+---
+title: Standpipe Systems
+category: Fire Protection
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: Standpipe and hose systems installed in commercial, institutional, industrial, mercantile, assembly, and high-rise buildings to provide a fixed water supply for manual fire-fighting operations by trained fire-department personnel and, where required, by occupants. Covers Class I (2-1/2 in. outlets for fire-department use), Class II (1-1/2 in. hose stations for occupant use), and Class III (combined 2-1/2 in. and 1-1/2 in. service) systems in automatic-wet, automatic-dry, semi-automatic-dry, manual-wet, and manual-dry configurations. Addresses the standpipe risers themselves, hose connections, hose valves, pressure-regulating devices, fire department connections, main drain and test valves, and the interface to the water supply or a combined sprinkler/standpipe riser.
+ Not intended for: The sprinkler distribution piping in a combined sprinkler/standpipe system (see [[sync/wet-pipe-fire-sprinkler-systems]] and [[sync/dry-pipe-fire-sprinkler-systems]] for the sprinkler portion of a combined riser); fire pumps that boost standpipe pressure where residual pressure at the most remote outlet is inadequate (see [[sync/fire-pumps]]); the underground fire service main and yard piping feeding the standpipe (covered separately under NFPA 24); the building fire alarm system that receives standpipe waterflow and supervisory signals (see [[sync/fire-alarm-systems]]); the domestic water piping system (see [[sync/domestic-water-piping]]); hose, nozzles, and other fire-department-furnished equipment carried on apparatus rather than fixed in the building; or yard hydrants and exterior hose connections outside the building footprint.
+---
+
+# Scope
+
+This standard covers the design documentation, materials, installation, testing, and acceptance of standpipe and hose systems installed in buildings to provide a fixed, reliable water supply for manual fire-fighting operations. A standpipe system is the vertical piping, horizontal mains, hose connections, control valves, and associated devices that deliver water under pressure to hose outlets located throughout a building, so that fire-department personnel or trained occupants can connect hose lines and direct streams at a fire without depending on the rapid deployment of hose from apparatus at street level.
+
+The scope extends from the point where the standpipe system connects to its water supply — either a dedicated underground fire service main, a tap from the public water main, the discharge of a fire pump dedicated to the standpipe system, or a combined sprinkler/standpipe riser fed from the same source — through the riser piping, horizontal cross mains and feed mains, hose connections at each floor and at any required intermediate locations, pressure-regulating devices where the static pressure at any outlet would otherwise exceed safe limits, the main drain and test arrangement, and the fire department connection (FDC) at the exterior of the building. Combined sprinkler/standpipe risers are within the scope of this standard for the standpipe portion only; the sprinkler distribution piping fed from a combined riser is covered by [[sync/wet-pipe-fire-sprinkler-systems]] or [[sync/dry-pipe-fire-sprinkler-systems]] as applicable.
+
+Standpipe systems installed under this standard shall comply with NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems (current edition adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction), the International Fire Code (IFC), and the International Building Code (IBC) as adopted locally. IBC Section 905 governs when a standpipe is required, the class of system, the location of hose connections, and accessibility requirements; NFPA 14 governs the design, installation, and acceptance of the system itself. Where local amendments modify either standard, the local amendment governs unless it is less stringent than the base standard, in which case the base standard governs. The Engineer of Record shall confirm the edition of NFPA 14 adopted in the jurisdiction before design begins, because successive editions of NFPA 14 have introduced meaningful changes to hose connection pressure limits, pressure-regulating device requirements, the rules for partially-completed high-rise standpipes during construction, and the interface between standpipe and sprinkler combined risers.
+
+A standpipe is a manual fire-protection system in nearly every case. With the exception of certain Class II occupant-use systems in very limited applications, the standpipe does not automatically discharge water — it requires that a fire-fighter open a hose valve and direct the flow. This distinguishes the standpipe from the automatic sprinkler system and changes the design philosophy: the standpipe must deliver a usable hose stream at the time and location chosen by the operator, not at a pre-engineered design area. The system shall be designed and installed with this manual-use intent in mind throughout.
+
+# Referenced Standards
+
+Materials, design, installation, and testing shall comply with the current adopted editions of the following standards. Where standards conflict, the more stringent requirement governs unless directed otherwise by the Engineer of Record in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| NFPA 14 | Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems |
+| NFPA 13 | Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems (for combined sprinkler/standpipe risers) |
+| NFPA 20 | Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection |
+| NFPA 24 | Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances |
+| NFPA 25 | Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems |
+| NFPA 72 | National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code |
+| NFPA 291 | Recommended Practice for Fire Flow Testing and Marking of Hydrants |
+| NFPA 1962 | Standard for the Care, Use, Inspection, Service Testing, and Replacement of Fire Hose, Couplings, Nozzles, and Fire Hose Appliances |
+| NFPA 1963 | Standard for Fire Hose Connections (screw threads and Storz connections) |
+| IBC | International Building Code, Section 905 (Standpipe Systems) |
+| IFC | International Fire Code |
+| ASTM A53 | Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless |
+| ASTM A135 | Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe |
+| ASTM A795 | Standard Specification for Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe for Fire Protection Use |
+| ASME B16.1 | Gray Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings |
+| ASME B16.3 | Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings |
+| ASME B16.9 | Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings |
+| ANSI/AWWA C606 | Grooved and Shouldered Joints |
+| UL 405 | Fire Department Connections |
+| UL 668 | Hose Valves for Fire-Protection Service |
+| UL 1468 | Direct Acting Pressure Reducing and Pressure Restricting Valves |
+| FM 1110 | Approval Standard for Single Gate Valves and Indicator Posts |
+| FM 1126 | Approval Standard for Fire Service Pressure-Regulating Valves |
+
+# Submittals
+
+## Action Submittals
+
+The Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer of Record's review and the AHJ's approval prior to procurement and installation. No work shall proceed on any portion of the standpipe system until the corresponding submittals are reviewed, returned, and any required approval from the AHJ is in hand. Standpipe submittals are reviewed by the AHJ as part of the fire protection plan review process and, in high-rise buildings, by the fire-department operations personnel who will actually use the system; incomplete submittals at this trade are a common cause of plan-review delays.
+
+Working drawings shall be prepared by or under the supervision of a person with qualifications acceptable to the AHJ — in many jurisdictions this means a licensed fire protection engineer or a NICET-certified designer at the level required by state law. The Contractor is responsible for confirming designer qualification requirements before assigning the design work.
