SYNC™

SynC · Historical revision

Facility Fuel-Oil Systems

Revision5
EditedOct 12, 2026
StatusSuperseded
Contents

View changes in this revision   Revision history

Historical revision. This is editorial revision 5, kept so citations to it stay resolvable. It is not the current text of this standard — see the current revision.

SynC Standards Team — Specifier (Platform Standards) ✓ OfficialDiscloses employment SynC (SynC Platform Team)
Datasheet constraints: every range, checkbox and listbox field now states its direction

1 Scope

NOTE This standard covers the fuel-oil system as the equipment and piping that move fuel from a storage tank to the equipment that burns it and back: the transfer pump set with its controller, the day-tank fill valves, level logic, and overflow return, the supply and return piping with its valves, strainers, flexible connectors, and safety devices, the fill piping from a remote fill station and the vent piping from each tank to its termination, the leak detection of double-wall piping, the transfer filtration, the fuel polishing equipment, the heaters and heat tracing that keep the fuel flowing in cold weather, the system monitoring console where one is furnished, and the testing that proves the assembled system delivers fuel at the pressure and flow the served equipment requires. (1.1)
NOTE The boundary with the tank is the face of each tank nozzle, and the boundary with the served equipment is the flexible connector at the generator skid connection or at the burner supply and return connections. Everything between those points is this standard's, including the suction line inside the tank where the pump draws through a top nozzle, and nothing on the tank shell or on the equipment skid is. (1.2)
NOTE The following are governed elsewhere and are outside this standard. (1.3)
  • The storage tank as a vessel in each of its roles, with its listing, containment, breather and emergency relief devices, overfill prevention device, interstitial sensors, gauge, alarm contacts, anchorage, and flotation restraint (Fuel Dispensing And Storage TanksFuel Storage TanksResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks)
  • The engine, the fuel lines on the set's own base, the engine lift pump, the engine-mounted primary and secondary filters, the fuel return cooler, and the sub-base tank the generator manufacturer furnishes as part of the set (GeneratorsEngine GeneratorsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/generators)
  • The burner, its fuel unit, strainer, pressure gauge, oil safety shutoff valves, and the anti-siphon device at the burner that NFPA 31 requires (BoilersBoilersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/boilers)
  • The NFPA 110 level, type, and class of an emergency power system, the runtime it requires, and the capacity its alternate source carries (Emergency And Standby PowerEmergency and Standby Power SystemsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/emergency-and-standby-power)
  • Natural gas and propane piping to an engine or a burner (Natural Gas PipingNatural Gas PipingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/natural-gas-piping, Fuel Gas PipingFacility Liquefied-Petroleum and Fuel Gas PipingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/fuel-gas-piping)
  • Pipe hangers, supports, and seismic bracing (Hangers And SupportsHangers and Supports for Mechanical Piping and EquipmentResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/hangers-and-supports, Vibration Isolation And Seismic RestraintVibration Isolation and Seismic RestraintResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/vibration-isolation-and-seismic-restraint)
  • Pipe insulation and insulation jacketing (Mechanical InsulationMechanical InsulationResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/mechanical-insulation) and the heat-tracing cable, its thermostats, and its power connection as products (Electric Heat TracingElectric Heat TracingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/electric-heat-tracing)
  • Pipe markers, valve tags, and equipment nameplates (Mechanical IdentificationMechanical IdentificationResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/mechanical-identification)
  • Firestopping where fuel piping penetrates a rated assembly (FirestoppingFirestoppingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/firestopping)
  • The concrete housekeeping pad or exterior pad under a pump set or a polishing skid (Concrete PadsConcrete Equipment PadsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/concrete-pads)
  • The raceway, the conductors, the branch circuits, and the disconnecting means that serve the pumps, the controllers, and the console (Raceways And ConduitRaceways and ConduitResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/raceways-and-conduit, Conductors And CablesConductors and CablesResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/conductors-and-cables, Enclosed Switches And DisconnectsEnclosed Switches and DisconnectsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/enclosed-switches-and-disconnects)
  • The grounding electrode system and the bonding of the piping (Grounding And BondingGrounding and Bonding for Electrical SystemsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/grounding-and-bonding)
  • The building automation system that receives the console's points, with its controllers, network, and graphics (Building Automation SystemBuilding Automation SystemResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/building-automation-system)
1.4 The arrangement of the system, including every tank, pump set, day tank, filter, polishing skid, valve, and instrument and the piping between them, shall be as indicated on the fuel system flow diagram.
1.5 The Contractor shall coordinate the supply pressure, the return pressure, the full-load fuel flow, and the connection sizes at each served equipment item with the standards named in this section before the pump set is released for manufacture.

