Fencing and Gates

Revision 7 · Aug 29, 2026 +1894 −1273

SynC Standards Team — Specifier (Platform Standards) ✓ OfficialDiscloses employment SynC (SynC Platform Team)

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−---

−title: Fencing and Gates

−category: Sitework

−toc_depth: 3

−description: >

− When to use: Site perimeter, security, and screening fencing and gates for commercial, institutional, and industrial projects, including galvanized and polymer-coated chain-link fence systems, ornamental tubular steel and aluminum picket fence, welded-wire mesh security fence, posts and concrete footings, top and bottom rails and tension wire, barbed-wire and razor-ribbon outriggers, single and double swing gates, cantilever and overhead-slide vehicular gates, pedestrian gates, automated vehicular gate operators listed to UL 325, the gate construction and entrapment-protection requirements of ASTM F2200, and gate hardware including hinges, latches, and provisions for access control and electric locking hardware furnished by others. Intended to be read alongside the civil site plan and fence layout drawings, which govern fence lines, heights, gate locations and swings, and grade conditions.

− Not intended for: Wood, vinyl, composite, and chain-link residential fencing for single-family use; agricultural and field fencing (woven-wire, high-tensile, electric livestock fence); guardrail, crash-rated anti-ram vehicle barriers, bollards, and crash-rated gates certified to ASTM F2656 (those require a project-specific perimeter-security specification); retaining walls and freestanding masonry or concrete screen walls (see [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]]); handrails and guards on stairs and ramps; sound barrier walls; sports-netting and backstop systems beyond standard chain-link; expansion-joint and structural detailing of the foundations themselves (see [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]]); and the access-control head end, credential readers, intercoms, and gate-controller logic (see [[sync/access-control-systems]]). Earthwork, grading, and subgrade beneath fence lines and gate slabs are covered by [[sync/earthwork]].

−---

−

−# Scope {toc}

−

−## This specification covers the materials, fabrication, and installation of site perimeter, security, and screening fencing and the associated swing, slide, and pedestrian gates, including automated vehicular gate operators and their entrapment-protection systems. {note}

−

−## Fencing is frequently treated as an afterthought scope, installed late and detailed thinly, yet it is the most visible boundary of a completed project and, where it serves a security function, it is a life-safety and liability element. {note}

−

−## A fence that is the wrong height, set on inadequate footings, or fitted with an automated gate that does not comply with current entrapment-protection standards is a defect that is both conspicuous and, in the case of gate operators, potentially dangerous. {note}

−

−## This standard addresses chain-link fence systems including framework pipe, fabric, rails, tension wire, and fittings; ornamental tubular steel and aluminum picket fence; welded-wire mesh security fence; barbed-wire, barbed-tape, and razor-ribbon toppings; post types, spacing, and concrete footings; single and double swing gates; cantilever and overhead-slide vehicular gates; pedestrian gates; automated vehicular gate operators; the gate construction and safety requirements that govern automated gates; and gate hardware. {note}

−

−## The selection of fence type, height, line, and gate locations is established by the contract drawings and is project-specific; this standard governs how the selected systems are built and installed. {note}

−

−## All work under this specification shall conform to the fence lines, heights, gate locations, gate swings, and grade conditions shown on the contract drawings.

−

−## Where this standard and the drawings or the geotechnical report conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.

−

−## The Contractor shall coordinate fence and gate work with [[sync/earthwork]] for grading and subgrade along fence lines and at gate slabs, with [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]] for post footings and gate operator pads where cast-in-place concrete is specified, and with [[sync/access-control-systems]] for the conduit, power, control wiring, credential readers, and gate-controller logic that interface with automated gate operators and electric gate locks.

−

−# Referenced Standards {toc}

−

−## Materials, fabrication, testing, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of the following standards.

−

−## Where project documents, adopted codes, and referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.

−

−## Referenced Standards List {toc}

−

−| Standard | Title |

−|----------|-------|

−| ASTM A392 | Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence Fabric |

−| ASTM F668 | Standard Specification for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyolefin, and Other Polymer-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence Fabric |

−| ASTM F1083 | Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded, for Fence Structures |

−| ASTM F1043 | Standard Specification for Strength and Protective Coatings on Steel Industrial Fence Framework |

−| ASTM F1234 | Standard Specification for Protective Coatings on Steel Framework for Fences (round and roll-formed sections) |

−| ASTM F626 | Standard Specification for Fence Fittings |

−| ASTM A121 | Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated Carbon Steel Barbed Wire |

−| ASTM F1665 | Standard Specification for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Other Conforming Organic Polymer-Coated Steel Barbed Wire |

−| ASTM F900 | Standard Specification for Industrial and Commercial Swing Gates |

−| ASTM F1184 | Standard Specification for Industrial and Commercial Horizontal Slide Gates |

−| ASTM F2408 | Standard Specification for Ornamental Fences Employing Galvanized Steel Tubular Pickets |

−| ASTM F2589 | Standard Specification for Ornamental Fences Employing Galvanized Steel Tubular Pickets, Heavy and High-Security Grades |

−| ASTM F2453 | Standard Specification for Welded Wire Mesh Fence Fabric (Metallic-Coated or Polymer Coated) for Meshes of 6 in² or Less, in Panels or Rolls, with Uniform Meshes |

−| ASTM F2611 | Standard Guide for the Design and Construction of Chain Link Security Fencing |

−| ASTM F2814 | Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Ornamental Steel Picket Fence Systems for Security Purposes |

−| ASTM F567 | Standard Practice for Installation of Chain-Link Fence |

−| ASTM A123/A123M | Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products |

−| ASTM A153/A153M | Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware |

−| ASTM A780/A780M | Standard Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areas of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings |

−| UL 325 | Standard for Door, Drapery, Gate, Louver, and Window Operators and Systems |

−| ASTM F2200 | Standard Specification for Automated Vehicular Gate Construction |

−| ASTM F2656/F2656M | Standard Test Method for Crash Testing of Vehicle Security Barriers (referenced for exclusions only) |

−

−## Framework Coating Standards {toc}

−

−### ASTM F1083 governs the steel pipe itself (the most common chain-link and gate framework material). {note}

−

−### ASTM F1043 governs the strength and protective-coating classes of industrial fence framework and references F1083 Group IA as its benchmark. {note}

−

−### ASTM F1234 covers protective coatings on roll-formed and lighter framework sections. {note}

−

−### These standards are complementary, not alternatives, and the correct combination is identified in the framework sections of this standard. {note}

−

−# Submittals {toc}

−

−## Action Submittals {toc}

−

−### The Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer of Record's review before fabricating or delivering any fence or gate materials:

−

−- Product data for fence fabric, framework, fittings, gates, gate hardware, and gate operators, identifying the governing ASTM standard, coating class, gauge or wall thickness, and finish for each component

−- Shop drawings showing fence elevations, post types and spacing, footing details and embedment depths, gate elevations and swings or travel, brace and truss arrangements, grounding details, and the location of every line, terminal, corner, end, gate, and pull post keyed to the site plan

−- Gate operator data: manufacturer's installation instructions, the UL 325 listing and the operator usage class (Class I through Class IV), the entrapment-protection means provided in each direction of travel, and the wiring and interface schedule for power, control, and access-control connections

−- ASTM F2200 gate construction compliance statement for each automated gate leaf, identifying how each construction requirement (mesh openings, exposed-roller covers, guarding of pinch and entrapment zones, restraint against falling) is satisfied

−- Galvanizing and coating certifications: mill or applicator certification of zinc coating weights for fabric (ASTM A392), framework (ASTM F1043/F1083), fittings (ASTM F626 / A153), and polymer-coating class and color where polymer-coated materials are specified (ASTM F668)

−- Concrete mix design or product data for post footing concrete, coordinated with [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]]

−

−```datasheet

−label: Action Submittals Required

−type: checkbox

−options:

− - "Product data (fabric, framework, fittings, gates, hardware, operators)"

− - "Shop drawings (elevations, post schedule, footings, gate swings/travel, grounding)"

− - "Gate operator data (UL 325 listing, usage class, entrapment means, wiring)"

− - "ASTM F2200 gate construction compliance statement"

− - "Galvanizing / polymer-coating certifications"

− - "Footing concrete mix design / product data"

−default: "Product data (fabric, framework, fittings, gates, hardware, operators)"

−```

−

−### Fabrication shall not begin until the submittals are reviewed and returned.

−

−### Submittal review does not relieve the Contractor of responsibility for compliance with the contract documents.

−

−## Closeout Submittals {toc}

−

−### Prior to substantial completion the Contractor shall provide the following:

−

−- Operation and maintenance manuals for gate operators, including the maintenance schedule, the procedure for periodic testing of entrapment-protection devices, and the manual-release procedure

−- Written certification that each automated vehicular gate and its operator were installed in compliance with UL 325 and ASTM F2200, and that all required entrapment-protection devices were tested and function correctly

−- As-built record showing the installed fence line, post locations, gate locations and swings, grounding points, and any deviations from the contract drawings

−- Warranty documentation for fence materials, gates, gate operators, and polymer coatings as required by this specification

−- Spare-parts and access-control interface documentation, including the operator's safety-loop and entrapment-device wiring as left for connection by the access-control installer

−

−```datasheet

−label: Closeout Submittals Required

−type: checkbox

−options:

− - "Operation and maintenance manuals for gate operators"

− - "Written UL 325 / ASTM F2200 installation and entrapment-test certification"

− - "As-built record (fence line, posts, gate locations/swings, grounding)"

− - "Warranty documentation (materials, gates, operators, coatings)"

− - "Spare-parts and access-control interface documentation"

−default: "Operation and maintenance manuals for gate operators"

−```

−

−# Quality Assurance {toc}

−

−## Installer Qualifications {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Automated Gate Installer Qualification

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Manufacturer-certified gate operator installer"

− - "Recognized automated-gate-operator installer certification (e.g., IDEA/AGOTI)"

− - "Not applicable — no automated gates on this project"

−default: "Manufacturer-certified gate operator installer"

−```

−

−### Fence and gate work shall be performed by an installer regularly engaged in commercial and industrial fence installation.

−

−### Automated vehicular gate operators shall be installed by personnel trained and certified by the operator manufacturer or holding a recognized automated-gate-operator installer certification.

−

−### The entrapment-protection provisions of UL 325 and ASTM F2200 depend on correct field configuration, not merely on the selection of a listed operator; an operator that is listed to UL 325 but installed without the required entrapment-protection devices, or with those devices misconfigured, does not comply. {note}

−

−## Gate Safety Compliance Authority {toc}

−

−### Every automated vehicular gate operator installed under this specification shall be listed to UL 325 and shall be installed so that the completed gate system complies with UL 325 and ASTM F2200.

−

−### The Contractor is responsible for delivering a complete, compliant gate system, not merely a listed operator.

−

−### UL 325 governs the operator (the machine and its controls), and ASTM F2200 governs the construction and installation of the gate the operator moves; these two standards work together, and compliance with one does not establish compliance with the other. {note}

−

−### The Authority Having Jurisdiction may require inspection and a compliance affidavit before the gate is energized.

−

−## Pre-Installation Conference {toc}

−

−### Before fence and gate installation begins, the Contractor shall participate in a pre-installation conference attended by the Contractor's superintendent, the gate operator installer, and the Engineer of Record, and the access-control installer where automated gates interface with an access-control system.

−

−### The conference shall review the fence layout and grade conditions, post footing requirements, gate swings and travel clearances, the entrapment-protection design for each automated gate, the division of work between the gate operator installer and the access-control installer, and the sequence of power and control connections.

−

−## Mock-Up {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Mock-Up Required

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Required — one representative panel and one gate of each type"

− - "Not required"

−default: "Not required"

−```

−

−### Where the contract documents require a mock-up, the Contractor shall erect a representative fence panel and a representative gate of each type for review of fabric tension, post plumb, finish, and hardware operation before proceeding with full production.

−

−# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}

−

−## Corrosion Environment {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Corrosion Exposure Classification

−type: select

−options:

− - "Ordinary inland atmospheric — standard galvanized"

− - "Industrial / urban — heavier zinc or polymer over-coat"

− - "Coastal / marine / de-icing salt — polymer-coated or aluminum"

− - "Per project corrosion assessment"

−default: "Ordinary inland atmospheric — standard galvanized"

−```

−

−### The fence and gate system shall be selected for the corrosivity of the installation environment.

−

−### Standard hot-dip galvanized framework and fabric are appropriate for ordinary inland atmospheric exposure.

−

−### Coastal, marine, de-icing-salt, and industrial-chemical environments accelerate corrosion of zinc coatings and warrant heavier zinc coating weights, polymer over-coating, or aluminized or aluminum components.

−

−### The corrosion environment also governs the fastener and hardware coating class.

−

−## Wind Load {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Wind Load Basis

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Open fabric / pickets — no privacy slats or windscreen"

− - "With privacy slats or windscreen — increased solidity accounted for"

− - "Solid infill panels — full wind area"

−default: "Open fabric / pickets — no privacy slats or windscreen"

−```

−

−### Fence framework, post spacing, and footing design shall resist the design wind load for the project location and exposure category per the adopted building code.

−

−### Wind load on fencing is highly dependent on the solidity of the fence: open chain-link and picket fence present far less area to the wind than fence fitted with privacy slats, windscreen, fabric screening, or solid panels. {note}

−

−### Where privacy slats, windscreen, or solid infill are specified, the increased wind load shall be accounted for in post spacing and footing size.

−

−### A fence designed as open and then fitted with screening is a common cause of post and footing failure. {note}

−

−# Chain-Link Fence Framework {toc}

−

−## Framework Pipe {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Chain-Link Framework Type

−type: radio

−options:

− - "ASTM F1083 Schedule 40 pipe (Group IA — heavy industrial)"

− - "ASTM F1043 Group IC high-strength pipe (light industrial / commercial)"

− - "ASTM F1234 roll-formed sections (light commercial)"

−default: "ASTM F1083 Schedule 40 pipe (Group IA — heavy industrial)"

−```

−

−### Chain-link fence framework — line posts, terminal (end, corner, pull, and gate) posts, top and brace rails — shall be hot-dipped zinc-coated welded steel pipe conforming to ASTM F1083, or shall conform to the strength and protective-coating requirements of ASTM F1043 for the specified framework group.

−

−### ASTM F1083 Schedule 40 pipe (Group IA framework) is the heavy industrial benchmark and shall be used where framework strength and long service life govern.

−

−### Lighter roll-formed and high-strength reduced-wall sections conforming to ASTM F1043 Group IC or ASTM F1234 may be used for light-commercial fencing where the design loads permit, but shall not be substituted for Schedule 40 framework where the drawings call for industrial framework.

−

−## Framework Coating {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Framework Coating Class

−type: select

−options:

− - "Type A — hot-dip galvanized 1.8 oz/ft² exterior and interior (F1083 / F1043 Type A)"

− - "Type B — zinc 0.9 oz/ft² with chromate and clear polymer (F1043 Type B)"

− - "Type C — zinc 0.9 oz/ft² with chromate and polymer color over-coat (F1043 Type C)"

− - "Polymer color finish over Type A galvanized"

−default: "Type A — hot-dip galvanized 1.8 oz/ft² exterior and interior (F1083 / F1043 Type A)"

−```

−

−### Steel framework shall be hot-dip galvanized with a zinc coating not less than 1.8 oz/ft² (550 g/m²) on the exterior and 1.8 oz/ft² on the interior surface for Schedule 40 pipe per ASTM F1083, or shall provide the coating class required by ASTM F1043 for the specified framework group.

−

−### Where a polymer over-coat or color finish is specified, it shall be applied over the metallic coating and shall conform to the applicable coating class.

−

−### The interior coating of hollow framework matters as much as the exterior, because uncoated pipe interiors are a common origin of corrosion that is invisible until the post fails at the groundline. {note}

−

−## Line Post Spacing {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Line Post Maximum Spacing

−type: radio

−unit: ft on center

−options:

− - "8 ft on center (high wind or screened fence)"

− - "10 ft on center (standard)"

−default: "10 ft on center (standard)"

−```

−

−### Line posts shall be spaced not more than 10 feet on center along the fence line, measured from center to center, and closer where the design wind load, fence height, or solidity requires.

