"
+ - "As modeled in energy compliance simulation (performance path)"
+default: "Whole-wall effective R-value per ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix A (required for prescriptive compliance)"
+```
+
+## Design R-Values by Assembly
+
+Design R-values for each assembly type shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the building envelope drawings and energy code compliance documentation]]. The following datasheet elements record the specified minimum R-values for submittal verification and field inspection documentation.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof/Ceiling Assembly — Specified R-Value
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+options:
+ min: 20
+ max: 90
+ setpoints: [20, 25, 30, 38, 49, 60, 75, 90]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 49
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Above-Grade Wall Assembly — Specified R-Value (cavity + continuous)
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+options:
+ min: 13
+ max: 40
+ setpoints: [13, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 20
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Continuous Insulation Component — Above-Grade Wall
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 25
+ setpoints: [0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 5
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Below-Grade Wall Assembly — Specified R-Value
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 20
+ setpoints: [0, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 10
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Floor/Ceiling over Unconditioned Space — Specified R-Value
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+options:
+ min: 13
+ max: 38
+ setpoints: [13, 19, 25, 30, 38]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 19
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Slab-Edge / Foundation Perimeter — Specified R-Value
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 20
+ setpoints: [0, 5, 10, 15, 20]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 10
+```
+
+# Insulation Materials
+
+## General Material Requirements
+
+All insulation materials shall be new, undamaged, and free of moisture at time of installation. Materials that have been wetted, compressed, torn, or otherwise damaged in storage or handling shall be discarded and replaced. The Contractor shall store insulation materials in a dry, covered location, off the ground, and protected from exposure to weather, mechanical damage, and UV degradation until immediately before installation.
+
+## Mineral Fiber Batt and Blanket Insulation
+
+Mineral fiber batt and blanket insulation for light frame construction shall conform to ASTM C665. Mineral fiber blanket for commercial and industrial applications shall conform to ASTM C553. Mineral wool (rock wool or slag wool) board insulation shall conform to ASTM C612.
+
+Mineral fiber includes glass fiber (fiberglass) and mineral wool (rock or slag wool) products. Mineral fiber is noncombustible per ASTM E136 and requires no thermal or ignition barrier when installed in noncombustible assemblies or when left exposed in unconditioned spaces such as attics. The noncombustibility of mineral fiber is one of its key advantages in fire-sensitive applications. Mineral wool board products offer higher compressive strength, greater dimensional stability at elevated temperature, and better moisture resistance compared to glass fiber batts, making them well-suited for continuous exterior insulation and under-slab applications.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mineral Fiber Batt/Blanket Product Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Glass fiber (fiberglass) batt — ASTM C665 (light frame)"
+ - "Glass fiber blanket — ASTM C553 (commercial/industrial)"
+ - "Mineral wool (rock or slag wool) board — ASTM C612"
+ - "Not used in this project"
+default: "Glass fiber (fiberglass) batt — ASTM C665 (light frame)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mineral Fiber Batt/Blanket — Nominal R-Value per Inch
+type: select
+unit: R per inch
+options:
+ - "R-3.2 per inch (standard glass fiber)"
+ - "R-3.7 per inch (high-density glass fiber)"
+ - "R-4.0 per inch (mineral wool)"
+default: "R-3.2 per inch (standard glass fiber)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mineral Fiber Batt/Blanket — Facing
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Unfaced (no vapor retarder facing)"
+ - "Kraft-faced (Class II vapor retarder, 0.1–1.0 perm)"
+ - "Foil-faced (Class I vapor retarder, ≤0.1 perm)"
+ - "Friction-fit (unfaced, friction-fit in cavity)"
+default: "Unfaced (no vapor retarder facing)"
+```
+
+Kraft-faced batts provide a Class II vapor retarder as part of the batt facing and are appropriate in climate zones where a Class II retarder is required at the warm-in-winter interior face. The kraft facing shall face the conditioned space side of the assembly in heating-dominated climates (zones 5–8). Foil-faced batts provide a Class I vapor retarder and shall be used with care; Class I retarders can trap moisture in mixed climates and are generally not recommended for above-grade walls in zones 1–4. Where facing material is also intended to serve as the vapor retarder, the specifier shall confirm that the facing's permeance is appropriate for the climate zone and assembly configuration.
+
+## Rigid Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) Insulation
+
+Extruded polystyrene rigid board insulation shall conform to ASTM C578. XPS is produced by extruding molten polystyrene through a die, yielding a closed-cell foam with low water vapor permeance (typically 1.0 perm at 1-inch thickness), high compressive strength, and good moisture resistance. ASTM C578 classifies XPS into multiple types by compressive strength; the appropriate type shall be selected based on the structural loads to which the insulation will be subjected.
+
+XPS delivers approximately R-5.0 per inch. Unlike polyiso, XPS's R-value per inch is relatively stable across a wide temperature range, which is an advantage in cold-climate below-grade and at-grade applications. The blowing agents used historically in XPS production had high global warming potential; many manufacturers have transitioned to lower-GWP blowing agents, and the specifier should confirm the product's blowing agent status where environmental criteria apply.
+
+```datasheet
+label: XPS Board — ASTM C578 Compressive Resistance Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Type XIII — 10 psi (under-slab, lightly loaded)"
+ - "Type II — 15 psi (general below-grade and above-grade CI)"
+ - "Type IV — 25 psi (moderate load, parking deck)"
+ - "Type VII — 40 psi (heavy load, plaza deck)"
+ - "Type V — 60 psi (heavy vehicular, cold storage)"
+ - "Not used"
+default: "Type II — 15 psi (general below-grade and above-grade CI)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: XPS Board Nominal Thickness
+type: range
+unit: inches
+options:
+ min: 0.5
+ max: 4
+ setpoints: [0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 2.0
+```
+
+## Rigid Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Insulation
+
+Expanded polystyrene rigid board insulation shall conform to ASTM C578 (EPS types). EPS is produced by expanding polystyrene beads in a mold; it has an open-cell micro-texture that allows water vapor to pass more freely than XPS, with permeance typically 2–5 perms at 1-inch thickness depending on density. EPS delivers approximately R-3.6 to R-4.2 per inch depending on density; higher-density EPS achieves higher R-value per inch and higher compressive strength.