2 Referenced Standards

2.1 Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
2.2 Where the contract documents, the adopted codes, the Authority Having Jurisdiction, or two referenced standards impose conflicting requirements, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
Standard Title
NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (Chapter 27, Piping Systems)
NFPA 31 Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment
NFPA 37 Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines
NFPA 110 Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems
NFPA 70 National Electrical Code (Articles 500 through 505, hazardous locations)
IFC International Fire Code (Chapter 57)
IMC International Mechanical Code (Chapter 13, Fuel Oil Piping and Storage)
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME BPVC Section IX Welding, Brazing, and Fusing Qualifications
ASME B16.3 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME B16.9 Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
ASME B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
ASTM A53 Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless
ASTM A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
ASTM A105 Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
ASTM A234 Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
ASTM A312 Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes
ASTM B88 Seamless Copper Water Tube
ASTM D975 Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
ASTM D396 Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
ASTM D7467 Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20)
ASTM D6469 Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
ISO 4406 Hydraulic Fluid Power, Fluids, Method for Coding the Level of Contamination by Solid Particles
API Std 607 Fire Test for Quarter-Turn Valves and Valves Equipped with Nonmetallic Seats
UL 343 Pumps for Oil-Burning Appliances
UL 508A Industrial Control Panels
UL 971 Nonmetallic Underground Piping for Flammable Liquids
UL 2447 Containment Sumps, Sump Fittings and Accessories for Underground Fuel Piping
UL 50E Enclosures for Electrical Equipment, Environmental Considerations
NEMA 250 Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maximum)
NACE SP0169 Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems
PEI RP100 Recommended Practices for Installation of Underground Liquid Storage Systems
PEI RP200 Recommended Practices for Installation of Aboveground Storage Systems for Motor Vehicle Fueling
40 CFR Part 280 Technical Standards and Corrective Action Requirements for Owners and Operators of Underground Storage Tanks
40 CFR Part 112 Oil Pollution Prevention

3 Submittals

3.1 Action Submittals

3.1.1 The Contractor shall submit the following for the Engineer's review and return before the pump set, the day-tank controller, or the polishing skid is released for manufacture and before any buried piping is installed:
  • A fuel system flow diagram prepared from the contract flow diagram, showing every tank, pump, valve, filter, instrument, and sensor with its tag, the pipe size and material of every line, the setpoint of every level switch and alarm, and the connection size and the required pressure and flow at each served equipment item
  • Product data for the transfer pump set, giving the pump type, the listing, the capacity and discharge pressure at the duty point, the motor rating, the suction lift the pump is rated for, the strainer, the relief valve, and the controller with its sequence of operation
  • Product data for the day-tank controller, the fill valves, the level switches, and the overflow devices, with the sequence of operation and the wiring interface to the generator controller or the burner management system
  • Product data for the transfer filter and water separator, the polishing skid, the tank and line heaters, the valves, the flexible connectors, the anti-siphon valves, the fire valves, and the leak detection sensors
  • Product data for the monitoring console where one is furnished, with the point list, the alarm list, the communication interface, and the enclosure rating
  • A hydraulic calculation for each supply, return, and overflow line, giving the flow, the velocity, the static lift, the friction loss, and the pressure at the served equipment connection at the pump duty point and at the minimum tank level
  • A statement of the fuel each wetted component is rated for, including the biodiesel content of the blend selected for the tank
  • Shop drawings for buried piping showing the trench section, the sump locations, the interstitial drainage to each sump, the transition fittings, and the test boots
Required Action Submittalscheckbox
☑ Fuel system flow diagram with tags, sizes, and setpoints
☑ Transfer pump set product data with duty point and sequence
☑ Day-tank controller, valve, and level switch product data
☑ Filtration, polishing, heater, valve, and sensor product data
☐ Monitoring console point list and interface
☑ Hydraulic calculation for each line
☑ Fuel compatibility statement
☐ Buried piping shop drawings
3.1.2 A pump set, controller, or polishing skid shall not be released for manufacture until its submittal has been reviewed and returned without exception, and equipment manufactured before that return shall be modified or replaced at the Contractor's expense where the review requires a change.

