−---
−title: Exterior and Site Lighting
−category: Electrical
−toc_depth: 3
−description: >
− When to use: Exterior and site lighting for commercial, institutional, industrial, and campus projects, including area and roadway luminaires, parking-lot and parking-structure luminaires, floodlights, wall-pack luminaires, bollards, and their supporting poles, foundations, and lighting controls. Covers luminaire photometric performance, light-pollution and dark-sky control, LED drivers and electrical requirements, pole and support structures, foundations and anchorage, photocontrol and scheduling controls, surge protection, and corrosion-resistant finishes for outdoor service.
− Not intended for: Interior luminaires and interior lighting controls (see [[sync/lighting-fixtures]]); roadway and traffic signal structural supports designed by the transportation authority; landscape and low-voltage (under 50V) decorative lighting; airfield and heliport lighting; sports-field high-mast lighting design (use this standard for the luminaire and support requirements but coordinate aiming and uniformity with a specialist); emergency egress and exit lighting (see [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]]); and luminaire branch-circuit conductors and raceways (see [[sync/conductors-and-cables]] and [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]]).
−---
−
−# Scope
−
−This specification covers the performance, materials, construction, controls, and installation of exterior and site lighting equipment, including the luminaires, the poles and supports that carry them, the foundations and anchorage that resist their loads, and the controls that turn them on and off. Exterior lighting differs from interior lighting in three ways that drive nearly every requirement that follows: it operates in an uncontrolled environment of weather, temperature extremes, moisture, and corrosion; it is exposed to the public and therefore to vandalism, vehicle impact, and structural loading from wind and ice; and it emits light into the night sky and onto adjacent property, where it is increasingly regulated for energy use, glare, and light pollution. A luminaire that performs well indoors may fail quickly outdoors, and a pole that is adequate as a mounting bracket may collapse as a wind-loaded cantilever.
−
−Equipment furnished under this standard shall be listed and labeled for the wet or damp location in which it is installed by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory in accordance with UL 1598, and the LED components within it shall comply with UL 8750. The Contractor shall treat the luminaire, the pole, the foundation, and the control system as one coordinated system rather than as independently procured parts, because the photometric distribution selected for the luminaire depends on the mounting height set by the pole, the pole loading depends on the luminaire weight and projected area, and the foundation depends on the pole reactions.
−
−This standard is organized from the general to the specific: performance and photometric requirements first, then light-pollution control, then the electrical and driver requirements, then the structural pole, foundation, and anchorage requirements, then controls, surge protection, and finishes, and finally testing, installation, and closeout. Branch-circuit conductors, raceways, and grounding that serve the lighting are covered by [[sync/conductors-and-cables]], [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]], and [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]]; this standard governs the luminaire-, pole-, and control-specific requirements and the connection points between them.
−
−# Referenced Standards
−
−Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of the following standards and codes. Where the contract documents, the adopted building or energy code, or a referenced standard conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
−
−| Standard | Title |
−|----------|-------|
−| UL 1598 | Luminaires |
−| UL 1598C | Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Retrofit Luminaire Conversion Kits |
−| UL 8750 | Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Equipment for Use in Lighting Products |
−| UL 1449 | Surge Protective Devices |
−| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code (Articles 410 — Luminaires; 225 — Outside Branch Circuits and Feeders) |
−| ANSI/IES RP-8 | Recommended Practice for Design and Maintenance of Roadway and Parking Facility Lighting |
−| ANSI/IES RP-20 | Lighting for Parking Facilities |
−| ANSI/IES RP-33 | Lighting for Exterior Environments |
−| ANSI/IES TM-15 | Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor Luminaires (Backlight, Uplight, and Glare ratings) |
−| ANSI/IES LM-79 | Optical and Electrical Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products |
−| ANSI/IES LM-80 | Measuring Luminous Flux and Color Maintenance of LED Packages, Arrays, and Modules |
−| ANSI/IES TM-21 | Projecting Long-Term Luminous, Photon, and Radiant Flux Maintenance of LED Light Sources |
−| ANSI/IES TM-30 | Method for Evaluating Light Source Color Rendition |
−| IDA/IES Model Lighting Ordinance | Joint IDA-IES Model Lighting Ordinance |
−| ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 | Energy Standard for Sites and Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |
−| IECC | International Energy Conservation Code (exterior lighting power and controls) |
−| AASHTO LTS-6 | Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals |
−| ASCE 7 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures |
−| ANSI C136.3 | Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment — Luminaire Attachments |
−| ANSI C136.10 | Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment — Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles |
−| ANSI C136.25 | Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment — Ingress Protection for Luminaire Enclosures and Devices |
−| ANSI C136.31 | Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment — Luminaire Vibration |
−| ANSI C136.41 | Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment — Dimming Control Between an External Locking-Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driver |
−| IEEE C62.41.2 | Recommended Practice on Characterization of Surges in Low-Voltage (1000V and Less) AC Power Circuits |
−| IEEE C62.45 | Recommended Practice on Surge Testing for Equipment Connected to Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits |
−| ASTM B26 | Aluminum-Alloy Sand Castings |
−| ASTM B221 | Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes |
−| ASTM A123 | Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products |
−| AAMA 2604 / 2605 | Voluntary Specification for High-Performance Organic Coatings on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels |
−
−# Submittals
−
−## Action Submittals
−
−Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer's review prior to procurement and fabrication. Fabrication of poles and procurement of luminaires shall not proceed until the corresponding submittals are reviewed and returned, because pole structural design and luminaire photometrics are interdependent and a change to either may invalidate the other.
−
−- Product data for each luminaire type, including LED light engine, driver, optical assembly, housing, gaskets, and mounting hardware
−- Photometric test reports per ANSI/IES LM-79 from an ISO 17025 accredited laboratory, including the IES-format photometric data file for each distribution offered
−- LED lumen-maintenance data per ANSI/IES LM-80 with the TM-21 projected maintenance for the proposed drive current and case temperature
−- TM-15 Backlight-Uplight-Glare (BUG) rating for each luminaire and distribution
−- Pole structural calculations, signed and sealed by a professional engineer licensed in the project jurisdiction, demonstrating compliance with the wind, ice, and fatigue loading of AASHTO LTS-6 or ASCE 7 as applicable, including the effective projected area of all attached luminaires and brackets
−- Foundation design and anchor-bolt details, signed and sealed, coordinated with the geotechnical report
−- Control system narrative, wiring diagrams, and the proposed scheduling and dimming strategy
−- Surge protective device data including the rating and the IEEE C62.41.2 location category for which it is selected
−- Finish system data including coating type, color, and dry-film thickness
−
−```datasheet
−label: Action Submittals Required
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Luminaire product data"
− - "LM-79 photometric reports and IES files"
− - "LM-80 / TM-21 lumen-maintenance data"
− - "TM-15 BUG ratings"
− - "Pole structural calculations (signed and sealed)"
− - "Foundation and anchorage design (signed and sealed)"
− - "Control system narrative and wiring diagrams"
− - "Surge protective device data"
− - "Finish system data"
−default: "Luminaire product data"
−```
−
−## Closeout Submittals
−
−Contractor shall provide the following at substantial completion before the lighting system is accepted.
−
−- Operation and maintenance data for luminaires, drivers, and the control system, including driver programming and dimming setpoints
−- As-built site plan showing installed pole locations, mounting heights, circuiting, and control zones
−- Field test and aiming reports
−- Warranty documentation for luminaires, drivers, poles, and finishes
−
−# Quality Assurance
−
−## Luminaire Listing and Labeling
−
−Every luminaire shall be listed and labeled to UL 1598 by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory and shall be marked for the location in which it is installed — wet location for luminaires exposed to rain and for in-grade or near-grade luminaires, and damp location for luminaires in covered but unconditioned locations such as parking-structure soffits. A luminaire listed only for dry locations shall not be installed outdoors. This requirement is foundational because the listing is what confirms the gasketing, drainage, and electrical spacing are suitable for the weather the luminaire will see.
−
−## LED Component Compliance
−
−LED drivers, modules, and arrays within each luminaire shall comply with UL 8750. The driver is the most failure-prone component of an LED luminaire, and UL 8750 compliance establishes the construction and protection requirements that allow the driver to be relied upon for the service life claimed.
−
−## Photometric Test Laboratory
−
−Photometric testing submitted in support of luminaire selection shall be performed by a laboratory accredited to ISO 17025 with a scope that includes goniophotometer testing to ANSI/IES LM-79. Manufacturer-published lumen and distribution data that is not traceable to an accredited LM-79 test shall not be accepted as the basis for selection.
−
−## Structural Design Qualification
−
−Pole and foundation structural calculations shall be prepared and sealed by a professional engineer licensed in the jurisdiction of the project. A pole is a fatigue-loaded cantilever subject to wind-induced vibration; selecting a pole from a catalog by mounting height alone, without confirming it against the actual luminaire effective projected area and the site wind and ice loads, is the most common and most consequential error in exterior lighting and shall not be permitted.
−
−# Environmental and Service Conditions
−
−Exterior luminaires and their supports operate in the full range of site weather and shall be selected for the conditions at the project. The Engineer shall establish the design wind speed, ice load, ambient temperature range, and corrosion exposure, and the Contractor shall report any field condition that differs materially from the design basis.
−
−## Ambient Temperature Range
−
−LED luminaire output, color, and driver life are temperature dependent, and the published lumen-maintenance projection is valid only at or below the case temperature at which it was established. Luminaires shall be rated for the full ambient temperature range at the site.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Design Ambient Temperature Range
−type: select
−unit: °C
−options:
− - "-20°C to 40°C (temperate)"
− - "-40°C to 40°C (cold climate)"
− - "-20°C to 50°C (hot climate)"
− - "-40°C to 50°C (extreme range)"
−default: "-20°C to 40°C (temperate)"
−```
−
−## Corrosion Exposure
−
−```datasheet
−label: Corrosion Exposure Classification
−type: select
−options:
− - "C2 - Low (rural, dry, low pollution)"
− - "C3 - Medium (urban, suburban, moderate humidity)"
− - "C4 - High (industrial, de-iced roadway, near-coastal)"
− - "C5 - Very High (marine, coastal salt spray, heavy industrial)"
−default: "C3 - Medium (urban, suburban, moderate humidity)"
−```
−
−Corrosion exposure drives the selection of pole material, anchor-bolt protection, hardware grade, and finish system. Coastal and roadway-salt environments classified C4 or C5 require stainless or hot-dip galvanized hardware, enhanced coatings, and careful avoidance of dissimilar-metal couples; an installation that is adequate in a C2 environment will streak, pit, and fail prematurely in a C5 environment.
