+---
+title: Radiant Heating and Cooling Panels
+category: Mechanical / Air Distribution
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: Hydronic radiant heating and cooling panels at ceilings, floors, and walls in
+ commercial, institutional, and high-performance residential buildings - including prefabricated
+ metal radiant ceiling panels, concealed above-drywall panels, in-floor PEX or copper systems,
+ wall panels, and thermally active building surfaces (TABS). Covers system layout, water
+ temperature design, dew-point protection controls, balancing, and commissioning for low-noise,
+ draft-free sensible conditioning of offices, labs, healthcare, and hospitality spaces.
+ Not intended for: active and passive chilled beams (convection-dominant induction devices, a
+ distinct product category); hydronic distribution piping and headers ([[sync/hydronic-piping]]);
+ fan-coil units ([[sync/fan-coil-units]]) and terminal heating units ([[sync/terminal-heating-units]]);
+ unit heaters ([[sync/unit-heaters]]); coils within air-handling units ([[sync/heating-and-cooling-coils]]);
+ electric resistance radiant panels and floor mats; and domestic hot water systems ([[sync/plumbing-equipment]]).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers hydronic radiant heating and cooling panels that transfer heat predominantly by radiation, supplemented by natural convection, without forced air movement through the panel itself. {note}
+
+## The following panel families are covered: prefabricated metal radiant ceiling panels, concealed above-drywall radiant ceiling panels, in-floor hydronic radiant systems, thermally active building surfaces, and wall radiant panels. {note}
+
+## Applications include offices, laboratories, healthcare facilities, hospitality, and mixed-use spaces where low-noise, draft-free, high-comfort sensible conditioning is the design intent. {note}
+
+## Radiant panels provide sensible-only conditioning and remove no latent load. {note}
+
+## A cooling installation shall be paired with a dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) or other dehumidification source that conditions ventilation air to a dew point below the panel surface temperature.
+
+## The means of ventilation-air dehumidification is a system-level coordination requirement that shall be confirmed before radiant cooling capacity is finalized.
+
+## Hydronic radiant panels are distinguished from chilled beams by their heat transfer mechanism. {note}
+
+### Radiant panels transfer heat chiefly by radiant exchange between the panel surface and the surrounding surfaces and occupants, with the panel itself moving no air. {note}
+
+### Active chilled beams are induction devices that use ducted primary air to induce room air across a coil and are convection-dominant; if the dominant mechanism is inductive convection, the device is a chilled beam and is outside this standard. {note}
+
+### Radiant panels and chilled beams shall not be combined in a single specification section, because doing so produces bidding confusion and incorrect submittals. {note}
+
+## The following are excluded and are governed by the standards named: hydronic supply and return distribution piping, headers, risers, mains, and pipe insulation ([[sync/hydronic-piping]]); fan-coil and fan-driven terminal units ([[sync/fan-coil-units]], [[sync/terminal-heating-units]]); cabinet and horizontal unit heaters ([[sync/unit-heaters]]); heating and cooling coils within air-handling units ([[sync/heating-and-cooling-coils]]); and domestic hot water heating and storage ([[sync/plumbing-equipment]]). {note}
+
+## Electric radiant heating panels and electric resistance floor mats with no hydronic circuit are outside this standard's scope. {note}
+
+## Central hydronic plant equipment - chillers, boilers, and cooling towers - is outside this standard's scope. {note}
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ANSI/ASHRAE 138-2021 | Method of Testing for Rating Ceiling Panels for Sensible Heating and Cooling |
+| ASHRAE Handbook | HVAC Systems and Equipment, Chapter 6 - Radiant Heating and Cooling |
+| ASHRAE 55-2023 | Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy |
+| ASHRAE 90.1-2022 | Energy Standard for Sites and Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |
+| ISO 18566 | Building Environment Design - Hydronic Radiant Heating and Cooling Panel Systems (Parts 1-4) |
+| ISO 11855 | Building Environment Design - Embedded Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems (Parts 1-6) |
+| ASTM B88 | Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube |
+| ASTM F876 | Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing |
+| ASTM F877 | Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems |
+| NFPA 13 | Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems |
+| NFPA 13R | Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies |
+| IMC | International Mechanical Code, Chapter 14 - Hydronic Piping |
+
+## ANSI/ASHRAE 138-2021 is the currently active US test and rating standard for ceiling radiant panels and supersedes the 2013 (R2016) edition; panel capacity ratings shall be reported on that basis. {note}
+
+## ISO 18566 applies to prefabricated panel systems with an open air gap, while ISO 11855 applies to embedded systems with no air gap (in-slab, TABS, and in-floor); the applicable series depends on the panel family selected. {note}
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review before fabrication or ordering:
+
+- Product data for each panel type, including room-side sensible capacity ratings reported per ANSI/ASHRAE 138, water temperature and flow basis, and pressure rating.