3.2 Informational Submittals

3.2.1 The Contractor shall submit the following for information before the equipment is delivered to the site:
  • Welder qualifications and the welding procedure specifications for welded steel piping
  • The installer certification the state underground tank program requires where the piping is regulated under 40 CFR Part 280
  • The manufacturer's installation instructions for the pump set, the day-tank controller, the polishing skid, and the buried piping system, including the pressure and vacuum limits of the piping interstice
  • The manufacturer's warranty terms and the installation and startup conditions the warranty requires
  • The pump set factory test report, giving the capacity and pressure measured at the duty point
Required Informational Submittalscheckbox
☑ Welder qualifications and welding procedures
☐ State-certified installer documentation
☑ Installation instructions with interstice pressure limits
☑ Warranty terms and startup conditions
☐ Pump set factory test report

3.3 Closeout Submittals

3.3.1 The Contractor shall submit the following before the system is accepted:
  • Pressure test reports for every section of piping, giving the medium, the pressure, the duration, the temperature, and the result
  • Interstitial test reports for double-wall piping, with the method and the result for each run between sumps
  • The functional test record for the pump set, the day-tank controls, the leak detection, the alarms, and the console, showing each function exercised and the alarm received where the datasheet sends it
  • The flushing record, giving the fuel used, the volume circulated, and the condition of each strainer at the end of the flush
  • The startup report of the pump set and the polishing skid manufacturers' technicians, with the settings recorded
  • Operation and maintenance data for every component, including the filter and strainer service intervals, the fuel sampling program, the polishing schedule, the heater settings, and the part numbers of every element, seal, and sensor
  • As-built fuel system flow diagram and buried piping record drawing with the sump and transition fitting locations surveyed
  • Warranty documentation
Required Closeout Submittalscheckbox
☑ Piping pressure test reports
☑ Interstitial test reports
☑ Functional test record
☑ Flushing record
☐ Manufacturer startup reports
☑ Operation and maintenance data
☑ As-built flow diagram and buried piping record
☑ Warranty documentation

4 Quality Assurance

4.1 Listing and Qualifications

4.1.1 Transfer pumps shall be listed to UL 343 or listed for the fuel by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory, the pump set controller and the day-tank controller shall be listed to UL 508A, and nonmetallic underground piping and containment sumps shall be listed to UL 971 and UL 2447.
NOTE The pump set and the day-tank controller are the two assemblies the Authority Having Jurisdiction asks to see a listing mark on, because each contains a motor or a solenoid in a fuel-handling enclosure, and a field-assembled panel without a UL 508A label is the item most often rejected at the electrical inspection of a fuel system. (4.1.2)
4.1.3 The transfer pump set shall be manufactured by a firm that has built packaged fuel-oil pump sets with their controllers for not less than five years.
4.1.4 Welding of steel fuel piping shall be performed by welders qualified under ASME BPVC Section IX to the procedure specifications submitted under this standard.
4.1.5 Where the piping serves a regulated underground tank, the installer shall hold the certification the state underground tank program requires, and the certification shall be submitted under this standard.
4.1.6 The pump set, the day-tank controller, and the polishing skid shall be started by a technician employed or authorized by their manufacturer, and the startup report shall be submitted under this standard.