+
+The following items shall be submitted as a coordinated package:
+
+- Working drawings for the standpipe system complying with NFPA 14, including floor plans showing standpipe riser locations and routing, hose connection locations and elevations, horizontal main routing, control valve locations, FDC location, and main drain and test arrangement
+- Riser diagram showing each standpipe with elevations of every hose connection, the location of pressure-regulating devices, the location of control valves, the connection to the water supply, and the connection to any combined sprinkler riser
+- Hydraulic calculations demonstrating compliance with NFPA 14: a minimum of 500 gpm at 100 psi residual at the most hydraulically remote 2-1/2 in. hose connection for Class I and Class III systems, with 250 gpm at each additional remote standpipe, and 100 gpm at 65 psi at the most remote 1-1/2 in. hose connection for Class II systems
+- Product data for each item of equipment and material, including pipe, fittings, hose valves with their listed Cv or flow coefficient, pressure-regulating devices (PRV or PRD) with listed pressure-flow curves, fire department connections, control valves with tamper switches, waterflow switches, and any flexible connections or seismic devices
+- Manufacturer's installation instructions for each listed or approved component, including any limitations on application, pipe joining method, or system arrangement that affect compliance
+- Pressure-regulating device selection schedule showing the static, residual, and flowing pressure at each hose outlet at the system design flow, the inlet and outlet pressure required at each PRV or PRD, and the device set point
+- Seismic bracing calculations, where seismic bracing is required by the project's Seismic Design Category
+- For partially-completed standpipes used during construction of high-rise buildings, a construction phasing plan showing the elevation of each completed and serviceable hose outlet at each phase of construction, in compliance with IFC Chapter 33 and NFPA 14 Chapter 7
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Working drawings per NFPA 14"
+ - "Standpipe riser diagrams with elevations"
+ - "Hydraulic calculations per NFPA 14 demand criteria"
+ - "Product data for all components"
+ - "Manufacturer installation instructions"
+ - "PRV / PRD selection schedule"
+ - "Seismic bracing calculations (if required)"
+ - "Construction phasing plan (high-rise)"
+default: "Working drawings per NFPA 14"
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals
+
+The following shall be submitted at substantial completion before the standpipe system is accepted:
+
+- Contractor's Material and Test Certificate for Aboveground Piping (NFPA 14 / NFPA 13 figure) signed by the installing Contractor, certifying pipe and fittings materials, joint types, flushing procedure, hydrostatic test results, flow test results at the FDC and at the most remote hose connection, and the operation of all alarm and supervisory devices
+- As-built drawings reflecting field changes from the reviewed working drawings, with the actual elevation of each hose connection recorded
+- Operation and maintenance manual including riser identification, hose connection locations and pressure ratings, valve locations, system description, impairment procedures, and NFPA 25 inspection intervals
+- Pressure-regulating device commissioning records, including the measured inlet and outlet pressure at each device under the test flow and confirmation that each device's set point is within the listing tolerance
+- Warranty documentation for all components carrying a manufacturer warranty
+- Hydraulic design information signs confirming that installed signs match the design calculations and are permanently affixed at the system risers
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Contractor's Material and Test Certificate for Aboveground Piping"
+ - "As-built drawings with field-verified hose connection elevations"
+ - "Operation and maintenance manual"
+ - "PRV / PRD commissioning records"
+ - "Manufacturer warranty documentation"
+ - "Hydraulic design information sign verification"
+default: "Contractor's Material and Test Certificate for Aboveground Piping"
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance
+
+## Installer Qualifications
+
+Standpipe system installation shall be performed by a licensed fire protection contractor as required by the state and local jurisdiction. In states where licensing is mandatory, the installing contractor shall hold a current fire protection contractor's license. The individual preparing the working drawings and hydraulic calculations shall hold qualifications as required by the AHJ; where state law requires NICET certification, the designer shall hold NICET Level III or Level IV certification in water-based systems layout or fire protection engineering technology, as applicable.
+
+## Coordination with the Fire Department
+
+The location of every hose connection, the location of the FDC, the thread or coupling type at each connection, and the identification signage shall be confirmed with the fire department of jurisdiction before the connections are procured. Fire-fighting operations depend on connections matching the apparatus and equipment carried by that specific fire department. A 4 in. Storz connection on an FDC is useless to a department that carries only 2-1/2 in. National Standard Thread couplings; a 1-1/2 in. occupant-use hose station with a non-standard thread is useless to occupants. The Contractor shall not procure FDC, hose valves, or threaded couplings without confirming the local fire department standard.
+
+In many jurisdictions, the fire department or fire marshal will inspect the standpipe system in person and operate one or more hose connections during the field acceptance test. The Contractor shall schedule the acceptance test with the fire department with sufficient advance notice and shall make a fire department representative available throughout the test.
+
+## Listing and Approval
+
+All hose valves, FDCs, pressure-regulating devices, control valves, waterflow alarm devices, supervisory switches, and seismic brace assemblies shall be listed by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (UL, FM, or another NRTL as accepted by the AHJ) for the specific application and service conditions in which they are used. Hose valves shall be listed to UL 668; FDCs to UL 405; pressure-regulating valves to UL 1468 and, where the Owner requires FM compliance, FM 1126. No component shall be substituted for a listed product with an unlisted or unapproved equivalent without the Engineer of Record's written approval and confirmation of acceptability by the AHJ.
+
+## FM Global Compliance
+
+```datasheet
+label: FM Global Compliance Required
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Not required"
+ - "Required — FM-approved components throughout"
+default: "Not required"
+```
+
+Where the building's property insurance carrier or the Owner requires FM Global compliance, all components shall be FM-approved in addition to UL-listed. FM and UL listings are not identical for standpipe components — the difference is particularly consequential for pressure-regulating valves, where the FM 1126 approval requires testing across a broader flow range than the UL 1468 listing alone. The Contractor shall confirm FM approval status for each product at procurement, not after installation.
+
+# Classification
+
+## System Class
+
+The class of standpipe system shall be confirmed against IBC Section 905 and the project program before design begins. The class determines the size of the hose connection, the design flow and pressure, the locations of hose stations, and whether occupant use is contemplated. A building that requires a Class I standpipe under the code shall not be specified with only Class II hose stations; conversely, a code-required Class II system in an occupancy where occupant use is contemplated cannot be replaced with a Class I system that omits the small hose stations without separately addressing the occupant-use requirement.
+
+Class I systems provide 2-1/2 in. hose connections for use by fire-department personnel or by trained operators capable of handling 2-1/2 in. hose lines. Class I systems are the dominant configuration in modern construction because the IBC requires them in nearly every building large enough to require any standpipe. The 2-1/2 in. connection delivers the flow required for an effective fire-fighting hose stream at typical operating pressures.
+
+Class II systems provide 1-1/2 in. hose stations with a continuously charged hose and a nozzle, intended for use by occupants and building staff for incipient fire control. Class II systems are required in very limited applications and are largely disfavored in modern code-cycle practice because of the risk that untrained occupants will attempt to fight a developed fire rather than evacuating. Where a Class II system is provided in a building also equipped with a Class I or Class III system, the small hose stations supplement rather than replace the fire-department connections.
+
+Class III systems provide both 2-1/2 in. fire-department connections and 1-1/2 in. occupant-use hose stations. The 1-1/2 in. station is typically provided as a reducer or auxiliary outlet at the 2-1/2 in. valve rather than as a separate piping connection, so that the Class III configuration is mechanically a Class I system with an added 1-1/2 in. outlet. Class III systems are required by some legacy codes for older high-rise buildings and may be specified by Owner preference; new code-driven requirements rarely call for Class III.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Standpipe System Class
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Class I (2-1/2 in. outlets for fire-department use)"
+ - "Class II (1-1/2 in. occupant-use hose stations)"
+ - "Class III (combined 2-1/2 in. and 1-1/2 in. outlets)"
+default: "Class I (2-1/2 in. outlets for fire-department use)"
+```
+
+## System Type
+
+The standpipe system type defines how the riser is normally charged with water and how it responds to a hose-valve operation. NFPA 14 defines five system types, each appropriate to a particular building configuration, climate, and use case. The selection of system type is not interchangeable; the type determines what valving and supervisory arrangements are required at the riser, what FDC arrangement is acceptable, and the response time when a hose valve is opened in an emergency.
+
+Automatic-wet systems are continuously charged with water under supply pressure, and a hose-valve opening discharges water immediately. Automatic-wet is the dominant standpipe configuration in conditioned buildings and is the standard arrangement for combined sprinkler/standpipe risers, where the sprinkler portion already requires a continuously charged wet riser.
+
+Automatic-dry systems contain pressurized air or nitrogen above a dry-pipe valve; the dry-pipe valve trips and admits water to the standpipe automatically when a hose valve is opened. Automatic-dry is used in unheated portions of buildings (open parking structures, exterior stair towers, unconditioned canopies) where the standpipe cannot be reliably maintained above 40°F. The system delivers water automatically but with a brief delay during trip and fill.