−
−## Wind, Ice, and Seismic Loading
−
−Pole supports shall be designed for the site design wind speed, the site ice load, and, where applicable, seismic loading. Design loads shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the structural and civil drawings or determined from the adopted building code and AASHTO LTS-6]]. Wind-induced vibration and fatigue, not static wind pressure alone, govern many tall-pole failures, and the fatigue provisions of AASHTO LTS-6 shall be applied to area and roadway poles.
−
−# Luminaire Performance and Photometrics
−
−The purpose of an exterior luminaire is to deliver the right amount of light, in the right distribution, to the surface that must be lit — and as little as possible everywhere else. The performance requirements below are stated as outcomes so that any compliant manufacturer's product can be selected.
−
−## Luminaire Type
−
−```datasheet
−label: Luminaire Type
−type: select
−options:
− - "Area / site (pole-mounted)"
− - "Roadway (pole-mounted, arm)"
− - "Parking structure (low-profile, ceiling or pendant)"
− - "Floodlight (aimed)"
− - "Wall-pack (building-mounted)"
− - "Bollard (post-top, low-level)"
− - "Post-top (decorative pole-mounted)"
−default: "Area / site (pole-mounted)"
−```
−
−The luminaire type establishes the family of distributions, mounting methods, and structural loads that apply. Area and roadway luminaires are pole-mounted and lay light across horizontal surfaces from height. Floodlights are aimed and are the most prone to glare and trespass when poorly controlled. Wall-packs are convenient but historically the worst offenders for light trespass and uplight. Bollards light paths at low level and are subject to vandalism and vehicle impact.
−
−## Light Distribution Type
−
−```datasheet
−label: Light Distribution Type (IES Type)
−type: select
−options:
− - "Type I (narrow, two-way along a path)"
− - "Type II (roadway side, narrow areas)"
− - "Type III (general area and parking)"
− - "Type IV (forward throw, perimeter and wall-mount)"
− - "Type V (symmetric, square, open areas and intersections)"
−default: "Type III (general area and parking)"
−```
−
−The IES distribution type, classified per ANSI/IES TM-15, describes how the luminaire spreads light relative to the pole. Selecting the correct distribution is what allows fewer poles to cover an area uniformly without spilling light off-site. Type III is the workhorse for parking and general area lighting along a perimeter; Type V is used for poles in the center of open areas; Type II and Type IV control light toward property lines.
−
−## Illuminance and Uniformity Targets
−
−```datasheet
−label: Application and Illuminance Target
−type: select
−unit: fc
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Parking lot, basic (0.2 fc min)"
− - "Parking lot, enhanced security (0.5 fc min)"
− - "Parking structure (1 fc min, 5 fc transition zones)"
− - "Pedestrian walkway (0.5 fc avg)"
− - "Roadway, local (per RP-8 by classification)"
− - "Building entrance / canopy (5 fc avg)"
−default: "Parking lot, basic (0.2 fc min)"
−```
−
−Illuminance targets and uniformity ratios shall follow ANSI/IES RP-8 for roadways, ANSI/IES RP-20 for parking facilities, and ANSI/IES RP-33 for general exterior environments, and the design point-by-point values shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the photometric site plan]]. Over-lighting wastes energy, violates energy-code power allowances, and worsens glare and light pollution; the design intent is to meet the recommended minimum and uniformity, not to maximize light.
−
−## Maintained Light Output and Lumen Maintenance
−
−```datasheet
−label: Minimum Rated Lumen Maintenance (L70)
−type: select
−unit: hours
−options:
− - "L70 at 50,000 hours"
− - "L70 at 75,000 hours"
− - "L70 at 100,000 hours"
−default: "L70 at 100,000 hours"
−```
−
−Lumen maintenance shall be substantiated by ANSI/IES LM-80 testing of the LED source and a TM-21 projection at the luminaire's actual in-service drive current and case temperature — not at a lower laboratory test current that flatters the projection. L70 is the operating time at which the luminaire is projected to retain 70 percent of its initial output. The design illuminance shall account for this depreciation through a light-loss factor so that the surface still meets the target at end of life.
−
−## Correlated Color Temperature
−
−```datasheet
−label: Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
−type: radio
−unit: K
−options:
− - "2700 K (warm)"
− - "3000 K (warm-neutral, dark-sky preferred)"
− - "4000 K (neutral)"
−default: "3000 K (warm-neutral, dark-sky preferred)"
−```
−
−A CCT of 3000 K or lower is preferred for exterior lighting and is the maximum permitted by the DarkSky Approved program and by many jurisdictions, because shorter-wavelength (bluer, higher-CCT) light scatters more in the atmosphere, contributes disproportionately to skyglow, and has greater ecological impact on wildlife. 4000 K may be selected where a jurisdiction or owner standard requires it, but it should not be the default. Where a jurisdiction caps CCT, that cap governs.
−
−## Color Rendering
−
−```datasheet
−label: Minimum Color Rendering Index (CRI)
−type: select
−options:
− - "70 CRI minimum"
− - "80 CRI minimum"
− - "90 CRI minimum"
−default: "70 CRI minimum"
−```
−
−A minimum CRI of 70 is adequate for most roadway and parking applications where color discrimination is not critical. A CRI of 80 or higher should be specified where color recognition matters, such as building entrances, pedestrian areas, and security camera coverage. Color rendition may additionally be evaluated by the ANSI/IES TM-30 fidelity and gamut indices where the owner has a more demanding appearance requirement.
−
−# Light Pollution, BUG Rating, and Dark-Sky Control
−
−Exterior lighting is the source of light trespass onto adjacent property, skyglow that erases the night sky, and glare that reduces rather than improves visibility. Controlling these is both an environmental obligation and, increasingly, a code and ordinance requirement. The Backlight-Uplight-Glare (BUG) system of ANSI/IES TM-15 quantifies a luminaire's contribution to each.
−
−## Uplight Limit
−
−```datasheet
−label: Maximum Uplight Rating (TM-15 "U")
−type: select
−options:
− - "U0 (no uplight — full cutoff, dark-sky)"
− - "U1"
− - "U2"
−default: "U0 (no uplight — full cutoff, dark-sky)"
−```
−
−A U0 rating means the luminaire emits no light at or above the horizontal and is the requirement for dark-sky compliance and for the IDA-IES Model Lighting Ordinance. Uplight is the single largest controllable contributor to skyglow and is almost never useful; U0 shall be the default for all luminaires except where decorative post-top luminaires with a specified low uplight are explicitly approved.
−
−## Backlight Limit
−
−```datasheet
−label: Maximum Backlight Rating (TM-15 "B") at Property Lines
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "B1"
− - "B2"
− - "B3"
−default: "B2"
−```
−
−The backlight rating limits light cast behind the pole toward an abutting property and shall be coordinated with the luminaire's setback from the property line; luminaires near a property line shall carry a lower backlight rating or use a backlight shield, and the permitted value at each location shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the photometric site plan with property lines and lighting zones]].
−
−## Glare Limit
−
−```datasheet
−label: Maximum Glare Rating (TM-15 "G")
−type: select
−options:
− - "G1"
− - "G2"
− - "G3"
−default: "G2"
−```
−
−The glare rating limits high-angle luminance that causes discomfort and disability glare. Lower glare ratings are required for pedestrian areas and where luminaires are viewed against a dark background.
−
−## Lighting Zone
−
−```datasheet
−label: Lighting Zone (Model Lighting Ordinance)
−type: select
−options:
− - "LZ0 - No ambient lighting (parks, wilderness)"
− - "LZ1 - Low (rural, residential)"
− - "LZ2 - Moderate (suburban commercial)"
− - "LZ3 - Moderately high (urban commercial)"
− - "LZ4 - High (major metropolitan)"
−default: "LZ2 - Moderate (suburban commercial)"
−```
−
−The lighting zone of the IDA-IES Model Lighting Ordinance sets the allowable BUG ratings, total site lumens, and curfew provisions. The zone shall be taken from the adopted local ordinance where one exists; where none exists, the zone reflects the character of the surroundings and governs the BUG limits selected above.
−
−## House-Side Shielding
−
−```datasheet
−label: House-Side / Backlight Shielding
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Not required"
− - "Provided at luminaires adjacent to property lines and residences"
−default: "Provided at luminaires adjacent to property lines and residences"
−```
−
−Where a luminaire is close to a property line, a residence, or a protected view, a factory house-side shield shall be provided to block backlight without re-aiming the luminaire. Field-fabricated shields shall not be used because they alter the listed thermal and photometric performance.
−
−# Electrical and Drivers
−
−## System Voltage
−
−```datasheet
−label: System Voltage
−type: select
−unit: V
−options:
− - "120 V"
− - "208 V"
− - "240 V"
− - "277 V"
− - "347 V"
− - "480 V"
− - "Multi-volt (120-277 V universal)"
−default: "Multi-volt (120-277 V universal)"
−```
−
−Universal-input drivers operating across 120-277 V simplify procurement and stocking and are the practical default for most projects; a fixed voltage shall be selected where the site distribution voltage is 347 V or 480 V or where a specific voltage is required for circuit balance. Outside branch circuits and feeders serving the lighting shall comply with NFPA 70 Article 225.