+
+EPS is dimensionally stable and does not shrink or expand significantly over time, making it well-suited for below-grade applications where long-term dimensional stability is important. It does not use blowing agents with significant global warming potential and retains most of its R-value over time, unlike polyiso at low temperatures. EPS is appropriate for below-grade walls, under-slab insulation, and as continuous exterior sheathing where its higher vapor permeance is acceptable or desirable for the assembly's moisture management strategy.
+
+```datasheet
+label: EPS Board — Density and Compressive Strength
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Type I — 0.90 pcf, 10 psi"
+ - "Type II — 1.25 pcf, 15 psi (general-purpose)"
+ - "Type IX — 1.50 pcf, 25 psi"
+ - "Type XIV — 1.80 pcf, 40 psi (high load)"
+ - "Not used"
+default: "Type II — 1.25 pcf, 15 psi (general-purpose)"
+```
+
+## Polyisocyanurate Board (Polyiso) Insulation
+
+Polyisocyanurate board insulation shall conform to ASTM C1289. Polyiso delivers the highest R-value per inch of any commercially available rigid board insulation under standard test conditions (approximately R-6.5 per inch at 75°F mean temperature), making it the dominant insulation choice for low-slope commercial roofing and exterior continuous insulation in above-grade walls.
+
+A critical characteristic of polyiso is its temperature-dependent thermal resistance. At mean temperatures below approximately 40°F, polyiso's R-value degrades substantially — by 20 to 35 percent depending on product and temperature. This degradation is reversible (performance returns at higher temperatures) but it means that polyiso specified solely on its 75°F test value may not deliver the expected winter performance in cold-climate continuous insulation applications. For climate zones 5–8, the specifier should either use LTTR values, account for thermal performance at cold conditions, or supplement polyiso with a layer of XPS or mineral wool that maintains performance at low temperatures.
+
+ASTM C1289 classifies polyiso into types based on facing material. The most common facing for roofing applications is a glass fiber-reinforced felt or glass mat facer (Type I, Type II); for wall applications, foil-faced polyiso is commonly used and provides a Class I vapor retarder and radiant barrier. The facing determines the product's vapor permeance, fire performance classification, and suitability for specific adhesives and field cuts.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Polyisocyanurate Board — ASTM C1289 Type (Facing)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Type I (glass fiber-reinforced felt facers, both sides)"
+ - "Type II (glass fiber-reinforced felt or coated glass mat, one or both sides)"
+ - "Foil-faced (aluminum foil facer, both sides)"
+ - "Not used"
+default: "Type I (glass fiber-reinforced felt facers, both sides)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Polyisocyanurate Board — Specified LTTR R-Value
+type: range
+unit: R (h·ft²·°F/Btu)
+options:
+ min: 6.5
+ max: 40
+ setpoints: [6.5, 13, 16, 19.5, 25, 30, 35, 40]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 25
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Polyisocyanurate Board Nominal Thickness
+type: range
+unit: inches
+options:
+ min: 1.0
+ max: 6.0
+ setpoints: [1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.0]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 4.0
+```
+
+## Spray-Applied Polyurethane Foam (SPF)
+
+Spray-applied polyurethane foam insulation shall conform to ASTM C1029 for closed-cell SPF (ccSPF) and to ICC 1100 for open-cell SPF (ocSPF). SPF is applied as a two-component liquid system that expands and cures in place, filling complex geometries, bridging gaps, and adhering to the substrate. It is the only insulation type that simultaneously provides insulation and a continuous air barrier in a single material application, which is a significant installation advantage in complex assemblies with many penetrations and irregular framing.
+
+Closed-cell SPF delivers approximately R-6.0 to R-7.0 per inch, has very low vapor permeance (less than 1.0 perm at 2 inches), high structural rigidity, and excellent moisture resistance. Closed-cell SPF applied at 2 inches meets the vapor retarder requirement of many climate zones as a Class II retarder. Open-cell SPF delivers approximately R-3.5 to R-3.8 per inch, has higher vapor permeance (greater than 10 perms), lower density, and lower cost per R-unit; it is not an adequate vapor retarder and is not moisture-resistant. Open-cell SPF shall not be used in roofing applications, on exterior surfaces exposed to weather, or in any location where its high vapor permeance would create a vapor or moisture management problem.
+
+SPF application is critically dependent on substrate temperature, ambient temperature, humidity, mixing ratio, and applicator technique. The SPF manufacturer's minimum substrate temperature (typically 40°F) shall be met and maintained during application and cure. Application outside the manufacturer's environmental window shall not proceed and shall require written authorization from the SPF manufacturer.
+
+```datasheet
+label: SPF Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Closed-cell SPF (ccSPF) — ASTM C1029, approximately R-6.5/inch, Class II vapor retarder at 2 in."
+ - "Open-cell SPF (ocSPF) — ICC 1100, approximately R-3.7/inch, high vapor permeance (>10 perm)"
+ - "Not used"
+default: "Closed-cell SPF (ccSPF) — ASTM C1029, approximately R-6.5/inch, Class II vapor retarder at 2 in."