+
+Semi-automatic-dry systems are charged with air at a lower pressure and require that a deluge valve be tripped — either manually at the riser or by a remote-actuated detection device — to admit water to the standpipe. Semi-automatic-dry is used in special applications where a fully automatic-dry system is not suitable; the manual trip is intended to allow fire-department personnel to charge only the affected riser. Semi-automatic-dry is uncommon in current US practice.
+
+Manual-wet systems contain water at atmospheric pressure (or at low system air pressure) maintained by an automatic air vent or by a small connection to the building water supply, and they are not pressurized by a water supply until the fire department charges them through the FDC. Manual-wet systems are not credited under modern IBC requirements for buildings where a fully-pressurized standpipe is required, but they are used in certain limited construction or as a temporary arrangement during partial occupancy.
+
+Manual-dry systems contain only air at atmospheric pressure and depend entirely on the fire department for water supply through the FDC. Manual-dry is permitted in limited applications by NFPA 14 — typically unsprinklered open parking structures where the standpipe is used solely by the fire department and a full automatic supply cannot be justified — and is explicitly not permitted for high-rise buildings or other applications where rapid response by occupants or building staff is contemplated.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Standpipe System Type
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Automatic-wet (continuously charged, immediate flow)"
+ - "Automatic-dry (air-pressurized, dry-pipe valve trips on outlet operation)"
+ - "Semi-automatic-dry (deluge valve trips on remote signal)"
+ - "Manual-wet (low-pressure water, supply from FDC)"
+ - "Manual-dry (no water, supply from FDC only)"
+default: "Automatic-wet (continuously charged, immediate flow)"
+```
+
+## Combined or Dedicated Riser
+
+```datasheet
+label: Standpipe Riser Configuration
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Combined sprinkler/standpipe riser (single riser feeds both systems)"
+ - "Dedicated standpipe riser (separate from sprinkler system)"
+ - "Both — combined riser at some locations, dedicated at others"
+default: "Combined sprinkler/standpipe riser (single riser feeds both systems)"
+```
+
+Combined sprinkler/standpipe risers are economical and are the dominant arrangement in commercial high-rise construction because a single riser sized for the standpipe demand can readily satisfy the sprinkler design demand on each floor. The combined riser shall be sized for the greater of the standpipe demand or the sprinkler-plus-standpipe combined demand per NFPA 14 Section 7.10; the sprinkler floor control valve assembly shall include a waterflow switch and tamper switch on the floor branch from the combined riser. Combined risers shall not be used where the standpipe demand and the sprinkler demand at different elevations cannot be coordinated within a single hydraulic gradient — for example, where pressure-regulating devices on the standpipe outlets would be required at every floor but the sprinkler system does not need pressure regulation.
+
+Dedicated standpipe risers are used where a combined arrangement is impractical, where the sprinkler and standpipe systems are zoned differently in a tall building, or where the Owner or AHJ specifically requires separation. Dedicated risers permit each system to be impaired independently for maintenance without affecting the other.
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions
+
+## Temperature Limitations
+
+Automatic-wet standpipe systems and combined sprinkler/standpipe risers shall be installed only in spaces where the ambient temperature is reliably maintained above 40°F (4°C) throughout the year. Where any portion of the piping is exposed to temperatures below 40°F — including open parking structures, exterior stair towers, mechanical penthouses without conditioning, attic spaces, and unheated walkways — an automatic-dry, manual-wet with reliable freeze protection, or manual-dry system shall be used for that portion.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum Ambient Temperature at Standpipe Piping
+type: range
+unit: °F
+options:
+ min: 40
+ max: 100
+ setpoints: [40, 50, 60, 70]
+default: 40
+```
+
+## Maximum System Working Pressure
+
+NFPA 14 limits the maximum static pressure in any portion of a standpipe system to 350 psi in standard listed components, and to lower limits at hose connections. Where the static pressure at any point in the system exceeds 350 psi, the system shall be divided into pressure zones using a separate riser, a fire pump and break tank arrangement, or pressure-regulating devices listed for the higher inlet pressure. In tall buildings the static pressure at the base of the standpipe under churn conditions can easily exceed 350 psi, and zoning the system is unavoidable.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum System Working Pressure
+type: range
+unit: psi
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ min: 100
+ max: 400
+ setpoints: [100, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400]
+default: 175
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: System Pressure Exceeds 350 psi Without PRVs
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "No — system pressure below 350 psi throughout"
+ - "Yes — system zoned to keep each zone below 350 psi"
+ - "Yes — PRVs installed on outlets in high-pressure zones"
+default: "No — system pressure below 350 psi throughout"
+```
+
+## Hose Connection Pressure Limits
+
+NFPA 14 limits the maximum static pressure at any 2-1/2 in. hose connection to 175 psi and the maximum residual pressure at flow to 175 psi unless listed pressure-regulating devices are provided. The 175 psi limit was set because higher hose connection pressures produce hose stream reaction forces that exceed what a small fire-fighting team can safely control; a 2-1/2 in. hose at 175 psi residual already produces a reaction force of approximately 100 lbf, and pressures above that limit have caused injury and loss of hose control in actual fires.
+
+The maximum static pressure at any 1-1/2 in. hose connection shall not exceed 100 psi and the maximum residual pressure at flow shall not exceed 100 psi unless a listed pressure-regulating device is provided. The lower limit on the 1-1/2 in. station reflects the design assumption that occupants — not trained fire fighters — operate this connection. Where the static pressure at any 1-1/2 in. or 2-1/2 in. outlet would exceed the applicable limit, a pressure-regulating valve (PRV) or pressure-restricting device (PRD) shall be installed on that outlet.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Static Pressure at Most-Loaded 2-1/2 in. Outlet
+type: range
+unit: psi
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ min: 100
+ max: 350
+ setpoints: [100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350]
+default: 175
+```
+
+# Design Basis
+
+## Demand at the Most Remote Hose Connection
+
+For Class I and Class III systems, the design flow at the most hydraulically remote 2-1/2 in. hose connection shall be not less than 500 gpm at a residual pressure of not less than 100 psi, in accordance with NFPA 14. This is the bedrock requirement for fire-department use of a standpipe: 500 gpm at 100 psi is enough to support one 2-1/2 in. attack line or two 1-3/4 in. lines for an interior fire-fighting operation at the most remote location in the building.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design Flow at Most Remote 2-1/2 in. Outlet
+type: range
+unit: gpm
+options:
+ min: 100
+ max: 1000
+ setpoints: [100, 250, 500, 750, 1000]
+default: 500
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design Residual Pressure at Most Remote 2-1/2 in. Outlet
+type: range
+unit: psi
+options:
+ min: 65
+ max: 175
+ setpoints: [65, 100, 125, 150, 175]
+default: 100
+```
+
+For Class II systems, the design flow at the most remote 1-1/2 in. hose connection shall be not less than 100 gpm at a residual pressure of not less than 65 psi, per NFPA 14. The 65 psi residual is the minimum required to develop an effective hose stream from the small-diameter occupant-use hose; below that pressure the stream loses range and the connection is functionally ineffective.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design Flow at Most Remote 1-1/2 in. Outlet (Class II / III)
+type: range
+unit: gpm
+options:
+ min: 50
+ max: 200
+ setpoints: [50, 75, 100, 150, 200]
+default: 100
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design Residual Pressure at Most Remote 1-1/2 in. Outlet
+type: range
+unit: psi
+options:
+ min: 50
+ max: 100
+ setpoints: [50, 65, 75, 100]
+default: 65
+```
+
+## Additional Standpipe Demand
+