4.2 Regulatory Determinations

4.2.1 The Contractor shall confirm before any piping is installed that the piping material, the joints, the valve materials, and the piping protection satisfy NFPA 30, NFPA 31 where the system serves a burner, NFPA 37 where it serves an engine, and the fuel oil chapter of the adopted mechanical code, and shall report any conflict with the datasheet selection to the Engineer in writing.
4.2.2 Where the system serves an emergency or standby power system, the fuel supply shall additionally satisfy NFPA 110 for the level the system is assigned under Emergency And Standby PowerEmergency and Standby Power SystemsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/emergency-and-standby-power.
4.2.3 Buried piping connected to a regulated underground tank shall be furnished with the secondary containment and the release detection 40 CFR Part 280 and the state program require, and the Contractor shall include the piping in the tank registration filed under Fuel Dispensing And Storage TanksFuel Storage TanksResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks.
NOTE The federal underground tank rule reaches the piping as well as the tank, and a new run of single-wall buried pipe connected to a regulated tank is a violation even where the tank itself is compliant; the state program may regulate the piping of a heating oil or emergency generator tank that the federal rule exempts. (4.2.4)

4.3 Coordination with Served Equipment

4.3.1 The Contractor shall obtain from the generator manufacturer under GeneratorsEngine GeneratorsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/generators and from the burner manufacturer under BoilersBoilersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/boilers the required supply pressure, the maximum return pressure, the full-load fuel flow, and the connection sizes at each served equipment item, and shall record them on the fuel system flow diagram before the pump set is selected.
4.3.2 The pump set capacity, the discharge pressure, the day-tank fill rate, and the pipe sizes shall be reconciled to the values obtained under the preceding clause, and any served equipment whose requirements cannot be met from the arrangement indicated on the flow diagram shall be reported to the Engineer before the pump set is released for manufacture.
NOTE A burner fuel unit or an engine lift pump has a suction lift and an inlet pressure range it was built for, and the fuel-oil system either delivers inside that range or the equipment it serves does not fire; the numbers come from the equipment submittal, not from this standard, which is why the coordination is a precondition to selecting the pump. (4.3.3)
4.3.4 Where the system serves an engine-generator, the system shall make the usable capacity of the bulk storage available to the set for the runtime derived under GeneratorsEngine GeneratorsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/generators, with the suction nozzle elevation, the dead volume below it, and the day-tank capacity accounted for in the hydraulic calculation.

5 Environmental and Service Conditions

5.1 Fuel Handled

5.1.1 The system shall handle the fuel selected for the storage tank under Fuel Dispensing And Storage TanksFuel Storage TanksResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks, and the pump, valve, seal, hose, gasket, filter, and sensor materials in contact with the fuel shall be rated by their manufacturers for that fuel, including the biodiesel content of a blend.
NOTE Ultra-low-sulfur diesel has less lubricity and a different solvency than the high-sulfur oil the older elastomer compounds were chosen for, and a biodiesel blend above B5 swells nitrile and attacks some coatings and brass; fluoroelastomer seals and steel or stainless wetted parts hold up in all of them, which is why the compatibility statement names every wetted material rather than assuming diesel is diesel. (5.1.2)
5.1.3 Seals, gaskets, and flexible connector liners in contact with the fuel shall be fluoroelastomer or another compound the component manufacturer rates for the selected fuel in writing.

