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title: Concrete Paving, Curbs, and Sidewalks
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description: >
When to use: Site cast-in-place concrete flatwork and pavements for commercial, institutional, and industrial projects, including exterior vehicular pavements (parking stalls, drive lanes, loading and service areas), sidewalks and walkways, curbs and curb-and-gutter (cast-in-place and slip-formed/extruded), integral curbs, concrete aprons and pads at dumpster and loading areas, ADA curb ramps and the detectable warning surfaces at them. Covers subgrade and aggregate base coordination, concrete mixture and durability (air entrainment for freeze-thaw and deicer exposure), slab thickness, reinforcement (welded wire, dowels at construction joints, tie bars at longitudinal joints), jointing (contraction/control sawcutting timing and depth, isolation joints, construction joints) and joint sealing, finishing (broom and optional exposed aggregate), curing and curing compounds, flatwork tolerances, ADA running and cross-slope limits for walks and ramps, and cold- and hot-weather concreting. Intended to be read alongside the civil grading and paving drawings and the geotechnical report, which govern the pavement section, thicknesses, limits, grades, jointing plan, and drainage.
− Not intended for: Hot-mix asphalt flexible pavement (see [[syncs/asphalt-paving]]); structural building slabs-on-grade and floors inside the building line (see [[syncs/cast-in-place-concrete]]); equipment foundations and machine pads (see [[syncs/concrete-pads]]); the aggregate base course and subbase beneath the concrete section (see [[syncs/aggregate-base-course]]); subgrade preparation, mass grading, structural fill, and proof rolling (see [[syncs/earthwork]]); storm drainage piping, inlets, and pavement underdrains (see [[syncs/storm-drainage]]); pervious (porous) concrete as the primary pavement system (it uses an open-graded, no-fines mixture not compacted or finished to the criteria of this standard, and requires a separate specification, although it may be selected as an option here); pavement markings and striping on the finished concrete (see [[syncs/pavement-markings]]); and highway, street, and airfield concrete pavement governed by state DOT or FAA specifications, although those documents are referenced herein as accepted industry practice.
+ Not intended for: Hot-mix asphalt flexible pavement (see [[sync/asphalt-paving]]); structural building slabs-on-grade and floors inside the building line (see [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]]); equipment foundations and machine pads (see [[sync/concrete-pads]]); the aggregate base course and subbase beneath the concrete section (see [[sync/aggregate-base-course]]); subgrade preparation, mass grading, structural fill, and proof rolling (see [[sync/earthwork]]); storm drainage piping, inlets, and pavement underdrains (see [[sync/storm-drainage]]); pervious (porous) concrete as the primary pavement system (it uses an open-graded, no-fines mixture not compacted or finished to the criteria of this standard, and requires a separate specification, although it may be selected as an option here); pavement markings and striping on the finished concrete (see [[sync/pavement-markings]]); and highway, street, and airfield concrete pavement governed by state DOT or FAA specifications, although those documents are referenced herein as accepted industry practice.
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## Where this standard, the geotechnical report, the contract drawings, and the adopted building code conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
−## The Contractor shall not place concrete pavement on an aggregate base or subgrade that has not been prepared, compacted, and accepted under [[syncs/aggregate-base-course]] and [[syncs/earthwork]].
+## The Contractor shall not place concrete pavement on an aggregate base or subgrade that has not been prepared, compacted, and accepted under [[sync/aggregate-base-course]] and [[sync/earthwork]].
−## The Contractor shall coordinate the subgrade, aggregate base, and subbase beneath the concrete section with [[syncs/aggregate-base-course]] and [[syncs/earthwork]].
+## The Contractor shall coordinate the subgrade, aggregate base, and subbase beneath the concrete section with [[sync/aggregate-base-course]] and [[sync/earthwork]].
−## The Contractor shall coordinate joint sealants at isolation, construction, and contraction joints with [[syncs/joint-sealants]].
+## The Contractor shall coordinate joint sealants at isolation, construction, and contraction joints with [[sync/joint-sealants]].
−## The Contractor shall coordinate reinforcing steel, welded wire reinforcement, dowels, and tie bars with [[syncs/concrete-reinforcement]].
+## The Contractor shall coordinate reinforcing steel, welded wire reinforcement, dowels, and tie bars with [[sync/concrete-reinforcement]].
−## The Contractor shall coordinate pavement markings and striping applied to the finished concrete with [[syncs/pavement-markings]].
+## The Contractor shall coordinate pavement markings and striping applied to the finished concrete with [[sync/pavement-markings]].