+- Shop drawings showing panel layout, coverage percentage, module dimensions, manifold and circuit arrangement, and coordination with lighting, diffusers, sprinklers, and structure.
+- Hydronic circuit diagram showing supply/return connections, balancing devices, isolation valves, air vents, and zone control valves.
+- Controls sequence of operation including dew-point protection interlock and supply water reset logic.
+- Water quality and chemical treatment plan, including inhibitor/glycol formulation and aluminum compatibility confirmation where aluminum panels are used.
+- Structural attachment and seismic restraint details for suspended panels.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Product data with ASHRAE 138 room-side capacity ratings
+ - Panel layout and coverage shop drawings
+ - Hydronic circuit and manifold diagram
+ - Controls sequence of operation (dew-point interlock)
+ - Water quality and chemical treatment plan
+ - Structural attachment and seismic restraint details
+default:
+ - Product data with ASHRAE 138 room-side capacity ratings
+ - Panel layout and coverage shop drawings
+ - Hydronic circuit and manifold diagram
+ - Controls sequence of operation (dew-point interlock)
+```
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+
+- Manufacturer factory hydrostatic test certificates for panels or manifold assemblies.
+- Field pressure test reports for installed circuits.
+- Balancing report listing design and measured flow at each circuit or manifold.
+- Commissioning records including dew-point interlock functional test and flush/fill water quality verification.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Factory hydrostatic test certificates
+ - Field pressure test reports
+ - Balancing report (design vs. measured flow)
+ - Commissioning records and dew-point functional test
+default:
+ - Factory hydrostatic test certificates
+ - Field pressure test reports
+ - Balancing report (design vs. measured flow)
+ - Commissioning records and dew-point functional test
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals:
+
+- Operation and maintenance manuals for panels, manifolds, control valves, and dew-point sensors.
+- As-built drawings showing final panel and circuit locations and manifold zoning.
+- Warranty documentation for panels and embedded tubing.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Operation and maintenance manuals
+ - As-built drawings (panel and circuit locations)
+ - Warranty documentation
+default:
+ - Operation and maintenance manuals
+ - As-built drawings (panel and circuit locations)
+ - Warranty documentation
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Panels shall be the product of a manufacturer regularly engaged in the production of hydronic radiant panels for not less than five years.
+
+## Ceiling panel capacity ratings shall be established by test in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE 138 and reported as room-side sensible capacity.
+
+## Room-side capacity is the radiant plus convective heat exchange delivered to the occupied space; it excludes heat the panel exchanges with the ceiling plenum. {note}
+
+### Sizing cooling capacity from water-side panel capacity overstates useful room cooling by 10 to 25 percent, because the panel also draws heat from the plenum above it. {note}
+
+## Cooling capacity used for sizing shall be the room-side rating, not the total water-side heat extraction.
+
+## The installing contractor shall employ personnel trained by the panel or embedded-tubing manufacturer for the system type being installed.
+
+## A single manufacturer shall furnish each panel system and its manifolds as a coordinated assembly to maintain warranty and performance accountability.
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## Radiant panels condition the occupied zone through mean radiant temperature, so design targets shall be expressed in operative temperature, not air temperature alone. {note}
+
+### Operative temperature combines air temperature and mean radiant temperature; radiant systems shift comfort by changing surface temperatures, allowing equal comfort at slightly different air temperatures. {note}
+
+## The design operative temperature shall fall within the comfort zone of ASHRAE 55 for the project's clothing and metabolic assumptions.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design Operative Temperature - Cooling
+type: range
+unit: °F
+min: 68
+max: 78
+step: 1
+default: 75
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design Operative Temperature - Heating
+type: range
+unit: °F
+min: 66
+max: 76
+step: 1
+default: 70
+```
+
+## Floor surface temperature in occupied zones shall not exceed 85°F (29°C) to satisfy ASHRAE 55 foot-comfort limits.
+
+## Floor surface temperature in perimeter and bathroom zones may reach 95°F (35°C) where occupants do not dwell.
+
+## Cooling panel surface temperature shall be maintained above the space dew-point temperature at all times to prevent surface condensation.