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: SPF Minimum Applied Thickness
+type: range
+unit: inches
+options:
+ min: 1.0
+ max: 7.0
+ setpoints: [1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 7.0]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 3.5
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: SPF Minimum Applied Density
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Closed-cell: 1.7–2.2 pcf (per ASTM C1029 Type II)"
+ - "Closed-cell: 2.5–3.0 pcf (per ASTM C1029 Type III, higher compressive strength)"
+ - "Open-cell: 0.4–0.5 pcf (per ICC 1100)"
+default: "Closed-cell: 1.7–2.2 pcf (per ASTM C1029 Type II)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: SPF Thickness Verification Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Probe and measure during application by installer"
+ - "Third-party core sampling after installation"
+ - "Both probe-during-application and third-party core sampling"
+default: "Both probe-during-application and third-party core sampling"
+```
+
+SPF cores shall be taken in locations agreed upon with the Architect during the pre-application meeting, at a frequency of at least one core per 1,000 square feet of applied area, or as directed by the contract documents. Core locations shall be patched by the SPF installer immediately after sampling with the same SPF material.
+
+# Fire and Smoke Characteristics
+
+## General Fire Requirements
+
+All insulation materials installed in building envelope assemblies shall meet the fire and smoke classification required by the IBC for the specific assembly and occupancy. The Contractor shall confirm the applicable fire code requirement for each assembly before procurement and shall not substitute insulation products that alter the fire classification of a tested assembly.
+
+## ASTM E84 Classification
+
+Insulation materials required to demonstrate surface burning characteristics shall be tested per ASTM E84 (Steiner Tunnel test). ASTM E84 measures the Flame Spread Index (FSI) and the Smoke Developed Index (SDI) of the material surface. IBC Chapter 8 and Chapter 26 use these indices to classify interior finish and foam plastic insulation. The standard reporting convention is "FSI/SDI" (e.g., 25/450).
+
+```datasheet
+label: Required ASTM E84 Classification — Flame Spread Index (FSI)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Class A — FSI 0–25 (IBC Type I/II/III/IV occupancies, most exposed applications)"
+ - "Class B — FSI 26–75 (limited exposed applications per IBC)"
+ - "Class C — FSI 76–200 (concealed within assemblies only)"
+ - "Not required (noncombustible mineral fiber in noncombustible assembly)"
+default: "Class A — FSI 0–25 (IBC Type I/II/III/IV occupancies, most exposed applications)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Required ASTM E84 Smoke Developed Index (SDI) Maximum
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "450 or less (IBC standard requirement for foam plastic insulation per Section 2603)"
+ - "Specific lower value required — see drawings/energy code report"
+ - "Not required (noncombustible mineral fiber)"
+default: "450 or less (IBC standard requirement for foam plastic insulation per Section 2603)"
+```
+
+Mineral fiber (glass fiber and mineral wool) insulation products are noncombustible and are not subject to the ASTM E84 requirements imposed on foam plastic insulation. However, mineral fiber products with facings (kraft, foil, or composite) do require surface burning classification of the faced assembly if the facing is left exposed; unfaced mineral fiber in a concealed cavity does not require ASTM E84 documentation.
+
+## Foam Plastic Insulation — IBC Section 2603 Requirements
+
+Foam plastic insulation installed in buildings regulated by the IBC is subject to IBC Section 2603. The key requirements are:
+
+IBC Section 2603.3 requires that foam plastic insulation have a maximum FSI of 75 and maximum SDI of 450 per ASTM E84 in all applications except where the insulation is installed within a tested assembly.
+
+IBC Section 2603.4 requires that foam plastic insulation be separated from all interior spaces by a thermal barrier of minimum 15-minute fire resistance, unless an exception in Section 2603.4.1 applies. The standard thermal barrier is 1/2-inch gypsum board. Exceptions include foam plastic within roofing systems, within HVAC plenums that are entirely enclosed by noncombustible materials, and specific listed assemblies.
+
+IBC Section 2603.5 requires that exterior walls containing foam plastic insulation meet the fire propagation requirements of NFPA 285, which is a full-scale assembly fire test. NFPA 285 testing evaluates whether fire propagates vertically through the exterior wall assembly, including the foam insulation, any combustible drainage plane materials, and the exterior cladding. NFPA 285 must be satisfied for the entire assembly, not just the individual foam product. A product's ASTM E84 classification does not substitute for NFPA 285 assembly testing where NFPA 285 is required. The Contractor shall confirm that any exterior wall assembly containing foam plastic has a documented NFPA 285 test or qualifies for an exemption before procurement.
+
+```datasheet
+label: NFPA 285 Assembly Test Documentation
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required — assembly test report on file, confirmed matching assembly conditions"
+ - "Exempt — exterior wall is Type I/II noncombustible construction without combustible components"
+ - "Exempt — foam is installed in concrete or masonry wall fully protected per IBC 2603.5.6"
+ - "Not applicable — no foam plastic in exterior walls"
+default: "Required — assembly test report on file, confirmed matching assembly conditions"
+```
+
+IBC Section 2603.9 (attics and crawl spaces) requires that foam plastic insulation within an attic or crawl space entered only for utility service be protected from ignition by a covering of 1-1/2-inch mineral fiber insulation, 1/4-inch wood structural panel or equivalent, 3/8-inch gypsum wallboard, or another approved ignition barrier material, unless the foam product has been specifically tested and listed as an ignition-barrier-exempt material.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Foam Plastic — Ignition Barrier in Attic/Crawl Space
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required — 1-1/2 in. mineral fiber over foam per IBC 2603.9"
+ - "Required — 3/8 in. gypsum wallboard over foam per IBC 2603.9"
+ - "Required — 1/4 in. wood structural panel over foam per IBC 2603.9"
+ - "Not required — foam product listed as ignition-barrier-exempt per IBC 2603.9 exception"
+ - "Not applicable — no foam in attic or crawl space"
+default: "Required — 1-1/2 in. mineral fiber over foam per IBC 2603.9"
+```
+
+# Vapor Retarders and Air Barrier Coordination
+
+## Vapor Retarder Classification
+
+Vapor retarders shall be classified by water vapor permeance as determined by ASTM E96 wet-cup or dry-cup method, as follows:
+
+Class I vapor retarders have permeance of 0.1 perm or less. Examples: polyethylene sheet, aluminum foil, foil-faced polyiso facer. Class I retarders are highly restrictive and shall be used only where specified by the Architect, because they can trap moisture in assemblies that experience seasonal reversal of vapor drive.