5.2 Cold Weather

5.2.1 Where Site Ambient Temperature MinimumSite Ambient Temperature MinimumParameterEach project supplies its own value.site-ambient-temperature-minimum is below the cloud point of the fuel the Owner will stock, the fuel in every outdoor tank, every exposed line, and every unheated space the piping passes through shall be kept above its cloud point by the provisions indicated in the datasheet.
Cold-Weather Provisionscheckbox
☐ Thermostatically controlled immersion heater in the bulk tank
☐ Thermostatically controlled immersion heater in each day tank
☐ Electric heat tracing and insulation on exposed supply, return, and overflow piping
☐ Recirculation of fuel from the bulk tank through a heated day tank
☐ Heated enclosure around the pump set and filters
NOTE Wax crystals form in No. 2 oil at its cloud point, a property of the batch delivered that for untreated diesel often falls between 0°F and 20°F, and they plug a filter long before the fuel gels; a tank heater keeps the stored fuel above that point at the cost of a heater element in the fuel and a circuit that runs all winter, pipe tracing keeps the exposed run warm where the tank is buried or indoors and only the line is cold, a heated day tank warms the fuel the engine will draw first and the recirculation warms the bulk tank from it, and a heated pump enclosure keeps the filters, which are the point of failure, above the cloud point without heating the tank. A winter blend or a No. 1 fuel selected for the tank under Fuel Dispensing And Storage TanksFuel Storage TanksResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks lowers the cloud point instead and is the alternative where heating is not wanted. (5.2.2)
5.2.3 Each tank heater shall be a low-watt-density immersion element listed for the fuel, shall be interlocked to stop on low level in the tank it heats, and shall hold the fuel at the setpoint indicated in the datasheet.
Fuel Heater Setpointrange
°F
35100
NOTE A high-watt-density element cokes the fuel on its sheath and seeds the sludge the polishing system exists to remove, and an element that runs uncovered in a tank drawn down overheats, which is why the density and the low-level interlock are required rather than left to the heater catalog. (5.2.4)
5.2.5 Heat tracing and insulation on fuel piping shall be furnished under Electric Heat TracingElectric Heat TracingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/electric-heat-tracing and Mechanical InsulationMechanical InsulationResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/mechanical-insulation for the lines this standard selects, with the tracing thermostat set to hold the fuel above its cloud point.

5.3 Seismic Restraint

5.3.1 The pump set, the polishing skid, the day-tank controller, and the fuel piping shall be anchored and braced for the seismic demand ASCE 7 assigns for Seismic Design CategorySeismic Design CategoryParameterEach project supplies its own value.seismic-design-category, with the equipment anchorage designed under Vibration Isolation And Seismic RestraintVibration Isolation and Seismic RestraintResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/vibration-isolation-and-seismic-restraint and the piping bracing under Hangers And SupportsHangers and Supports for Mechanical Piping and EquipmentResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/hangers-and-supports.
NOTE Fuel piping serving an emergency power system is a component the building code designates for continued function after the design earthquake, and a fuel line sheared at a tank nozzle or a day tank torn from its anchorage is a generator that cannot run when the building needs it most, which is why the bracing of the piping is tied to the category rather than to pipe size alone. (5.3.2)
5.3.3 Flexible connectors shall be provided where the piping crosses a seismic separation, where it connects to a tank that is anchored separately from the piping supports, and at each served equipment connection.

6 System Arrangement

6.1 Fuel Delivery Arrangement

6.1.1 The system shall deliver fuel to the served equipment by the arrangements indicated in the datasheet.
Fuel Delivery Arrangements in the Systemcheckbox
☐ Transfer pump set filling a day tank or sub-base tank on level control
☐ Pressurized supply loop with a regulated return serving burners or day-tank fill valves
☐ Direct suction supply to the engine lift pump or burner fuel unit without a transfer pump
☐ Gravity supply from a tank above the served equipment through a level-controlled fill valve
NOTE A pump set filling a day tank on level control is the arrangement of a generator fed from a remote bulk tank, where the pump runs for minutes a day and the day tank carries the engine between fills; a pressurized loop runs continuously while the plant fires, holds a regulated pressure at every burner or fill valve along it, and returns the excess to the tank, which suits a boiler plant of several burners or several day tanks on one pump set at the cost of a pump that runs whenever any burner can; a direct suction supply has no pump of its own and depends on the engine lift pump or the burner fuel unit to draw from the bulk tank, which works where the tank is close and the lift is within the rating the served equipment's manufacturer publishes; a gravity supply from a tank above the equipment needs no pump and no electricity, and is the arrangement of a small heating oil tank above a burner or an elevated bulk tank above a day tank, at the cost of the anti-siphon protection a tank above its outlet requires. Which arrangements a project has follows from the storage arrangement selected for each set under GeneratorsEngine GeneratorsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/generators and the oil supply arrangement selected for each burner under BoilersBoilersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/boilers, so the field is a record of those selections rather than a decision made here. (6.1.2)
6.1.3 Where the generators standard selects a day tank or a sub-base tank with make-up from remote bulk storage, the system shall include a transfer pump set and the day-tank controls under this standard, and where it selects direct supply from remote bulk storage, the Contractor shall confirm the suction lift and line length against the engine lift pump rating and shall furnish a transfer pump set where the rating is exceeded.
6.1.4 Where the boilers standard selects a pressurized loop from a transfer pump set, the system shall hold the pressure at each burner connection within the range the burner manufacturer states, by a back-pressure regulator on the loop return and, where the burner's rated inlet pressure is below the loop pressure, by a pressure-regulating valve at the burner connection furnished under this standard.
6.1.5 Where the fuel in a tank stands above the lowest point of the piping that leaves it, or above a served equipment connection, an anti-siphon valve shall be installed at the tank outlet, in addition to the device at the burner that BoilersBoilersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/boilers requires.
NOTE A tank above its outlet drains through a broken line or an open valve by siphon until it is empty, and NFPA 30, NFPA 31, and the mechanical code each require the valve at the tank for that reason; the burner-mounted device protects the burner and does nothing for a line broken between the tank and the burner. (6.1.6)