−

−### Post spacing exceeding 10 feet leads to fabric sag and reduced wind resistance and shall not be used.

−

−## Post Sizes {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Line Post Size — Chain-Link up to 8 ft High

−type: select

−unit: in OD

−options:

− - "1.90 in OD (light commercial, up to 6 ft)"

− - "2.375 in OD (standard, up to 8 ft)"

− - "2.875 in OD (heavy / high wind)"

−default: "2.375 in OD (standard, up to 8 ft)"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Terminal Post Size — Chain-Link up to 8 ft High

−type: select

−unit: in OD

−options:

− - "2.375 in OD (light commercial)"

− - "2.875 in OD (standard)"

− - "4.000 in OD (heavy / high security)"

−default: "2.875 in OD (standard)"

−```

−

−### Post outside diameters shall be selected for the fence height and the post function.

−

−### Terminal posts (end, corner, pull, and gate posts) shall be larger than line posts because they resist the tension of the stretched fabric.

−

−### The sizes scheduled in the datasheets above are minimums for common heights; larger sizes shall be used where the structural design, gate weight, or wind load requires.

−

−# Chain-Link Fabric {toc}

−

−## Fabric Material and Coating {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Chain-Link Fabric Coating

−type: select

−options:

− - "Zinc-coated, ASTM A392 Class 1 (1.2 oz/ft²)"

− - "Zinc-coated, ASTM A392 Class 2 (2.0 oz/ft²)"

− - "Polymer-coated over zinc, ASTM F668 Class 2a"

− - "Polymer-coated over aluminized, ASTM F668 Class 2b"

−default: "Zinc-coated, ASTM A392 Class 2 (2.0 oz/ft²)"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Polymer Coating Color (where polymer-coated)

−type: select

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Black"

− - "Green"

− - "Brown"

− - "Not applicable — galvanized fabric"

−default: "Black"

−```

−

−### Chain-link fabric shall be zinc-coated steel conforming to ASTM A392, or polymer-coated steel conforming to ASTM F668 where a color finish or enhanced corrosion resistance is specified.

−

−### Zinc-coated fabric shall carry a Class 1 (1.2 oz/ft²) or Class 2 (2.0 oz/ft²) zinc coating; Class 2 shall be used where service life and corrosion exposure warrant the heavier coating.

−

−### Polymer-coated fabric (ASTM F668) consists of a metallic-coated steel core wire with a fused and bonded or extruded polymer coating and is specified by class and color; it provides both corrosion resistance and a non-reflective, lower-visibility finish. {note}

−

−## Fabric Wire Gauge {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Fabric Wire Gauge

−type: select

−options:

− - "11 gauge (0.120 in) — light commercial"

− - "9 gauge (0.148 in) — standard commercial / industrial"

− - "6 gauge (0.192 in) — high security"

−default: "9 gauge (0.148 in) — standard commercial / industrial"

−```

−

−### The wire gauge shall be matched to the fence function: light commercial perimeter fence uses 11 or 9 gauge; security fence uses 9 or 6 gauge.

−

−### Fabric wire gauge governs the strength and security rating of the fence; heavier (lower-number) gauges resist cutting and deformation. {note}

−

−## Fabric Mesh Opening {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Fabric Mesh Opening

−type: select

−unit: in

−options:

− - "2 in (standard commercial / industrial)"

− - "1 in (security — resists toe-hold and tool insertion)"

− - "3/8 in (high-security mini-mesh — anti-climb / anti-cut)"

−default: "2 in (standard commercial / industrial)"

−```

−

−### Standard commercial fence uses 2-inch mesh; high-security and anti-climb fence uses smaller openings.

−

−### Mesh opening (the dimension between parallel wires) governs both visibility and the security rating; a smaller mesh opening resists climbing and the insertion of cutting tools but increases material cost and wind solidity. {note}

−

−## Fabric Selvage {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Fabric Selvage — Top

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Knuckled (smooth — public / pedestrian areas)"

− - "Twisted / barbed (security — climb deterrent)"

−default: "Knuckled (smooth — public / pedestrian areas)"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Fabric Selvage — Bottom

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Knuckled (smooth — standard)"

− - "Twisted / barbed (buried or anti-dig applications)"

−default: "Knuckled (smooth — standard)"

−```

−

−### The top and bottom selvage of the fabric (the finish of the cut wire ends) shall be knuckled or twisted as specified.

−

−### A knuckled selvage presents a smooth, closed loop and is used at the bottom of fence and at the top of fence in public and pedestrian areas; a twisted (barbed) selvage presents protruding twisted ends and is used at the top of security fence to deter climbing. {note}

−

−## Fabric Height {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Chain-Link Fabric Height

−type: select

−unit: ft

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "4 ft (low perimeter / screening)"

− - "6 ft (standard commercial perimeter)"

− - "7 ft (industrial / utility)"

− - "8 ft (security perimeter)"

−default: "6 ft (standard commercial perimeter)"

−```

−

−### Fabric height is the nominal height of the fabric measured from the bottom selvage to the top selvage and does not include barbed-wire or razor-ribbon toppings. {note}

−

−### The overall fence height including topping shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the fence elevations]].

−

−### The fabric shall be installed with the bottom selvage not more than 2 inches above finished grade unless a bottom rail or anti-dig measure is specified, because a larger ground gap defeats the purpose of a security fence.

−

−# Chain-Link Rails, Tension Wire, and Fittings {toc}

−

−## Top Rail and Bottom Rail {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Top Member

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Top rail (standard commercial)"

− - "Top tension wire (security — no climbing rail)"

− - "Top rail with barbed-wire outrigger above"

−default: "Top rail (standard commercial)"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Bottom Member

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Bottom tension wire"

− - "Bottom rail (resists push-up / anti-dig)"

− - "None"

−default: "Bottom tension wire"

−```

−

−### A top rail conforming to ASTM F1083 or F1043 shall be provided continuously along the top of chain-link fence, threaded through line post caps and coupled with expansion sleeves, unless a top tension wire is specified in lieu of a top rail for security fence.

−

−### A bottom rail shall be provided where the drawings require resistance to fabric push-up and animal intrusion at the bottom of the fence.

−

−### A top tension wire allows the fabric to flex and deters the use of the top rail as a climbing aid. {note}

−

−## Tension Wire {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Tension Wire Gauge

−type: radio

−options:

− - "7 gauge (0.177 in) — standard"

− - "6 gauge (0.192 in) — heavy / security"

−default: "7 gauge (0.177 in) — standard"

−```

−

−### Tension (coil) wire shall be metallic-coated or polymer-coated steel marcelled tension wire, not lighter than 7 gauge, installed at the top, bottom, or both as specified, and fastened to the fabric to control sag and resist push-up and pull-out of the fabric between posts.

−

−### Tension wire shall match the coating of the fabric for corrosion compatibility.

−

−## Fittings {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Fitting Finish

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Hot-dip galvanized per ASTM F626"

− - "Galvanized with polymer color over-coat to match fabric"

−default: "Hot-dip galvanized per ASTM F626"

−```

−

−### All fittings — post and line caps, rail and brace ends, top rail sleeves, tension and brace bands, tension bars, truss-rod assemblies, tie wires, and barbed-wire arms — shall conform to ASTM F626.

−

−### Pressed-steel fittings shall be galvanized after fabrication with a zinc coating not less than 1.20 oz/ft² (366 g/m²), and shall match the framework and fabric finish where a color finish is specified.

−

−### Tension bars shall be one piece, not less than the full height of the fabric, and shall secure the fabric to terminal posts through tension bands spaced not more than 15 inches on center.

−

−## Bracing and Trussing {toc}

−

−### Terminal, corner, and gate posts shall be braced to the adjacent line post with a horizontal brace rail and a diagonal truss rod with a turnbuckle or take-up, so that the tension of the stretched fabric does not pull the terminal post out of plumb.

−

−### Brace and truss assemblies shall be provided at every terminal, corner, pull, and gate post and at intervals along long straight runs as required to maintain fabric tension.

−

−## Fabric Ties {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Fabric Tie Type

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Aluminum or galvanized tie wires (standard)"

− - "Tamper-resistant clips / fasteners (security)"

−default: "Aluminum or galvanized tie wires (standard)"

−```

−

−### Fabric shall be fastened to line posts and to top rail or top tension wire with tie wires or clips at intervals not exceeding 12 inches on posts and 24 inches on rails, and shall be fastened to bottom tension wire with hog rings at intervals not exceeding 24 inches.

−

−### For security fence, tamper-resistant fasteners shall be used so that the fabric cannot be readily detached from the framework.

−

−# Ornamental Picket Fence {toc}

−

−## Steel Ornamental Picket Fence {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Steel Ornamental Fence Grade

−type: select

−options:

− - "Residential grade (ASTM F2408 — light)"

− - "Commercial grade (ASTM F2408 — medium)"

− - "Industrial grade (ASTM F2408 — heavy)"

− - "High-security grade (ASTM F2589)"

−default: "Commercial grade (ASTM F2408 — medium)"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Ornamental Fence Rail Configuration

−type: radio

−options:

− - "2-rail"

− - "3-rail (standard commercial security)"

− - "4-rail (high security / anti-climb)"

−default: "3-rail (standard commercial security)"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Picket Top Treatment

−type: select

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Flush / smooth top (pedestrian areas)"

− - "Extended picket (spear / point — climb deterrent)"

− - "Tri-finial / decorative"

−default: "Extended picket (spear / point — climb deterrent)"

−```

−

−### Ornamental tubular steel picket fence shall conform to ASTM F2408 for standard grades, or ASTM F2589 where heavy or high-security grades are specified.

−

−### Pickets, rails, and posts shall be galvanized steel, hot-dip galvanized either before or after forming, with the specified factory-applied polymer or powder-coat finish over the metallic coating.

−

−### Ornamental picket fence is specified by grade (which sets picket size, rail size, and wall thickness), by the rail configuration (number of rails), and by the picket top treatment. {note}

−

−## Aluminum Ornamental Picket Fence {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Ornamental Fence Material

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Galvanized steel (security and strength governing)"

− - "Extruded aluminum (corrosion resistance / low maintenance governing)"

−default: "Galvanized steel (security and strength governing)"

−```

−

−### Where corrosion exposure or maintenance considerations warrant, ornamental picket fence shall be extruded aluminum alloy with a factory-applied powder-coat finish.

−

−### Aluminum ornamental fence shall not be substituted for steel where security is the governing function.

−

−### Aluminum ornamental fence does not corrode like steel and is appropriate for coastal and high-moisture environments, but provides lower impact and security resistance than steel of equivalent size. {note}

−

−## Ornamental Fence Finish {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Ornamental Fence Finish Color

−type: select

−drawing_ref: "architectural finish schedule"

−options:

− - "Black"

− - "Bronze / dark brown"

− - "White"

−default: "Black"

−```

−

−### The factory finish shall be a thermoset powder coat or a fused polymer coating applied over a cleaned and pretreated (and, for steel, galvanized) substrate.

−

−### The color shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the architectural drawings or finish schedule]].

−

−### Field-cut ends and field-drilled holes in steel components shall be touched up with a zinc-rich repair coating per ASTM A780 before the finish coat is repaired, so that the cut does not become a corrosion origin.

−

−# Welded-Wire Mesh Security Fence {toc}

−

−## Welded-Wire Mesh Material {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Welded Mesh Aperture

−type: select

−options:

− - "Standard square/rectangular mesh"

− - "Anti-climb narrow aperture (e.g., 3/8 in x 3 in — '358' type)"

− - "High-security twin-wire mesh"

−default: "Anti-climb narrow aperture (e.g., 3/8 in x 3 in — '358' type)"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Welded Mesh Coating

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Hot-dip galvanized only"

− - "Galvanized plus polymer color coat"

−default: "Galvanized plus polymer color coat"

−```

−

−### Welded-wire mesh security fence shall use a rigid panel of welded steel wires conforming to ASTM F2453, mounted on posts.

−

−### Mesh panels shall be hot-dip galvanized and may be polymer-coated for color and added corrosion resistance.

−

−### The close mesh spacing of anti-climb welded mesh (commonly a narrow vertical aperture that defeats finger and toe holds) makes it a high-security alternative to chain-link where a rigid, difficult-to-climb, difficult-to-cut barrier is required. {note}

−

−# Fence Toppings — Barbed Wire and Razor Ribbon {toc}

−

−## Barbed-Wire Outrigger {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Barbed-Wire Topping

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: "security elevation"

−options:

− - "Not provided"

− - "3-strand single-arm outrigger (angled outward)"

− - "6-strand V-arm outrigger (both sides)"

−default: "Not provided"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Barbed Wire Type

−type: radio

−options:

− - "ASTM A121 — galvanized, 12-1/2 ga, 4-point barbs at 5 in O.C."

− - "ASTM F1665 — polymer-coated to match fabric"

− - "Not applicable — no barbed wire"

−default: "Not applicable — no barbed wire"

−```

−

−### Where a barbed-wire topping is specified, it shall be supported on barbed-wire arms (outriggers) conforming to ASTM F626, capable of supporting a vertical 250 lb load, mounted on the line and terminal posts.

−

−### The arms shall be angled outward (toward the unsecured side), vertical, or in a V configuration as specified, and shall carry the specified number of strands of barbed wire.

−

−### Barbed wire shall conform to ASTM A121 (metallic-coated) or ASTM F1665 (polymer-coated), of the design specified.

−

−## Razor Ribbon / Barbed Tape {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: High-Security Topping

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: "security design"

−options:

− - "Not provided"

− - "Concertina razor coil"

− - "Flat-wrap razor ribbon"

−default: "Not provided"

−```

−

−### Where a higher-security topping is specified, razor ribbon (barbed tape) shall be provided in lieu of or in addition to barbed wire.

−

−### Razor ribbon shall be galvanized or stainless-clad steel-cored barbed tape, supplied as concertina coils or flat-wrap, mounted on the outriggers or along the top of the fence.

−

−### Because razor ribbon is a serious injury hazard, it shall not be installed on fence adjacent to public pedestrian areas.

−

−### The use of razor ribbon shall be coordinated with the Owner's security and risk requirements and any local ordinance limiting its use.

−

−# Posts and Concrete Footings {toc}

−

−## Footing General {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Footing Concrete Strength

−type: radio

−unit: psi

−options:

− - "2,500 psi (standard fence posts)"

− - "3,000 psi (gate posts / heavy framework)"

− - "Per structural design / cast-in-place concrete standard"

−default: "2,500 psi (standard fence posts)"

−```

−

−### Posts shall be set in cast-in-place concrete footings (drilled or formed piers) with a 28-day compressive strength of not less than 2,500 psi unless the structural design or [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]] requires a higher strength.

−

−### Footings shall be crowned or sloped at the top to shed water away from the post.

−

−### Concrete shall not be placed in footing holes containing standing water or loose material; the hole shall be cleaned to undisturbed bearing material before placement.

−

−### Water ponding at the post groundline is the most common cause of post corrosion failure. {note}

−

−## Footing Size and Embedment — Line Posts {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Line Post Embedment Depth

−type: range

−unit: in

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− min: 24

− max: 48

− setpoints: [24, 30, 36, 42, 48]

−default: 30

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Line Post Footing Diameter

−type: select

−unit: in

−options:

− - "8 in"

− - "10 in"

− - "12 in"

− - "Per structural design"

−default: "10 in"

−```

−

−### Footing diameter and embedment depth shall be sized for the post function, fence height, wind load, and soil bearing.

−

−### As a minimum for standard fence in ordinary soils, line post footings shall be not less than three times the post diameter in width and shall embed the post not less than the depths scheduled above, increased for taller fence, screened fence, poor soils, or the local frost depth.

−

−### Posts in frost-susceptible soils shall be embedded below the local frost line to prevent frost heave from lifting the post.