−
−## LED Driver
−
−The LED driver shall comply with UL 8750 and shall be a constant-current electronic driver matched to the LED module. The driver shall be field-replaceable without replacing the entire luminaire or removing it from the pole where the luminaire is mounted at a height that permits in-place service; tool-less or captive-fastener driver access is preferred because driver replacement is the most common maintenance event over the life of an LED luminaire.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Driver Power Factor (Minimum)
−type: select
−options:
− - "0.90 minimum"
− - "0.95 minimum"
−default: "0.90 minimum"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Maximum Total Harmonic Distortion (Driver Current)
−type: select
−unit: "%"
−options:
− - "20% maximum"
− - "15% maximum"
− - "10% maximum"
−default: "20% maximum"
−```
−
−A power factor of at least 0.90 and current total harmonic distortion at or below 20 percent are required to limit utility penalties and harmonic loading on the branch circuit. Lower THD should be specified where many drivers share a circuit or where the site is sensitive to harmonics.
−
−## Dimming Interface
−
−```datasheet
−label: Driver Dimming Interface
−type: select
−options:
− - "0-10 V analog dimming"
− - "DALI digital addressable"
− - "Integral wireless control node"
− - "Non-dimming (on/off only)"
−default: "0-10 V analog dimming"
−```
−
−A dimmable driver is required wherever the controls strategy includes part-night dimming or daylight response. The 0-10 V interface is the most widely supported and is the practical default; DALI is selected where individual luminaire addressing and feedback are required. The dimming interface shall be coordinated with the control system selected below.
−
−# Poles and Supports
−
−The pole is a structural element, not an accessory. It is a cantilever loaded by its own weight, the weight and wind area of the luminaires and brackets it carries, wind, ice, and — in roadway applications — vehicle impact considerations. Pole selection shall follow the sealed structural calculations, not a catalog mounting-height table.
−
−## Mounting Configuration
−
−```datasheet
−label: Luminaire Mounting Configuration
−type: select
−options:
− - "Pole arm / mast arm (single)"
− - "Pole arm (twin, opposed)"
− - "Pole arm (multiple, at angles)"
− - "Post-top mount"
− - "Direct wall mount (wall-pack)"
− - "Tenon / slip-fitter mount"
−default: "Pole arm / mast arm (single)"
−```
−
−The mounting configuration determines the number and arrangement of luminaires on the pole, which directly drives the pole's effective projected area and the eccentric moment it must resist. A multiple-luminaire arrangement at a single pole reduces pole count but increases the structural demand on each pole and its foundation.
−
−## Mounting Height
−
−```datasheet
−label: Luminaire Mounting Height
−type: select
−unit: ft
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "12 ft (pedestrian, post-top)"
− - "15 ft (walkway, low-level area)"
− - "20 ft (parking, low)"
− - "25 ft (parking, typical)"
− - "30 ft (parking, large lot)"
− - "35 ft (roadway, large area)"
− - "40 ft (roadway, high-mast lower range)"
−default: "25 ft (parking, typical)"
−```
−
−Mounting height trades pole count against light distribution and glare. Higher mounting covers more area per pole with lower glare angles but requires a stronger pole and foundation and makes maintenance harder. The mounting height shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the photometric site plan]] and coordinated with the selected distribution type so that the spacing-to-mounting-height ratio produces the required uniformity.
−
−## Pole Material
−
−```datasheet
−label: Pole Material
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Aluminum (extruded or spun)"
− - "Steel (hot-dip galvanized)"
− - "Steel (galvanized and powder-coated)"
− - "Concrete (spun or precast)"
− - "Fiberglass / FRP"
−default: "Steel (galvanized and powder-coated)"
−```
−
−Aluminum poles resist corrosion inherently and are light enough to handle without lifting equipment, making them well suited to coastal and roadway-salt environments and to shorter poles. Galvanized steel poles are stronger for tall poles and high-load multiple-luminaire arrangements and are the practical default for typical parking and roadway heights; the galvanizing per ASTM A123 is the primary corrosion defense and shall not be compromised by field cutting or welding. Concrete poles offer long maintenance-free life and impact mass for roadway applications. Fiberglass poles are non-conductive and corrosion-immune and are selected where electrical isolation or aggressive chemical exposure governs. The material shall be confirmed against the corrosion exposure classification and the structural calculations.
−
−## Pole Wind and Fatigue Resistance
−
−Poles shall be designed and fabricated to resist the design wind, ice, and fatigue loads of AASHTO LTS-6 for area and roadway luminaire supports, or ASCE 7 where the building code governs site-lighting poles on a building site. The effective projected area used in the calculation shall include every luminaire, bracket, and banner or sign arm actually mounted on the pole. Wind-induced vibration fatigue at the base weld and the anchor-bolt connection is a recognized failure mode for slender poles and shall be specifically addressed.
−
−## Pole Vibration
−
−Luminaires and their attachments shall withstand the vibration of normal service per ANSI C136.31 so that the LED module, driver, and optical assembly are not loosened or fatigued by wind-induced pole oscillation. Roadway and high-mast applications impose higher vibration and shall use the corresponding higher vibration category.
−
−## Handhole and Wiring
−
−Each pole shall have a reinforced, gasketed handhole near the base with a removable cover for access to the in-pole wiring and the in-line fuse holders. Pole wiring shall be supported so that it does not bear on sharp edges and shall be provided with a grounding provision inside the handhole bonded per [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]]. An in-line fuse in each ungrounded conductor at the handhole is required so that a fault in one pole does not de-energize the entire circuit and so the pole can be isolated for service.
−
−```datasheet
−label: In-Pole Fusing
−type: radio
−options:
− - "In-line fuse in each ungrounded conductor at handhole"
− - "Not required (fused at distribution only)"
−default: "In-line fuse in each ungrounded conductor at handhole"
−```
−
−## Luminaire Attachments
−
−Brackets, arms, tenons, and slip-fitters shall comply with ANSI C136.3 for mechanical interchangeability and load capacity. Attachment hardware shall be stainless steel or hot-dip galvanized to match the corrosion class, and dissimilar-metal contact between an aluminum luminaire and a steel pole shall be isolated to prevent galvanic corrosion.
−
−# Foundations and Anchorage
−
−The pole foundation transfers the pole's overturning moment, shear, and uplift into the soil. Foundation design depends on the pole reactions, the soil properties from the geotechnical report, and the frost depth, and shall not be a standard detail applied without verification.
−
−## Foundation Type
−
−```datasheet
−label: Pole Foundation Type
−type: select
−options:
− - "Drilled concrete pier (cast-in-place)"
− - "Spread footing (cast-in-place)"
− - "Precast concrete base"
− - "Direct-buried (embedded pole)"
−default: "Drilled concrete pier (cast-in-place)"
−```
−
−The drilled concrete pier is the most common foundation for area and roadway poles because it resists overturning efficiently with a small footprint. Direct-buried poles are economical for shorter, lighter poles but are limited by soil capacity and corrosion at the grade line. The foundation type, embedment depth, reinforcement, and concrete strength shall be [[drawing: as detailed on the structural drawings and coordinated with the geotechnical report]]. Cast-in-place foundation concrete shall comply with [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]] and reinforcement with [[sync/concrete-reinforcement]].
−
−## Anchor Bolts and Base Plate
−
−Anchor bolts shall be sized and embedded per the sealed foundation design to develop the pole base reactions, and the bolt pattern shall match the pole base plate. Anchor bolts, nuts, and washers in corrosive or coastal environments shall be hot-dip galvanized or stainless steel, and the projecting threads shall be protected. A non-shrink grout pad or a leveling-nut arrangement shall be used so the base plate bears uniformly; the void under the base plate shall be handled per the pole manufacturer's instructions, because trapping water under an ungrouted base plate accelerates corrosion and an improperly grouted base can prevent the connection from flexing as the fatigue design assumes.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Anchor Bolt / Base Plate Corrosion Protection
−type: select
−options:
− - "Hot-dip galvanized"
− - "Stainless steel"
− - "Zinc-plated (interior / sheltered only)"
−default: "Hot-dip galvanized"
−```
−
−## Frangible / Breakaway Bases
−
−```datasheet
−label: Frangible / Breakaway Base
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Not required"
− - "Required (poles in vehicle clear zone)"
−default: "Not required"
−```
−
−Where a pole stands within the vehicle clear zone of a roadway or a high-speed drive aisle, a breakaway base designed per AASHTO LTS-6 shall be provided so that the pole separates predictably on impact rather than arresting the vehicle. Breakaway bases shall not be used where a falling pole would endanger pedestrians or strike a building.
−
−## Grade Clearance
−
−The top of the foundation shall extend above finished grade or pavement so that the base plate and anchor bolts are not submerged in standing or splash water; the projection shall be [[drawing: as detailed on the structural drawings]], typically several inches above grade and higher in snow-removal or curbed-island locations.
−
−# Controls
−
−Exterior lighting controls are mandated by energy code to ensure the lighting is off or reduced when not needed. ASHRAE 90.1 and the IECC both require automatic shutoff of exterior lighting, generally by a combination of a photocontrol that prevents daytime operation and a time-based or occupancy-based control that reduces or extinguishes lighting during unoccupied night hours.
−
−## Photocontrol
−
−```datasheet
−label: Photocontrol Type
−type: select
−options:
− - "Locking-type twist-lock photocontrol (ANSI C136.10)"
− - "Button / non-locking photocontrol"
− - "Networked control node with integral photosensor"
− - "Central photocell controlling contactor"
−default: "Locking-type twist-lock photocontrol (ANSI C136.10)"
−```
−
−A photocontrol shall prevent the lighting from operating during daylight, satisfying the daylight-off requirement of the energy code. Locking-type (twist-lock) photocontrols complying with ANSI C136.10 are field-replaceable from the ground-accessible receptacle on shorter poles and are interchangeable between manufacturers, which is the practical default. A central photocell driving a lighting contactor is appropriate where many luminaires share a circuit and individual control is unnecessary.
−
−## Scheduling and Reduction Control
−
−```datasheet
−label: Time-Based / Occupancy Control Strategy
−type: select
−options:
− - "Astronomical time switch (on at dusk, off/reduce at set time)"
− - "Networked schedule with part-night dimming"
− - "Occupancy/motion sensing with dimming to low level"
− - "Photocontrol only (dusk-to-dawn, no reduction)"
−default: "Astronomical time switch (on at dusk, off/reduce at set time)"
−```
−
−The energy code requires that exterior lighting be reduced or extinguished during unoccupied hours beyond simple dusk-to-dawn operation for most applications. An astronomical time switch tracks seasonal sunrise and sunset and reduces or turns off lighting at a programmed time, satisfying the requirement without a sensor at every pole. Occupancy sensing that dims luminaires to a low level when no activity is detected and raises them on approach provides the greatest savings for parking lots and is increasingly required; where used, it shall be coordinated with the dimmable driver selected above. Photocontrol-only operation is permitted only for the limited applications the energy code exempts.