+Where the building has more than one standpipe, the total demand at the base of the system shall include an additional 250 gpm at each additional standpipe up to a maximum total system demand of 1,250 gpm for a building protected throughout by an automatic sprinkler system, or 1,000 gpm for a non-sprinklered building (per NFPA 14). The additional 250 gpm at each riser reflects the assumption that the fire department may attack the fire from more than one riser simultaneously; the total system demand caps reflect the practical limits of fire-department staffing and water supply at a typical incident.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Additional Demand per Standpipe Beyond the First
+type: range
+unit: gpm
+options:
+ min: 0
+ max: 250
+ setpoints: [0, 250]
+default: 250
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum Total System Demand
+type: select
+options:
+ - "1,000 gpm (non-sprinklered building)"
+ - "1,250 gpm (fully sprinklered building)"
+ - "Higher demand confirmed with AHJ"
+drawing_ref: true
+default: "1,250 gpm (fully sprinklered building)"
+```
+
+## Combined System Demand
+
+Where the standpipe and sprinkler systems share a common water supply (whether on a combined riser or through separate risers from a common source), the design demand at the base of the supply shall be the greater of the standpipe demand alone or the standpipe demand at the building plus the sprinkler design demand at the most remote sprinkler design area, applied simultaneously, in accordance with NFPA 14 Section 7.10. A common error is to size the supply for whichever single system has the larger demand without confirming that the combined demand does not exceed the available supply.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Combined Sprinkler + Standpipe Hydraulic Design
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Standpipe demand only (dedicated standpipe system)"
+ - "Combined demand: standpipe + sprinkler at the most remote design area, applied simultaneously"
+ - "Greater of standpipe-only or combined, per NFPA 14 Section 7.10"
+default: "Greater of standpipe-only or combined, per NFPA 14 Section 7.10"
+```
+
+## Water Supply Verification
+
+Water supply data shall be obtained by a hydrant flow test conducted at or near the project site in accordance with NFPA 291. The flow test shall have been conducted no more than 12 months prior to the date of submittal. Static pressure, residual pressure, and pitot flow shall be recorded. The designer shall plot the water supply curve and confirm that the system demand falls below the supply curve with a margin acceptable to the AHJ at the design point. Where the available water supply does not meet the standpipe demand at design flow and residual pressure, a fire pump shall be provided per [[sync/fire-pumps]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: Water Supply Source
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Public water main — flow test required"
+ - "Public main with fire pump boost"
+ - "Dedicated fire water storage tank and pump"
+ - "Combined public main and storage tank with pump"
+default: "Public water main with fire pump boost"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flow Test Date
+type: text
+drawing_ref: true
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Static Pressure at Flow Test
+type: range
+unit: psi
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ min: 20
+ max: 150
+ setpoints: [40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150]
+default: 70
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Residual Pressure at Flow Test
+type: range
+unit: psi
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ min: 10
+ max: 130
+ setpoints: [20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 130]
+default: 50
+```
+
+## Fire Pump Required
+
+Where the available water supply at design flow does not produce the required 100 psi residual at the most remote 2-1/2 in. hose connection (after subtracting elevation head and all friction losses back to the supply), a fire pump shall be provided to boost the pressure. In multistory and high-rise buildings, a fire pump is almost always required because the elevation head alone from the base of the standpipe to the roof connection exceeds the available city pressure. The Engineer shall confirm whether a pump is required during the schematic design phase, because the pump room location, electrical service, and structural support requirements affect base-building design.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Fire Pump Required for Standpipe Demand
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "No — city pressure provides 100 psi residual at the most remote outlet"
+ - "Yes — fire pump required to meet NFPA 14 demand at remote outlet"
+default: "Yes — fire pump required to meet NFPA 14 demand at remote outlet"
+```
+
+# Piping Materials
+
+## Steel Pipe
+
+Steel pipe shall conform to ASTM A795, ASTM A53, or ASTM A135, as applicable. ASTM A795 is the purpose-written standard for fire protection piping and is the preferred specification because it was developed for fire-protection service and includes both black and galvanized options with dimensional requirements aligned to sprinkler and standpipe industry fabrication practice.
+
+Steel pipe used in standpipe systems is predominantly Schedule 40 (standard wall) for sizes 4 in. and smaller. Schedule 10 pipe with grooved couplings is permitted by NFPA 14 for sizes 2-1/2 in. and larger and is widely used to reduce weight on tall risers. The Contractor shall not thread Schedule 10 pipe; threading Schedule 10 violates the pipe listing and is a common and serious field error.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Steel Pipe Standard
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "ASTM A795 (black)"
+ - "ASTM A795 (galvanized)"
+ - "ASTM A53 (black)"
+ - "ASTM A53 (galvanized)"
+default: "ASTM A795 (black)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Steel Pipe Schedule
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Schedule 40 throughout (threaded, grooved, or welded)"
+ - "Schedule 10 for 2-1/2 in. and larger (grooved only); Schedule 40 for 2 in. and smaller"
+ - "Schedule 10 grooved throughout (where permitted)"
+default: "Schedule 10 for 2-1/2 in. and larger (grooved only); Schedule 40 for 2 in. and smaller"
+```
+
+Galvanized pipe shall be used where required for corrosion resistance: in open parking structures, in exterior stair towers, in dry-pipe portions of automatic-dry standpipes (because trapped air and moisture accelerate corrosion), and in other environments with elevated corrosion potential. Black steel pipe is appropriate for interior, conditioned, wet portions of the system.
+
+## Pipe Pressure Rating
+
+The pipe rating shall match or exceed the maximum working pressure at every point in the system. In tall buildings where the static pressure at the base of the standpipe can exceed 175 psi, the lower portions of the standpipe shall use pipe and fittings rated for the higher pressure. NFPA 14 permits Schedule 40 steel pipe with grooved couplings up to 365 psi where listed for that pressure; pressures above that level require flanged or welded connections and pipe rated to the higher pressure. The Contractor shall confirm pipe and coupling pressure ratings against the system pressure at each elevation before procurement.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pipe Pressure Rating at Base of Standpipe
+type: range
+unit: psi
+options:
+ min: 175
+ max: 500
+ setpoints: [175, 250, 300, 365, 400, 500]
+default: 175
+```
+
+## Fittings
+
+Steel fittings shall be listed for fire protection service and shall be compatible with the joining method and pipe schedule used. Malleable iron threaded fittings conforming to ASME B16.3 shall be used with threaded Schedule 40 pipe. Grooved mechanical couplings and fittings shall be listed and shall conform to ANSI/AWWA C606; the manufacturer's installation torque specification shall be followed at every joint. Welded fittings conforming to ASME B16.9 shall be used where welded joints are specified.
+
+## Joining Methods
+
+```datasheet
+label: Primary Joining Method
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Threaded (Schedule 40 only, 3 in. and smaller)"
+ - "Grooved mechanical coupling (Schedule 10 or 40, 2-1/2 in. and larger)"
+ - "Welded (Schedule 40, 2-1/2 in. and larger)"
+ - "Flanged (high-pressure connections at base of riser)"
+ - "Combination — grooved mains with threaded branches"
+default: "Grooved mechanical coupling (Schedule 10 or 40, 2-1/2 in. and larger)"
+```
+
+Threaded joints shall use listed fire protection thread sealant applied to male threads only in accordance with the sealant manufacturer's instructions. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape is not permitted as the sole thread sealant on fire protection threaded joints; it does not meet the requirements for a listed thread compound.