−

−## Footing Size and Embedment — Terminal and Gate Posts {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Gate Post Embedment Depth

−type: range

−unit: in

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− min: 30

− max: 60

− setpoints: [30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60]

−default: 36

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Gate Post Footing Diameter

−type: select

−unit: in

−options:

− - "12 in"

− - "16 in"

− - "18 in"

− - "Per structural design — sized for gate weight and operating loads"

−default: "Per structural design — sized for gate weight and operating loads"

−```

−

−### Terminal, corner, pull, and gate posts carry concentrated loads — fabric tension at terminals and the cantilevered weight and operating loads of gate leaves at gate posts — and shall have larger and deeper footings than line posts.

−

−### Gate post footings in particular shall be sized for the gate weight, the leaf length, and the dynamic loads of opening and closing, including the loads imposed by an automated operator.

−

−### Undersized gate post footings that allow the gate post to lean are among the most common gate failures and the most expensive to correct after the fact. {note}

−

−## Frost Depth {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Footing Depth Governed by Frost Line

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Yes — embed all footings below local frost line"

− - "No — non-frost region; embedment governed by structural requirements"

−default: "Yes — embed all footings below local frost line"

−```

−

−# Swing Gates {toc}

−

−## Swing Gate Construction {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Swing Gate Configuration

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Single-leaf swing"

− - "Double-leaf swing (drive openings)"

−default: "Single-leaf swing"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Swing Gate Leaf Infill

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Match fence (chain-link fabric)"

− - "Match fence (ornamental pickets)"

− - "Match fence (welded mesh)"

− - "Per gate elevation"

−default: "Match fence (chain-link fabric)"

−```

−

−### Single and double swing gates shall conform to ASTM F900.

−

−### Gate frames shall be fabricated from the framework pipe specified for the fence, welded or assembled with malleable or pressed-steel corner fittings, with the corners trussed by diagonal rods so that the gate leaf does not sag.

−

−### The gate infill shall match the fence (chain-link fabric, ornamental pickets, or welded mesh) unless otherwise specified.

−

−### Gate leaf width and the resulting weight govern the hinge, post, and footing design; long single-leaf swing gates sag and are difficult to operate and should be split into double-leaf gates or replaced with a slide gate.

−

−## Swing Gate Opening Width {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Swing Gate Opening Width

−type: range

−unit: ft

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− min: 3

− max: 24

− setpoints: [3, 4, 6, 12, 16, 20, 24]

−default: 12

−```

−

−### Gate opening width is the clear opening between gate posts and is established by the drawings to suit the vehicle or pedestrian traffic served.

−

−### Wide vehicle openings shall be double-leaf swing gates or slide gates.

−

−### The single-leaf maximum practical width before sag and operating difficulty become problems is roughly 6 feet for pedestrian and light gates. {note}

−

−## Swing Gate Hinges and Hardware {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Swing Gate Hinge Type

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Standard galvanized gate hinges (ASTM F900)"

− - "Non-lift-off security hinges"

− - "Heavy-duty ball-bearing hinges (automated or heavy gates)"

−default: "Standard galvanized gate hinges (ASTM F900)"

−```

−

−### Hinges shall conform to ASTM F900 and shall be structurally capable of supporting the gate leaf and allowing it to swing freely without binding through repeated open-close cycles.

−

−### Hinges shall be of a non-lift-off design, or shall be installed so that the gate cannot be lifted off its hinges, for security gates.

−

−### The gate shall be provided with the latching and stop hardware specified, including a center stop or drop rod for double-leaf gates, gate stops, and keepers to hold the gate in the open position.

−

−# Slide Gates {toc}

−

−## Slide Gate Type {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Slide Gate Type

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Cantilever slide (ASTM F1184 Type II — standard vehicular)"

− - "Overhead slide (ASTM F1184 Type I — limited run-back room)"

−default: "Cantilever slide (ASTM F1184 Type II — standard vehicular)"

−```

−

−### Horizontal slide gates shall conform to ASTM F1184.

−

−### Track-type (V-groove) slide gates running on a ground track are not recommended for automated vehicular use because the ground track is an entrapment and maintenance liability.

−

−### Cantilever slide gates (Type II) span the opening with no support within the opening, supported and guided by roller assemblies on a counterbalance section that extends beyond the opening; they are the standard choice for vehicular openings because they leave the opening clear and have no track in the driving surface to collect debris or ice. {note}

−

−### Overhead-slide gates (Type I) are supported from an overhead beam and are used where the counterbalance run for a cantilever gate is not available. {note}

−

−## Slide Gate Opening Width and Run-Back {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Slide Gate Opening Width

−type: range

−unit: ft

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− min: 8

− max: 40

− setpoints: [8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 30, 40]

−default: 20

−```

−

−### The Contractor shall verify that the available run-back shown on the drawings is adequate for the specified opening before fabrication.

−

−### A cantilever slide gate requires a run-back (the clear space alongside the opening into which the gate retracts) of approximately 1.5 times the opening width to accommodate the gate leaf plus the counterbalance section; inadequate run-back is a common cantilever-gate coordination error discovered only at installation. {note}

−

−## Slide Gate Ground Clearance and Rollers {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Slide Gate Ground Clearance

−type: radio

−unit: in

−options:

− - "3 in (standard — grade permitting)"

− - "Per site grading — coordinate with paving"

−default: "3 in (standard — grade permitting)"

−```

−

−### For cantilever gates with external rollers, the ground clearance beneath the gate leaf shall be approximately 3 inches, grade permitting, so that the gate clears uneven pavement and accumulated debris and ice without binding.

−

−### All exposed rollers and roller assemblies on automated slide gates shall be covered or guarded in accordance with ASTM F2200 so that they do not create a pinch or entrapment hazard.

−

−# Pedestrian Gates {toc}

−

−## Pedestrian Gate Requirements {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Pedestrian Gate Accessibility

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Accessible route — meets clear width and accessible hardware requirements"

− - "Not on an accessible route"

−default: "Accessible route — meets clear width and accessible hardware requirements"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Pedestrian Gate Clear Opening Width

−type: radio

−unit: in

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "36 in (single accessible passage)"

− - "48 in (wide passage)"

−default: "36 in (single accessible passage)"

−```

−

−### Pedestrian gates shall be swing gates conforming to ASTM F900, sized for the required passage width and for accessibility where they serve an accessible route.

−

−### Pedestrian gates on an accessible route shall provide the clear opening width and the maneuvering clearances required by the adopted accessibility standard, and shall be operable with hardware that does not require tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist.

−

−### Pedestrian gates shall be separated from automated vehicular gates; pedestrians shall never be routed through a moving vehicular gate, which is a fundamental ASTM F2200 safety principle.

−

−# Automated Vehicular Gate Operators {toc}

−

−## Operator Listing and Usage Class {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Gate Operator Usage Class (UL 325)

−type: select

−options:

− - "Class I — residential (single-family)"

− - "Class II — commercial / general access (multi-family, school, retail)"

− - "Class III — industrial / limited access (factory, loading dock)"

− - "Class IV — restricted access (guarded industrial, airport, high-security)"

−default: "Class III — industrial / limited access (factory, loading dock)"

−```

−

−### Every automated vehicular gate operator shall be listed to UL 325 and shall be selected for the correct usage class for the installation.

−

−### UL 325 defines four usage classes by the type of property served, and the required entrapment-protection and access provisions differ by class. {note}

−

−### Selecting the wrong usage class — for example, a Class I residential operator on a Class III commercial gate — produces a non-compliant installation regardless of the operator's listing. {note}

−

−## Operator Type and Power {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Gate Operator Type

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: "gate schedule"

−options:

− - "Slide-gate operator (cantilever / overhead slide)"

− - "Swing-gate operator (single or dual arm)"

−default: "Slide-gate operator (cantilever / overhead slide)"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Operator Power Supply

−type: select

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "120 VAC single phase"

− - "208-240 VAC single phase"

− - "Solar with battery (remote sites)"

−default: "120 VAC single phase"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Standby / Backup Operation

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Battery backup for continued operation on power loss"

− - "Manual release only on power loss"

− - "Per Owner requirement"

−default: "Battery backup for continued operation on power loss"

−```

−

−### The operator type shall match the gate type — slide-gate operator for cantilever and overhead-slide gates, swing-gate operator for swing gates.

−

−### The operator shall be sized for the gate leaf weight and length and the duty cycle.

−

−### Power supply, conduit, and disconnect shall be coordinated with the electrical scope.

−

−### Where standby operation is required during a power outage, a battery backup or a manual-release means shall be provided.

−

−# Gate Safety and Entrapment Protection {toc}

−

−## Inherent Entrapment Sensing {toc}

−

−### Every automated vehicular gate operator shall include an inherent (Type A) entrapment-sensing means that stops and reverses the gate when it contacts an obstruction.

−

−### The inherent sensor is the operator's built-in obstruction detection and is the first of the required means of entrapment protection; it alone is not sufficient, because UL 325 requires at least two independent means of entrapment protection for each direction of gate travel. {note}

−

−## Independent Entrapment-Protection Devices {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Entrapment Protection — Closing Direction

−type: select

−options:

− - "Photoelectric sensor (Type B1) — non-contact"

− - "Sensing edge (Type B2) — contact"

− - "Both photo eye and sensing edge"

−default: "Both photo eye and sensing edge"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Entrapment Protection — Opening Direction

−type: select

−options:

− - "Photoelectric sensor (Type B1) — non-contact"

− - "Sensing edge (Type B2) — contact"

− - "Both photo eye and sensing edge"

−default: "Both photo eye and sensing edge"

−```

−

−### In addition to the inherent sensor, each direction of gate travel shall be protected by at least one independent external entrapment-protection device — either a Type B1 non-contact device (photoelectric sensor or photo eye) or a Type B2 contact device (a sensing edge that reverses the gate on contact).

−

−### The devices shall be located to protect every entrapment zone the gate creates: the leading edge of the gate in the closing direction, the trailing edge and the run-back zone of a slide gate in the opening direction, and the pinch points between the moving gate and fixed framework, posts, and walls.

−

−### The two means in each direction shall be independent so that the failure of one does not disable both.

−

−### A single device cannot satisfy the two-means requirement, and an inherent sensor plus a single photo eye is the practical minimum; sensing edges on the leading and trailing edges of the gate provide contact protection where a non-contact sensor cannot see a low or thin obstruction. {note}

−

−## Gate Construction for Automation (ASTM F2200) {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: ASTM F2200 Gate Construction Requirements (verify all that apply)

−type: checkbox

−options:

− - "No openings in the gate that would allow a 2-1/4 in sphere to pass in the area a person could reach through (reduces reach-through entrapment)"

− - "Exposed rollers covered or guarded"

− - "Gate restrained so it cannot fall over if disconnected or derailed"

− - "No protrusions or sharp edges on the gate or in the travel path"

− - "Pinch and entrapment zones between gate and fixed structure guarded or screened"

− - "Gate guided so it cannot leave its supports during normal operation"

−default: "Exposed rollers covered or guarded"

−```

−

−### Every gate that is, or is designed to be, automated shall be constructed in accordance with ASTM F2200.

−

−### The ASTM F2200 construction requirements listed in the datasheet above shall be reflected in the gate fabrication and installation.

−

−### The gate construction requirements exist because automating a gate turns a passive barrier into a powered machine, and the gate must be built so that it does not catch, crush, or fall on a person. {note}

−

−## Warning Signage and Controls Location {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Manual Control Location

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Within clear sight of the gate, minimum required distance from gate travel"

− - "Remote with no line of sight — PROHIBITED for override controls"

−default: "Within clear sight of the gate, minimum required distance from gate travel"

−```

−

−### Warning placards advising that the gate is automated and may move without warning shall be posted on both sides of the gate.

−

−### Manually operated controls (push buttons, key switches) that can override entrapment protection shall be located so that the operator of the control has a clear, unobstructed view of the entire gate and its travel path and is at least the required distance from the moving gate, so that the gate cannot be operated by a person who cannot see it.

−

−# Gate Hardware and Access Control Provisions {toc}

−

−## Locking and Latching Hardware {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Gate Locking Provision

−type: select

−options:

− - "Manual latch with padlock provision"

− - "Electric strike (powered by others)"

− - "Magnetic lock (powered by others)"

− - "Integral to gate operator (slide / swing)"

−default: "Manual latch with padlock provision"

−```

−

−### Gate latching, locking, and stop hardware shall be galvanized or finished to match the gate and shall be of sufficient strength for the gate function.

−

−### Manual gates shall be provided with the latch and padlock provisions specified.

−

−### Where electric locking is specified — electric strikes, magnetic locks, or solenoid-operated latches — the locking hardware and its rough-in shall be coordinated with the access-control scope.

−

−## Access Control Interface {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Access Control Wiring Division

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: "project responsibility matrix"

−options:

− - "This contract: conduit, boxes, pull strings, and operator terminations only"

− - "This contract: complete operator wiring; access-control head end by others"

−default: "This contract: conduit, boxes, pull strings, and operator terminations only"

−```

−

−```datasheet

−label: Vehicle Detection / Free-Exit Loops

−type: select

−options:

− - "Inductive loops installed by this contract, connected by access-control"

− - "Loops furnished and connected by access-control installer"

− - "Not required"

−default: "Inductive loops installed by this contract, connected by access-control"

−```

−

−### The Contractor shall provide the conduit, junction boxes, and pull strings for the access-control wiring at each automated or electrically locked gate, and shall terminate the gate operator's safety, control, and free-exit inputs as required for connection by the access-control installer.

−

−### The division of responsibility shall be confirmed at the pre-installation conference so that the gate is left ready for connection and no interface is omitted between scopes.

−

−### The credential readers, intercoms, keypads, free-exit loops, the gate controller, and the head-end logic that decide when the gate opens are furnished and connected under [[sync/access-control-systems]]. {note}

−

−# Grounding and Bonding {toc}

−

−## Fence and Gate Grounding {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Fence Grounding Required

−type: radio

−drawing_ref: true

−options:

− - "Yes — fence within influence of power lines / electrified equipment"

− - "Yes — at powered gate operators only"

− - "No — not required for this installation"

−default: "Yes — at powered gate operators only"

−```

−

−### Fence and gate framework shall be grounded and bonded where required by the adopted electrical code, particularly where the fence is within the zone of influence of high-voltage equipment, near overhead power lines, or at electrically powered gate operators.

−

−### Grounding electrode conductors, ground rods, and bonding jumpers shall be installed at the intervals and locations shown on the drawings.

−

−### Metallic fence near power lines can accumulate dangerous induced voltages, and powered gate equipment shall be grounded for both fault clearing and lightning protection. {note}

−

−# Installation {toc}

−

−## Layout and Grade {toc}

−

−### The fence line shall be staked and the post locations laid out from the contract drawings before any footing is excavated.

−

−### The Contractor shall verify that the staked line clears all underground utilities, using utility locates and hand-digging within tolerance zones.

−

−### Where the fence crosses changing grade, the framework shall follow the grade in stepped or raked sections as the fabric type allows; chain-link fabric can be raked to follow a uniform slope, while rigid ornamental and welded-mesh panels are stepped.

−

−### The bottom-of-fence clearance to grade shall be maintained within the limits specified for the fence function.

−

−## Post Setting {toc}

−

−### Posts shall be set plumb in their footings, at the correct line and spacing, and shall not be disturbed until the concrete has attained sufficient strength to resist construction loads.

−

−### Fabric and gate leaves shall not be hung until the footings have cured.

−

−### Posts set out of plumb, or footings loaded before cure, are common and visible defects. {note}

−

−## Fabric Installation {toc}

−

−### Chain-link fabric shall be stretched taut with a fabric stretcher, fastened to terminal posts with a full-height tension bar and tension bands, and tied to line posts, rails, and tension wire at the specified intervals.

−

−### The fabric shall be uniformly tensioned so that it does not sag or wave between posts.

−

−### Fabric installation shall conform to ASTM F567.

−

−## Gate Installation and Adjustment {toc}

−

−### Gates shall be hung plumb and shall swing or slide freely through their full travel without binding, dragging, or contacting the ground.

−

−### Swing gates shall be adjusted so the leaf does not sag, and the truss rods shall be tensioned to remove sag.

−

−### Slide gates shall be adjusted so the rollers carry the leaf smoothly and the gate stops at the correct open and closed positions.

−

−### Automated gates shall be adjusted, and their limit and obstruction settings configured, in accordance with the operator manufacturer's instructions and tested for compliance before the gate is placed in service.