−
−## Control Zoning
−
−Control zones shall be arranged so that lighting can be reduced or switched by area according to occupancy and use, and the zone boundaries and assignments shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the lighting control plan]]. Façade, signage, and decorative lighting shall be on separate control from functional area lighting so that the energy-code curfew and shutoff requirements can be applied to each independently.
−
−# Surge Protection
−
−Outdoor luminaires are connected to long exterior circuits that are exposed to lightning-induced and switching surges, and the LED driver is the component most often destroyed by them. Surge protection is the single most cost-effective measure to prevent premature LED failure on exterior systems.
−
−## Luminaire Surge Protective Device
−
−```datasheet
−label: Luminaire Surge Protection Rating
−type: select
−unit: kV/kA
−options:
− - "10 kV / 5 kA (standard)"
− - "20 kV / 10 kA (elevated exposure)"
−default: "10 kV / 5 kA (standard)"
−```
−
−Each luminaire shall be provided with a surge protective device, listed to UL 1449 where applied as a discrete SPD, selected for the surge environment of its location category per IEEE C62.41.2 and tested per IEEE C62.45. A 10 kV / 5 kA device is adequate for most site locations; a 20 kV / 10 kA device shall be used for tall poles, exposed sites, and areas of high lightning activity. The SPD should be of a type that fails safe and disconnects the luminaire on its own end of life rather than failing the driver, and should be field-replaceable.
−
−## System-Level Surge Protection
−
−Where exterior lighting is fed from a panelboard or feeder that warrants protection, a panel-level surge protective device shall be coordinated with the luminaire-level devices in accordance with the cascade principles of IEEE C62.41.2. Grounding and bonding of poles and the surge path shall comply with [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]]; the effectiveness of any SPD depends entirely on a low-impedance ground connection at the pole.
−
−# Finishes and Corrosion Protection
−
−The finish is what allows the luminaire housing and the pole to survive years of weather without corroding, and the appropriate system depends on the corrosion exposure classification.
−
−## Luminaire Housing Finish
−
−```datasheet
−label: Luminaire Housing Finish
−type: select
−options:
− - "Polyester powder coat over pretreated aluminum"
− - "Super-durable polyester powder coat (high UV / coastal)"
− - "Anodized aluminum"
−default: "Polyester powder coat over pretreated aluminum"
−```
−
−Luminaire housings shall be corrosion-resistant aluminum (cast per ASTM B26 or extruded per ASTM B221) with a chromate-free pretreatment and a powder-coat finish. A super-durable powder coat shall be specified for coastal and high-UV environments where standard polyester chalks and fades.
−
−## Pole Finish
−
−```datasheet
−label: Pole Finish System
−type: select
−options:
− - "Hot-dip galvanized, bare (ASTM A123)"
− - "Hot-dip galvanized with polyester powder coat"
− - "High-performance coating on aluminum (AAMA 2604)"
− - "Superior-performance coating on aluminum (AAMA 2605, coastal)"
− - "Manufacturer's standard powder coat (aluminum, sheltered)"
−default: "Hot-dip galvanized with polyester powder coat"
−```
−
−Steel poles shall be hot-dip galvanized per ASTM A123 as the base corrosion protection; a powder-coat top finish is added where appearance is specified, applied over the galvanizing with proper surface preparation so it does not later peel. Aluminum poles shall receive a coating meeting AAMA 2604 for general use or AAMA 2605 for the longest life in coastal and high-UV exposure. Field cuts, drilled holes, and weld repairs in galvanized steel shall be repaired with a zinc-rich coating; bare steel left at a field modification will corrode and bleed regardless of the finish elsewhere.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Finish Color
−type: text
−default: "Black (RAL 9005)"
−```
−
−## Dissimilar Metal Isolation
−
−Where aluminum and steel components are joined — an aluminum luminaire on a steel pole, an aluminum pole on steel anchor bolts — the contact shall be isolated with a non-absorbent gasket or an isolation washer so that the galvanic couple does not consume the more anodic metal. This detail is routinely omitted and produces corrosion at exactly the connection that is most difficult to service.
−
−# Testing
−
−## Photometric Acceptance
−
−The installed lighting shall be verified to meet the design illuminance and uniformity after dark, with measurements taken at the points shown on the photometric plan after the LED output has stabilized and with the pavement and surroundings representative of the in-service condition. Readings substantially below or above the design indicate a wrong luminaire, wrong aiming, or a circuiting error and shall be corrected.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Field Illuminance Verification
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Point-by-point measurement at plan grid points"
− - "Spot measurement at representative locations"
− - "Not required"
−default: "Spot measurement at representative locations"
−```
−
−## Aiming and Shielding Verification
−
−Floodlights and adjustable luminaires shall be aimed to the angles shown on the drawings and locked, and the aiming shall be verified after dark for glare and trespass toward property lines and residences. House-side shields shall be confirmed installed where required.
−
−## Operational and Controls Testing
−
−The Contractor shall demonstrate that the photocontrol prevents daytime operation, that the scheduling or occupancy control reduces or extinguishes the lighting as programmed, that dimming operates across its range, and that each control zone responds independently. Functional testing of the controls is required by the energy code and the results shall be documented.
−
−## Pole and Anchorage Verification
−
−Anchor-bolt nuts shall be tightened to the pole manufacturer's specified torque using a calibrated tool and the torque recorded; under-tensioned or over-tensioned anchor bolts are a leading cause of base-connection fatigue failure. Base-plate grouting or leveling-nut arrangement shall be verified against the manufacturer's instructions.
−
−# Installation
−
−## Coordination and Sequencing
−
−The Contractor shall coordinate foundation locations and conduit stub-up with the sealed foundation design and the site civil work before concrete is placed, because a foundation poured in the wrong location or with the wrong bolt pattern cannot be corrected without demolition. Underground branch-circuit conductors and raceways serving the poles shall be installed per [[sync/conductors-and-cables]] and [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]].
−
−## Pole Erection
−
−Poles shall be set plumb on cured foundations and shall not be erected until the foundation concrete has reached the strength required by the structural drawings. Luminaires shall be mounted, leveled, and the in-pole wiring connected through the handhole with the in-line fuses installed. Lifting and rigging shall protect the finish; scratches through galvanizing or coating shall be repaired before acceptance.
−
−## Grounding and Bonding
−
−Each metal pole shall be bonded to the equipment grounding conductor of its circuit at the handhole grounding provision, and the grounding shall comply with [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]]. A non-conductive fiberglass pole still requires the luminaire and any metal hardware to be grounded through the equipment grounding conductor. A supplemental grounding electrode at the pole base may be provided where the design requires it for surge dissipation, but it does not replace the equipment grounding conductor connection.
−
−## Drainage and Sealing
−
−Luminaire gaskets and breathers shall be installed so that the luminaire drains and breathes as listed; sealing a luminaire's breather causes internal condensation that fails the optics and driver. Conduit entries into poles and luminaires shall be sealed against water entry, and any conduit that could convey water or condensation into a luminaire or pole shall be sealed per NFPA 70 to prevent moisture migration.
−
−# Delivery, Storage, and Handling
−
−Luminaires shall be delivered in the manufacturer's original packaging with listing marks intact and stored indoors, dry, and protected until installed; LED drivers are damaged by prolonged exposure to moisture and condensation in storage. Poles shall be stored off the ground on supports that do not concentrate load or abrade the finish, and galvanized and coated surfaces shall be protected from contact that would scratch them. Anchor-bolt assemblies and templates shall be stored together and protected from bending so the bolt pattern is preserved.
−
−# Warranty
−
−```datasheet
−label: Luminaire and Driver Warranty Period
−type: select
−options:
− - "5 years from substantial completion"
− - "7 years from substantial completion"
− - "10 years from substantial completion"
−default: "5 years from substantial completion"
−```
−
−Luminaires and drivers shall carry a manufacturer warranty against defects in materials and workmanship and against lumen depreciation below the rated maintenance for the warranty period. A five-year warranty is common for commercial LED exterior luminaires; ten years should be specified for infrastructure and long-life municipal projects where re-lamping access is costly.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Pole and Finish Warranty Period
−type: select
−options:
− - "1 year from substantial completion"
− - "5 years from substantial completion"
− - "10 years against finish failure"
−default: "5 years from substantial completion"
−```
−
−The pole structure and its finish shall be warranted against structural failure and against finish failure such as peeling, blistering, and excessive fading for the specified period. The Contractor shall warrant the installation, including anchorage, aiming, and controls, for the project warranty period.
−
−# Spare Parts
−
−```datasheet
−label: Spare Parts
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Spare LED drivers (one per luminaire type)"
− - "Spare LED modules / light engines (one per type)"
− - "Spare photocontrols"
− - "Spare in-line fuses (one box per rating)"
− - "Spare surge protective devices"
− - "Touch-up coating to match each finish"
−default: "Spare in-line fuses (one box per rating)"
−```
−
−Spare parts shall match the type, rating, CCT, and distribution of the installed equipment so that a replacement is photometrically and visually consistent with its neighbors. Touch-up coating matched to each finish shall be provided so that field repairs to scratched poles and luminaires do not leave a visible or corroding mark.
+---
+title: Exterior and Site Lighting
+category: Electrical / Lighting
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: Exterior and site lighting for commercial, institutional, industrial, and campus projects, including area and roadway luminaires, parking-lot and parking-structure luminaires, floodlights, wall-pack luminaires, bollards, and their supporting poles, foundations, and lighting controls. Covers luminaire photometric performance, light-pollution and dark-sky control, LED drivers and electrical requirements, pole and support structures, foundations and anchorage, photocontrol and scheduling controls, surge protection, and corrosion-resistant finishes for outdoor service.