+
+Class II vapor retarders have permeance greater than 0.1 perm and at or below 1.0 perm. Examples: kraft-faced insulation facer, coated kraft paper, some low-permeance paints. Class II retarders are appropriate in cold-climate above-grade walls where vapor drive from inside to outside is dominant in winter.
+
+Class III vapor retarders have permeance greater than 1.0 perm and at or below 10 perms. Examples: standard latex paint on gypsum board, house wrap materials in this range. Class III retarders are appropriate only in climate zones where adequate continuous insulation on the exterior prevents condensation within the wall cavity (per IBC Table 1405.3.3 ratios), shifting the dew point to the exterior side of the thermal envelope.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Vapor Retarder Class — Above-Grade Wall
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Class I (≤0.1 perm) — foil or polyethylene sheet"
+ - "Class II (0.1–1.0 perm) — kraft facer or coated membrane"
+ - "Class III (1.0–10 perm) — latex paint on gypsum board"
+ - "None required (Climate Zones 1–3 and per IBC 1405.3 exceptions)"
+default: "Class II (0.1–1.0 perm) — kraft facer or coated membrane"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Vapor Retarder Location in Wall Assembly
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Interior side of insulation (warm-in-winter face) — heating-dominated climates"
+ - "Exterior side of insulation — cooling-dominated climates only (confirm with architect)"
+ - "Integral facer on cavity insulation"
+ - "No vapor retarder in assembly"
+default: "Interior side of insulation (warm-in-winter face) — heating-dominated climates"
+```
+
+## Climate Zone Guidance for Vapor Retarder Selection
+
+IBC Section 1405.3 and IRC Section R702.7 require vapor retarders as follows: Climate Zones 5, 6, 7, 8, and Marine 4 require a Class I or II vapor retarder on the interior (warm-in-winter) face of the frame wall insulation, unless the assembly includes sufficient continuous exterior insulation to keep the interior wall sheathing above the dew point. Climate Zones 1, 2, and 3 do not require a vapor retarder; in hot-humid climates, a vapor retarder on the interior face is actually counterproductive because it traps moisture driven inward by outdoor humidity. Climate Zone 4 (non-marine) requires a Class I, II, or III vapor retarder.
+
+The minimum thickness of continuous insulation that allows a Class III vapor retarder (painted drywall) to be used in lieu of Class I or II varies by climate zone and wall R-value. These ratios are established in IBC Table 1405.3.3, which specifies the minimum ratio of exterior continuous insulation R-value to total wall R-value required to shift the dew point. The Contractor shall not substitute vapor retarder products without confirming compliance with the applicable IBC table and climate zone requirements.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Continuous Exterior Insulation R-Value / Total Wall R-Value Ratio — IBC 1405.3.3 Compliance
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Ratio verified — exterior CI is sufficient to allow Class III vapor retarder per IBC Table 1405.3.3"
+ - "Ratio not met — Class I or II vapor retarder required on interior face"
+ - "Climate Zones 1–3 — no vapor retarder required"
+default: "Ratio not met — Class I or II vapor retarder required on interior face"
+```
+
+## Coordination with Air Barrier
+
+The air barrier and the vapor retarder serve different functions and are not always the same material. The air barrier resists bulk air movement through the assembly; the vapor retarder controls diffusion of water vapor through the material. The air barrier should be continuous across the entire building envelope; the vapor retarder is placed at a specific layer within the assembly.
+
+In SPF assemblies, closed-cell SPF serves simultaneously as insulation, vapor retarder, and air barrier in the locations where it is applied. In assemblies using batt cavity insulation with a separate house wrap air barrier on the exterior sheathing, the air barrier and vapor retarder are distinct layers. The Contractor shall confirm that no gap, penetration, or construction joint interrupts the continuity of either the air barrier layer or the vapor retarder layer.
+
+Penetrations through the vapor retarder — for electrical boxes, pipes, and mechanical connections — shall be sealed with compatible materials per the vapor retarder manufacturer's instructions. Vapor retarder material that is cut, torn, or punctured during installation shall be repaired before the assembly is closed. Repairs shall lap at least 6 inches and be taped with a compatible tape specified by the vapor retarder manufacturer.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Air Barrier System Coordination
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "SPF serves as combined insulation, vapor retarder, and air barrier"
+ - "Separate house wrap or fluid-applied air barrier — see [[sync/fluid-applied-air-barrier]]"
+ - "Interior vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet) sealed to framing as air barrier and vapor retarder"
+ - "Continuous rigid board insulation with taped joints as air barrier layer"
+default: "Separate house wrap or fluid-applied air barrier — see [[sync/fluid-applied-air-barrier]]"
+```
+
+## Vapor Retarder for Roofing Assemblies
+
+In low-slope roofing assemblies, a vapor retarder installed below the roof insulation prevents warm, humid interior air from reaching the cold insulation layer and condensing. This is critical in climate zones 5–8 and in buildings with high interior humidity (natatoriums, food processing facilities, commercial kitchens). Roofing vapor retarders are coordinated with the roofing membrane assembly and shall be specified in coordination with [[sync/membrane-roofing]]. This standard addresses only the insulation above the vapor retarder; the vapor retarder substrate material is governed by the roofing assembly standard.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof Assembly — Vapor Retarder Below Insulation
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required — Climate Zone 5–8 or high interior humidity occupancy"
+ - "Not required — Climate Zone 1–4 standard occupancy"
+ - "Coordinate with membrane roofing assembly per [[sync/membrane-roofing]]"
+default: "Not required — Climate Zone 1–4 standard occupancy"
+```
+
+# Installation by Assembly Type
+
+## General Installation Requirements
+
+Insulation shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's published installation instructions, ASTM C1320 for mineral fiber batt and blanket, and ICC 1100 for spray-applied polyurethane foam. Where the instructions conflict with this standard or the contract documents, the more stringent requirement shall apply.