+
+Grooved mechanical couplings shall be either rigid or flexible as required by NFPA 14 and by the seismic design. Flexible couplings shall be used at specific locations to accommodate pipe expansion, vibration isolation, and seismic flexibility, particularly where the standpipe riser passes through floor slabs in seismic design categories that require flexibility. Rigid couplings may be used throughout the system where flexible movement is not required.
+
+Welding of fire protection pipe shall be performed by welders qualified in accordance with AWS D10.12. Cut grooves shall not be welded. Welded joints are commonly used at the base of standpipe risers in high-rise buildings where the pressure rating exceeds the rating of grooved couplings.
+
+# Standpipe Risers and Piping Arrangement
+
+## Number and Location of Risers
+
+The number and location of standpipe risers shall comply with IBC Section 905 and NFPA 14. In general, IBC requires hose connections located so that every portion of every floor is within 130 ft (sprinklered building) or 150 ft (unsprinklered building) of a hose connection — measured along a path of travel that an interior fire-fighting hose lay would actually follow, including around walls and through doorways. The Designer shall verify the hose travel distance on each floor and add standpipes as needed; this is one of the most frequent code-compliance issues during plan review.
+
+In addition, IBC requires standpipe hose connections at specific locations regardless of travel distance: in every required stair enclosure at the floor level landing, on every side of the wall adjacent to the stair exit in horizontal exit configurations, in covered mall buildings at each entrance to the mall from the exterior and at each interior entrance to the mall from a tenant space, on every level of a building including basements (where required by NFPA 14), and on the roof of buildings with a roof slope less than 4:12 where required by NFPA 14 to permit fire-department roof operations.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Number of Standpipe Risers in Building
+type: range
+unit: risers
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ min: 1
+ max: 12
+ setpoints: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12]
+default: 2
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hose Connection Locations Provided
+type: checkbox
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "At each floor level landing of every required exit stair"
+ - "On the roof where roof access is required by NFPA 14"
+ - "At each entrance to the mall (covered mall buildings)"
+ - "At each horizontal exit in compartmented buildings"
+ - "At intermediate floor levels in buildings with split-level construction"
+ - "Additional connections as required to meet 130 ft / 150 ft hose travel"
+default: "At each floor level landing of every required exit stair"
+```
+
+Hose connections shall be located so that hose lays do not have to cross doors that swing shut, gates, fire shutters, or other obstacles that may impede or close on a charged hose line. In stair enclosures the hose connection shall be located within the stair landing on the exit side of the door so that the hose can be advanced into the floor area without the stair door closing on it.
+
+## Hose Connection Elevation
+
+Hose valves shall be installed at a height of not less than 3 ft and not more than 5 ft above the finished floor, in accordance with NFPA 14. This range is set so that the hose valve is reachable by a standing operator in turnout gear without bending or reaching above shoulder height while supporting the weight of a connected hose line.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hose Valve Mounting Height Above Finished Floor
+type: range
+unit: inches
+options:
+ min: 36
+ max: 60
+ setpoints: [36, 42, 48, 54, 60]
+default: 48
+```
+
+## Minimum Riser Size
+
+The minimum standpipe riser size shall comply with NFPA 14. For Class I and Class III risers, the minimum riser size is 4 in. nominal in buildings up to 100 ft in height (per NFPA 14 Section 7.6), and 6 in. nominal in buildings exceeding 100 ft. For Class II risers, the minimum size is 2 in. nominal. Hydraulic calculations may require larger pipe sizes; the listed minimums are the floor, not the design value. The Contractor shall not undersize the riser based on the minimum where the hydraulic demand requires a larger pipe.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Standpipe Riser Nominal Size
+type: select
+unit: in.
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "2 in. (Class II only)"
+ - "4 in. (Class I or III, building height ≤ 100 ft)"
+ - "6 in. (Class I or III, building height > 100 ft)"
+ - "8 in. (high-demand or combined sprinkler/standpipe in tall buildings)"
+ - "10 in. (very tall buildings or large floor plates)"
+default: "6 in. (Class I or III, building height > 100 ft)"
+```
+
+# Hose Connections and Hose Valves
+
+## Hose Valve Type and Size
+
+Hose valves at the 2-1/2 in. outlets shall be listed to UL 668 and shall be of the angle valve type with a hose threaded outlet and a permanently attached cap secured by a chain to prevent loss. The angle configuration directs the hose downward from the valve and provides a natural anchor point for the connected hose. Globe and gate valve configurations are not used at fire-department hose outlets because they do not provide the required pressure-flow characteristics under sustained fire-department use.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hose Valve Outlet Size (Class I / III)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "2-1/2 in. (NFPA 14 standard for Class I and Class III)"
+default: "2-1/2 in. (NFPA 14 standard for Class I and Class III)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hose Valve Outlet Size (Class II)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "1-1/2 in. (NFPA 14 standard for Class II)"
+default: "1-1/2 in. (NFPA 14 standard for Class II)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hose Valve Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Angle valve with threaded outlet and chained cap (standard)"
+ - "Pressure-regulating angle valve (PRV — used where outlet pressure exceeds NFPA 14 limit)"
+default: "Angle valve with threaded outlet and chained cap (standard)"
+```
+
+## Hose Connection Thread
+
+The thread on the hose valve outlet shall match the fire department's standard hose coupling. National Standard Thread (NST), also called National Hose Thread (NH), is the dominant US fire-service standard and shall be used unless the local fire department has adopted a different thread. A number of older jurisdictions in the eastern United States have retained local thread standards (notably in New York City, Boston, and parts of Philadelphia and Chicago); the Contractor shall confirm the local thread before procurement.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hose Connection Thread
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "National Standard Thread (NST / NH)"
+ - "Local fire department thread — confirm with AHJ"
+default: "National Standard Thread (NST / NH)"
+```
+
+## Pressure-Regulating Devices
+
+A pressure-regulating device shall be installed on every hose connection where the static pressure at the connection exceeds 175 psi (for 2-1/2 in. outlets) or 100 psi (for 1-1/2 in. outlets), or where the residual pressure at design flow would exceed those limits, in accordance with NFPA 14. Two distinct types of devices are recognized: pressure-restricting devices (PRDs) and pressure-regulating valves (PRVs).
+
+A pressure-restricting device is a fixed orifice or factory-set restriction installed at the hose valve outlet that limits the maximum flow and pressure at that outlet. PRDs are field-settable to the design pressure during commissioning and do not actively regulate pressure as flow changes; the outlet pressure varies with flow. PRDs are permitted on hose connections where the static pressure does not exceed certain limits per NFPA 14 and are less expensive than PRVs.
+
+A pressure-regulating valve actively regulates the downstream pressure to a set point regardless of changes in upstream pressure or downstream flow. PRVs are required where the static pressure at the inlet exceeds the limit at which a PRD is permitted, and are widely used in tall buildings where the static pressure at the lower-level hose connections under churn conditions would substantially exceed the listed 350 psi limit of standard hose valves. PRVs shall be listed to UL 1468 and, where FM approval is required, to FM 1126.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Pressure Regulation Required
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Not required — static pressure within NFPA 14 limits at all outlets"
+ - "PRDs (pressure-restricting devices) — fixed orifice at outlet"
+ - "PRVs (pressure-regulating valves) — active regulation to set point"
+ - "PRDs at lower floors, PRVs at high-pressure floors"
+default: "PRVs (pressure-regulating valves) — active regulation to set point"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: PRV Outlet Pressure Set Point
+type: range
+unit: psi
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ min: 75
+ max: 175
+ setpoints: [75, 100, 125, 150, 175]
+default: 125
+```
+
+PRVs and PRDs shall be selected with their listing applied to the actual operating flow and inlet pressure at each outlet. A PRV listed for an inlet pressure of 250 psi shall not be installed where the actual inlet pressure exceeds 250 psi. The PRV selection schedule shall identify, for each outlet, the inlet static pressure, the inlet residual pressure at design flow, the required outlet set point, and the listed PRV model number with its applicable inlet pressure range.