+
+## Maintaining the panel surface above dew point is the single most critical design and control requirement for radiant cooling; condensation causes staining, mold, and substrate damage. {note}
+
+## The hydronic system serving the panels shall be a closed loop with controlled water quality to limit corrosion and oxygen ingress.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Loop Water pH Range
+type: range
+unit: pH
+min: 7.0
+max: 9.0
+step: 0.1
+default: 8.0
+```
+
+## Aluminum panels shall use an aluminum-compatible inhibited fluid; the loop pH shall be held between 7.0 and 8.5 for aluminum heat plates.
+
+### Standard HVAC glycol blends with high-pH inhibitor packages (pH above 9.0) corrode aluminum heat plates; an aluminum-compatible inhibited glycol shall be specified where aluminum panels are used. {note}
+
+# Panel Type and Configuration {toc}
+
+## The panel family shall be selected to match the heat transfer surface, mounting method, and architectural integration required by the space.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel Family
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Prefabricated metal radiant ceiling panel (suspended or lay-in grid)
+ - Concealed above-drywall radiant ceiling panel
+ - In-floor hydronic radiant (thin-slab or below-subfloor)
+ - Thermally active building surface (TABS, embedded in structural slab)
+ - Wall radiant panel
+default: Prefabricated metal radiant ceiling panel (suspended or lay-in grid)
+```
+
+## Prefabricated metal radiant ceiling panels are aluminum or steel tube-and-plate units mounted in a suspended or lay-in grid, available in standard module widths of 12 in and 24 in and lengths from 2 ft to 8 ft. {note}
+
+## Concealed above-drywall panels place aluminum omega-channel heat plates and PEX tubing above 5/8 in drywall so no panel is visible at the ceiling. {note}
+
+## In-floor systems embed PEX-a or PEX-b tubing in a thin lightweight concrete or gypsum topping (typically 1.5 in to 2 in) or below the subfloor with aluminum heat transfer plates. {note}
+
+## Thermally active building surfaces embed PEX or copper in the structural concrete slab (typically 4 in to 8 in) and are engineered per project; ISO 11855 governs their design. {note}
+
+## Wall radiant panels are vertical aluminum panels with a copper or PEX circuit, typically used for perimeter supplemental heating. {note}
+
+## Heat Transfer Surface {toc}
+
+### The heat transfer surface material shall be selected for compatibility with the loop fluid and the required capacity.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Heat Transfer Surface Material
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Aluminum plate with bonded PEX
+ - Steel plate with welded steel tubes
+ - Copper tube-and-plate
+ - Gypsum-encapsulated PEX
+default: Aluminum plate with bonded PEX
+```
+
+### Embedded tubing shall conform to ASTM F876 and ASTM F877 for PEX or ASTM B88 for copper.
+
+### PEX used in embedded floor and ceiling circuits shall include an oxygen-diffusion barrier where the loop contains ferrous components, to limit oxygen ingress and corrosion.
+
+## Ceiling Integration Method {toc}
+
+### The ceiling integration method shall be coordinated with the architectural reflected ceiling plan.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Ceiling Integration Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Exposed panel in suspended grid
+ - Concealed above drywall
+ - Modular snap-in acoustic tile
+default: Exposed panel in suspended grid
+```
+
+### Panel finish shall be factory-applied; white is the standard finish and custom colors shall be confirmed for emissivity and capacity impact.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel Finish
+type: select
+options:
+ - Factory-painted white (standard)
+ - Factory-painted custom color
+ - Field-painted
+default: Factory-painted white (standard)
+```
+
+### Custom and field-applied finishes shall not reduce surface emissivity below the value used to establish the rated capacity. {note}
+
+# Operating Mode and Water Temperatures {toc}
+
+## The operating mode shall be selected to match the loads the panels are intended to serve.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Operating Mode
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Heating only
+ - Cooling only
+ - Dual-mode heating and cooling (4-pipe)
+default: Dual-mode heating and cooling (4-pipe)
+```
+
+## Cooling supply water temperature shall be set above the space dew-point temperature with a minimum margin of 2°F to 3°F.
+
+## A cooling supply water temperature that is too low for the prevailing space dew point will cause condensation regardless of any downstream control; the design value is the first line of dew-point defense. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Cooling Supply Water Temperature
+type: range
+unit: °F
+min: 57
+max: 65
+step: 1
+default: 60
+```
+
+## Heating supply water temperature for ceiling and wall panels shall be selected for the design heating capacity within the panel pressure and temperature rating.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Heating Supply Water Temperature - Ceiling/Wall Panels
+type: range
+unit: °F
+min: 80
+max: 120
+step: 5
+default: 110
+```
+
+## Heating supply water temperature for in-floor systems shall be limited so the floor surface temperature stays within the occupied-zone limit.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Heating Supply Water Temperature - In-Floor
+type: range
+unit: °F
+min: 80
+max: 105
+step: 5
+default: 95
+```
+
+## Design flow rate shall be established per manufacturer data for each panel module and confirmed against the available pump head.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design Flow Rate (Cooling)
+type: range
+unit: GPM per 100 ft²
+min: 0.3
+max: 0.8
+step: 0.1
+default: 0.5
+```
+
+# Capacity and Coverage {toc}
+
+## Panel quantity shall be derived from the room-side capacity rating and the design sensible load, after deducting all ceiling or floor obstructions.