+
+All substrates receiving insulation shall be clean, dry, and within the manufacturer's specified temperature range. Substrates with visible moisture, frost, ice, or standing water shall not receive insulation until the moisture condition is corrected and the substrate is within the acceptable temperature range. Insulation shall not be installed over wet concrete, wet masonry, or wet structural sheathing.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Substrate Temperature for Installation
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "40°F (4°C) — general minimum for most insulation products"
+ - "50°F (10°C) — required by some adhesive-applied board systems"
+ - "Per manufacturer's published requirements for specific product — see submittal"
+default: "40°F (4°C) — general minimum for most insulation products"
+```
+
+## Wall Assembly — Cavity Insulation
+
+Mineral fiber batt and blanket installed in stud-framed wall cavities shall fill the cavity completely from stud face to stud face and from bottom plate to top plate, without voids, gaps, or compression. Insulation shall be split around wiring, blocking, and other obstructions so that insulation fills both sides of the obstruction; the total installed thickness shall equal the cavity depth. This splitting and fitting practice is the most common Grade I requirement violated in the field — a single batt folded behind a wire rather than split yields a localized void that can reduce the effective R-value of that cavity section by 30 to 50 percent.
+
+Where batts are installed in two-stud-bay increments, joints between adjacent batts shall be butted tightly without gaps. Batts at the top and bottom of the cavity shall be cut to length and fitted without fold-over or compression. Batt width shall match the stud spacing so the batt is friction-fit snugly.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cavity Insulation — Splitting Around Obstructions Required
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Yes — all wiring, pipes, blocking, and fire stops require split installation"
+ - "Installer discretion — not contractually required"
+default: "Yes — all wiring, pipes, blocking, and fire stops require split installation"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cavity Insulation — Batt Size Match to Framing Spacing
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "16-inch on-center framing — 15-inch wide batts"
+ - "24-inch on-center framing — 23-inch wide batts"
+ - "24-inch on-center advanced framing — 23-inch wide batts"
+ - "Per drawings — mixed framing spacing"
+default: "16-inch on-center framing — 15-inch wide batts"
+```
+
+In masonry cavity wall construction, mineral wool or glass fiber batt insulation installed in the cavity between the inner wythe and the outer masonry veneer shall be secured against sagging over the full height of the cavity by insulation clips, self-adhering insulation, or a continuous horizontal support at floor lines. Unsecured batts in tall masonry cavities settle over time, creating insulation-free zones at the top of each floor level that are significant thermal leaks.
+
+## Wall Assembly — Continuous Exterior Insulation
+
+Rigid board continuous insulation (XPS, EPS, polyiso, or mineral wool board) applied to the exterior face of the structural wall sheathing shall be installed in full-coverage courses with staggered joints in multiple layers and with all joints offset a minimum of 12 inches both horizontally and vertically. Joints shall not be through-aligned between layers, because aligned joints create a thermal stripe that significantly reduces the thermal benefit of the continuous insulation layer.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Continuous Insulation — Number of Layers (for joint staggering)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Single layer (minimum — joints taped; acceptable for CI ≤ 1.5 in.)"
+ - "Two layers with offset joints (required for CI ≥ 2.0 in.)"
+ - "Three or more layers (high-performance assemblies, CI ≥ 4.0 in.)"
+default: "Two layers with offset joints (required for CI ≥ 2.0 in.)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Continuous Insulation Attachment Method
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Long-shank screws through gypsum board or clip system — drawing governs"
+ - "Adhesive (below 1.0-inch thickness, non-structural — confirm with manufacturer)"
+ - "Mechanical clips and rail system (MEPS or equivalent — coordinates with cladding attachment)"
+ - "Per [[drawing: continuous insulation attachment detail]]"
+default: "Long-shank screws through gypsum board or clip system — drawing governs"
+```
+
+Board joints in continuous exterior insulation shall be taped with a compatible tape to minimize air infiltration at joints, unless the exterior air barrier is provided by a separate fluid-applied or sheet-applied layer outboard of the insulation. Where the taped rigid board joints are the primary air barrier, every joint shall be taped including field cuts, perimeter edges at windows, doors, and penetrations, and transitions to adjacent assemblies.
+
+Window and door rough opening perimeters shall receive flexible flashing tape or sealant at the transition between the continuous insulation and the window or door assembly. This perimeter transition is one of the highest-frequency air leakage locations in the building envelope and shall be specifically detailed on the drawings and carefully executed in the field.
+
+## Roof Assembly — Low-Slope
+
+Polyisocyanurate or XPS board insulation in low-slope roofing assemblies shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of the roofing assembly, as governed by [[sync/membrane-roofing]], and with the roofing manufacturer's published requirements for the insulation substrate. The insulation shall be installed in at least two layers for thicknesses above 2.5 inches total, with joints offset 12 inches minimum both in the plane of the roofing and between the two layers, so that no through-joint path exists. Through-aligned joints create visible ridges in the membrane and points of accelerated moisture accumulation.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof Insulation — Layer Configuration
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Single layer (≤2.5 in. total — low R-value applications)"
+ - "Two layers with offset joints (required for total thickness >2.5 in.)"