+
+Each PRV or PRD shall be commissioned individually during the field acceptance test by measuring the actual inlet and outlet pressure at the design flow. A common deficiency is to install PRVs at the factory default setting without field-adjusting to the project-specific set point; this results in outlet pressures that do not match the design and may produce either dangerously high pressure or inadequate flow. The Contractor shall record the as-commissioned set point and the witnessed test data for each device.
+
+## Hose Connection Identification
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hose Connection Identification Signage
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Letter / number sign per riser and floor (e.g., \"Standpipe A — Floor 12\")"
+ - "Color-coded floor indicator at riser"
+ - "Pressure rating sign at each PRV outlet"
+ - "All of the above"
+default: "Letter / number sign per riser and floor (e.g., \"Standpipe A — Floor 12\")"
+```
+
+Each hose connection shall be identified with a permanent sign indicating the riser designation, the floor served, and (where pressure-regulating devices are installed) the outlet pressure at the design flow. Identification signs assist fire-department personnel in confirming that they are operating from the correct connection and provide critical information when the connection is used during an actual fire. NFPA 14 requires a sign at each hose connection where a PRV is installed, indicating the listed outlet pressure at the design flow; failure to install these signs is a routine acceptance-test deficiency.
+
+# Fire Department Connections
+
+## FDC Required
+
+A fire department connection (FDC) shall be provided for every standpipe system in accordance with NFPA 14 and the IFC. The FDC allows the fire department to pump water into the standpipe through pumper apparatus from a hydrant, supplementing or replacing the building's water supply during fire-department operations. Even where the standpipe is automatically supplied with adequate pressure from the building system, the FDC is required so that the fire department can boost the supply, can supply the standpipe if the building supply fails, and can charge a manual standpipe entirely.
+
+## FDC Location and Accessibility
+
+The FDC shall be located on the exterior of the building at a point accessible to fire apparatus and approved by the AHJ. In most jurisdictions the AHJ requires the FDC to be within 100 ft of a fire hydrant and clearly visible and accessible from the street or apparatus access road. The Contractor shall confirm the required FDC location with the AHJ prior to installation.
+
+The FDC shall be mounted with the inlet(s) between 18 in. and 44 in. above the finished grade. The connection shall not be obscured by landscaping, vehicles, signage, or other obstructions. A listed check valve shall be installed in each FDC inlet, and the connection shall drain automatically so that water does not accumulate in the FDC piping and freeze in cold climates.
+
+## FDC Type and Size
+
+```datasheet
+label: FDC Type
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Siamese (two 2-1/2 in. inlets)"
+ - "Single 4 in. LDH (large diameter hose) Storz inlet"
+ - "Single 5 in. LDH Storz inlet"
+ - "Siamese plus one 4 in. Storz LDH inlet"
+ - "Multiple Siamese (four 2-1/2 in. inlets for high-flow systems)"
+default: "Single 4 in. LDH (large diameter hose) Storz inlet"
+```
+
+The FDC size and inlet configuration shall match the fire department's apparatus and supply hose. Large-diameter hose (LDH) at 4 in. or 5 in. with Storz quick-connect couplings is now the dominant US fire-department standard for high-flow operations including standpipe supply, and most jurisdictions have adopted a 4 in. or 5 in. Storz FDC as the new-construction standard. Older Siamese (two 2-1/2 in. NST inlets) FDCs remain in service on existing buildings and are still installed in jurisdictions that have not adopted Storz. The Contractor shall confirm the FDC inlet type with the AHJ before procurement; an FDC that does not match the fire department's apparatus is functionally useless and may require replacement at the Contractor's expense.
+
+```datasheet
+label: FDC Inlet Thread / Coupling
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "National Standard Thread (NST / NH) on 2-1/2 in. inlets"
+ - "Storz quick-connect on LDH inlet"
+ - "Local fire department thread — confirm with AHJ"
+default: "Storz quick-connect on LDH inlet"
+```
+
+## FDC Size for Standpipe Demand
+
+The total FDC inlet capacity shall be sized for the system demand. NFPA 14 requires one 2-1/2 in. inlet per 250 gpm of system demand at the FDC, or one 4 in. or 5 in. Storz inlet per 1,000 gpm. For a Class I standpipe with a typical 750 gpm system demand (500 gpm at the first riser plus 250 gpm at a second), three 2-1/2 in. Siamese inlets or a single 4 in. Storz inlet is adequate. For larger high-rise systems with higher demand, the FDC may require multiple Storz inlets or a combined Siamese-and-Storz arrangement.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Total FDC Inlet Capacity
+type: range
+unit: gpm
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ min: 250
+ max: 2500
+ setpoints: [500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 2000, 2500]
+default: 1000
+```
+
+## FDC Identification Signage
+
+The FDC shall be identified with a sign that indicates the system served. NFPA 14 requires a sign reading "STANDPIPE" or "AUTO SPKR & STANDPIPE" (for a combined system), in letters not smaller than 1 in. in height, permanently attached to the FDC body or to the building adjacent to the FDC. Where the building is served by multiple FDCs, each FDC shall additionally indicate the zone or area served. A sign indicating the design pressure at the FDC inlet shall be provided so that fire-department pumper operators can set their discharge pressure appropriately for the standpipe — under-pressuring the FDC results in inadequate flow at upper-floor hose connections; over-pressuring may damage the system.
+
+The caps on all FDC inlets shall be chained to the FDC body to prevent loss. Uncapped FDC inlets allow debris, insects, and vandalism to render the FDC inoperable. The Contractor shall inspect all FDC caps at substantial completion and shall replace any cap that is missing or damaged.
+
+```datasheet
+label: FDC Identification Signs
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "\"STANDPIPE\" or \"AUTO SPKR & STANDPIPE\" identification"
+ - "Zone or area served (multi-FDC buildings)"
+ - "Required inlet pressure at FDC for design flow"
+ - "Caps chained to FDC body"
+default: "\"STANDPIPE\" or \"AUTO SPKR & STANDPIPE\" identification"
+```
+
+# Valves, Drains, and Specialties
+
+## System Control Valve
+
+The standpipe water supply shall be controlled by a listed indicating control valve installed at the point where the supply enters the system. The control valve shall be of the indicating type — meaning its open or closed status is visually evident from the valve itself — and shall be listed for fire protection service. The most common indicating valves are the OS&Y (outside screw and yoke) gate valve and the post-indicator valve (PIV) for underground or exterior service, though butterfly valves with indicating position indicators are also widely used on interior risers.
+
+```datasheet
+label: System Control Valve Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "OS&Y gate valve (interior riser)"
+ - "Post-indicator valve (exterior / yard service)"
+ - "Indicating butterfly valve with supervisory switch"
+default: "OS&Y gate valve (interior riser)"
+```
+
+## Valve Supervision
+
+The system control valve and all other valves controlling water to any portion of the standpipe system shall be supervised open. Valve supervision shall be provided by an electrically supervised tamper switch connected to the building fire alarm system or to an approved supervising station, in accordance with NFPA 72 and NFPA 14. The tamper switch shall send a supervisory signal to the fire alarm control panel within two full turns of the valve handwheel from the fully open position.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Valve Supervisory Switches
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "System main control valve"
+ - "Each floor or zone control valve (combined sprinkler/standpipe)"
+ - "FDC isolation valves"
+ - "Backflow preventer isolation valves (if used)"
+ - "Hose valve isolation valves (if used)"
+default: "System main control valve"
+```
+
+## Main Drain and Test Connection
+
+A main drain valve of a size not smaller than 2 in. shall be provided to allow the system to be drained completely for maintenance. The main drain discharge shall terminate at a location where water can be discharged safely without causing property damage; for a tall standpipe the discharge volume during a full drain is substantial and shall be accommodated.