+
+## Ceiling panel cooling capacity shall be taken from the room-side rating; typical open-plan office values fall in the range of 8 to 20 Btu/h·ft².
+
+```datasheet
+label: Ceiling Panel Cooling Capacity (room-side)
+type: range
+unit: Btu/h·ft²
+min: 8
+max: 20
+step: 1
+default: 12
+```
+
+## Ceiling panel heating capacity at 120°F supply typically falls in the range of 20 to 50 Btu/h·ft².
+
+```datasheet
+label: Ceiling Panel Heating Capacity
+type: range
+unit: Btu/h·ft²
+min: 20
+max: 50
+step: 2
+default: 30
+```
+
+## In-floor heating capacity typically falls in the range of 8 to 16 Btu/h·ft², limited by the floor surface temperature ceiling.
+
+```datasheet
+label: In-Floor Heating Capacity
+type: range
+unit: Btu/h·ft²
+min: 8
+max: 16
+step: 1
+default: 12
+```
+
+## Panel coverage shall be specified as a percentage of conditioned ceiling or floor area and shall account for lighting, diffusers, and structural obstructions.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel Coverage of Ceiling/Floor Area
+type: range
+unit: percent
+min: 50
+max: 100
+step: 5
+default: 70
+```
+
+## Specifying coverage without modeling obstructions is a common error; actual installed coverage is commonly 15 to 25 percent less than the design assumption when lighting, diffusers, and structure are accounted for. {note}
+
+## Coverage shall be modeled against the reflected ceiling plan before the panel quantity is fixed, so that obstructions do not leave the space short of capacity.
+
+## In-floor systems shall confirm the maximum finish-floor R-value, because carpet, wood, or thick coverings reduce effective output and can overheat the slab. {note}
+
+## Finish-floor covering over an in-floor radiant system shall not exceed R-1.0 for cooling service or R-2.0 for heating service.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Finish-Floor Covering R-value
+type: range
+unit: h·ft²·°F/Btu
+min: 0.5
+max: 2.0
+step: 0.5
+default: 1.0
+```
+
+# Controls and Dew-Point Protection {toc}
+
+## The control system shall maintain the panel surface above the space dew point under all operating conditions while delivering the design operative temperature. {note}
+
+## A dew-point protection method shall be provided for every cooling installation.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Dew-Point Protection Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Space dew-point sensor with chilled water shutoff
+ - Supply water temperature reset on space dew point
+ - Dedicated DOAS pre-dehumidification upstream
+default: Space dew-point sensor with chilled water shutoff
+```
+
+## A dedicated DOAS or equivalent dehumidification source shall condition ventilation air below the panel surface temperature; without it, condensation on cooling panels is unavoidable in humid climates. {note}
+
+## The controls sequence shall raise the cooling supply water temperature or close the chilled water supply when the space dew point approaches the panel surface temperature.
+
+## The dew-point interlock shall be a functional, tested element of the sequence of operation and not merely a setpoint note. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Space Dew-Point Sensor Setpoint
+type: range
+unit: °F DP
+min: 50
+max: 55
+step: 1
+default: 53
+```
+
+## The control valve and pipe configuration shall be selected to match the operating mode and the dew-point control strategy.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Piping and Control Valve Configuration
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 2-pipe with 2-way control valve
+ - 2-pipe with 3-way control valve
+ - 4-pipe with 2-way control valves
+default: 4-pipe with 2-way control valves
+```
+
+## Manifold zoning shall group panels so each zone can be controlled and balanced independently.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manifold Zoning
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Individual room manifold
+ - Zone manifold serving multiple panels
+default: Zone manifold serving multiple panels
+```
+
+## Energy performance, including pipe insulation, control setpoints, and reset, shall comply with ASHRAE 90.1.