+ - "Three or more layers (high R-value assembly, ≥R-30)"
+default: "Two layers with offset joints (required for total thickness >2.5 in.)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof Insulation Attachment — First Layer
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Mechanically fastened per manufacturer's table (fastener type, count, pattern per drawings)"
+ - "Hot-mopped in Type III or IV asphalt (BUR assemblies)"
+ - "Low-rise foam adhesive (SPF roofing systems and single-ply)"
+ - "Per [[drawing: roof assembly insulation attachment detail]]"
+default: "Mechanically fastened per manufacturer's table (fastener type, count, pattern per drawings)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof Insulation Attachment — Subsequent Layer(s)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Mechanically fastened through all layers per manufacturer's requirements"
+ - "Low-rise foam adhesive (subsequent layers over mechanically fastened base layer)"
+ - "Hot-mopped over base layer"
+ - "Per [[drawing: roof assembly insulation attachment detail]]"
+default: "Low-rise foam adhesive (subsequent layers over mechanically fastened base layer)"
+```
+
+Tapered insulation for positive slope drainage at low-slope roofs shall be installed per the tapered insulation layout drawing, which shall be provided by the tapered insulation system supplier and coordinated with the roofing assembly. The minimum required slope for drainage shall be 1/4 inch per foot unless the roofing system manufacturer approves a lesser slope. Insulation panels shall be installed sequentially following the drainage direction; random installation that disrupts the taper gradient shall not be permitted.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Tapered Insulation for Positive Drainage
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required — manufacturer to provide layout drawing"
+ - "Not required — structural slope provides required drainage"
+ - "Partial — tapered insulation at sumps and low points only"
+default: "Not required — structural slope provides required drainage"
+```
+
+## Roof Assembly — Steep-Slope (Attic)
+
+In attic assemblies, insulation may be installed either at the roof deck plane (unvented attic, insulation between and over rafters) or at the ceiling plane (vented attic, insulation over the top plate). Where the attic is vented, insulation shall be installed at the ceiling plane and shall not block the eave vents or ridge vents; baffles shall be installed at each rafter bay from the top-of-wall plate to at least 12 inches above the top of the insulation, maintaining a clear ventilation channel of minimum 1-inch depth.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Steep-Slope Roof / Attic Insulation Strategy
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Vented attic — insulation at ceiling plane with ventilation baffles"
+ - "Unvented attic — closed-cell SPF at roof deck plane (interior application)"
+ - "Unvented attic — rigid board at roof deck plane (above-deck application)"
+ - "Hybrid — closed-cell SPF at roof deck + supplemental blown or batt at ceiling plane"
+default: "Vented attic — insulation at ceiling plane with ventilation baffles"
+```
+
+Where blown-in or batt insulation is used in a vented attic, minimum installed depth shall be maintained uniformly across the entire ceiling area including above the top plates, at blocking and bridging, and in any knee-wall areas. Access hatches to the attic shall be insulated to match the ceiling R-value with rigid insulation, insulated hatch covers, or a combination; uninsulated attic hatches are a common but significant thermal bypass.
+
+## Floor and Crawl Space
+
+Insulation installed between floor joists over unconditioned crawl spaces or garages shall be friction-fit tightly against the subfloor and held securely in place by insulation supports (wire rods, netting, or strips) spaced at 18 inches on center maximum so that the insulation cannot sag or fall. Insulation that sags away from the subfloor creates a significant convective loop and may also create a habitat for pests. Where the floor insulation facing is a vapor retarder, the facing shall face toward the heated space (upward in a floor over a crawl space).
+
+```datasheet
+label: Floor Insulation Support
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Wire support rods at 18-inch on-center maximum"
+ - "Plastic support net or mesh secured to joists"
+ - "Rigid board adhered to subfloor underside (no support required)"
+ - "Per installer's approved method — confirm with Architect"
+default: "Wire support rods at 18-inch on-center maximum"
+```
+
+In conditioned crawl spaces where the insulation is installed on the crawl space walls rather than the floor joists, rigid board or closed-cell SPF shall be applied to the interior of the foundation wall from the sill plate down to the footing. The insulation shall extend from 24 inches below grade to the top of the footing and shall be protected from mechanical damage in accessible crawl spaces. Foundation wall insulation shall be detailed to prevent moisture wicking from the concrete into the insulation by using materials with adequate drainage capability or by detailing appropriate drainage planes.
+
+## Below-Grade Foundation Walls and Slab Edge
+
+Rigid insulation on the exterior of below-grade foundation walls shall be protected from physical damage above grade and from UV degradation at the grade line. Protection board (minimum 1/4-inch rigid board), dimple drainage mat, or concrete parging shall be applied over the rigid insulation from the top of the insulation down to 6 inches below grade at minimum. Above-grade exposure of XPS or polyiso foam plastic is not permitted; mineral wool board or specifically listed below-grade exterior products shall be used where the insulation will remain exposed above grade.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Below-Grade Exterior Foundation Insulation Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Extruded polystyrene (XPS) — ASTM C578, Type II minimum"
+ - "Expanded polystyrene (EPS) — ASTM C578, Type II minimum"
+ - "Mineral wool board — ASTM C612 (best moisture and drainage performance)"
+ - "Not used (insulation on interior face of foundation wall)"
+default: "Extruded polystyrene (XPS) — ASTM C578, Type II minimum"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Below-Grade Insulation — Protection Above Grade
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Concrete parging — minimum 3/4 in. Portland cement on metal lath"
+ - "Rigid protection board — minimum 1/4 in. at grade and above"
+ - "Dimple drainage mat with protection board at grade"
+ - "Per [[drawing: foundation insulation detail at grade]]"
+default: "Concrete parging — minimum 3/4 in. Portland cement on metal lath"
+```
+
+Under-slab insulation shall be rigid board (XPS, EPS, or mineral wool board) rated for the compressive loads imposed by the slab and contents. The minimum compressive resistance shall be 15 psi (EPS Type II, XPS Type XIII or higher) for residential-scale uniform floor loads; heavier commercial or warehouse loads shall require higher-compressive-strength products per the structural engineer's direction. Under-slab insulation shall be installed in continuous coverage without gaps; gaps at column footings, thickened slab edges, and pipe penetrations are common installation defects that create localized thermal short circuits.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Under-Slab Insulation — Compressive Resistance
+type: select
+options:
+ - "15 psi minimum (EPS Type II or XPS Type XIII — residential)"
+ - "25 psi minimum (EPS Type IX or XPS Type IV — light commercial)"
+ - "40 psi minimum (EPS Type XIV or XPS Type VII — heavy commercial)"
+ - "Per structural engineer's direction — drawing governs"
+default: "25 psi minimum (EPS Type IX or XPS Type IV — light commercial)"
+```
+
+# Continuous Insulation and Thermal Bridging
+
+## Defining Continuous Insulation
+
+Continuous insulation (ci) is insulation that extends across all structural members in the assembly without thermal bridges other than fasteners and service openings, as defined by ASHRAE 90.1. By eliminating the thermal bridge created by framing members, continuous insulation dramatically improves the whole-assembly R-value compared to cavity-only insulation of the same nominal value. The benefit of continuous insulation increases with framing fraction; metal-framed walls with continuous exterior insulation achieve whole-wall R-values that would be nearly impossible to approach with cavity insulation alone.