−

−## Field Repair of Coatings {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Field Coating Repair Material

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Zinc-rich repair coating per ASTM A780"

− - "Cold-galvanizing compound plus color touch-up to match finish"

−default: "Zinc-rich repair coating per ASTM A780"

−```

−

−### Field cuts, drilled holes, welds, and abrasions that expose bare steel shall be repaired with a zinc-rich repair coating conforming to ASTM A780, and the factory color finish shall be touched up to match.

−

−### Bare steel left at a field cut is the most common origin of premature corrosion in an otherwise galvanized fence. {note}

−

−# Field Testing and Acceptance {toc}

−

−## Gate Operation Test {toc}

−

−### Each gate shall be operated through its full range of travel and demonstrated to swing or slide freely without binding, to latch and lock as specified, and to stop at the correct positions.

−

−### Automated gates shall be cycled to confirm the operator opens and closes the gate fully, stops and reverses on the inherent sensor, and responds correctly to each independent entrapment-protection device.

−

−## Entrapment-Protection Test {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Entrapment-Protection Acceptance Test

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Required — test every device in every direction, documented before energizing"

− - "Not applicable — no automated gates"

−default: "Required — test every device in every direction, documented before energizing"

−```

−

−### Each entrapment-protection device on every automated gate shall be tested by simulating an obstruction in its protected zone and confirming that the gate stops and reverses (in the closing direction) or stops (in the opening direction) as required.

−

−### The test shall be performed for each direction of travel and for each device, and the results shall be documented in the closeout certification.

−

−### A gate shall not be placed in service until every required entrapment-protection device has been tested and confirmed to function.

−

−## Plumb, Alignment, and Tension Check {toc}

−

−### The completed fence shall be checked for post plumb, line alignment, uniform fabric or panel tension, correct height, and the specified ground clearance.

−

−### Sagging fabric, out-of-plumb posts, leaning gate posts, and gates that drag or bind shall be corrected before acceptance.

−

−# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}

−

−## Material Storage and Handling {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Material Storage

−type: radio

−options:

− - "Off ground, dry, ventilated; operators stored indoors"

− - "Per manufacturer's storage instructions"

−default: "Off ground, dry, ventilated; operators stored indoors"

−```

−

−### Fence materials shall be delivered and stored so that coatings are not damaged.

−

−### Galvanized and polymer-coated framework and fabric shall be stored off the ground on supports, kept dry and ventilated, and not stored in tight bundles where trapped moisture causes wet-storage staining (white rust) on galvanized surfaces.

−

−### Polymer-coated and powder-coated components shall be protected from abrasion and impact that chip the finish.

−

−### Gate operators and their electronics shall be stored indoors, protected from weather, until installed.

−

−### Damaged materials, and galvanized materials with significant wet-storage staining, shall not be installed.

−

−# Warranty {toc}

−

−## Installation Warranty {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Fence and Gate Installation Warranty

−type: select

−options:

− - "1 year from substantial completion"

− - "2 years from substantial completion"

−default: "1 year from substantial completion"

−```

−

−### The Contractor shall warrant the fence and gate installation, including framework, fabric, gates, hardware, and the achievement of plumb, tension, and free operation, for the project warranty period beginning at substantial completion.

−

−### Warranty obligations include correction of post heave and lean, fabric sag, gate sag and binding, coating failure not attributable to abuse, and gate operator malfunction.

−

−## Manufacturer Warranties {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Gate Operator Manufacturer Warranty

−type: select

−options:

− - "1 year"

− - "2 years"

− - "5 years (heavy-duty operators)"

− - "Per manufacturer standard warranty"

−default: "Per manufacturer standard warranty"

−```

−

−### The manufacturer warranties for polymer and powder-coat finishes and for the gate operators shall be assigned to the Owner and shall run from substantial completion.

−

−### The Contractor shall provide the manufacturer warranty documentation for finishes and operators at closeout.

−

−# Spare Parts {toc}

−

−## Spare Parts and Tools {toc}

−

−```datasheet

−label: Spare Parts and Tools

−type: checkbox

−options:

− - "Manual-release keys / tools for each automated gate"

− - "Operator programming / limit-setting tool"

− - "Manufacturer-recommended spare entrapment-protection devices"

− - "Spare fabric ties and fittings"

−default: "Manual-release keys / tools for each automated gate"

−```

−

−### The Contractor shall provide the spare parts and special tools required to maintain the gate operators and access provisions, as specified.

−

−### Where automated gates are provided, the Contractor shall furnish, at a minimum, the manual-release keys or tools and any proprietary programming or limit-setting tool required for routine adjustment, and shall turn over the operator manufacturer's recommended spare-parts list.

+---

+title: Fencing and Gates

+category: Sitework

+description: >

+ When to use: Site perimeter, security, and screening fencing and the gates in it, for commercial, institutional, and industrial projects. Covers chain-link fence fabric, framework, rails, tension wire and fittings; ornamental tubular picket fence in galvanized steel, non-galvanized steel, and aluminum; welded wire mesh fence; barbed wire and barbed tape toppings; screening and privacy infill; posts, concrete footings, and alternative post-setting methods; swing, horizontal slide, vertical lift, and vertical pivot gates; pedestrian gates including those on an accessible route; automated vehicular gate operators listed to UL 325; gate construction to ASTM F2200; entrapment protection; gate locking and access-control rough-in; grounding and bonding; and fences that serve as a swimming pool or spa barrier.

+ Not intended for: Crash-rated anti-ram vehicle barriers, bollards, and gates certified to ASTM F2656/F2656M; guardrail and vehicle-impact protection; agricultural woven-wire, high-tensile, and electric livestock fence; wood, vinyl, and composite residential fence; handrails and guards on stairs, ramps, and walking surfaces (see [[sync/metal-stairs-and-railings]]); freestanding masonry, concrete, and sound-barrier walls (see [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]]); sports netting, backstops, and batting cages; the access-control head end, credential readers, intercoms, and gate-controller logic (see [[sync/access-control-systems]]); and earthwork, grading, and subgrade beneath fence lines and gate slabs (see [[sync/earthwork]]).

+---

+# Scope {toc}

+## This standard covers site fencing and the gates in it, including the fabric or panel, the framework and posts, footings and anchorage, toppings and screening, gate leaves and hardware, automated vehicular gate operators, and the entrapment protection a powered gate requires. {note}

+## A fence is assembled in the field from stock components, so nearly everything that determines how it performs is a separate selection: what the fabric or panel is made of, how heavy the framework is, how deep the posts go, what the top and bottom of the fence do, and what each gate has to do. This standard puts each of those on its own datasheet field rather than bundling them into a single duty grade. {note}

+## Automating a gate changes what the gate is. A manual gate is a passive barrier. A powered gate is a machine that can crush, shear, or trap a person, and it is governed by two separate obligations: UL 325 covers the operator, and ASTM F2200 covers the construction of the gate the operator moves. Compliance with one does not establish compliance with the other. {note}

+## The following are outside the scope of this standard: {note}

+- Crash-rated anti-ram vehicle barriers, bollards, and gates certified to ASTM F2656/F2656M, which require a project-specific perimeter security specification

+- Guardrail, bollards, and other vehicle-impact protection whose function is arresting a vehicle rather than controlling access

+- Agricultural woven-wire, high-tensile, and electrified livestock fence

+- Wood, vinyl, and composite fence systems

+- Handrails and guards at stairs, ramps, and walking surfaces, which are covered by [[sync/metal-stairs-and-railings]]

+- Freestanding masonry and concrete screen walls and sound barrier walls, which are covered by [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]]

+- Sports netting, backstops, and batting cages beyond fence fabric carried on fence framework

+- The credential readers, intercoms, keypads, gate controller, and head-end logic that decide when an automated gate opens, which are covered by [[sync/access-control-systems]]

+- Earthwork, grading, and subgrade preparation along fence lines and at gate slabs, which are covered by [[sync/earthwork]]

+## The fence line, the fence system used on each run, gate locations, and gate swing or travel direction shall be [[drawing: as shown on the fence layout plan]].

+## The Contractor shall coordinate grading, subgrade, and finished grade along fence lines and at gate slabs with the work of [[sync/earthwork]].

+## The Contractor shall coordinate post footing concrete and gate operator pads with the work of [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]].

+## The Contractor shall coordinate the raceway, power, control wiring, and detection loops serving automated and electrically locked gates with the work of [[sync/access-control-systems]].

+## Where this standard conflicts with the contract drawings or the geotechnical report, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.

+# Referenced Standards {toc}

+## Materials, fabrication, coatings, testing, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.

+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.

+| Standard | Title |

+|----------|-------|

+| ASTM A121 | Metallic-Coated Carbon Steel Barbed Wire |

+| ASTM A123/A123M | Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products |

+| ASTM A153/A153M | Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware |

+| ASTM A392 | Zinc-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence Fabric |

+| ASTM A491 | Aluminum-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence Fabric |

+| ASTM A780/A780M | Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areas of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings |

+| ASTM B117 | Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus |

+| ASTM D3359 | Rating Adhesion by Tape Test |

+| ASTM F552 | Terminology Relating to Chain Link Fencing |

+| ASTM F567 | Installation of Chain-Link Fence |

+| ASTM F626 | Fence Fittings |

+| ASTM F668 | Polyvinyl Chloride, Polyolefin, and Other Polymer-Coated Steel Chain Link Fence Fabric |

+| ASTM F900 | Industrial and Commercial Swing Gates |

+| ASTM F1043 | Strength and Protective Coatings on Steel Industrial Fence Framework |

+| ASTM F1083 | Pipe, Steel, Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated Welded, for Fence Structures |

+| ASTM F1184 | Industrial and Commercial Horizontal Slide Gates |

+| ASTM F1345 | Zinc-5% Aluminum-Mischmetal Alloy-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence Fabric |

+| ASTM F1665 | Poly Vinyl Chloride and Other Organic Polymer-Coated Steel Barbed Wire |

+| ASTM F2200 | Automated Vehicular Gate Construction |

+| ASTM F2408 | Ornamental Fences Employing Galvanized Steel Tubular Pickets |

+| ASTM F2453/F2453M | Welded Wire Mesh Fence Fabric, Metallic-Coated or Polymer Coated, for Meshes of 6 in² or Less |

+| ASTM F2589 | Ornamental Fences Employing Steel Tubular Pickets |

+| ASTM F2611 | Design and Construction of Chain Link Security Fencing |

+| ASTM F2656/F2656M | Crash Testing of Vehicle Security Barriers |

+| ASTM F2814 | Design and Construction of Ornamental Steel Picket Fence Systems for Security Purposes |

+| ASTM F2957 | Ornamental Fences Employing Aluminum Tubular Pickets |

+| ASTM F3204 | Design and Construction of Welded Wire Fence Systems for Security Purposes |

+| UL 325 | Door, Drapery, Gate, Louver, and Window Operators and Systems |

+| ANSI/BHMA A156.31 | Electric Strikes and Frame Mounted Actuators |

+| AAMA 2604 | High Performance Organic Coatings on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels |

+| AAMA 2605 | Superior Performing Organic Coatings on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels |

+| ASCE/SEI 7 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures |

+| ICC A117.1 | Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities |

+| ICC ISPSC | International Swimming Pool and Spa Code |

+| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code |

+## ASTM F1234, which formerly covered protective coatings on steel fence framework, was withdrawn in 1995. Framework coatings are governed by ASTM F1043, and a specification that still calls for an F1234 coating class is citing a document ASTM no longer publishes. {note}

+# Submittals {toc}

+## Action Submittals {toc}

+### Action submittals are the last point at which a coating class, a post size, a gate width, or an entrapment-protection layout can be corrected without a change order, because fence components are cut and coated to order. {note}

+### The Contractor shall submit the following for review and shall not release fence or gate materials for fabrication until the submittals have been returned:

+- Product data for fabric or panel, framework, fittings, gates, gate hardware, and gate operators, each identifying its governing ASTM standard, coating designation, wire size or wall thickness, and finish

+- Shop drawings showing fence elevations for each run, the post schedule by type, footing details with embedment depth and diameter, brace and truss arrangements, and grounding and bonding points

+- Gate shop drawings showing each leaf, its clear opening, its swing or travel and run-back, hinge and latch locations, and the ground clearance at each point along the travel path

+- Gate operator data, including the UL 325 listing, the operator usage class, the drive type, the entrapment-protection means provided in each direction of travel, and the field wiring and interface schedule

+- A written ASTM F2200 gate construction compliance statement for each automated gate leaf, identifying how each construction provision is satisfied on that leaf

+- Metallic coating and polymer coating certifications from the mill or applicator, stating coating weight or thickness for fabric, framework, fittings, and gate frames

+- Finish color samples covering the full standard color line offered for the specified finish system

+- Finish test reports covering coating adhesion and salt-spray corrosion resistance

+- Concrete mix design or product data for post footing concrete, coordinated with [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]]

+- Signed and sealed structural calculations for fence framework, posts, and footings where the design wind load or the gate leaf weight requires engineered members

+```datasheet

+label: Action Submittals Required

+type: checkbox

+options:

+ - "Product data for fabric, framework, fittings, gates, hardware, and operators"

+ - "Fence shop drawings with elevations, post schedule, and footing details"

+ - "Gate shop drawings with clear openings, travel, and ground clearance"

+ - "Gate operator data with UL 325 listing, usage class, and entrapment means"

+ - "ASTM F2200 gate construction compliance statement per automated leaf"

+ - "Metallic and polymer coating certifications"

+ - "Finish color samples, full standard color line"

+ - "Finish test reports for adhesion and salt-spray resistance"

+ - "Footing concrete mix design or product data"

+ - "Sealed structural calculations for framework, posts, and footings"

+default:

+ - "Product data for fabric, framework, fittings, gates, hardware, and operators"

+ - "Fence shop drawings with elevations, post schedule, and footing details"

+ - "Gate shop drawings with clear openings, travel, and ground clearance"

+ - "Metallic and polymer coating certifications"

+ - "Finish color samples, full standard color line"

+ - "Footing concrete mix design or product data"

+```

+### Product data shall state the wire size of fabric and mesh both as a gauge number and as a decimal diameter in inches, so that the submitted product can be compared against the datasheet selection without reference to a manufacturer's gauge chart.

+### Shop drawings shall be prepared from field measurements of the staked fence line and the actual grade along it, not from the contract drawings alone.

+### Where the Contractor proposes a component that differs from a datasheet selection, the proposal shall be identified as a deviation on the transmittal and shall state the value offered for the differing property.

+## Closeout Submittals {toc}

+### Closeout submittals give the Owner what is needed to operate the gates, to test the entrapment protection on the schedule the operator manufacturer sets, and to enforce the warranties. {note}

+### The Contractor shall deliver the following at substantial completion:

+- Operation and maintenance manuals for each gate operator, including the periodic test procedure for entrapment-protection devices and the manual-release procedure

+- Written certification that each automated vehicular gate and its operator were installed in compliance with UL 325 and ASTM F2200, listing each entrapment-protection device and the date it was tested

+- An as-built record showing the installed fence line, post locations, gate locations and travel, grounding and bonding points, and every deviation from the contract drawings

+- Manufacturer warranty documentation for fence materials, gates, gate operators, and polymer and powder-coat finishes

+- The interface record for each automated gate, identifying the operator terminals left for connection by the access-control installer and the function assigned to each

+- Care and maintenance instructions stating the cleaning agents the finish warranty permits and those it excludes

+- An inventory of the spare parts and special tools furnished under this standard

+```datasheet

+label: Closeout Submittals Required

+type: checkbox

+options:

+ - "Gate operator operation and maintenance manuals"

+ - "Written UL 325 and ASTM F2200 compliance and entrapment-test certification"

+ - "As-built record of fence line, posts, gates, and grounding"

+ - "Manufacturer warranty documentation"

+ - "Access-control interface record per automated gate"

+ - "Care and maintenance instructions with permitted cleaning agents"

+ - "Spare parts and special tools inventory"

+default:

+ - "Gate operator operation and maintenance manuals"

+ - "Written UL 325 and ASTM F2200 compliance and entrapment-test certification"

+ - "As-built record of fence line, posts, gates, and grounding"

+ - "Manufacturer warranty documentation"

+ - "Care and maintenance instructions with permitted cleaning agents"

+```

+### The entrapment-test certification shall be transmitted before any automated gate is placed in service, not held for the closeout package.