+ Not intended for: Interior luminaires and interior lighting controls (see [[sync/lighting-fixtures]]); roadway and traffic signal structural supports designed by the transportation authority; landscape and low-voltage (under 50V) decorative lighting; airfield and heliport lighting; sports-field high-mast lighting design (use this standard for the luminaire and support requirements but coordinate aiming and uniformity with a specialist); emergency egress and exit lighting (see [[sync/emergency-and-standby-power]]); and luminaire branch-circuit conductors and raceways (see [[sync/conductors-and-cables]] and [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]]).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This specification covers the performance, materials, construction, controls, and installation of exterior and site lighting equipment, including the luminaires, the poles and supports that carry them, the foundations and anchorage that resist their loads, and the controls that turn them on and off. {note}
+
+## Exterior lighting differs from interior lighting in that it operates in an uncontrolled environment of weather, temperature extremes, moisture, and corrosion; it is exposed to the public and therefore to vandalism, vehicle impact, and structural loading from wind and ice; and it emits light into the night sky and onto adjacent property, where it is increasingly regulated for energy use, glare, and light pollution. {note}
+
+## A luminaire that performs well indoors may fail quickly outdoors, and a pole that is adequate as a mounting bracket may collapse as a wind-loaded cantilever. {note}
+
+## Equipment furnished under this standard shall be listed and labeled for the wet or damp location in which it is installed by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory in accordance with UL 1598.
+
+## The LED components within each luminaire shall comply with UL 8750.
+
+## The Contractor shall treat the luminaire, the pole, the foundation, and the control system as one coordinated system rather than as independently procured parts.
+
+## The photometric distribution selected for the luminaire depends on the mounting height set by the pole, the pole loading depends on the luminaire weight and projected area, and the foundation depends on the pole reactions. {note}
+
+## This standard is organized from the general to the specific: performance and photometric requirements first, then light-pollution control, then the electrical and driver requirements, then the structural pole, foundation, and anchorage requirements, then controls, surge protection, and finishes, and finally testing, installation, and closeout. {note}
+
+## Branch-circuit conductors, raceways, and grounding that serve the lighting are covered by [[sync/conductors-and-cables]], [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]], and [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]]; this standard governs the luminaire-, pole-, and control-specific requirements and the connection points between them. {note}
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of the following standards and codes.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| UL 1598 | Luminaires |
+| UL 1598C | Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Retrofit Luminaire Conversion Kits |
+| UL 8750 | Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Equipment for Use in Lighting Products |
+| UL 1449 | Surge Protective Devices |
+| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code (Articles 410 — Luminaires; 225 — Outside Branch Circuits and Feeders) |
+| ANSI/IES RP-8 | Recommended Practice for Design and Maintenance of Roadway and Parking Facility Lighting |
+| ANSI/IES RP-20 | Lighting for Parking Facilities |
+| ANSI/IES RP-33 | Lighting for Exterior Environments |
+| ANSI/IES TM-15 | Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor Luminaires (Backlight, Uplight, and Glare ratings) |
+| ANSI/IES LM-79 | Optical and Electrical Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products |
+| ANSI/IES LM-80 | Measuring Luminous Flux and Color Maintenance of LED Packages, Arrays, and Modules |
+| ANSI/IES TM-21 | Projecting Long-Term Luminous, Photon, and Radiant Flux Maintenance of LED Light Sources |
+| ANSI/IES TM-30 | Method for Evaluating Light Source Color Rendition |
+| IDA/IES Model Lighting Ordinance | Joint IDA-IES Model Lighting Ordinance |
+| ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 | Energy Standard for Sites and Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |
+| IECC | International Energy Conservation Code (exterior lighting power and controls) |
+| AASHTO LTS-6 | Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals |
+| ASCE 7 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures |
+| ANSI C136.3 | Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment — Luminaire Attachments |
+| ANSI C136.10 | Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment — Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles |
+| ANSI C136.25 | Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment — Ingress Protection for Luminaire Enclosures and Devices |
+| ANSI C136.31 | Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment — Luminaire Vibration |
+| ANSI C136.41 | Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment — Dimming Control Between an External Locking-Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driver |
+| IEEE C62.41.2 | Recommended Practice on Characterization of Surges in Low-Voltage (1000V and Less) AC Power Circuits |
+| IEEE C62.45 | Recommended Practice on Surge Testing for Equipment Connected to Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits |
+| ASTM B26 | Aluminum-Alloy Sand Castings |
+| ASTM B221 | Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes |
+| ASTM A123 | Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products |
+| AAMA 2604 / 2605 | Voluntary Specification for High-Performance Organic Coatings on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels |
+
+## Where the contract documents, the adopted building or energy code, or a referenced standard conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer's review prior to procurement and fabrication:
+
+- Product data for each luminaire type, including LED light engine, driver, optical assembly, housing, gaskets, and mounting hardware
+- Photometric test reports per ANSI/IES LM-79 from an ISO 17025 accredited laboratory, including the IES-format photometric data file for each distribution offered
+- LED lumen-maintenance data per ANSI/IES LM-80 with the TM-21 projected maintenance for the proposed drive current and case temperature
+- TM-15 Backlight-Uplight-Glare (BUG) rating for each luminaire and distribution
+- Pole structural calculations, signed and sealed by a professional engineer licensed in the project jurisdiction, demonstrating compliance with the wind, ice, and fatigue loading of AASHTO LTS-6 or ASCE 7 as applicable, including the effective projected area of all attached luminaires and brackets
+- Foundation design and anchor-bolt details, signed and sealed, coordinated with the geotechnical report
+- Control system narrative, wiring diagrams, and the proposed scheduling and dimming strategy
+- Surge protective device data including the rating and the IEEE C62.41.2 location category for which it is selected
+- Finish system data including coating type, color, and dry-film thickness
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Luminaire product data"
+ - "LM-79 photometric reports and IES files"
+ - "LM-80 / TM-21 lumen-maintenance data"
+ - "TM-15 BUG ratings"
+ - "Pole structural calculations (signed and sealed)"
+ - "Foundation and anchorage design (signed and sealed)"
+ - "Control system narrative and wiring diagrams"
+ - "Surge protective device data"
+ - "Finish system data"
+default: "Luminaire product data"
+```
+
+### Fabrication of poles and procurement of luminaires shall not proceed until the corresponding submittals are reviewed and returned, because pole structural design and luminaire photometrics are interdependent and a change to either may invalidate the other.
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### Contractor shall provide the following at substantial completion before the lighting system is accepted:
+
+- Operation and maintenance data for luminaires, drivers, and the control system, including driver programming and dimming setpoints
+- As-built site plan showing installed pole locations, mounting heights, circuiting, and control zones
+- Field test and aiming reports
+- Warranty documentation for luminaires, drivers, poles, and finishes
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Operation and maintenance data (luminaires, drivers, controls)"
+ - "As-built site plan (pole locations, heights, circuiting, zones)"
+ - "Field test and aiming reports"
+ - "Warranty documentation (luminaires, drivers, poles, finishes)"
+default: [Operation and maintenance data (luminaires, drivers, controls), As-built site plan (pole locations, heights, circuiting, zones), Field test and aiming reports, Warranty documentation (luminaires, drivers, poles, finishes)]
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Luminaire Listing and Labeling {toc}
+
+### Every luminaire shall be listed and labeled to UL 1598 by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory.
+
+### Each luminaire shall be marked for the location in which it is installed — wet location for luminaires exposed to rain and for in-grade or near-grade luminaires, and damp location for luminaires in covered but unconditioned locations such as parking-structure soffits.
+
+### A luminaire listed only for dry locations shall not be installed outdoors.
+
+### The listing confirms that the gasketing, drainage, and electrical spacing are suitable for the weather the luminaire will see. {note}
+
+## LED Component Compliance {toc}
+
+### LED drivers, modules, and arrays within each luminaire shall comply with UL 8750.
+
+### The driver is the most failure-prone component of an LED luminaire, and UL 8750 compliance establishes the construction and protection requirements that allow the driver to be relied upon for the service life claimed. {note}
+
+## Photometric Test Laboratory {toc}
+
+### Photometric testing submitted in support of luminaire selection shall be performed by a laboratory accredited to ISO 17025 with a scope that includes goniophotometer testing to ANSI/IES LM-79.
+
+### Manufacturer-published lumen and distribution data that is not traceable to an accredited LM-79 test shall not be accepted as the basis for selection.
+
+## Structural Design Qualification {toc}
+
+### Pole and foundation structural calculations shall be prepared and sealed by a professional engineer licensed in the jurisdiction of the project.
+
+### A pole is a fatigue-loaded cantilever subject to wind-induced vibration; selecting a pole from a catalog by mounting height alone, without confirming it against the actual luminaire effective projected area and the site wind and ice loads, is the most common and most consequential error in exterior lighting and shall not be permitted.
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## The Engineer shall establish the design wind speed, ice load, ambient temperature range, and corrosion exposure.
+
+## The Contractor shall report any field condition that differs materially from the design basis.
+
+## Ambient Temperature Range {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design Ambient Temperature Range
+type: select
+unit: °C
+options:
+ - "-20°C to 40°C (temperate)"
+ - "-40°C to 40°C (cold climate)"
+ - "-20°C to 50°C (hot climate)"
+ - "-40°C to 50°C (extreme range)"
+default: "-20°C to 40°C (temperate)"
+```
+
+### Luminaires shall be rated for the full ambient temperature range at the site.
+
+### LED luminaire output, color, and driver life are temperature dependent, and the published lumen-maintenance projection is valid only at or below the case temperature at which it was established. {note}
+
+## Corrosion Exposure {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Corrosion Exposure Classification
+type: select
+options:
+ - "C2 - Low (rural, dry, low pollution)"
+ - "C3 - Medium (urban, suburban, moderate humidity)"
+ - "C4 - High (industrial, de-iced roadway, near-coastal)"
+ - "C5 - Very High (marine, coastal salt spray, heavy industrial)"
+default: "C3 - Medium (urban, suburban, moderate humidity)"
+```
+
+### Coastal and roadway-salt environments classified C4 or C5 shall use stainless or hot-dip galvanized hardware, enhanced coatings, and careful avoidance of dissimilar-metal couples.