+
+ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive tables for above-grade walls in climate zones 3–8 require continuous insulation in combination with (or as an alternative to) cavity insulation. The specific minimum ci thickness and total R-value depend on the climate zone, the framing material (wood vs. metal stud), and the framing spacing. The project energy code compliance documentation shall identify the minimum ci R-value for each above-grade wall type.
+
+## Thermal Bridging by Framing Material
+
+Wood stud walls have a framing fraction of approximately 20–25 percent at 16 inches on center. The R-value of wood is approximately R-1.4 per inch, which is substantially lower than that of the cavity insulation it displaces. A 2×6 wood-framed wall with R-19 batts achieves a whole-wall effective R-value of approximately R-15 due to framing. Continuous exterior insulation of R-5 to R-7.5 brings the whole-wall assembly close to R-20 to R-22.
+
+Metal stud walls have significantly more severe thermal bridging because steel has very high thermal conductivity — approximately 320 times that of wood. A metal-framed wall with R-19 batt insulation between studs achieves an effective whole-wall R-value of only approximately R-8 to R-10 due to thermal bridging through the steel studs, even though the nominal cavity R-value is R-19. Continuous exterior insulation is essential in metal-framed construction. The required ci R-value for metal stud walls is substantially higher than for comparable wood-framed walls to achieve the same whole-wall performance.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wall Framing Material (for thermal bridge assessment)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Wood stud — standard thermal bridging correction applies"
+ - "Light-gauge steel stud — severe thermal bridging; continuous insulation critical"
+ - "Structural steel — continuous insulation required; coordinate with structural"
+ - "Masonry or concrete — negligible framing bridge; cavity insulation not applicable"
+default: "Wood stud — standard thermal bridging correction applies"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Continuous Insulation Strategy for Above-Grade Walls
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Exterior rigid board CI — outboard of sheathing, inboard of cladding"
+ - "Exterior SPF CI — spray-applied to exterior sheathing"
+ - "Thermally broken Z-girt or hat channel system with exterior CI"
+ - "Interior rigid board CI — inboard of framing (limited effectiveness for metal stud)"
+ - "No continuous insulation required — prescriptive exception or climate zone 1–2"
+default: "Exterior rigid board CI — outboard of sheathing, inboard of cladding"
+```
+
+## Fastener and Cladding Attachment Thermal Penalty
+
+When rigid continuous insulation is fastened through by long structural screws to attach cladding or rain screen systems, each fastener penetrating the insulation is a thermal bridge. The magnitude of this thermal penalty depends on the fastener material (steel vs. nylon or stainless), fastener diameter, spacing, and the thickness of insulation penetrated. For ASHRAE 90.1 performance compliance, the thermal penalty of fasteners through continuous insulation shall be accounted for in the assembly U-factor calculation. Nylon-tipped or thermally broken fastening systems reduce this penalty and shall be used where drawings or specifications require it.
+
+```datasheet
+label: CI Fastener Thermal Bridging Correction
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Accounted for in energy model — see energy compliance report"
+ - "Thermally broken fastener system specified to minimize correction"
+ - "Standard steel fastener — thermal penalty accepted per ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix A"
+default: "Accounted for for in energy model — see energy compliance report"
+```
+
+## Common Thermal Bridging Defects and RFI Sources
+
+The most common field RFIs related to continuous insulation concern: (1) how to maintain CI continuity at window and door rough openings, which are inherently interrupted in the exterior insulation plane; (2) how to attach heavy cladding systems (brick, stone, precast) through multiple inches of compressible or crushable CI; (3) transitions at roof-wall intersections where CI must transition between wall and parapet insulation without interruption; and (4) penetrations for pipes, conduit, and HVAC equipment that puncture the continuous insulation layer.
+
+Drawings shall detail each of these conditions before construction begins. Where drawings are silent, the Contractor shall submit an RFI and shall not close the insulation layer until a detailed resolution is documented. Improper field resolutions at CI transitions and penetrations are among the most significant thermal defect sources in modern construction.
+
+# Inspection
+
+## Pre-Installation Inspection
+
+Before insulation installation begins in each assembly area, the Contractor shall inspect and confirm the following: all framing is complete, plumb, and at the correct spacing; all rough mechanical, electrical, and plumbing work is installed and inspected; all substrate sheathing is fastened and any required air barrier membrane is applied; the substrate is dry and within the temperature range for the insulation product; and the insulation products on-site match the approved submittals.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pre-Installation Checklist
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Framing complete and inspected"
+ - "All rough MEP work installed and inspected"
+ - "Sheathing and air barrier complete and dry"
+ - "Substrate temperature within manufacturer's range"
+ - "Delivered insulation products match approved submittals"
+default: "Framing complete and inspected"
+```
+
+## In-Progress Inspection
+
+Insulation installation shall be subject to in-progress inspection before assemblies are closed. In-progress inspection shall confirm that all cavities are uniformly filled without voids or compression (RESNET Grade I as required), that all batts are properly split around obstructions, that continuous insulation boards are in full contact with the substrate without gaps or hollow spots, that all taped CI board joints are fully adhered, and that vapor retarder facing and any separate vapor retarder membrane are intact and oriented correctly.