## This standard does not govern asphalt pavement, structural building slabs-on-grade inside the building line, equipment pads, or the storm drainage system within the paved area.
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- Product data for the curing compound (ASTM C309 or C1315), including type and class and the application rate
- Product data for reinforcement: welded wire reinforcement (ASTM A1064), reinforcing bars (ASTM A615), dowels (ASTM A1078 epoxy-coated smooth dowels) and dowel baskets, and tie bars
−- Product data for the preformed isolation/expansion joint filler (ASTM D1751 or D1752) and for the joint sealant, coordinated with [[syncs/joint-sealants]]
+- Product data for the preformed isolation/expansion joint filler (ASTM D1751 or D1752) and for the joint sealant, coordinated with [[sync/joint-sealants]]
- Product data for the detectable warning surface units at curb ramps, including the truncated-dome geometry and the attachment method
- Jointing plan (joint layout drawing) showing the location and type of every isolation, construction, and contraction joint, the panel dimensions, and the joint depths, where the jointing is not fully fixed by the contract drawings
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### The slab is only as good as the support beneath it, and a slab placed on a soft spot or a poorly compacted base cracks where the support is weakest no matter how strong the concrete is. {note}
−### The subgrade and aggregate base shall be prepared, compacted, proof-rolled, and accepted under [[syncs/aggregate-base-course]] and [[syncs/earthwork]] before concrete is placed.
+### The subgrade and aggregate base shall be prepared, compacted, proof-rolled, and accepted under [[sync/aggregate-base-course]] and [[sync/earthwork]] before concrete is placed.
### The base shall be at the correct elevation and cross slope within tolerance, uniformly compacted, free of soft spots, and dry and unfrozen at the time of placement.
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### Distributed reinforcement shall be positioned and held at the design height in the upper third of the slab on chairs or supports, and shall not be pulled up from the subgrade ("hooking") after the concrete is placed, because hooking leaves the steel at an unknown and ineffective depth. {note}
−### Reinforcement shall be lapped, supported, and covered as shown on the drawings and as required by [[syncs/concrete-reinforcement]], with adequate concrete cover for exterior exposure.
+### Reinforcement shall be lapped, supported, and covered as shown on the drawings and as required by [[sync/concrete-reinforcement]], with adequate concrete cover for exterior exposure.
## Dowels at Construction Joints {toc}
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−### Where joints are sealed, the sealant shall be installed over a backer rod or bond breaker so the sealant bonds only to the two joint faces and can stretch as the joint opens, in accordance with [[syncs/joint-sealants]].
+### Where joints are sealed, the sealant shall be installed over a backer rod or bond breaker so the sealant bonds only to the two joint faces and can stretch as the joint opens, in accordance with [[sync/joint-sealants]].
### Joints shall be clean and dry before sealing, and the sealant shall be recessed slightly below the surface so traffic does not abrade it.
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## Subgrade and Base Verification {toc}
−### The Contractor shall verify that the subgrade and aggregate base have been placed, compacted, proof-rolled, and accepted under [[syncs/aggregate-base-course]] and [[syncs/earthwork]] before placing any concrete.
+### The Contractor shall verify that the subgrade and aggregate base have been placed, compacted, proof-rolled, and accepted under [[sync/aggregate-base-course]] and [[sync/earthwork]] before placing any concrete.
### The base shall be at the correct elevation and cross slope within tolerance, uniformly firm with no soft spots, and clean, dry, and unfrozen at placement.
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## Ready-mixed concrete shall be delivered and discharged within the time and drum-revolution limits of ASTM C94, and loads that exceed those limits or that have begun to set shall be rejected.
−## Reinforcing steel, welded wire reinforcement, dowels, and tie bars shall be stored off the ground and protected from contaminants that impair bond, and epoxy-coated dowels and bars shall be handled so the coating is not damaged, under [[syncs/concrete-reinforcement]].
+## Reinforcing steel, welded wire reinforcement, dowels, and tie bars shall be stored off the ground and protected from contaminants that impair bond, and epoxy-coated dowels and bars shall be handled so the coating is not damaged, under [[sync/concrete-reinforcement]].
## Curing compound shall be stored in sealed containers protected from freezing, and shall be thoroughly agitated before use so the pigment and solids are uniformly dispersed.
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## Normal weathering, routine joint resealing, and damage from Owner deicer practices, snowplowing, or loads exceeding the design are Owner maintenance obligations and are not warranty items.