+
+### Corrosion exposure drives the selection of pole material, anchor-bolt protection, hardware grade, and finish system; an installation that is adequate in a C2 environment will streak, pit, and fail prematurely in a C5 environment. {note}
+
+## Wind, Ice, and Seismic Loading {toc}
+
+### Pole supports shall be designed for the site design wind speed, the site ice load, and, where applicable, seismic loading.
+
+### Design loads shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the structural and civil drawings or determined from the adopted building code and AASHTO LTS-6]].
+
+### The fatigue provisions of AASHTO LTS-6 shall be applied to area and roadway poles.
+
+### Wind-induced vibration and fatigue, not static wind pressure alone, govern many tall-pole failures. {note}
+
+# Luminaire Performance and Photometrics {toc}
+
+## The purpose of an exterior luminaire is to deliver the right amount of light, in the right distribution, to the surface that must be lit — and as little as possible everywhere else.
+## The performance requirements below are stated as outcomes so that any compliant manufacturer's product can be selected. {note}
+
+## Luminaire Type {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Luminaire Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Area / site (pole-mounted)"
+ - "Roadway (pole-mounted, arm)"
+ - "Parking structure (low-profile, ceiling or pendant)"
+ - "Floodlight (aimed)"
+ - "Wall-pack (building-mounted)"
+ - "Bollard (post-top, low-level)"
+ - "Post-top (decorative pole-mounted)"
+default: "Area / site (pole-mounted)"
+```
+
+### The luminaire type establishes the family of distributions, mounting methods, and structural loads that apply; area and roadway luminaires are pole-mounted and lay light across horizontal surfaces from height, floodlights are aimed and are the most prone to glare and trespass when poorly controlled, wall-packs are convenient but historically the worst offenders for light trespass and uplight, and bollards light paths at low level and are subject to vandalism and vehicle impact. {note}
+
+## Light Distribution Type {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Light Distribution Type (IES Type)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Type I (narrow, two-way along a path)"
+ - "Type II (roadway side, narrow areas)"
+ - "Type III (general area and parking)"
+ - "Type IV (forward throw, perimeter and wall-mount)"
+ - "Type V (symmetric, square, open areas and intersections)"
+default: "Type III (general area and parking)"
+```
+
+### The IES distribution type, classified per ANSI/IES TM-15, shall be selected to spread light correctly relative to the pole so that fewer poles cover an area uniformly without spilling light off-site; Type III is the workhorse for parking and general area lighting along a perimeter, Type V is used for poles in the center of open areas, and Type II and Type IV control light toward property lines.
+
+## Illuminance and Uniformity Targets {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Application and Illuminance Target
+type: select
+unit: fc
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Parking lot, basic (0.2 fc min)"
+ - "Parking lot, enhanced security (0.5 fc min)"
+ - "Parking structure (1 fc min, 5 fc transition zones)"
+ - "Pedestrian walkway (0.5 fc avg)"
+ - "Roadway, local (per RP-8 by classification)"
+ - "Building entrance / canopy (5 fc avg)"
+default: "Parking lot, basic (0.2 fc min)"
+```
+
+### Illuminance targets and uniformity ratios shall follow ANSI/IES RP-8 for roadways, ANSI/IES RP-20 for parking facilities, and ANSI/IES RP-33 for general exterior environments.
+
+### The design point-by-point values shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the photometric site plan]].
+
+### The design intent is to meet the recommended minimum and uniformity, not to maximize light; over-lighting wastes energy, violates energy-code power allowances, and worsens glare and light pollution. {note}
+
+## Maintained Light Output and Lumen Maintenance {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Rated Lumen Maintenance (L70)
+type: select
+unit: hours
+options:
+ - "L70 at 50,000 hours"
+ - "L70 at 75,000 hours"
+ - "L70 at 100,000 hours"
+default: "L70 at 100,000 hours"
+```
+
+### Lumen maintenance shall be substantiated by ANSI/IES LM-80 testing of the LED source and a TM-21 projection at the luminaire's actual in-service drive current and case temperature, not at a lower laboratory test current that flatters the projection.
+
+### The design illuminance shall account for lumen depreciation through a light-loss factor so that the surface still meets the target at end of life.
+
+### L70 is the operating time at which the luminaire is projected to retain 70 percent of its initial output. {note}
+
+## Correlated Color Temperature {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
+type: radio
+unit: K
+options:
+ - "2700 K (warm)"
+ - "3000 K (warm-neutral, dark-sky preferred)"
+ - "4000 K (neutral)"
+default: "3000 K (warm-neutral, dark-sky preferred)"
+```
+
+### A CCT of 3000 K or lower is preferred for exterior lighting and is the maximum permitted by the DarkSky Approved program and by many jurisdictions.
+
+### 4000 K may be selected where a jurisdiction or owner standard requires it, but it should not be the default.
+
+### Where a jurisdiction caps CCT, that cap governs.
+
+### Shorter-wavelength (bluer, higher-CCT) light scatters more in the atmosphere, contributes disproportionately to skyglow, and has greater ecological impact on wildlife. {note}
+
+## Color Rendering {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Color Rendering Index (CRI)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "70 CRI minimum"
+ - "80 CRI minimum"
+ - "90 CRI minimum"
+default: "70 CRI minimum"
+```
+
+### A minimum CRI of 70 is adequate for most roadway and parking applications where color discrimination is not critical.
+
+### A CRI of 80 or higher should be specified where color recognition matters, such as building entrances, pedestrian areas, and security camera coverage.
+
+### Color rendition may additionally be evaluated by the ANSI/IES TM-30 fidelity and gamut indices where the owner has a more demanding appearance requirement.
+
+# Light Pollution, BUG Rating, and Dark-Sky Control {toc}
+
+## Exterior lighting is the source of light trespass onto adjacent property, skyglow that erases the night sky, and glare that reduces rather than improves visibility. {note}
+## Controlling these is both an environmental obligation and, increasingly, a code and ordinance requirement. {note}
+## The Backlight-Uplight-Glare (BUG) system of ANSI/IES TM-15 quantifies a luminaire's contribution to each. {note}
+
+## Uplight Limit {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Uplight Rating (TM-15 "U")
+type: select
+options:
+ - "U0 (no uplight — full cutoff, dark-sky)"
+ - "U1"
+ - "U2"
+default: "U0 (no uplight — full cutoff, dark-sky)"
+```
+
+### U0 shall be the default for all luminaires except where decorative post-top luminaires with a specified low uplight are explicitly approved.
+
+### A U0 rating means the luminaire emits no light at or above the horizontal and is the requirement for dark-sky compliance and for the IDA-IES Model Lighting Ordinance; uplight is the single largest controllable contributor to skyglow and is almost never useful. {note}
+
+## Backlight Limit {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Backlight Rating (TM-15 "B") at Property Lines
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "B1"
+ - "B2"
+ - "B3"
+default: "B2"
+```
+
+### The backlight rating shall be coordinated with the luminaire's setback from the property line; luminaires near a property line shall carry a lower backlight rating or use a backlight shield.
+
+### The permitted value at each location shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the photometric site plan with property lines and lighting zones]].
+
+## Glare Limit {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Glare Rating (TM-15 "G")
+type: select
+options:
+ - "G1"
+ - "G2"
+ - "G3"
+default: "G2"
+```
+
+### Lower glare ratings shall be required for pedestrian areas and where luminaires are viewed against a dark background.
+
+### The glare rating limits high-angle luminance that causes discomfort and disability glare. {note}
+
+## Lighting Zone {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Lighting Zone (Model Lighting Ordinance)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "LZ0 - No ambient lighting (parks, wilderness)"
+ - "LZ1 - Low (rural, residential)"
+ - "LZ2 - Moderate (suburban commercial)"
+ - "LZ3 - Moderately high (urban commercial)"
+ - "LZ4 - High (major metropolitan)"
+default: "LZ2 - Moderate (suburban commercial)"
+```
+
+### The lighting zone shall be taken from the adopted local ordinance where one exists; where none exists, the zone reflects the character of the surroundings and governs the BUG limits selected above.
+
+### The lighting zone of the IDA-IES Model Lighting Ordinance sets the allowable BUG ratings, total site lumens, and curfew provisions. {note}
+
+## House-Side Shielding {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: House-Side / Backlight Shielding
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Not required"
+ - "Provided at luminaires adjacent to property lines and residences"
+default: "Provided at luminaires adjacent to property lines and residences"
+```
+
+### Where a luminaire is close to a property line, a residence, or a protected view, a factory house-side shield shall be provided to block backlight without re-aiming the luminaire.
+
+### Field-fabricated shields shall not be used because they alter the listed thermal and photometric performance.
+
+# Electrical and Drivers {toc}
+
+## System Voltage {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: System Voltage
+type: select
+unit: V
+options:
+ - "120 V"
+ - "208 V"
+ - "240 V"
+ - "277 V"
+ - "347 V"
+ - "480 V"
+ - "Multi-volt (120-277 V universal)"
+default: "Multi-volt (120-277 V universal)"
+```
+
+### A fixed voltage shall be selected where the site distribution voltage is 347 V or 480 V or where a specific voltage is required for circuit balance.
+
+### Outside branch circuits and feeders serving the lighting shall comply with NFPA 70 Article 225.
+
+### Universal-input drivers operating across 120-277 V simplify procurement and stocking and are the practical default for most projects. {note}
+
+## LED Driver {toc}
+
+### The LED driver shall comply with UL 8750 and shall be a constant-current electronic driver matched to the LED module.
+
+### The driver shall be field-replaceable without replacing the entire luminaire or removing it from the pole where the luminaire is mounted at a height that permits in-place service.
+
+### Tool-less or captive-fastener driver access is preferred because driver replacement is the most common maintenance event over the life of an LED luminaire. {note}
+
+### Driver Electrical Performance {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Driver Power Factor (Minimum)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "0.90 minimum"
+ - "0.95 minimum"
+default: "0.90 minimum"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Total Harmonic Distortion (Driver Current)
+type: select
+unit: "%"
+options:
+ - "20% maximum"
+ - "15% maximum"
+ - "10% maximum"
+default: "20% maximum"
+```
+
+#### A power factor of at least 0.90 and current total harmonic distortion at or below 20 percent are required to limit utility penalties and harmonic loading on the branch circuit.