+
+The Architect, Owner's designated inspector, or the HERS rater shall have the right to observe insulation installation at any time before assemblies are closed. The Contractor shall notify the designated inspector at least 48 hours before any insulation is scheduled to be concealed by finishes or cladding.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Third-Party Inspection Required Before Closing Assemblies
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Yes — HERS rater inspection required for energy code documentation"
+ - "Yes — Owner's independent inspector required"
+ - "Yes — AHJ rough framing and insulation inspection required"
+ - "Contractor self-certification only"
+default: "Yes — AHJ rough framing and insulation inspection required"
+```
+
+## Blower Door and Air Barrier Testing
+
+Where required by the adopted energy code (IECC Section R402.4 for residential or IECC Section C402.5 for commercial), air barrier continuity shall be verified by a whole-building pressurization test (blower door test) after the building envelope is complete and before insulation and finishes conceal the air barrier layer. The maximum allowable air leakage rate shall be per the adopted code and shall be [[drawing: as noted on the energy compliance drawings or energy code report]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: Air Barrier Pressurization Testing Required
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Yes — residential blower door test per IECC Section R402.4 (ACH50 limit per climate zone)"
+ - "Yes — commercial whole-building or compartmentalized test per IECC C402.5"
+ - "No — project exempt from pressurization testing under adopted code"
+default: "Yes — residential blower door test per IECC Section R402.4 (ACH50 limit per climate zone)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Allowable Air Leakage Rate
+type: range
+unit: ACH50
+options:
+ min: 1.0
+ max: 7.0
+ setpoints: [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 3.0
+```
+
+## SPF Thickness and Density Verification
+
+Spray-applied polyurethane foam shall be verified for thickness and density by core sampling after application and before the foam is concealed. Cores shall be taken in the locations and at the frequency established in the pre-application meeting. Minimum acceptable thickness shall be the specified minimum minus 1/4 inch at any single core location. Minimum acceptable density shall be within the range specified by ASTM C1029 for the product type. Cores that do not meet minimum thickness or density requirements shall trigger additional cores in the surrounding area and remedial application as directed by the Architect.
+
+```datasheet
+label: SPF Core Sample Frequency
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "One core per 500 square feet of applied area (high quality control)"
+ - "One core per 1,000 square feet of applied area (standard)"
+ - "One core per 2,000 square feet of applied area (minimum)"
+default: "One core per 1,000 square feet of applied area (standard)"
+```
+
+## Thermal Imaging
+
+Infrared thermographic scanning of the completed building envelope is a powerful tool for identifying insulation voids, thermal bridges, and air leakage pathways that are not visible by conventional inspection. Thermographic scanning requires a minimum temperature differential of 10°F between interior and exterior and shall be conducted during heating season in cold climates or cooling season in hot climates. Where infrared scanning is specified as a quality assurance measure, the Contractor shall provide access to the building interior and shall coordinate the timing with the Owner's or Architect's thermographer.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Infrared Thermographic Inspection
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Required — Owner's thermographer, schedule with Contractor"
+ - "Contractor option — may use as self-QC measure"
+ - "Not required"
+default: "Not required"
+```
+
+# Warranty
+
+## Manufacturer's Material Warranty
+
+Insulation products carrying a manufacturer's material warranty against defects in materials shall be warranted to the Owner. The Contractor shall submit warranty documents as part of closeout submittals. Typical manufacturer warranties for rigid board insulation products are 10 to 25 years for resistance to physical degradation; the specific warranty coverage and exclusions vary by manufacturer and product, and the Contractor shall review the applicable warranty before procurement.
+
+Spray-applied polyurethane foam systems typically carry a material warranty of 10 years from the system manufacturer when installed by a certified applicator in conformance with manufacturer requirements. Warranty coverage for SPF is often conditional on the foam being covered by a compatible protective coating or covered by finished materials; uncovered and UV-exposed SPF is not warranted and will physically degrade within 1–2 years of UV exposure.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer's Material Warranty Period — Rigid Board Insulation
+type: select
+options:
+ - "10 years"
+ - "15 years"
+ - "20 years"
+ - "25 years"
+ - "Per manufacturer's standard warranty"
+default: "Per manufacturer's standard warranty"
+```
+
+## Installation Warranty
+
+The Contractor shall warrant the insulation installation against defects in workmanship, including voids, compression, improper facing orientation, unsealed joints, and failure to achieve specified R-value in completed assemblies, for the project warranty period from the date of substantial completion.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Installation Warranty Period
+type: select
+options:
+ - "1 year from substantial completion"
+ - "2 years from substantial completion"
+default: "1 year from substantial completion"
+```
+
+Where blower door testing reveals air leakage above the specified maximum during the warranty period, the Contractor shall identify and correct the leakage source and re-test at no additional cost to the Owner. Where thermal imaging reveals insulation voids or deficiencies during the warranty period, the Contractor shall open the affected assembly, correct the deficiency, and restore the assembly at no additional cost to the Owner, unless the deficiency is demonstrably due to post-completion Owner modifications.
+
+## Performance Documentation
+
+The Contractor shall maintain and provide to the Owner at closeout a complete set of energy code compliance documentation, including the certificate of compliance, the energy code report, blower door test results, HERS rater inspection reports where applicable, and any other documentation required by the AHJ for energy code compliance certification. This documentation is required for certificate of occupancy in many jurisdictions and shall be treated as a contract deliverable.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Energy Code Compliance Documentation Provided at Closeout
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Contractor certificate of compliance (signed)"
+ - "Energy code compliance report / compliance certificate"
+ - "Blower door test results"
+ - "HERS rater inspection report"
+ - "AHJ inspection approvals for insulation rough-in"
+ - "Infrared thermographic report (if required)"
+ - "SPF core sample test reports"
+default: "Contractor certificate of compliance (signed)"
+```