6.2 Served Equipment Connections

6.2.1 Supply and return piping shall terminate at each served equipment item with a shutoff valve on each line, a flexible connector listed for the fuel, and a union or flange that allows the equipment to be disconnected without cutting the pipe, at the connection location and size the equipment submittal states.
6.2.2 The return from each served equipment item shall discharge to the tank indicated in the datasheet.
Served Equipment Return Destinationradio
● To the day tank or sub-base tank the equipment draws from
○ To the bulk tank
NOTE An engine returns most of the fuel its lift pump moves, warmed by the injectors, and a burner fuel unit returns what it does not atomize; returning to the day tank keeps the circuit short, keeps the day tank's level logic simple, and is the arrangement of nearly every day-tank installation, which is why it is the default, at the cost of a day tank that warms over a long run and may need the return cooler GeneratorsEngine GeneratorsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/generators provides for; returning to the bulk tank keeps the day tank cool and turns the stored fuel over, at the cost of a return line to the bulk tank sized for the full return flow and, where the bulk tank is above the day tank, a return pump. (6.2.3)
6.2.4 Each return line shall terminate inside the tank below the lowest operating fuel level, through a drop tube where the return enters at the top.
NOTE A return that discharges into the vapor space foams the fuel, entrains air into the next draw, and carries a static charge; a return below the surface does neither. (6.2.5)

7 Transfer Pump Set

7.1 Pump Set Arrangement

7.1.1 Requirements in this article apply where the datasheet selects an arrangement with a transfer pump set.
7.1.2 The transfer pump set shall be of the arrangement indicated in the datasheet.
Transfer Pump Set Arrangementradio
○ Simplex
● Duplex with automatic lead-lag alternation and failure changeover
○ Duplex with a manual lead selector and automatic changeover on failure
NOTE A single pump between the bulk tank and the engine is the one component whose failure stops the fuel while the tank is full, and a duplex set with automatic alternation shares the run hours between two pumps, starts the second when the first fails to raise the level, and is the arrangement of nearly every pump set serving a generator, which is why it is the default; a manual lead selector gives the operator the choice of which pump runs and leaves the standby pump to start on failure, which suits a plant whose operators prefer to know which pump is in service; a simplex set serves a heating oil burner or an optional standby set where an outage of the fuel supply is a nuisance rather than a life-safety event, at the lowest cost. (7.1.3)
7.1.4 Where the system serves a Level 1 emergency power system under Emergency And Standby PowerEmergency and Standby Power SystemsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/emergency-and-standby-power, the transfer pump set shall be duplex, whatever the datasheet selects.
7.1.5 Each pump of a duplex set shall be rated for the full capacity and pressure derived under this standard with the other pump out of service.
7.1.6 The pump set controller shall start the lead pump on the day-tank low level, stop it on the day-tank high level, start the lag pump where the level has not risen within the time set at the controller after a pump start, alarm the failed pump, and alternate the lead on each cycle or on a selectable schedule.