+
+# Balancing {toc}
+
+## Each panel circuit or zone manifold shall be provided with a means of flow balancing so that surface temperatures are uniform across the conditioned area.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Balancing Device
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Pressure-independent control valve (PICV) at each zone manifold
+ - Manual balancing valve at each panel circuit
+default: Pressure-independent control valve (PICV) at each zone manifold
+```
+
+## Pressure-independent control valves should be provided at each zone manifold so that panel flow balance is not disrupted when zone valves elsewhere in the system modulate. {note}
+
+### Omitting pressure-independent balancing causes flow at one zone to shift when other zone valves open or close, producing uneven surface temperatures and comfort complaints. {note}
+
+## The system shall be balanced to the design flow at each circuit, and measured flows shall be recorded in the balancing report.
+
+# Sprinkler and Trade Coordination {toc}
+
+## Suspended radiant ceiling panels shall be coordinated with the fire sprinkler layout, because panels can obstruct standard sprinkler coverage. {note}
+
+## Panel layout shall be coordinated with the sprinkler contractor early enough to add heads or apply listed obstructed-coverage rules under NFPA 13 or NFPA 13R as required.
+
+## Where panels obstruct sprinkler discharge, additional heads or listed obstructed-coverage sprinklers shall be provided as required by NFPA 13.
+
+## Panel layout shall be coordinated with lighting, diffusers, access panels, and structural elements so that the installed coverage meets the modeled coverage.
+
+# Testing {toc}
+
+## Each panel or manifold assembly shall be factory hydrostatically tested at 1.5 times the working pressure, with a minimum test of 200 psi for 150 psi rated systems, held for not less than 15 minutes with no leakage.
+
+## Maximum working pressure for standard prefabricated panels is 150 psi (10 bar); the panel rating shall be verified against the project hydronic system design pressure.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel Maximum Working Pressure
+type: range
+unit: psi
+min: 100
+max: 150
+step: 10
+default: 150
+```
+
+## After installation, each circuit shall be field pressure tested at not less than 1.5 times the design working pressure for a minimum of 2 hours with no pressure loss, per the IMC and manufacturer requirements.
+
+## Embedded tubing shall be held under test pressure during placement of any topping slab so that damage during the pour is detected immediately.
+
+## A functional test of the dew-point protection interlock shall be performed during commissioning to confirm the panel surface is held above dew point.
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Panels shall be installed level and in plane with the finished ceiling or floor, with module joints aligned per the approved shop drawings.
+
+## Suspended panels shall be independently supported from the structure and shall not transfer load to the ceiling grid beyond the grid's rated capacity.
+
+## Suspended panels shall be seismically restrained where required by the adopted building code for the project's seismic design category.
+
+## Embedded tubing shall be secured against flotation and displacement before any topping or concrete is placed.
+
+## In-floor tubing shall maintain the design spacing and shall not be kinked or reduced in bore during installation.
+
+## Connections to the hydronic distribution shall be made with isolation valves and unions or flanges so that panels and manifolds can be removed for service. {note}
+
+### Supply and return connections, balancing, and isolation devices shall be coordinated with the distribution piping standard [[sync/hydronic-piping]]. {note}
+
+## Air vents shall be provided at system high points and at each manifold so that the panels can be fully purged of air.
+
+## The system shall be flushed to remove construction debris and flux residue before the panels are placed in service.
+
+## Construction debris, flux residue, and oxygen ingress cause early corrosion in aluminum panels; pre-flush, fill water quality, and chemical treatment shall be completed before commissioning. {note}
+
+## The fill water and chemical treatment shall meet the approved water quality plan before the panels are charged.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Panels shall be delivered in the manufacturer's packaging with end caps or plugs on tube connections to keep internal surfaces clean and dry.
+
+## Panels shall be stored flat and protected from moisture, dust, and physical damage until installation.
+
+## Panel finishes shall be protected from overspray, adhesives, and abrasion during the work of other trades.
+
+## Embedded tubing shall be protected from ultraviolet exposure and sustained sunlight during storage where the product is UV-sensitive.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The manufacturer shall warrant panels and embedded tubing against defects in materials and workmanship for a minimum of two years from substantial completion.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Manufacturer Warranty Period
+type: select
+options:
+ - 1 year
+ - 2 years
+ - 5 years
+ - 10 years
+default: 2 years
+```
+
+## Embedded tubing shall carry the longer warranty period offered for the tubing product, because it is not accessible for replacement after the slab is placed.
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall furnish spare dew-point sensors and control valve actuators of each type installed, in the quantities scheduled.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare Parts Furnished
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Spare dew-point sensor(s)
+ - Spare control valve actuator(s)
+ - Spare manifold air vent(s)
+ - Touch-up finish for panels
+default:
+ - Spare dew-point sensor(s)
+ - Spare control valve actuator(s)
+```
+
+## Touch-up finish matching the factory panel finish shall be provided for field repair of minor surface damage.