+
+A test connection shall be provided at the top of each standpipe riser, or at the most hydraulically remote hose connection, to permit periodic flow testing per NFPA 25. The test connection shall be a listed 2-1/2 in. (or larger) outlet equipped with a pressure gauge connection so that residual pressure can be measured at full design flow. On dry standpipes (manual-dry or automatic-dry), the test connection is also the air-charging and supervisory connection.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Main Drain Size
+type: select
+unit: in
+options:
+ - "2 in."
+ - "2-1/2 in."
+ - "3 in."
+ - "4 in."
+default: "2 in."
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Main Drain Discharge Location
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Floor drain — interior"
+ - "Exterior discharge at grade"
+ - "Discharge to storm system"
+ - "Sump or tank for water reclamation"
+default: "Floor drain — interior"
+```
+
+## Roof Manifold Test Connection
+
+In buildings where a standpipe outlet is provided at the roof, the roof connection shall include both a hose valve for fire-department use and a test connection capable of accommodating the full design flow during annual NFPA 25 flow testing. The roof manifold provides a convenient and high-elevation point for flow testing the standpipe at the most hydraulically demanding condition without disrupting building occupants.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof Manifold Provided
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Yes — roof hose connection and test outlet"
+ - "No — roof access not required for this building per NFPA 14"
+default: "Yes — roof hose connection and test outlet"
+```
+
+# Alarm and Supervisory Devices
+
+## Waterflow Alarm
+
+Every automatic-wet standpipe system, and every wet portion of a combined sprinkler/standpipe riser, shall be equipped with a waterflow alarm device that produces a local audible alarm at the building when waterflow occurs, in accordance with NFPA 14 and NFPA 72. On combined sprinkler/standpipe risers, the waterflow alarm function is typically provided by the sprinkler alarm check valve on each floor branch (see [[sync/wet-pipe-fire-sprinkler-systems]]); on dedicated standpipe risers, a separate waterflow switch shall be provided on the standpipe riser.
+
+The waterflow switch shall be installed downstream of the system control valve and shall send an electrical signal to the fire alarm control panel within 90 seconds of sustained flow. The waterflow switch shall have a retard feature or shall be wired through a delay relay to prevent false alarms from transient pressure fluctuations.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Waterflow Alarm Devices
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Waterflow switch on dedicated standpipe riser"
+ - "Waterflow detection at sprinkler floor branches (combined risers)"
+ - "Local water motor gong (where required by AHJ)"
+default: "Waterflow switch on dedicated standpipe riser"
+```
+
+## Dry-Pipe Supervisory Pressure
+
+Automatic-dry and semi-automatic-dry standpipes shall be equipped with a low-air supervisory pressure switch wired to the fire alarm system. Loss of supervisory air pressure indicates either a leak in the system or an actuated dry-pipe valve; either condition shall produce a supervisory signal to the fire alarm panel. The air pressure shall be maintained by a dedicated air compressor (typically integral to the dry-pipe valve assembly) or by nitrogen from a regulated cylinder, in accordance with NFPA 14.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Dry-Pipe Supervisory Air Pressure
+type: range
+unit: psi
+options:
+ min: 20
+ max: 60
+ setpoints: [20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
+default: 40
+```
+
+## Pressure Gauges
+
+Pressure gauges shall be provided at the supply side of the system control valve, at the system side of each control valve, at each floor control valve assembly (combined risers), at the top of each standpipe, and at each main drain test connection. Gauges shall have a full-scale range of not less than twice the normal system pressure, so that the gauge remains accurate at normal operating conditions while still reading in the event of a pressure surge. Gauges shall be provided with a listed gauge cock to allow the gauge to be isolated for replacement without draining the system.
+
+## Hydraulic Design Information Sign
+
+A hydraulic design information sign shall be permanently affixed at each standpipe riser and at the FDC in accordance with NFPA 14. The sign at the riser shall state: the design basis information including the required flow at the most remote hose connection (gpm), the required residual pressure at the most remote hose connection (psi), the total system demand (gpm), the inlet pressure required at the FDC to produce the design flow, and the location of any pressure zones. The sign at the FDC shall additionally state the required inlet pressure that the fire department must apply at the FDC to produce the design flow at the most remote hose connection. These signs are the first reference for any fire-fighter or maintenance technician confronting an unfamiliar system.
+
+# Hangers and Seismic Bracing
+
+## Hanger Design and Spacing
+
+Hangers shall be listed for fire protection use and shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13 and NFPA 14 and the hanger manufacturer's listing. Hangers shall be capable of supporting five times the weight of the water-filled pipe plus 250 lb at each point of support. Vertical standpipe risers shall be supported at intervals not exceeding those specified in NFPA 14; typically a riser clamp at each floor and additional supports at the base of the riser to transfer vertical load to the building structure.
+
+Horizontal piping serving hose connections shall be supported by listed hangers at the spacing intervals defined by NFPA 13 — generally not exceeding 12 ft for 1-1/4 in. and smaller pipe and not exceeding 15 ft for 1-1/2 in. and larger pipe.
+
+## Seismic Bracing
+
+Where the project's Seismic Design Category requires seismic bracing of fire-protection piping, the bracing shall comply with NFPA 13 Chapter 18 (referenced by NFPA 14) and the project's structural seismic design. Standpipe risers in tall buildings impose substantial seismic forces on their supports; the structural engineer shall confirm that the building structure can support the calculated seismic loads at every riser clamp.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Seismic Bracing Required
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Not required — Seismic Design Category A or B"
+ - "Required — Seismic Design Category C, D, E, or F per NFPA 13 / 14"
+default: "Required — Seismic Design Category C, D, E, or F per NFPA 13 / 14"
+```
+
+# Construction Phasing for High-Rise Buildings
+
+## Standpipe During Construction
+
+In high-rise buildings, IFC Chapter 33 and NFPA 14 Chapter 7 require that a temporary or partial standpipe be in service during construction to provide fire-protection coverage to the upper floors while the building is being built. As the structure rises, the standpipe shall be extended to within one floor of the highest working level and the most recently completed floor below shall have a usable 2-1/2 in. hose connection.
+
+The construction-phase standpipe is a serviceable Class I system intended for fire-department use during a construction fire — it need not have all features of the permanent system (PRVs, fire pump connection, and final FDC arrangement may be completed later), but it shall have hose connections at every required floor, a charged or readily-charged water supply, and an accessible FDC at the exterior. The Contractor shall submit a construction phasing plan showing the elevation of the standpipe at each major construction milestone.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Construction-Phase Standpipe Requirements
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Riser extended within one floor of highest working level"
+ - "2-1/2 in. hose connection on the most recently completed floor below the working level"
+ - "FDC accessible at the exterior of the building"
+ - "Adequate water supply at the FDC for fire-department operations"
+ - "Construction phasing plan submitted and approved by AHJ"
+default: "Riser extended within one floor of highest working level"
+```
+
+# Testing
+
+## Flushing
+
+The standpipe system shall be flushed before any final connections are made, to remove debris that may have entered the piping during installation. Flushing shall be performed at a flow rate not less than the system design flow and shall continue until the discharge runs clear. Flushing prior to FDC connection is particularly important because debris carried into the FDC piping will be pushed back into the fire department's hose during pumping, fouling pumper apparatus and reducing the supply to the building.