+# Quality Assurance {toc}

+## Installer Qualifications {toc}

+### Fence and gate work shall be performed by an installer regularly engaged in the erection of fence systems of the type specified, with not less than three years of such work under its current ownership.

+### The installer shall furnish, on request, the location and completion date of not fewer than three installations of comparable scope and fence system.

+### Automated vehicular gate operators shall be installed and commissioned by personnel holding the qualification selected in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Automated Gate Operator Installer Qualification

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no automated gates on this project"

+ - "Installer trained and certified by the operator manufacturer"

+ - "Installer holding a recognized automated gate systems installer certification"

+ - "Installer trained and certified by the operator manufacturer and holding a recognized automated gate systems installer certification"

+```

+### The entrapment-protection provisions of UL 325 and ASTM F2200 are satisfied by field configuration, not by product selection alone: an operator that carries the UL 325 listing but is installed without its required entrapment-protection devices, or with those devices unmonitored or aimed at nothing, does not comply. {note}

+## Responsibility for Automated Gate Compliance {toc}

+### The Contractor shall deliver a complete, compliant automated gate system, not merely a listed operator.

+### Every automated vehicular gate operator shall be listed to UL 325.

+### Every gate that is automated, or that is designed and installed to be automated later, shall be constructed in accordance with ASTM F2200.

+### Where the Authority Having Jurisdiction requires inspection or a compliance affidavit before an automated gate is energized, the Contractor shall arrange the inspection and furnish the affidavit at no additional cost.

+### Where the parties disagree whether an installed gate satisfies a construction provision of ASTM F2200, the Engineer of Record shall make the initial determination.

+## Pre-Installation Conference {toc}

+### Before fence or gate installation begins, the Contractor shall convene a pre-installation conference attended by the Contractor's superintendent, the fence installer, the gate operator installer, the access-control installer where automated or electrically locked gates are provided, and the Engineer of Record.

+### The conference shall review the staked fence line and the grade along it, footing requirements and frost depth, gate travel and run-back clearances, the entrapment-protection layout for each automated gate, the division of work between the gate installer and the access-control installer, and the sequence of power and control connections.

+### The Contractor shall record the division of work agreed at the conference in writing and distribute it to every attending party before installation begins.

+## Mock-Up {toc}

+### A mock-up settles fabric tension, post plumb, finish color under site light, and hardware operation before those become production quantities. {note}

+### Where the datasheet requires a mock-up, the Contractor shall erect one representative fence bay and one gate of each configuration and shall not proceed with production until the mock-up has been reviewed.

+```datasheet

+label: Mock-Up Required

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Not required"

+ - "Required, one representative fence bay of each system"

+ - "Required, one representative fence bay of each system and one gate of each configuration"

+default: "Not required"

+```

+### An accepted mock-up may remain as part of the completed work where it is built in its final location and meets every requirement of this standard.

+# Fence Systems on the Project {toc}

+## The fence system is the first selection and it governs most of the sections that follow. A project commonly uses more than one: ornamental picket at a street frontage, chain-link at a service yard, welded wire mesh at a substation or a utility compound. {note}

+## Each fence system selected in the datasheet shall comply with the article of this standard that governs that system.

+## The fence systems provided shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Fence Systems Included

+type: checkbox

+options:

+ - "Chain-link fence"

+ - "Ornamental tubular picket fence"

+ - "Welded wire mesh fence"

+```

+## Requirements in the chain-link articles of this standard apply where chain-link fence is selected in the datasheet.

+## Requirements in the ornamental picket articles of this standard apply where ornamental tubular picket fence is selected in the datasheet.

+## Requirements in the welded wire mesh articles of this standard apply where welded wire mesh fence is selected in the datasheet.

+## Where a run of fence is required to meet a security design objective, the design and construction guidance of ASTM F2611 for chain-link, ASTM F2814 for ornamental steel picket, and ASTM F3204 for welded wire systems shall be applied to that run.

+# Fence Height {toc}

+## Fence height is a project quantity, not a product norm. It follows from what the fence is for, from the sight lines the site plan protects, and from any code minimum that applies to the specific run. {note}

+## Fence height shall be measured from finished grade at the fence line to the top of the fabric or panel and shall exclude any topping mounted above it.

+## The height of the fabric or panel shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Fence Height

+type: range

+unit: ft

+drawing_ref: "fence elevations"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 3

+ max: 12

+ setpoints: [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12]

+```

+## The overall height of the fence shall be the height of the fabric or panel selected in the datasheet plus the vertical rise of any topping selected in the datasheet.

+## The Contractor shall confirm before fabrication that the overall height of each fence run does not exceed a height limit the zoning ordinance imposes at that fence line, and shall notify the Engineer of Record where it does.

+## Where the fence crosses changing grade, the height shall be maintained at every point along the run, and the framework shall be raked or stepped so that neither the specified height nor the specified bottom clearance is lost at a high or low point.

+# Site and Service Conditions {toc}

+## Atmospheric Corrosivity {toc}

+### Zinc coatings corrode at a rate set by the atmosphere they sit in. Chlorides from sea spray and de-icing salt and sulfur compounds from industrial process air both consume zinc far faster than inland rural air, which is why the same galvanized fence lasts decades at one site and fails at the groundline in a few years at another. {note}

+### The corrosivity of the installation environment shall be as indicated in the datasheet, and the fabric, framework, fitting, and hardware coatings selected elsewhere in this standard shall be selected for that corrosivity.

+```datasheet

+label: Atmospheric Corrosivity of the Site

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Rural or suburban inland"

+ - "Urban"

+ - "Light industrial"

+ - "Heavy industrial or chemical process exposure"

+ - "Coastal, within 1 mile of salt water"

+ - "Marine splash or direct salt spray"

+ - "De-icing salt exposure at roadways and parking"

+```

+### Fasteners, fittings, and gate hardware shall carry a metallic coating not less protective than the coating specified for the members they connect.

+### Dissimilar metals in contact at a fence connection shall be separated by an isolator, a gasket, or a coating where the site is classified as coastal, marine splash, or de-icing salt exposure.

+## Wind Load and Fence Solidity {toc}

+### Wind load on a fence scales with its solidity. Open chain-link fabric and open pickets present a small fraction of the projected area that the same fence presents once slats, windscreen, or solid panels are added, so a fence designed as open and later fitted with screening is loaded far beyond its framework and footing design. {note}

+### Fence framework, post size, post spacing, and footing size shall be designed to resist the design wind load for the project location and exposure category determined in accordance with the adopted building code and ASCE/SEI 7.

+### The wind load design shall use the solidity of the fence as finally constructed, including any screening or infill selected in the datasheet.

+### Screening or privacy infill shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Screening or Privacy Infill

+type: select

+options:

+ - "None"

+ - "Slats inserted into chain-link fabric"

+ - "Windscreen fabric attached to the fence"

+ - "Solid metal infill panels"

+ - "Perforated metal infill panels"

+ - "Louvered metal infill panels"

+default: "None"

+```

+### Where screening or infill is added to a fence after the framework has been erected, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer of Record before installing it so that the framework and footings can be reviewed for the increased load.

+## Frost Depth and Soil Conditions {toc}

+### A footing that stops above the frost line is lifted by the freezing soil around it, and it does not settle back; the fence line ratchets upward season by season until the posts are visibly out of line. {note}

+### Post footings shall extend below the design frost depth for the project location.

+### The design frost depth shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Design Frost Depth

+type: range

+unit: in

+drawing_ref: "geotechnical report"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 0

+ max: 96

+ setpoints: [0, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96]

+```

+### Where the geotechnical report identifies expansive soil, uncontrolled fill, a high water table, or bearing material weaker than assumed for the footing schedule, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer of Record before setting posts in that reach of the fence line.

+### Where the geotechnical report identifies soil or groundwater aggressive to concrete or to zinc, the footing concrete and the post coating shall be selected for that exposure.

+# Chain-Link Framework {toc}

+## Framework Strength Group {toc}

+### ASTM F1043 sorts fence framework into groups by how it is made and how strong it is, and it pairs each group with the metallic and polymer coatings that group is permitted to carry. Group IA is Schedule 40 pipe manufactured to ASTM F1083. Group IC is high-strength pipe of reduced wall thickness. Group II is roll-formed section. {note}

+### Chain-link line posts, terminal posts, gate posts, rails, and braces shall conform to ASTM F1043 for the framework group indicated in the datasheet, and Group IA framework shall additionally conform to ASTM F1083.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Framework Strength Group

+type: select

+options:

+ - "ASTM F1043 Group IA, Schedule 40 pipe to ASTM F1083"

+ - "ASTM F1043 Group IC, high-strength pipe"

+ - "ASTM F1043 Group II, roll-formed sections"

+```

+### Framework members shall be of the same group throughout a continuous run of fence.

+### Where the framework group selected in the datasheet does not develop the strength required by the wind load design or by the weight of a gate leaf it carries, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer of Record before fabrication rather than substituting a member.

+## Framework Protective Coating {toc}

+### The interior surface of a hollow post matters as much as the exterior. Water entering an uncapped or cracked post has nowhere to drain, and a post that looks sound from outside can fail at the groundline from corrosion that started on the inside wall. {note}

+### The protective coating on chain-link framework shall conform to ASTM F1043 for the coating type indicated in the datasheet, applied to both the exterior and the interior surface of hollow members.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Framework Protective Coating Type

+type: select

+options:

+ - "ASTM F1043 Type A, hot-dip zinc"

+ - "ASTM F1043 Type B, zinc with chromate conversion coating and clear organic film"

+ - "ASTM F1043 Type C, zinc with chromate conversion coating and organic color film"

+```

+### The combination of framework group and coating type shall be one that ASTM F1043 permits for that group.

+### Zinc used for framework coating shall be applied by the hot-dip method.

+### A polymer color finish over the metallic coating shall be provided where indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Framework Polymer Color Finish

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Not provided, metallic coating exposed"

+ - "Provided over the metallic coating"

+default: "Not provided, metallic coating exposed"

+```

+### The polymer color finish shall be applied over the metallic coating and shall not be used in place of it.

+## Chain-Link System Color {toc}

+### Color on a chain-link system is one selection carried by several components, and a fabric, framework, and fitting ordered separately in the same nominal color from different sources will not match at the fence line. {note}

+### The color of every polymer-coated component in a chain-link system shall be the color indicated in the datasheet and shall be obtained from a single source for the whole project.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link System Polymer Color

+type: select

+drawing_ref: "the contract documents"

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no polymer-coated components"

+ - "Black"

+ - "Dark green"

+ - "Brown"

+ - "Gray"

+ - "White"

+ - "Beige"

+```

+## Chain-Link Post Sizes {toc}

+### Terminal posts carry the tension of the stretched fabric as a horizontal pull at the top of the post, while line posts carry only wind and their share of the fabric weight. That is why the two are sized separately, and why a terminal post is never the same section as the line posts it terminates. {note}

+### Line post outside diameter shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Line Post Outside Diameter

+type: range

+unit: in

+drawing_ref: "fence details"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 1.66

+ max: 4.0

+ setpoints: [1.66, 1.9, 2.375, 2.875, 3.5, 4.0]

+```

+### Terminal, corner, pull, and gate post outside diameter shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Terminal and Gate Post Outside Diameter

+type: range

+unit: in

+drawing_ref: "fence details"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 2.375

+ max: 8.625

+ setpoints: [2.375, 2.875, 3.5, 4.0, 6.625, 8.625]

+```

+### Terminal, corner, pull, and gate posts shall be not smaller than the line posts in the run they terminate.

+### Post sizes shall be not smaller than those ASTM F1043 assigns to the selected framework group for the specified fence height, and shall be increased where the wind load design, the screening solidity, or a gate leaf weight requires.

+## Chain-Link Line Post Spacing {toc}

+### Fabric hung on posts spaced too far apart sags between them, and the sag grows because each wind cycle works the fabric further out of tension. {note}

+### Line post spacing shall not exceed the value indicated in the datasheet, measured center to center along the fence line.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Line Post Maximum Spacing

+type: range

+unit: ft

+options:

+ min: 4

+ max: 10

+ step: 1

+default: 10

+```

+### Spacing shall be reduced below the datasheet value where the wind load design, the fence height, the screening solidity, or a change in grade requires.

+### Posts shall be spaced uniformly within a run, with any short bay placed at a terminal or corner rather than in the middle of the run.

+## Chain-Link Bracing and Trussing {toc}

+### A braced terminal post transfers the fabric tension into the adjacent line post through a horizontal rail in compression and a diagonal rod in tension. Without that couple, the fabric simply pulls the terminal post out of plumb, and every fabric tie in the run goes slack. {note}

+### Terminal, corner, pull, and gate posts shall be braced to the adjacent line post with a horizontal brace rail and a diagonal truss rod fitted with a turnbuckle or other take-up.

+### Brace and truss assemblies shall be provided at every terminal, corner, pull, and gate post.

+### Brace and truss assemblies shall be provided at intervals not exceeding 500 feet along a straight run of fence.

+### Truss rods shall be tensioned after the fabric is stretched and shall be retensioned before final acceptance.

+# Chain-Link Fabric {toc}

+## Fabric Metallic Coating {toc}

+### The metallic coating on the core wire is what resists corrosion; the polymer over it, where one is used, is a color and an abrasion barrier, not a substitute. The three metallic coatings on the market behave differently in salt: aluminum and zinc-aluminum alloy coatings hold up longer in chloride exposure than plain zinc at the same coating weight. {note}

+### Chain-link fabric core wire shall carry the metallic coating indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Fabric Metallic Coating

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Zinc-coated steel to ASTM A392, Class 1, 1.2 oz/ft² minimum"

+ - "Zinc-coated steel to ASTM A392, Class 2, 2.0 oz/ft² minimum"

+ - "Aluminum-coated steel to ASTM A491"

+ - "Zinc-5% aluminum-mischmetal alloy-coated steel to ASTM F1345"

+```

+### Fabric shall be coated before weaving where the datasheet selects an aluminum coating or a zinc-5% aluminum-mischmetal alloy coating.

+## Fabric Polymer Coating {toc}

+### ASTM F668 separates polymer-coated fabric by how the polymer is bonded to the metallic-coated core wire, which is what determines whether the coating stays put when the fabric is stretched, cut, and tied. Class 1 is extruded over the core wire. Class 2a is extruded and adhered. Class 2b is fused and adhered. {note}

+### A polymer coating over the metallic-coated core wire shall be provided where indicated in the datasheet, conforming to ASTM F668 for the class selected.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Fabric Polymer Coating

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not provided, metallic-coated fabric"

+ - "ASTM F668 Class 1, extruded"

+ - "ASTM F668 Class 2a, extruded and adhered"

+ - "ASTM F668 Class 2b, fused and adhered"

+default: "Not provided, metallic-coated fabric"

+```

+### Polymer-coated fabric shall be measured and specified by the diameter of the metallic-coated core wire, exclusive of the polymer coating.

+### Cut ends of polymer-coated fabric shall be left with the polymer intact on the wire, and fabric with the polymer stripped back from a cut shall not be installed.

+## Fabric Wire Size {toc}

+### Wire size sets how much force the fabric takes to cut and how much it deforms under impact, and it is the single property that most separates a boundary marker from a barrier. Wire size runs on an inverted gauge scale, so the lower gauge number is the heavier wire. {note}

+### Chain-link fabric wire size shall be as indicated in the datasheet, measured on the metallic-coated core wire.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Fabric Wire Size

+type: select

+options:

+ - "11 ga, 0.120 in core wire diameter"

+ - "9 ga, 0.148 in core wire diameter"

+ - "8 ga, 0.162 in core wire diameter"

+ - "6 ga, 0.192 in core wire diameter"

+default: "9 ga, 0.148 in core wire diameter"

+```

+### Fabric shall meet the breaking strength that ASTM A392 assigns to the selected wire size for the selected coating.