+
+#### Lower THD should be specified where many drivers share a circuit or where the site is sensitive to harmonics.
+
+## Dimming Interface {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Driver Dimming Interface
+type: select
+options:
+ - "0-10 V analog dimming"
+ - "DALI digital addressable"
+ - "Integral wireless control node"
+ - "Non-dimming (on/off only)"
+default: "0-10 V analog dimming"
+```
+
+### A dimmable driver shall be provided wherever the controls strategy includes part-night dimming or daylight response.
+
+### The dimming interface shall be coordinated with the control system selected below.
+
+### The 0-10 V interface is the most widely supported and is the practical default; DALI is selected where individual luminaire addressing and feedback are required. {note}
+
+# Poles and Supports {toc}
+
+## The pole is a structural element, not an accessory. {note}
+## It is a cantilever loaded by its own weight, the weight and wind area of the luminaires and brackets it carries, wind, ice, and — in roadway applications — vehicle impact considerations. {note}
+## Pole selection shall follow the sealed structural calculations, not a catalog mounting-height table.
+
+## Mounting Configuration {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Luminaire Mounting Configuration
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Pole arm / mast arm (single)"
+ - "Pole arm (twin, opposed)"
+ - "Pole arm (multiple, at angles)"
+ - "Post-top mount"
+ - "Direct wall mount (wall-pack)"
+ - "Tenon / slip-fitter mount"
+default: "Pole arm / mast arm (single)"
+```
+
+### The mounting configuration determines the number and arrangement of luminaires on the pole, which directly drives the pole's effective projected area and the eccentric moment it must resist; a multiple-luminaire arrangement at a single pole reduces pole count but increases the structural demand on each pole and its foundation. {note}
+
+## Mounting Height {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Luminaire Mounting Height
+type: select
+unit: ft
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "12 ft (pedestrian, post-top)"
+ - "15 ft (walkway, low-level area)"
+ - "20 ft (parking, low)"
+ - "25 ft (parking, typical)"
+ - "30 ft (parking, large lot)"
+ - "35 ft (roadway, large area)"
+ - "40 ft (roadway, high-mast lower range)"
+default: "25 ft (parking, typical)"
+```
+
+### The mounting height shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the photometric site plan]] and coordinated with the selected distribution type so that the spacing-to-mounting-height ratio produces the required uniformity.
+
+### Mounting height trades pole count against light distribution and glare; higher mounting covers more area per pole with lower glare angles but requires a stronger pole and foundation and makes maintenance harder. {note}
+
+## Pole Material {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pole Material
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Aluminum (extruded or spun)"
+ - "Steel (hot-dip galvanized)"
+ - "Steel (galvanized and powder-coated)"
+ - "Concrete (spun or precast)"
+ - "Fiberglass / FRP"
+default: "Steel (galvanized and powder-coated)"
+```
+
+### The galvanizing of steel poles per ASTM A123 is the primary corrosion defense and shall not be compromised by field cutting or welding.
+
+### The pole material shall be confirmed against the corrosion exposure classification and the structural calculations.
+
+### Aluminum poles resist corrosion inherently and are light enough to handle without lifting equipment, making them well suited to coastal and roadway-salt environments and to shorter poles; galvanized steel poles are stronger for tall poles and high-load multiple-luminaire arrangements and are the practical default for typical parking and roadway heights; concrete poles offer long maintenance-free life and impact mass for roadway applications; and fiberglass poles are non-conductive and corrosion-immune and are selected where electrical isolation or aggressive chemical exposure governs. {note}
+
+## Pole Wind and Fatigue Resistance {toc}
+
+### Poles shall be designed and fabricated to resist the design wind, ice, and fatigue loads of AASHTO LTS-6 for area and roadway luminaire supports, or ASCE 7 where the building code governs site-lighting poles on a building site.
+
+### The effective projected area used in the calculation shall include every luminaire, bracket, and banner or sign arm actually mounted on the pole.
+
+### Wind-induced vibration fatigue at the base weld and the anchor-bolt connection shall be specifically addressed.
+
+### Wind-induced vibration fatigue at the base weld and the anchor-bolt connection is a recognized failure mode for slender poles. {note}
+
+## Pole Vibration {toc}
+
+### Luminaires and their attachments shall withstand the vibration of normal service per ANSI C136.31 so that the LED module, driver, and optical assembly are not loosened or fatigued by wind-induced pole oscillation.
+
+### Roadway and high-mast applications impose higher vibration and shall use the corresponding higher vibration category.
+
+## Handhole and Wiring {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: In-Pole Fusing
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "In-line fuse in each ungrounded conductor at handhole"
+ - "Not required (fused at distribution only)"
+default: "In-line fuse in each ungrounded conductor at handhole"
+```
+
+### Each pole shall have a reinforced, gasketed handhole near the base with a removable cover for access to the in-pole wiring and the in-line fuse holders.
+
+### Pole wiring shall be supported so that it does not bear on sharp edges and shall be provided with a grounding provision inside the handhole bonded per [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]].
+
+### An in-line fuse in each ungrounded conductor at the handhole shall be provided so that a fault in one pole does not de-energize the entire circuit and so the pole can be isolated for service.
+
+## Luminaire Attachments {toc}
+
+### Brackets, arms, tenons, and slip-fitters shall comply with ANSI C136.3 for mechanical interchangeability and load capacity.
+
+### Attachment hardware shall be stainless steel or hot-dip galvanized to match the corrosion class.
+
+### Dissimilar-metal contact between an aluminum luminaire and a steel pole shall be isolated to prevent galvanic corrosion.
+
+# Foundations and Anchorage {toc}
+
+## The pole foundation transfers the pole's overturning moment, shear, and uplift into the soil. {note}
+## Foundation design depends on the pole reactions, the soil properties from the geotechnical report, and the frost depth, and shall not be a standard detail applied without verification.
+
+## Foundation Type {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pole Foundation Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Drilled concrete pier (cast-in-place)"
+ - "Spread footing (cast-in-place)"
+ - "Precast concrete base"
+ - "Direct-buried (embedded pole)"
+default: "Drilled concrete pier (cast-in-place)"
+```
+
+### The foundation type, embedment depth, reinforcement, and concrete strength shall be [[drawing: as detailed on the structural drawings and coordinated with the geotechnical report]].
+
+### Cast-in-place foundation concrete shall comply with [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]] and reinforcement with [[sync/concrete-reinforcement]].
+
+### The drilled concrete pier is the most common foundation for area and roadway poles because it resists overturning efficiently with a small footprint; direct-buried poles are economical for shorter, lighter poles but are limited by soil capacity and corrosion at the grade line. {note}
+
+## Anchor Bolts and Base Plate {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Anchor Bolt / Base Plate Corrosion Protection
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Hot-dip galvanized"
+ - "Stainless steel"
+ - "Zinc-plated (interior / sheltered only)"
+default: "Hot-dip galvanized"
+```
+
+### Anchor bolts shall be sized and embedded per the sealed foundation design to develop the pole base reactions, and the bolt pattern shall match the pole base plate.
+
+### Anchor bolts, nuts, and washers in corrosive or coastal environments shall be hot-dip galvanized or stainless steel, and the projecting threads shall be protected.
+
+### A non-shrink grout pad or a leveling-nut arrangement shall be used so the base plate bears uniformly, and the void under the base plate shall be handled per the pole manufacturer's instructions.
+
+### Trapping water under an ungrouted base plate accelerates corrosion, and an improperly grouted base can prevent the connection from flexing as the fatigue design assumes. {note}
+
+## Frangible / Breakaway Bases {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Frangible / Breakaway Base
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Not required"
+ - "Required (poles in vehicle clear zone)"
+default: "Not required"
+```
+
+### Where a pole stands within the vehicle clear zone of a roadway or a high-speed drive aisle, a breakaway base designed per AASHTO LTS-6 shall be provided so that the pole separates predictably on impact rather than arresting the vehicle.
+
+### Breakaway bases shall not be used where a falling pole would endanger pedestrians or strike a building.
+
+## Grade Clearance {toc}
+
+### The top of the foundation shall extend above finished grade or pavement so that the base plate and anchor bolts are not submerged in standing or splash water.
+
+### The projection shall be [[drawing: as detailed on the structural drawings]], typically several inches above grade and higher in snow-removal or curbed-island locations.
+
+# Controls {toc}
+
+## Exterior lighting controls are mandated by energy code to ensure the lighting is off or reduced when not needed. {note}
+## ASHRAE 90.1 and the IECC both require automatic shutoff of exterior lighting, generally by a combination of a photocontrol that prevents daytime operation and a time-based or occupancy-based control that reduces or extinguishes lighting during unoccupied night hours. {note}
+
+## Photocontrol {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Photocontrol Type
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Locking-type twist-lock photocontrol (ANSI C136.10)"
+ - "Button / non-locking photocontrol"
+ - "Networked control node with integral photosensor"
+ - "Central photocell controlling contactor"
+default: "Locking-type twist-lock photocontrol (ANSI C136.10)"
+```
+
+### A photocontrol shall prevent the lighting from operating during daylight, satisfying the daylight-off requirement of the energy code.
+
+### Locking-type (twist-lock) photocontrols complying with ANSI C136.10 are field-replaceable from the ground-accessible receptacle on shorter poles and are interchangeable between manufacturers, which is the practical default; a central photocell driving a lighting contactor is appropriate where many luminaires share a circuit and individual control is unnecessary. {note}
+
+## Scheduling and Reduction Control {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Time-Based / Occupancy Control Strategy
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Astronomical time switch (on at dusk, off/reduce at set time)"
+ - "Networked schedule with part-night dimming"
+ - "Occupancy/motion sensing with dimming to low level"
+ - "Photocontrol only (dusk-to-dawn, no reduction)"
+default: "Astronomical time switch (on at dusk, off/reduce at set time)"
+```
+
+### Exterior lighting shall be reduced or extinguished during unoccupied hours beyond simple dusk-to-dawn operation for most applications, as required by the energy code.