+
+## Hydrostatic Test
+
+All new standpipe piping shall be hydrostatically tested at not less than 200 psi or 50 psi above the maximum system working pressure, whichever is greater, for 2 hours with no observed pressure drop, in accordance with NFPA 14. In tall buildings where the static pressure at the base of the standpipe under churn conditions exceeds 150 psi, the hydrostatic test pressure at the base of the riser shall be increased accordingly so that the test margin is maintained at every elevation of the standpipe.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hydrostatic Test Pressure
+type: range
+unit: psi
+options:
+ min: 200
+ max: 500
+ setpoints: [200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500]
+default: 200
+```
+
+## Flow Test
+
+The standpipe system shall be flow tested at the most hydraulically remote 2-1/2 in. hose connection (and at the most remote 1-1/2 in. hose connection for Class II / III systems) to demonstrate that the system delivers the design flow at the design residual pressure. The flow test shall be conducted with the system supplied from its normal water source and with any fire pump in normal automatic operation. Flow shall be measured by calibrated pitot tube on a hose stream discharged through 2-1/2 in. hose with a listed combination nozzle, or by a calibrated flow meter on a test loop. Residual pressure shall be measured at the test outlet by a calibrated pressure gauge.
+
+The flow test shall verify the NFPA 14 demand criteria: at least 500 gpm at 100 psi at the most remote 2-1/2 in. connection (Class I and III), and at least 100 gpm at 65 psi at the most remote 1-1/2 in. connection (Class II and III). Where multiple risers are flowed simultaneously per the system design, the test shall include simultaneous flow from each riser. Failure to achieve the design flow and pressure at the field acceptance test is a serious deficiency that almost always requires modification of the water supply, the fire pump, the riser sizing, or the pressure-regulating devices.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flow Test Measurement Method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Calibrated pitot tube on hose stream at most remote outlet"
+ - "Calibrated flow meter on test loop"
+ - "Both — flow meter and pitot for verification"
+default: "Calibrated pitot tube on hose stream at most remote outlet"
+```
+
+## FDC Test
+
+The FDC shall be field tested by pumping water into the FDC at the design inlet pressure and verifying that the design flow and pressure are produced at the most remote hose connection. This test simulates the conditions under which the FDC will actually be used by the fire department. The Contractor shall arrange the test with the fire department or with a pumper apparatus and shall record the inlet pressure at the FDC, the resulting flow, and the resulting residual pressure at the most remote hose connection.
+
+## Pressure-Regulating Device Commissioning
+
+Each PRV or PRD shall be individually commissioned by measuring the actual inlet pressure (under static and design-flow conditions), measuring the actual outlet pressure, and adjusting the device set point as needed to match the design outlet pressure. The Contractor shall record the as-commissioned set point and the witnessed test data for each device and shall affix a sign at each device indicating the listed outlet pressure at the design flow.
+
+```datasheet
+label: PRV / PRD Commissioning Witness
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Engineer of Record and AHJ"
+ - "AHJ only"
+ - "Engineer of Record only"
+ - "Manufacturer's representative witnessing"
+default: "Engineer of Record and AHJ"
+```
+
+## Periodic Testing — NFPA 25
+
+The Owner shall be advised in the operation and maintenance manual that NFPA 25 requires:
+
+- Quarterly inspection of hose connections, hose valves, and FDC for accessibility, identification, and condition
+- Annual flow test of one outlet on each riser, alternating each year so that all outlets are tested over a multi-year cycle
+- 5-year hydrostatic test of manual-dry standpipes at 200 psi (or 50 psi above static, whichever is greater) for 2 hours
+- 5-year internal inspection of the standpipe interior at the top of the riser
+
+The Contractor shall provide a clear schedule of these requirements in the closeout package and shall provide an inspection tag at each riser indicating the date of the last test and the date of the next test due.
+
+# Installation
+
+## Pipe Routing
+
+Standpipe risers shall be routed within stair enclosures wherever possible so that the standpipe is accessible to the fire department from the protected stair during a fire. Where the stair enclosure is not available, the standpipe shall be routed within a 2-hour rated shaft or other protected enclosure. The standpipe shall not be routed through unprotected occupied space where a fire in the surrounding area could impair access to the hose connections during the very emergency the system is intended to serve.
+
+## Penetrations
+
+Penetrations of the standpipe through floor slabs and through fire-rated walls and shafts shall be firestopped with listed firestop systems matching the rating of the penetrated assembly. Standpipe penetrations are a routine source of fire-rating deficiencies because the steel pipe expands and contracts with temperature changes, and an inadequately detailed firestop system may not maintain its rating over the life of the building.
+
+## Identification
+
+Each standpipe riser shall be permanently identified with a letter or number designation at the base of the riser and at each floor level. The identification shall match the working drawings and the hydraulic design information sign. Each hose connection shall be identified per NFPA 14, including the riser designation, the floor served, and the listed outlet pressure where a PRV is installed.
+
+## Coordination with Other Trades
+
+The standpipe Contractor shall coordinate early and continuously with the architectural, structural, mechanical, and electrical trades. Hose connection locations in stair enclosures must be coordinated with stair handrail design and stair door swing so that a connected hose can be advanced out of the stair without binding on the door or rail. Standpipe risers in shafts shall be coordinated with elevator, mechanical, and electrical shafts so that access to the riser is maintained for inspection and maintenance.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling
+
+Standpipe system components shall be delivered to the site only when the building structure is ready to receive them. Steel pipe shall be stored off the ground on dunnage, capped at both ends, and protected from weather to minimize internal corrosion before installation. Hose valves, PRVs, FDCs, and other listed devices shall be stored indoors in a dry, protected environment until installed; damage to these components in unprotected on-site storage is a common source of warranty disputes and field replacements.
+
+Pipe cut and threaded on the project site shall have all cutting oil, threading lubricant, and debris removed before assembly. Residual cutting oil left in the pipe interior is a leading cause of obstructed hose valves and PRVs at the field acceptance test.
+
+# Warranty
+
+The Contractor shall provide a warranty covering all standpipe system components for a period of not less than 1 year from the date of substantial completion. The warranty shall cover material and workmanship defects, the operation of all listed devices (hose valves, PRVs, FDC, control valves, supervisory switches), and the integrity of all joints under the system working pressure. Pressure-regulating devices that drift from their commissioned set point during the warranty period shall be re-commissioned at no cost to the Owner.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Warranty Duration
+type: select
+options:
+ - "1 year from substantial completion (standard)"
+ - "2 years from substantial completion"
+ - "Manufacturer's standard warranty (verify period and conditions)"
+default: "1 year from substantial completion (standard)"
+```
+
+# Spare Parts
+
+The Contractor shall provide the following spare parts at substantial completion, packaged in labeled containers and delivered to the Owner:
+
+- One spare hose valve cap and chain for each size of hose connection in the building
+- One spare FDC cap and chain for each FDC inlet type
+- One spare gauge for each pressure gauge type in the system
+- One spare PRV / PRD diaphragm or repair kit (where the manufacturer supplies these as a serviceable assembly)
+- One sprinkler wrench (where the standpipe is part of a combined sprinkler/standpipe system)
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare Parts Package
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Hose valve caps and chains"
+ - "FDC caps and chains"
+ - "Pressure gauges"
+ - "PRV / PRD repair kits or diaphragms"
+ - "Sprinkler wrench (combined systems)"
+default: "Hose valve caps and chains"
+```
+
+The Owner shall be advised that the spare parts inventory shall be replenished as items are consumed during NFPA 25 testing and maintenance over the life of the installation, and that PRV / PRD replacement diaphragms have a finite shelf life and shall be rotated periodically to ensure a usable spare is always available.