+## Fabric Mesh Size {toc}

+### Mesh size trades three things against each other. A smaller opening resists a toe hold and refuses a bolt cutter jaw, but it also raises material cost and closes the fabric up so that it carries more wind. {note}

+### Chain-link fabric mesh size, measured as the clear distance between parallel wires, shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Fabric Mesh Size

+type: range

+unit: in

+options:

+ min: 0.375

+ max: 2.375

+ setpoints: [0.375, 0.5, 1.0, 1.75, 2.0, 2.375]

+default: 2.0

+```

+### Where a mesh size of 1 inch or smaller is selected, the framework, post spacing, and footings shall be designed for the increased wind solidity of the closed fabric.

+## Fabric Selvage {toc}

+### The selvage is what the cut wire ends do at the top and bottom of the fabric. A knuckled selvage closes each pair of ends into a smooth loop; a twisted selvage leaves them projecting as barbs. Where the fence borders a sidewalk, a play area, or any surface people brush against, the projecting ends are a contact hazard, and where the fence is a climb barrier they are the deterrent. {note}

+### The top selvage of chain-link fabric shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Fabric Top Selvage

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Knuckled"

+ - "Twisted and barbed"

+```

+### The bottom selvage of chain-link fabric shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Fabric Bottom Selvage

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Knuckled"

+ - "Twisted and barbed"

+default: "Knuckled"

+```

+### Where the fence encloses a play area, borders a public sidewalk, or serves as a swimming pool or spa barrier, the selvage on the side of the fence that people can reach shall be knuckled.

+# Chain-Link Rails, Tension Wire, and Fittings {toc}

+## Top and Bottom Members {toc}

+### The top member and the bottom member are two independent decisions, and each has a security consequence. A top rail stiffens the fence and is also a handhold that makes it easier to climb; a top tension wire gives up the stiffness and removes the handhold. A bottom rail resists someone lifting the fabric to crawl under; a bottom tension wire resists it less but follows uneven grade more closely. {note}

+### The top member of chain-link fence shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Top Member

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Top rail"

+ - "Top tension wire"

+ - "Top rail and top tension wire"

+ - "None"

+default: "Top rail"

+```

+### The bottom member of chain-link fence shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Bottom Member

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Bottom tension wire"

+ - "Bottom rail"

+ - "Bottom rail and bottom tension wire"

+ - "None"

+default: "Bottom tension wire"

+```

+### Top and bottom rails shall conform to the same ASTM F1043 group and coating type as the framework of the run they serve.

+### Top rail shall be run continuously through the line post caps, joined with expansion sleeves, and fastened at each terminal post with a rail end and brace band.

+## Tension Wire {toc}

+### Tension wire shall be marcelled coil wire carrying the same metallic and polymer coating as the fabric it serves.

+### Tension wire size shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Tension Wire Size

+type: select

+options:

+ - "7 ga, 0.177 in core wire diameter"

+ - "6 ga, 0.192 in core wire diameter"

+default: "7 ga, 0.177 in core wire diameter"

+```

+### Tension wire shall be stretched taut and anchored at each terminal post, and shall be fastened to the fabric at intervals not exceeding 24 inches.

+## Fittings and Tension Bars {toc}

+### Fittings shall conform to ASTM F626.

+### Pressed steel and cast fittings shall be zinc coated after fabrication with a coating weight not less than 1.2 oz/ft².

+### Fittings on a fence carrying a polymer color finish shall carry the same color finish over the metallic coating.

+### Tension bars shall be one piece for the full height of the fabric.

+### Tension bars shall be secured to terminal, corner, pull, and gate posts with tension bands spaced not more than 15 inches on center.

+### Barbed wire support arms, where provided, shall conform to ASTM F626 and shall support a vertical load of 250 pounds applied at the outermost strand position without permanent deformation.

+## Fabric Attachment {toc}

+### Ties are the weakest link in a security fence: a fabric tied with soft aluminum wire can be untwisted by hand in seconds and the fabric peeled back from the post without cutting anything. {note}

+### Fabric attachment hardware shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Chain-Link Fabric Attachment Hardware

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Aluminum tie wires"

+ - "Galvanized steel tie wires"

+ - "Tamper-resistant clips requiring a proprietary tool for removal"

+ - "Welded or crimped bands"

+default: "Aluminum tie wires"

+```

+### Fabric shall be fastened to line posts at intervals not exceeding 12 inches.

+### Fabric shall be fastened to top and bottom rails at intervals not exceeding 24 inches.

+### Fabric shall be fastened to tension wire with hog rings at intervals not exceeding 24 inches.

+# Ornamental Tubular Picket Fence {toc}

+## Picket Material {toc}

+### The three ornamental picket materials are not interchangeable at equal section. Galvanized steel and non-galvanized steel differ in how corrosion protection is achieved, and aluminum gives up strength and impact resistance in exchange for immunity to rust and a lower maintenance burden in chloride exposure. {note}

+### Ornamental tubular picket fence shall conform to the standard governing the material indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Ornamental Picket Fence Material

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Galvanized steel to ASTM F2408"

+ - "Non-galvanized steel with a proprietary coating system to ASTM F2589"

+ - "Aluminum to ASTM F2957"

+```

+### Galvanized steel picket fence components shall be hot-dip galvanized either before or after forming.

+### Aluminum picket fence components shall be extruded aluminum alloy of the temper the manufacturer specifies for the selected grade.

+### Where the fence is required to resist forced entry or vehicle impact, the picket material and grade shall be selected for that resistance and the design shall follow ASTM F2814.

+## Picket Fence Grade {toc}

+### ASTM F2408, ASTM F2589, and ASTM F2957 each define residential, commercial, and industrial grades, and the grade sets the minimum picket size, rail size, wall thickness, and post size for the system. {note}

+### The ornamental picket fence grade shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Ornamental Picket Fence Grade

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Residential grade"

+ - "Commercial grade"

+ - "Industrial grade"

+```

+### Picket, rail, post, and wall thickness dimensions shall be not less than those the governing ASTM standard assigns to the selected grade.

+### Grade shall not be mixed within a continuous run of fence.

+## Rail Configuration and Picket Tops {toc}

+### The number of rails sets how far a picket can be spread or bent between supports, which is why an anti-climb design adds rails near the top rather than adding pickets. {note}

+### The number of horizontal rails shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Ornamental Picket Fence Rail Count

+type: range

+unit: rails

+options:

+ min: 2

+ max: 4

+ step: 1

+default: 3

+```

+### The picket top treatment shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Ornamental Picket Top Treatment

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Flush top, pickets terminating at the top rail"

+ - "Extended pickets with blunt tops"

+ - "Extended pickets with pointed or spear tops"

+ - "Extended pickets with decorative finials"

+ - "Extended pickets with a top rail above, forming a closed panel"

+```

+### Where pickets extend above the top rail with pointed or spear tops, the fence shall not be installed adjacent to a play area, a public sidewalk, or a designated egress path unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.

+### Pickets shall not extend below the bottom rail.

+### Picket spacing shall be as indicated in the datasheet, measured as the clear opening between adjacent pickets.

+```datasheet

+label: Ornamental Picket Clear Spacing

+type: range

+unit: in

+options:

+ min: 0.5

+ max: 6.0

+ setpoints: [0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 3.875, 4.0, 6.0]

+default: 3.875

+```

+## Ornamental Picket Fence Finish {toc}

+### The finish on an ornamental fence is the whole visual product and also the corrosion barrier on the exposed steel or aluminum surface, so the finish system and the color are two separate selections that are commonly made by different parties. {note}

+### The factory finish system shall be as indicated in the datasheet, applied over a cleaned and pretreated substrate.

+```datasheet

+label: Ornamental Picket Fence Finish System

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Thermoset polyester powder coat"

+ - "Thermoset epoxy-polyester powder coat"

+ - "Two-coat wet paint system with primer and topcoat"

+ - "Powder coat over an electrodeposited epoxy primer"

+ - "Organic coating to AAMA 2604"

+ - "Organic coating to AAMA 2605"

+```

+### The finish color shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Ornamental Picket Fence Finish Color

+type: select

+drawing_ref: "the contract documents"

+options:

+ - "Black"

+ - "Bronze"

+ - "Dark brown"

+ - "Gray"

+ - "White"

+ - "Dark green"

+```

+### The finish shall be tested for adhesion in accordance with ASTM D3359 and for corrosion resistance in accordance with ASTM B117, and the test reports shall accompany the product data.

+### Field cuts, field-drilled holes, and abrasions that expose bare steel shall be repaired with a zinc-rich coating conforming to ASTM A780 before the color finish is touched up.

+# Welded Wire Mesh Fence {toc}

+## Mesh Fabric and Aperture {toc}

+### A welded mesh panel is rigid, so it does not need to be tensioned and it does not sag; the aperture is what makes it a security product. An aperture too narrow to admit a finger or a bolt cutter jaw defeats both climbing and cutting, which is the property the narrow-aperture panels are bought for. {note}

+### Welded wire mesh fence fabric shall conform to ASTM F2453/F2453M.

+### The mesh aperture shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Welded Wire Mesh Aperture

+type: select

+options:

+ - "3 in by 0.5 in narrow aperture"

+ - "3 in by 0.75 in narrow aperture"

+ - "2 in by 1 in rectangular"

+ - "2 in by 2 in square"

+ - "3 in by 3 in square"

+ - "Twin horizontal wire, 3 in by 0.5 in"

+```

+### The mesh wire size shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Welded Wire Mesh Wire Size

+type: select

+options:

+ - "10 ga, 0.135 in wire diameter"

+ - "8 ga, 0.162 in wire diameter"

+ - "6 ga, 0.192 in wire diameter"

+ - "4 ga, 0.225 in wire diameter"

+```

+### Welded mesh panels shall meet the weld shear strength that ASTM F2453/F2453M assigns to the selected wire size.

+### Panels shall be supplied in the manufacturer's standard panel length and shall not be field-spliced within a bay.

+## Welded Mesh Coating {toc}

+### Mesh panel wires shall carry the metallic coating indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Welded Wire Mesh Metallic Coating

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Hot-dip zinc after welding"

+ - "Zinc-coated wire welded and then coated at the welds"

+ - "Zinc-aluminum alloy coated wire"

+```

+### A polymer coating over the metallic coating shall be provided where indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Welded Wire Mesh Polymer Coating

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Not provided, metallic coating exposed"

+ - "Provided over the metallic coating"

+```

+### The mesh panel finish color shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Welded Wire Mesh Finish Color

+type: select

+drawing_ref: "the contract documents"

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no polymer coating"

+ - "Black"

+ - "Dark green"

+ - "Gray"

+ - "White"

+```

+## Welded Mesh Panel Support {toc}

+### Panels shall be attached to posts with the manufacturer's clamp bars, brackets, or fasteners designed for the panel profile.

+### Panel fasteners shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Welded Wire Mesh Panel Fasteners

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Standard hex head fasteners"

+ - "Tamper-resistant fasteners requiring a proprietary tool"

+ - "Shear-off security fasteners"

+```

+### Post spacing shall match the panel length so that every panel is supported at both ends without cutting.

+### Panels shall be stepped rather than raked where the fence crosses changing grade, and the resulting opening at the bottom of each step shall be closed where the bottom clearance limit in this standard applies.

+# Fence Toppings {toc}

+## Topping Type {toc}

+### A topping is a separate product mounted above the fence, and it is four independent decisions: what the topping is, how the arm that carries it is configured, how many strands it holds, and what the strand material is. Bundling those into one selection is what makes a topping arrive angled the wrong way over a property line. {note}

+### The fence topping shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Fence Topping Type

+type: select

+options:

+ - "None"

+ - "Barbed wire"

+ - "Barbed tape concertina coil"

+ - "Barbed tape flat wrap"

+ - "Barbed wire with barbed tape above"

+ - "Rotating anti-climb topping"

+default: "None"

+```

+### A topping shall not be installed where it would project over a property line, a public right of way, or a public sidewalk unless the Owner has secured the right to do so in writing.

+## Topping Arm Configuration {toc}

+### The arm configuration decides which side of the fence the topping protects, and the answer is not always outward: a fence around a detention area or a utility compound is often protecting against exit rather than entry. {note}

+### The topping support arm configuration shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Topping Support Arm Configuration

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no topping"

+ - "Single arm angled toward the unsecured side"

+ - "Single arm angled toward the secured side"

+ - "Vertical extension arm"

+ - "Double arm in a V configuration"

+```

+### Topping support arms shall be provided on every line, terminal, corner, pull, and gate post in the run that carries the topping.

+### Where a topping runs across a gate, the arms on the gate leaf shall align with the arms on the adjacent fence so that no gap is left at the gate post.

+## Barbed Wire {toc}

+### Barbed wire shall conform to the standard indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Barbed Wire Type

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no barbed wire"

+ - "Metallic-coated steel to ASTM A121"

+ - "Polymer-coated steel to ASTM F1665"

+```

+### The number of barbed wire strands shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Barbed Wire Strand Count

+type: range

+unit: strands

+options:

+ min: 0

+ max: 6

+ step: 1

+default: 0

+```

+### Barbed wire strands shall be stretched taut and secured in every arm slot without slack between posts.

+### Barbed wire on a polymer-coated fence shall carry a polymer coating of the same color as the fence.

+## Barbed Tape {toc}

+### Barbed tape is a laceration hazard by design, and unlike barbed wire it cannot be pushed aside or climbed over without injury. That is the property it is bought for and the reason its placement relative to people is a design decision rather than an installation detail. {note}

+### Barbed tape shall be steel-cored tape with a metallic coating or a stainless steel cladding.

+### Barbed tape shall not be installed on a fence bounding a public sidewalk, a play area, or a pedestrian route unless the Owner directs otherwise in writing and the installation complies with every local ordinance restricting its use.

+### The Contractor shall verify before installation that no local ordinance prohibits or restricts barbed tape at the project location.

+### Barbed tape coil diameter and the number of coils shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Barbed Tape Coil Configuration

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no barbed tape"

+ - "Single coil, 18 in diameter"

+ - "Single coil, 24 in diameter"

+ - "Single coil, 30 in diameter"

+ - "Double coil, stacked"

+ - "Flat wrap on the fence face"

+```

+### Warning signage identifying the barbed tape hazard shall be posted at intervals not exceeding 100 feet along any run carrying barbed tape.

+# Bottom-of-Fence Treatment {toc}

+## The gap under a fence is the easiest way through it. Closing it is a separate decision from the bottom member, because a bottom rail sets the fabric line while an anti-dig provision resists excavation beneath it. {note}

+## The clearance between finished grade and the bottom of the fabric or panel shall not exceed the value indicated in the datasheet at any point along the run.

+```datasheet

+label: Maximum Bottom-of-Fence Clearance to Grade

+type: range

+unit: in

+options:

+ min: 0

+ max: 6

+ setpoints: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6]

+default: 2

+```

+## The anti-dig provision shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Anti-Dig Provision

+type: select

+options:

+ - "None"

+ - "Fabric buried below finished grade"

+ - "Horizontal buried apron of fabric or mesh"

+ - "Continuous concrete mow strip or curb at the fence line"

+ - "Continuous buried concrete grade beam"

+default: "None"

+```

+## Where a concrete mow strip or curb is provided, its concrete, reinforcement, and jointing shall comply with [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]].

+## Where fabric is buried or a buried apron is provided, the buried portion shall carry the same metallic and polymer coating as the exposed fabric.

+# Posts, Footings, and Anchorage {toc}

+## Post Setting Method {toc}

+### Not every post is set in a drilled concrete pier. Driven posts are faster and disturb less on a long agricultural-scale run, core-drilled posts are the only option through existing pavement without removing it, and a base plate is what is used where a fence lands on a structural slab or a wall. Each has a different resistance to overturning, which is why the method is a design decision rather than a means-and-methods choice. {note}

+### The post setting method shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Post Setting Method

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Cast-in-place concrete pier, drilled"

+ - "Cast-in-place concrete pier, formed"

+ - "Driven post, no concrete"

+ - "Core-drilled into existing pavement and grouted"

+ - "Base plate anchored to a concrete slab or wall"

+```

+### Driven posts shall not be used for terminal, corner, pull, or gate posts.