+
+### Where occupancy sensing that dims luminaires to a low level is used, it shall be coordinated with the dimmable driver selected above.
+
+### Photocontrol-only operation is permitted only for the limited applications the energy code exempts.
+
+### An astronomical time switch tracks seasonal sunrise and sunset and reduces or turns off lighting at a programmed time, satisfying the requirement without a sensor at every pole; occupancy sensing that dims luminaires to a low level when no activity is detected and raises them on approach provides the greatest savings for parking lots and is increasingly required. {note}
+
+## Control Zoning {toc}
+
+### Control zones shall be arranged so that lighting can be reduced or switched by area according to occupancy and use, and the zone boundaries and assignments shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the lighting control plan]].
+
+### Façade, signage, and decorative lighting shall be on separate control from functional area lighting so that the energy-code curfew and shutoff requirements can be applied to each independently.
+
+# Surge Protection {toc}
+
+## Outdoor luminaires are connected to long exterior circuits that are exposed to lightning-induced and switching surges, and the LED driver is the component most often destroyed by them. {note}
+## Surge protection is the single most cost-effective measure to prevent premature LED failure on exterior systems. {note}
+
+## Luminaire Surge Protective Device {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Luminaire Surge Protection Rating
+type: select
+unit: kV/kA
+options:
+ - "10 kV / 5 kA (standard)"
+ - "20 kV / 10 kA (elevated exposure)"
+default: "10 kV / 5 kA (standard)"
+```
+
+### Each luminaire shall be provided with a surge protective device, listed to UL 1449 where applied as a discrete SPD, selected for the surge environment of its location category per IEEE C62.41.2 and tested per IEEE C62.45.
+
+### A 10 kV / 5 kA device is adequate for most site locations; a 20 kV / 10 kA device shall be used for tall poles, exposed sites, and areas of high lightning activity.
+
+### The SPD should be of a type that fails safe and disconnects the luminaire on its own end of life rather than failing the driver, and should be field-replaceable.
+
+## System-Level Surge Protection {toc}
+
+### Where exterior lighting is fed from a panelboard or feeder that warrants protection, a panel-level surge protective device shall be coordinated with the luminaire-level devices in accordance with the cascade principles of IEEE C62.41.2.
+
+### Grounding and bonding of poles and the surge path shall comply with [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]].
+
+### The effectiveness of any SPD depends entirely on a low-impedance ground connection at the pole. {note}
+
+# Finishes and Corrosion Protection {toc}
+
+## The finish is what allows the luminaire housing and the pole to survive years of weather without corroding, and the appropriate system depends on the corrosion exposure classification. {note}
+
+## Luminaire Housing Finish {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Luminaire Housing Finish
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Polyester powder coat over pretreated aluminum"
+ - "Super-durable polyester powder coat (high UV / coastal)"
+ - "Anodized aluminum"
+default: "Polyester powder coat over pretreated aluminum"
+```
+
+### Luminaire housings shall be corrosion-resistant aluminum (cast per ASTM B26 or extruded per ASTM B221) with a chromate-free pretreatment and a powder-coat finish.
+
+### A super-durable powder coat shall be specified for coastal and high-UV environments where standard polyester chalks and fades.
+
+## Pole Finish {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pole Finish System
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Hot-dip galvanized, bare (ASTM A123)"
+ - "Hot-dip galvanized with polyester powder coat"
+ - "High-performance coating on aluminum (AAMA 2604)"
+ - "Superior-performance coating on aluminum (AAMA 2605, coastal)"
+ - "Manufacturer's standard powder coat (aluminum, sheltered)"
+default: "Hot-dip galvanized with polyester powder coat"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Finish Color
+type: text
+default: "Black (RAL 9005)"
+```
+
+### Steel poles shall be hot-dip galvanized per ASTM A123 as the base corrosion protection, and a powder-coat top finish is added where appearance is specified, applied over the galvanizing with proper surface preparation so it does not later peel.
+
+### Aluminum poles shall receive a coating meeting AAMA 2604 for general use or AAMA 2605 for the longest life in coastal and high-UV exposure.
+
+### Field cuts, drilled holes, and weld repairs in galvanized steel shall be repaired with a zinc-rich coating.
+
+### Bare steel left at a field modification will corrode and bleed regardless of the finish elsewhere. {note}
+
+## Dissimilar Metal Isolation {toc}
+
+### Where aluminum and steel components are joined — an aluminum luminaire on a steel pole, an aluminum pole on steel anchor bolts — the contact shall be isolated with a non-absorbent gasket or an isolation washer so that the galvanic couple does not consume the more anodic metal.
+
+### This detail is routinely omitted and produces corrosion at exactly the connection that is most difficult to service. {note}
+
+# Testing {toc}
+
+## Photometric Acceptance {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Field Illuminance Verification
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Point-by-point measurement at plan grid points"
+ - "Spot measurement at representative locations"
+ - "Not required"
+default: "Spot measurement at representative locations"
+```
+
+### The installed lighting shall be verified to meet the design illuminance and uniformity after dark, with measurements taken at the points shown on the photometric plan after the LED output has stabilized and with the pavement and surroundings representative of the in-service condition.
+
+### Readings substantially below or above the design indicate a wrong luminaire, wrong aiming, or a circuiting error and shall be corrected.
+
+## Aiming and Shielding Verification {toc}
+
+### Floodlights and adjustable luminaires shall be aimed to the angles shown on the drawings and locked, and the aiming shall be verified after dark for glare and trespass toward property lines and residences.
+
+### House-side shields shall be confirmed installed where required.
+
+## Operational and Controls Testing {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall demonstrate that the photocontrol prevents daytime operation, that the scheduling or occupancy control reduces or extinguishes the lighting as programmed, that dimming operates across its range, and that each control zone responds independently.
+
+### Functional testing of the controls is required by the energy code and the results shall be documented.
+
+## Pole and Anchorage Verification {toc}
+
+### Anchor-bolt nuts shall be tightened to the pole manufacturer's specified torque using a calibrated tool and the torque recorded.
+
+### Base-plate grouting or leveling-nut arrangement shall be verified against the manufacturer's instructions.
+
+### Under-tensioned or over-tensioned anchor bolts are a leading cause of base-connection fatigue failure. {note}
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Coordination and Sequencing {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall coordinate foundation locations and conduit stub-up with the sealed foundation design and the site civil work before concrete is placed.
+
+### Underground branch-circuit conductors and raceways serving the poles shall be installed per [[sync/conductors-and-cables]] and [[sync/raceways-and-conduit]].
+
+### A foundation poured in the wrong location or with the wrong bolt pattern cannot be corrected without demolition. {note}
+
+## Pole Erection {toc}
+
+### Poles shall be set plumb on cured foundations and shall not be erected until the foundation concrete has reached the strength required by the structural drawings.
+
+### Luminaires shall be mounted, leveled, and the in-pole wiring connected through the handhole with the in-line fuses installed.
+
+### Lifting and rigging shall protect the finish, and scratches through galvanizing or coating shall be repaired before acceptance.
+
+## Grounding and Bonding {toc}
+
+### Each metal pole shall be bonded to the equipment grounding conductor of its circuit at the handhole grounding provision, and the grounding shall comply with [[sync/grounding-and-bonding]].
+
+### A non-conductive fiberglass pole still requires the luminaire and any metal hardware to be grounded through the equipment grounding conductor.
+
+### A supplemental grounding electrode at the pole base may be provided where the design requires it for surge dissipation, but it does not replace the equipment grounding conductor connection.
+
+## Drainage and Sealing {toc}
+
+### Luminaire gaskets and breathers shall be installed so that the luminaire drains and breathes as listed, because sealing a luminaire's breather causes internal condensation that fails the optics and driver.
+
+### Conduit entries into poles and luminaires shall be sealed against water entry, and any conduit that could convey water or condensation into a luminaire or pole shall be sealed per NFPA 70 to prevent moisture migration.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Luminaires shall be delivered in the manufacturer's original packaging with listing marks intact and stored indoors, dry, and protected until installed.
+
+## Poles shall be stored off the ground on supports that do not concentrate load or abrade the finish, and galvanized and coated surfaces shall be protected from contact that would scratch them.
+
+## Anchor-bolt assemblies and templates shall be stored together and protected from bending so the bolt pattern is preserved.
+
+## LED drivers are damaged by prolonged exposure to moisture and condensation in storage. {note}
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## Luminaire and Driver Warranty {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Luminaire and Driver Warranty Period
+type: select
+options:
+ - "5 years from substantial completion"
+ - "7 years from substantial completion"
+ - "10 years from substantial completion"
+default: "5 years from substantial completion"
+```
+
+### Luminaires and drivers shall carry a manufacturer warranty against defects in materials and workmanship and against lumen depreciation below the rated maintenance for the warranty period.
+
+### A five-year warranty is common for commercial LED exterior luminaires; ten years should be specified for infrastructure and long-life municipal projects where re-lamping access is costly. {note}
+
+## Pole and Finish Warranty {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pole and Finish Warranty Period
+type: select
+options:
+ - "1 year from substantial completion"
+ - "5 years from substantial completion"
+ - "10 years against finish failure"
+default: "5 years from substantial completion"
+```
+
+### The pole structure and its finish shall be warranted against structural failure and against finish failure such as peeling, blistering, and excessive fading for the specified period.
+
+### The Contractor shall warrant the installation, including anchorage, aiming, and controls, for the project warranty period.
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare Parts
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Spare LED drivers (one per luminaire type)"
+ - "Spare LED modules / light engines (one per type)"
+ - "Spare photocontrols"
+ - "Spare in-line fuses (one box per rating)"
+ - "Spare surge protective devices"
+ - "Touch-up coating to match each finish"
+default: "Spare in-line fuses (one box per rating)"
+```
+
+## Spare parts shall match the type, rating, CCT, and distribution of the installed equipment so that a replacement is photometrically and visually consistent with its neighbors.
+
+## Touch-up coating matched to each finish shall be provided so that field repairs to scratched poles and luminaires do not leave a visible or corroding mark.