+### Driven posts shall not be used where the geotechnical report identifies cobbles, boulders, or rock within the required embedment depth.

+### Base plate anchorage shall be designed by the fence supplier and shall be shown on the shop drawings with the anchor type, size, embedment, and edge distance for each condition.

+### Where a post is core-drilled into existing pavement, the annular space shall be filled with non-shrink grout and the pavement surface shall be restored to match the adjacent surface.

+## Footing Concrete {toc}

+### Fence footing concrete is commonly specified between 2500 psi and 4000 psi; the higher strengths appear where a gate post footing is designed as a structural element carrying an operating gate leaf rather than as a plain ballast pier. {note}

+### Post footing concrete compressive strength at 28 days shall be not less than the value indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Post Footing Concrete Compressive Strength

+type: range

+unit: psi

+options:

+ min: 2500

+ max: 5000

+ setpoints: [2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000]

+```

+### Footing concrete shall comply with the mix design, placement, and curing requirements of [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]].

+### Footing excavations shall be cleaned of loose material and standing water down to undisturbed bearing material before concrete is placed.

+### The top of each footing shall be crowned or sloped to shed water away from the post.

+### Water standing at the groundline is the origin of most post corrosion failures, because that is the one place on the post where the coating is alternately wetted and dried and where soil chemistry concentrates. {note}

+### Posts shall not be disturbed, and fabric, panels, or gate leaves shall not be hung on them, until the footing concrete has reached the strength the mix design assigns for construction loading.

+## Line Post Embedment and Footing Size {toc}

+### Line post embedment depth shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Line Post Embedment Depth

+type: range

+unit: in

+drawing_ref: "fence details"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 12

+ max: 60

+ setpoints: [12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60]

+```

+### Line post footing diameter shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Line Post Footing Diameter

+type: range

+unit: in

+drawing_ref: "fence details"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 6

+ max: 24

+ setpoints: [6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24]

+```

+### Line post footing diameter shall be not less than three times the outside diameter of the post it carries.

+### Line post embedment shall be increased above the datasheet value where the fence height, the screening solidity, the wind load design, the soil bearing capacity, or the design frost depth requires.

+## Terminal and Gate Post Embedment and Footing Size {toc}

+### A gate post carries loads a line post never sees: the cantilevered dead weight of the leaf, the impact of the leaf reaching its stop, and, on an automated gate, the operating force of the machine applied thousands of times a year. An undersized gate post footing leans, and once it leans the gate binds, the operator overloads, and the correction means removing and replacing the footing. {note}

+### Terminal, corner, and pull post embedment depth and footing diameter shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Terminal and Corner Post Embedment Depth

+type: range

+unit: in

+drawing_ref: "fence details"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 18

+ max: 72

+ setpoints: [18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72]

+```

+```datasheet

+label: Terminal and Corner Post Footing Diameter

+type: range

+unit: in

+drawing_ref: "fence details"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 8

+ max: 36

+ setpoints: [8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24, 30, 36]

+```

+### Gate post embedment depth and footing diameter shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Post Embedment Depth

+type: range

+unit: in

+drawing_ref: "gate details"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 24

+ max: 96

+ setpoints: [24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96]

+```

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Post Footing Diameter

+type: range

+unit: in

+drawing_ref: "gate details"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 12

+ max: 48

+ setpoints: [12, 15, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48]

+```

+### Gate post footings shall be designed for the gate leaf weight, the leaf length, the impact of the leaf at its stops, and the operating loads an automated operator imposes.

+### Terminal and gate post footings shall be not smaller than the line post footings in the same run.

+# Gate Configurations {toc}

+## ASTM F2200 recognizes five vehicular gate configurations: horizontal slide, horizontal swing, vertical lift, vertical pivot, and overhead pivot. Each has a different footprint, a different set of entrapment zones, and a different operator. {note}

+## The gate configurations provided shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Configurations Provided

+type: checkbox

+options:

+ - "Horizontal swing, single leaf"

+ - "Horizontal swing, double leaf"

+ - "Horizontal slide, cantilever"

+ - "Horizontal slide, overhead supported"

+ - "Vertical lift"

+ - "Vertical pivot"

+ - "Overhead pivot"

+ - "Pedestrian swing"

+```

+## The clear opening width of each vehicular gate shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Vehicular Gate Clear Opening Width

+type: range

+unit: ft

+drawing_ref: "gate schedule"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 6

+ max: 60

+ setpoints: [6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60]

+```

+## The clear opening width of each pedestrian gate shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Pedestrian Gate Clear Opening Width

+type: range

+unit: in

+drawing_ref: "gate schedule"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ min: 24

+ max: 72

+ setpoints: [24, 30, 32, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72]

+```

+## Gate swing direction and, for slide gates, the direction of travel shall be [[drawing: as shown on the gate schedule]].

+# Horizontal Swing Gates {toc}

+## Swing gates shall conform to ASTM F900.

+## Swing gate leaf width, the resulting leaf weight, and the moment that weight applies at the hinge are one problem: doubling the leaf width roughly quadruples the sag at the latch corner. Splitting a wide opening into two leaves, or moving it to a slide gate, are the two ways that problem is normally removed. {note}

+## Swing gate frames shall be welded, or assembled with malleable or pressed steel corner fittings, and shall be trussed diagonally so that the leaf does not sag at the latch corner.

+## Double-leaf swing gates shall be provided with a center stop set in concrete and a drop rod or plunger bar engaging it.

+## Swing gates shall be provided with gate stops or keepers that hold the leaf in the fully open position.

+## The swing arc of every gate leaf shall be clear of parked vehicles, walking surfaces, and adjacent construction through its full travel.

+# Horizontal Slide Gates {toc}

+## Slide gates shall conform to ASTM F1184.

+## ASTM F1184 sorts horizontal slide gates into Type I, supported only from above by an overhead beam, and Type II, cantilever gates that span the opening with no support within it. Type II gates are supplied in Class 1 with external rollers and Class 2 with internal rollers. {note}

+## A cantilever gate needs run-back alongside the opening for the leaf plus its counterbalance section, roughly one and a half times the opening width. Discovering at installation that the run-back is occupied by a light pole, a hydrant, or a property line is the most common coordination failure on a cantilever gate. {note}

+## The slide gate type and roller class shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Horizontal Slide Gate Type

+type: select

+options:

+ - "ASTM F1184 Type I, overhead supported"

+ - "ASTM F1184 Type II Class 1, cantilever with external rollers"

+ - "ASTM F1184 Type II Class 2, cantilever with internal rollers"

+```

+## The Contractor shall verify the available run-back at each cantilever gate against the fabricated leaf length before releasing the gate for fabrication.

+## Track-supported slide gates running on a track set in the driving surface shall not be used where the datasheet indicates an automated operator on that gate, unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.

+## Roller assemblies shall be adjusted so that the leaf runs without binding through its full travel and the counterbalance section clears the ground at every point.

+# Vertical Lift and Vertical Pivot Gates {toc}

+## Vertical lift and vertical pivot gates trade horizontal room for vertical room. They are what fits where there is no run-back for a cantilever gate and no swing arc for a swing gate, and they create an entrapment zone underneath the leaf that neither of the horizontal configurations has. {note}

+## Vertical lift and vertical pivot gates shall be constructed in accordance with ASTM F2200 for the applicable gate class.

+## The vertical clearance beneath a vertical lift gate leaf in its fully open position shall be [[drawing: as shown on the gate elevations]].

+## Counterweights, cables, chains, and sprockets on a vertical lift or vertical pivot gate shall be guarded so that they are not accessible during operation.

+## A vertical lift or vertical pivot gate shall be provided with a means that restrains the leaf from falling if a cable, chain, or counterweight connection fails.

+## The area beneath a vertical lift or vertical pivot gate leaf shall be protected by an entrapment-protection device in the closing direction.

+# Pedestrian Gates {toc}

+## Routing pedestrians through a vehicular gate is the failure that ASTM F2200 exists to prevent. A person on foot at a moving vehicular gate is in the travel path of a machine sized to move a leaf that weighs hundreds of pounds. {note}

+## Pedestrian gates shall conform to ASTM F900 and shall carry the same fabric or panel and finish as the fence they interrupt.

+## Pedestrian traffic shall not be routed through an automated vehicular gate, and a separate pedestrian gate shall be provided at every location where a walking route crosses an automated vehicular gate line.

+## The pedestrian gate accessibility requirement shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Pedestrian Gate Accessibility Requirement

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "Gate does not serve an accessible route"

+ - "Gate serves an accessible route"

+```

+## Where a pedestrian gate serves an accessible route, it shall provide the clear opening width and the maneuvering clearances required by ICC A117.1 and the adopted accessibility standard.

+## Where a pedestrian gate serves an accessible route, its operating hardware shall be operable with one hand, without tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist, and with an operating force not exceeding that permitted by the adopted accessibility standard.

+## Where a pedestrian gate serves an accessible route, the ground surface on both sides of the gate shall be firm, stable, and slip resistant across the full maneuvering clearance.

+# Gate Leaves and Hardware {toc}

+## Gate Frame and Infill {toc}

+### Gate frame members shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Frame Material

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Galvanized steel pipe to ASTM F1083"

+ - "High-strength steel pipe to ASTM F1043"

+ - "Steel structural tube, hot-dip galvanized after fabrication"

+ - "Extruded aluminum"

+```

+### The gate leaf infill shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Leaf Infill

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Chain-link fabric matching the adjacent fence"

+ - "Ornamental pickets matching the adjacent fence"

+ - "Welded wire mesh matching the adjacent fence"

+ - "Solid metal panel"

+ - "Perforated metal panel"

+ - "Louvered metal panel"

+```

+### Welds on a hot-dip galvanized gate frame shall be made before galvanizing where the frame is galvanized after fabrication.

+### Field welds on a galvanized frame shall be repaired with a zinc-rich coating conforming to ASTM A780.

+### Gate frames shall carry the same coating type and color finish as the fence framework in the run they interrupt.

+## Hinges and Latching Hardware {toc}

+### A lift-off hinge is a security gap that no lock closes: the gate is simply lifted off its pins and carried away, leaf and lock together. {note}

+### Gate hinges shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Hinge Type

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Malleable iron or pressed steel gate hinges"

+ - "Non-lift-off security hinges"

+ - "Ball-bearing hinges"

+ - "Weld-on barrel hinges"

+```

+### Hinges shall be sized to carry the gate leaf weight and shall allow the leaf to swing freely without binding through repeated operating cycles.

+### Where the fence carrying a gate serves a security function, the hinges shall be of a non-lift-off design or the leaf shall be otherwise restrained against being lifted from its hinges.

+### Gate latching hardware shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Latching Hardware

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Fork latch with padlock provision"

+ - "Plunger bar latch"

+ - "Drop rod engaging a center stop"

+ - "Panic hardware"

+ - "Self-closing and self-latching gate hardware"

+ - "Latch integral to the gate operator"

+```

+### Latching hardware shall be finished to match the gate leaf and shall be of a strength consistent with the gate function.

+## Electric Locking Provisions {toc}

+### The electric locking provision at a gate shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Electric Locking Provision

+type: select

+options:

+ - "None, mechanical latching only"

+ - "Electric strike conforming to ANSI/BHMA A156.31"

+ - "Electromagnetic lock"

+ - "Solenoid-operated latch"

+ - "Locking integral to the gate operator"

+default: "None, mechanical latching only"

+```

+### Electric locking hardware shall fail in the position required by the adopted building and fire codes for the egress function of that gate.

+### Electric locking hardware and its rough-in shall be coordinated with the work of [[sync/access-control-systems]] before the gate is fabricated.

+### An electrically locked gate on an egress path shall release on loss of power and on activation of the fire alarm system.

+## Gate Ground Clearance {toc}

+### Ground clearance beneath a gate leaf is a compromise between two failures. Too little and the leaf drags on frost heave, on settled pavement, or on accumulated ice and debris; too much and the gap under the gate defeats the barrier and, under ASTM F2200, becomes an entrapment zone that has to be guarded. {note}

+### The clearance between the driving or walking surface and the bottom of the gate leaf shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Leaf Ground Clearance

+type: range

+unit: in

+options:

+ min: 0

+ max: 6

+ setpoints: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6]

+```

+### Ground clearance shall be maintained within the datasheet value at every point along the full travel of the leaf, not only at the closed position.

+### Where the gate serves as a swimming pool or spa barrier, the ground clearance shall not exceed the maximum the adopted pool code permits beneath a barrier.

+# Automated Vehicular Gate Operators {toc}

+## Operator Listing and Usage Class {toc}

+### UL 325 sorts vehicular gate operators into four usage classes by the property the gate serves, and the required entrapment protection and access provisions differ by class. Class I covers residential use of one to four single-family dwellings. Class II covers commercial locations accessible to the general public. Class III covers industrial locations not intended to serve the general public. Class IV covers restricted-access locations where authorized entry is supervised by security personnel. {note}

+### Installing an operator listed for a lower usage class than the property requires produces a non-compliant installation no matter how the operator itself is listed, because the class determines which protections the listing actually covers. {note}

+### The gate operator usage class shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Operator UL 325 Usage Class

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no automated gates"

+ - "Class I, residential"

+ - "Class II, commercial or general public access"

+ - "Class III, industrial or limited access"

+ - "Class IV, restricted access under security supervision"

+```

+### The operator shall be listed to UL 325 for the usage class indicated in the datasheet and for the gate configuration it drives.

+### The operator shall be sized for the leaf weight, the leaf length, and the duty cycle the Owner's operations require.

+## Operator Drive and Power {toc}

+### The operator drive type shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Operator Drive Type

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no automated gates"

+ - "Electromechanical"

+ - "Hydraulic"

+```

+### The operator power supply shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Operator Power Supply

+type: select

+drawing_ref: "electrical site plan"

+default: deferred

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no automated gates"

+ - "120 V single phase"

+ - "208 V single phase"

+ - "240 V single phase"

+ - "480 V three phase"

+ - "Low-voltage direct current with photovoltaic charging"

+```

+### Branch circuit conductors, raceway, overcurrent protection, and the disconnecting means serving each gate operator shall comply with NFPA 70.

+### A disconnecting means shall be provided within sight of each gate operator.

+### The Contractor shall confirm the available voltage at each gate location before releasing the operator for order.

+## Standby Operation and Manual Release {toc}

+### What a gate does when the power fails is an Owner policy decision, not a product default. A gate that fails open surrenders the perimeter; a gate that fails closed can strand vehicles inside it, including emergency vehicles. {note}

+### The standby operation provision shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Operation on Loss of Utility Power

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no automated gates"

+ - "Manual release only, no standby power"

+ - "Battery backup for continued powered operation"

+ - "Battery backup that opens the gate and holds it open"

+ - "Battery backup that closes the gate and holds it closed"

+ - "Operator fed from a standby generator circuit"

+```

+### Every automated gate shall be provided with a manual release that allows the leaf to be moved by hand without tools.

+### The manual release shall be operable from the secured side of the gate and shall be secured against operation from the unsecured side.

+### The manual release procedure shall be posted at the operator in a durable, weather-resistant form.

+### Where the gate serves a route emergency responders use, the release means and any responder access device shall be coordinated with the Authority Having Jurisdiction before the gate is energized.

+# Automated Gate Entrapment Protection {toc}

+## Entrapment-Protection Means {toc}

+### UL 325 names five means of protection. Type A is inherent entrapment sensing built into the operator, which stops and reverses the leaf when it meets an obstruction. Type B1 is a non-contact external device such as a photoelectric sensor. Type B2 is a contact external device such as a sensing edge. Type C is inherent force limiting through a clutch or pressure relief. Type D is a control requiring continuous pressure to keep the leaf moving. {note}

+### Two independent means are required in each direction of travel, and the reason is failure modes rather than redundancy for its own sake: an inherent sensor detects only what the leaf has already struck, a photoelectric beam misses an object below or beside it, and a sensing edge protects only the edge it is mounted on. {note}

+### Each automated vehicular gate operator shall provide an inherent Type A entrapment-sensing means that stops and reverses the leaf on contact with an obstruction.

+### Each direction of gate travel shall be protected by at least two independent means of entrapment protection.

+### The external entrapment-protection device provided in the closing direction shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: External Entrapment Protection, Closing Direction

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no automated gates"

+ - "Type B1 non-contact photoelectric sensor"

+ - "Type B2 contact sensing edge"

+ - "Type B1 non-contact sensor and Type B2 contact sensing edge"

+```

+### The external entrapment-protection device provided in the opening direction shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: External Entrapment Protection, Opening Direction

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not applicable, no automated gates"

+ - "Type B1 non-contact photoelectric sensor"

+ - "Type B2 contact sensing edge"

+ - "Type B1 non-contact sensor and Type B2 contact sensing edge"

+```

+### Every external entrapment-protection device shall be monitored by the operator so that a failure of the device, its wiring, or its alignment prevents powered operation.

+### Entrapment-protection devices shall be located to cover every entrapment zone the gate creates, including the leading edge in the closing direction, the trailing edge and the run-back zone in the opening direction, and the pinch points between the moving leaf and any fixed post, framework, or wall.

+### The two means protecting one direction of travel shall be independent, so that the failure of either one does not disable the other.

+## Gate Construction for Automation {toc}

+### ASTM F2200 constrains the gate itself, not the operator: openings sized so a hand cannot reach through into the machinery, rollers covered, protrusions removed, and the leaf restrained so it cannot fall or leave its supports. {note}

+### Every gate that is automated, or that is designed for later automation, shall be constructed in accordance with ASTM F2200.

+### Openings in the gate leaf and in the fence within the leaf's travel path shall be guarded or screened so that a 2.25 inch sphere cannot pass through, from the bottom of the leaf to 48 inches above the ground surface.

+### Openings between 48 inches and 72 inches above the ground surface shall be guarded or screened so that a 4 inch sphere cannot pass through.

+### Rollers and roller assemblies less than 96 inches above the ground surface shall be covered or guarded.

+### Protrusions and sharp edges shall not be present on the gate leaf or within its travel path.

+### Pickets shall not protrude below the bottom rail of a gate leaf.

+### The gap between a moving gate leaf and any stationary object shall not exceed 2.25 inches unless that object is more than 16 inches from the leaf.

+### The gate leaf shall be restrained so that it cannot fall over if it is disconnected from the operator or leaves its guides.

+### The gate leaf shall be guided so that it cannot leave its supports during normal operation.

+## Warning Signage and Control Placement {toc}

+### An override control mounted where the operator cannot see the gate is the mechanism behind a large share of automated gate injuries: the person pressing the button is the only safeguard once entrapment protection is bypassed, and they are looking at a wall. {note}

+### Warning placards stating that the gate is automated and may move without warning shall be posted on both sides of every automated gate.

+### Placards shall be durable, weather resistant, and legible from the approach to the gate on each side.

+### Manually operated controls that can override entrapment protection shall be located within unobstructed sight of the entire gate and its full travel path.

+### Manually operated controls shall be located at the minimum distance from the gate travel path that UL 325 requires for the operator's usage class.

+### Controls shall be secured against operation by unauthorized persons where the gate serves a restricted-access location.

+# Vehicle Detection and Access Control Interface {toc}

+## The gate installer and the access-control installer meet at the operator's terminal strip, and the interface omitted at that terminal strip is the one nobody claimed at the pre-installation conference. {note}

+## The vehicle detection provision shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Vehicle Detection Loops

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not required"

+ - "Free-exit loop"

+ - "Free-exit loop and safety loops"

+ - "Free-exit loop, safety loops, and shadow loop"

+ - "Reversing loops in the gate travel path"

+```

+## The division of access-control wiring work shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Access Control Wiring Division of Work

+type: select

+drawing_ref: "the responsibility matrix in the contract documents"

+options:

+ - "Raceway, boxes, and pull wire furnished under this standard"

+ - "Raceway and complete gate operator field wiring furnished under this standard"

+ - "Raceway, operator field wiring, and detection loops furnished under this standard"

+ - "All access control wiring furnished by others"

+```

+## The Contractor shall terminate the gate operator's safety, control, and free-exit inputs so that the operator is ready for connection by the access-control installer.

+## Detection loops installed under this standard shall be saw-cut, sealed, and home-run to the operator enclosure with no splice between the loop and the enclosure.

+## The credential readers, intercoms, keypads, gate controller, and head-end logic that decide when the gate opens are furnished and connected under [[sync/access-control-systems]]. {note}

+# Grounding and Bonding {toc}

+## A metallic fence running parallel to an overhead transmission line accumulates an induced voltage along its length, and it can reach a level a person feels or is injured by at any point they touch it. Bonding drains that charge; it is separate from the equipment grounding a powered operator needs for fault clearing. {note}

+## The fence grounding and bonding provision shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Fence Grounding and Bonding

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Not required"

+ - "Equipment bonding at powered gate operators"

+ - "Equipment bonding at powered gate operators and grounding where the fence crosses or parallels overhead electrical lines"

+ - "Continuous fence grounding at intervals along the entire fence"

+```

+## Grounding and bonding shall comply with NFPA 70.

+## Grounding electrode conductors, ground rods, and bonding jumpers shall be installed [[drawing: as shown on the electrical site plan]].

+## Every powered gate operator enclosure shall be bonded to the equipment grounding conductor of its supply circuit.

+## Bonding jumpers shall be installed across every gate hinge, every expansion sleeve, and every other joint that interrupts electrical continuity in a fence required to be continuously grounded.

+# Swimming Pool and Spa Barrier Provisions {toc}

+## A fence that encloses a pool or a spa stops being a boundary and becomes a life-safety barrier governed by the adopted pool code, and the code sets minimums the site plan cannot waive: barrier height, the gap at the bottom, the size of any opening, the mesh opening for chain-link, and how the gate closes and latches. {note}

+## The pool barrier function shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Fence Serves as a Swimming Pool or Spa Barrier

+type: radio

+options:

+ - "No"

+ - "Yes, one or more runs enclose a pool or spa"

+default: "No"

+```

+## Requirements in this article apply where the datasheet indicates that a run of fence encloses a swimming pool or spa.

+## Where a run of fence encloses a pool or spa, that run shall comply with the barrier provisions of the adopted swimming pool and spa code and with any more stringent state or local requirement.

+## Where a run of fence encloses a pool or spa, its height shall be not less than the minimum the adopted pool code sets for a barrier, measured on the side of the barrier facing away from the pool.

+## Where a run of fence encloses a pool or spa, openings in the barrier shall not permit the passage of a sphere of the diameter the adopted pool code specifies.

+## Where a chain-link run encloses a pool or spa, the mesh opening shall not exceed the maximum the adopted pool code permits for chain-link fabric.

+## Where a gate serves a pool or spa barrier, it shall swing away from the pool, shall be self-closing, and shall be self-latching.

+## Where a gate serves a pool or spa barrier, the latch release shall be located at the height the adopted pool code requires, and openings within the code-specified distance of the release shall be limited to the maximum dimension the code permits.

+## Where a gate serves a pool or spa barrier, it shall be tested to demonstrate that it self-closes and self-latches from any open position before the barrier is accepted.

+## An automated vehicular gate shall not be used as any part of a pool or spa barrier.

+# Installation {toc}

+## Layout and Utility Clearance {toc}

+### The fence line and every post location shall be staked from the contract drawings and reviewed by the Engineer of Record before any footing is excavated.

+### The Contractor shall obtain utility locates covering the staked fence line and shall hand-excavate within the tolerance zone of every located utility.

+### Where a staked post location conflicts with a located utility, an easement, or a property line, the Contractor shall stop work in that reach and obtain a revised layout from the Engineer of Record.

+### The Contractor shall verify the property line at every fence run bounding a property line before setting posts, and shall not set a post, a footing, or a topping arm across it.

+## Post Setting {toc}

+### Posts shall be set plumb, at the staked line and spacing, and shall be held in position until the footing concrete has set.

+### Post caps shall be installed on every hollow post so that water cannot enter the post.

+### Posts shall not be cut to length after installation in a way that leaves the cut end open or the coating breached without repair.

+### A post found out of plumb by more than 1/4 inch in 5 feet after the footing has cured shall be removed and reset, and the cost of removal and resetting shall be borne by the Contractor.

+## Fabric and Panel Installation {toc}

+### Chain-link fabric installation shall conform to ASTM F567.

+### Chain-link fabric shall be stretched taut with a fabric stretcher before it is tied, and shall be secured to each terminal post with a full-height tension bar and tension bands.

+### Fabric shall be tensioned so that it does not sag, wave, or ripple between posts under no wind.

+### Fabric shall be installed on the side of the framework the drawings indicate, and where the drawings do not indicate a side, on the secured side of the fence.

+### Rigid ornamental and welded mesh panels shall be stepped to follow changing grade, and chain-link fabric shall be raked to follow a uniform slope.

+### Panels and fabric shall not be forced into a bay of the wrong length, and a bay whose length does not match the panel shall be reframed rather than the panel cut.

+## Gate Installation and Adjustment {toc}

+### Gates shall be hung plumb and shall swing, slide, lift, or pivot freely through their full travel without binding, dragging, or contacting the ground.

+### Swing gate truss rods shall be tensioned after hanging so that the latch corner of the leaf sits level.

+### Slide gate rollers, guides, and stops shall be adjusted so that the leaf stops at the intended fully open and fully closed positions.

+### Automated gates shall have their limits, force settings, and obstruction settings configured in accordance with the operator manufacturer's instructions.

+### An automated gate shall not be left energized and operable at the end of a work shift until its entrapment protection has been installed, configured, and tested.

+## Field Repair of Coatings {toc}

+### Bare steel at a field cut or a drilled hole is where premature corrosion starts on an otherwise sound galvanized fence, because it is the one place with no zinc to sacrifice. {note}

+### Field cuts, drilled holes, welds, and abrasions that expose bare steel shall be repaired with a zinc-rich coating conforming to ASTM A780.

+### The color finish shall be touched up over the repaired area to match the adjacent finish.

+### The repair material shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Field Coating Repair Material

+type: select

+options:

+ - "Zinc-rich paint to ASTM A780"

+ - "Zinc-based solder to ASTM A780"

+ - "Zinc spray metallizing to ASTM A780"

+default: "Zinc-rich paint to ASTM A780"

+```

+### Damage that removes coating over an area larger than the repair material is qualified to restore shall be corrected by replacing the member, at no additional cost where the damage occurred after delivery to the site.

+# Field Testing and Acceptance {toc}

+## Gate Operation Test {toc}

+### Each gate shall be operated through its full range of travel and demonstrated to move freely, to latch and lock as specified, and to stop at its intended open and closed positions.

+### Each automated gate shall be cycled to demonstrate that the operator opens and closes the leaf fully and stops and reverses on its inherent entrapment sensor.

+### Each automated gate shall be demonstrated to operate correctly from every control input provided, including the manual controls and the detection loops.

+### The manual release on each automated gate shall be demonstrated with the operator de-energized.

+## Entrapment-Protection Verification {toc}

+### Every entrapment-protection device on every automated gate shall be tested by introducing an obstruction into the zone that device protects.

+### The test shall demonstrate that the gate stops and reverses in the closing direction and stops in the opening direction.

+### The test shall be performed separately for each device and for each direction of travel.

+### Each external device shall additionally be tested by disconnecting it, to demonstrate that the operator refuses powered operation when the monitored device is not present.

+### An automated gate shall not be placed in service until every required entrapment-protection device has been tested and confirmed to function.

+### The Contractor shall document each test with the gate identifier, the device tested, the direction of travel, the date, and the name of the person performing the test.

+### The Contractor shall bear the cost of retesting after a failure, including the cost of any repair or adjustment required to pass.

+## Fence Acceptance Inspection {toc}

+### The completed fence shall be inspected for post plumb, line alignment, fabric or panel tension, height, bottom clearance, and the condition of every coating.

+### Sagging fabric, out-of-plumb posts, leaning gate posts, gates that drag or bind, and coating damage shall be corrected before acceptance.

+### Where the Contractor and the Engineer of Record disagree whether an installed condition meets a tolerance in this standard, the Engineer of Record shall make the initial determination.

+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}

+## Galvanized material stacked wet and tightly bundled develops wet-storage staining, the bulky white zinc corrosion product that forms where moisture is trapped against the surface with no air. It consumes the zinc it forms from, so a heavily stained member has already spent part of the service life the coating was bought for. {note}

+## Fence materials shall be delivered in bundles identified with the manufacturer, the product designation, and the governing ASTM standard.

+## Galvanized and polymer-coated framework, fabric, and panels shall be stored off the ground on supports, sloped to drain, and kept ventilated.

+## Materials shall not be stored in tight bundles or under covers that trap moisture against the surface.

+## Polymer-coated and powder-coated components shall be protected from abrasion and impact during handling and shall not be dragged.

+## Gate operators, their controls, and entrapment-protection devices shall be stored indoors and protected from weather until they are installed.

+## Damaged materials shall not be installed.

+## Galvanized material carrying wet-storage staining that has consumed the coating below the specified weight shall not be installed.

+# Warranty {toc}

+## Installation Warranty {toc}

+### The Contractor shall warrant the fence and gate installation, including framework, fabric and panels, gates, hardware, and the achievement of plumb, tension, alignment, and free operation, for the period indicated in the datasheet beginning at substantial completion.

+```datasheet

+label: Installation Warranty Period

+type: range

+unit: years

+options:

+ min: 1

+ max: 5

+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 5]

+default: 1

+```

+### Warranty obligations shall include correction of post heave and lean, fabric sag, gate sag and binding, coating failure not attributable to abuse or to damage by others, and gate operator malfunction.

+### Where a warranted item is repaired or replaced, the repaired or replaced item shall carry a fresh warranty of the full period from the date of the repair, or the remainder of the original period, whichever is longer.

+### The Contractor shall bear the cost of collateral damage caused by a warranty repair, including restoration of pavement, landscaping, and adjacent finishes disturbed to make the repair.

+## Finish and Operator Warranties {toc}

+### Manufacturer warranties for polymer and powder-coat finishes and for gate operators shall be assigned to the Owner and shall run from substantial completion.

+### The finish warranty period shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Finish Warranty Period

+type: range

+unit: years

+options:

+ min: 1

+ max: 25

+ setpoints: [1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]

+```

+### The gate operator warranty period shall be as indicated in the datasheet.

+```datasheet

+label: Gate Operator Warranty Period

+type: range

+unit: years

+options:

+ min: 1

+ max: 10

+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10]

+```

+### Where the datasheet asserts no operator warranty period, the manufacturer's standard warranty term shall govern, and the Contractor shall state that term in the product data submittal.

+### Where the datasheet asserts no finish warranty period, the finish manufacturer's standard warranty term shall govern, and the Contractor shall state that term in the product data submittal.

+### The finish warranty shall cover chalking, fading, cracking, checking, peeling, and loss of adhesion, and shall state the measurement basis for each.

+# Spare Parts {toc}

+## The parts that strand a gate are the ones with no substitute: the proprietary tool that sets the operator limits, the manual-release key, and the entrapment-protection device that has to be replaced before the gate can legally run again. {note}

+## The Contractor shall furnish the spare parts and special tools indicated in the datasheet and shall turn them over to the Owner at substantial completion.

+```datasheet

+label: Spare Parts and Special Tools

+type: checkbox

+options:

+ - "Manual release key or tool for each automated gate"

+ - "Operator programming and limit-setting tool"

+ - "One spare external entrapment-protection device of each type installed"

+ - "Spare fabric ties and fittings"

+ - "Spare tamper-resistant fastener driver bits"

+ - "Touch-up coating in each finish color furnished"

+ - "One spare gate latch of each type installed"

+default:

+ - "Manual release key or tool for each automated gate"

+ - "Operator programming and limit-setting tool"

+ - "Touch-up coating in each finish color furnished"

+```

+## Spare parts shall be the same product as the installed item, delivered in the manufacturer's packaging and identified with the order designation.

+## The Contractor shall furnish the gate operator manufacturer's recommended spare parts list at closeout.

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