7.2 Pump Type and Packaging

7.2.1 Transfer pumps shall be of the type indicated in the datasheet.
Transfer Pump Typeselect
Rotary gear positive displacement
Rotary vane positive displacement
Screw positive displacement
Regenerative turbine
Centrifugal
NOTE A rotary gear pump delivers a nearly constant flow against a varying head, primes itself on a dry suction, tolerates the viscosity of cold oil, and is the pump in nearly every packaged fuel-oil transfer set, which is why it is the default; a vane pump does the same with a quieter action and a tolerance for fine particulate that a gear pump lacks, at a higher price; a screw pump runs quieter still and at higher capacities for a large plant; a regenerative turbine pump handles entrained vapor in a long suction line better than a gear pump and suits a lift from a buried tank; a centrifugal pump delivers a high flow at a low head and is the pump of a large fuel farm with a flooded suction rather than of a day-tank system, because it does not self-prime and its flow falls off sharply with head. (7.2.2)
7.2.3 Each positive-displacement pump shall be furnished with an internal or an external relief valve that returns the full pump capacity to the suction or to the tank at the set pressure, so that a closed discharge cannot stall the motor or burst the line.
7.2.4 The pump set shall be packaged as indicated in the datasheet.
Pump Set Packagingradio
● Factory-packaged pump set with pumps, valves, strainers, gauges, and controller on a common base
○ Field-assembled from individual pumps, valves, and a separately furnished controller
NOTE A factory-packaged set arrives piped, wired, tested, and listed as one assembly, so that the field work is a suction line, a discharge line, and a feeder, and it is what nearly every project buys, which is why it is the default; a field-assembled set is built where a pump has to go in a place a package will not fit or where an existing controller is reused, at the cost of the field piping, the field wiring, and a listing that has to be established for the assembled panel. (7.2.5)
7.2.6 The pump set shall be furnished with a suction strainer with a stainless steel basket and a differential pressure gauge or indicator across it, a compound gauge on each suction, a pressure gauge on each discharge, a check valve on each pump discharge, and isolation valves that allow either pump to be removed with the other in service.

7.3 Pump Suction Arrangement

7.3.1 The pump set shall draw from the bulk tank by the arrangement indicated in the datasheet.
Pump Suction Arrangementradio
○ Suction pump set drawing through a top-mounted suction line with a foot valve or check valve
○ Submersible pump in the bulk tank with a check valve at the pump
○ Pump set flooded from a tank outlet above the pump suction
NOTE A suction pump drawing through a top nozzle keeps every penetration above the fuel, so a failed line leaks air into the pump rather than fuel onto the ground, and is the arrangement NFPA 30 steers an aboveground tank toward, at the cost of a lift the pump has to be rated for and a foot valve or check valve that holds the prime; a submersible pump sits in the fuel, needs no priming and no suction lift, and is the pump of a buried tank where the lift to grade would otherwise be long, at the cost of a pump that is serviced by pulling it from the tank and a discharge line that is under pressure below grade; a flooded suction from a bottom or side outlet gives the pump the easiest duty and is the arrangement of an elevated tank, at the cost of an outlet below the fuel level that NFPA 30 requires an anti-siphon valve and a normally closed valve on. Which arrangement a project uses follows from the tank placement and elevation, so the field carries no default. (7.3.2)
7.3.3 The suction line shall be sized so that the net positive suction head available at the pump, with the tank at its lowest operating level and the fuel at its cold-weather viscosity, exceeds the net positive suction head the pump manufacturer requires by the margin the manufacturer states.
7.3.4 A suction line drawing through a top nozzle shall be furnished with a drop tube to within 4 in. of the tank bottom and shall be arranged so that no part of the line between the tank and the pump rises above the pump suction connection.
NOTE A high point in a suction line collects the air that comes out of the fuel every time the pump stops, and the pump loses its prime to that pocket on the next start; the line rises steadily from the tank to the pump or it does not hold prime. (7.3.5)

7.4 Pump Capacity and Pressure

7.4.1 Each transfer pump shall have the capacity indicated in the datasheet.
Transfer Pump Capacityrange
gpm
1150
Derived — the full-load fuel consumption of the served equipment at the site-rated output, the usable capacity of the day tank or sub-base tank the pump fills, and the refill period the day-tank controls require (by default)
7.4.2 Each transfer pump shall deliver its capacity at the discharge pressure indicated in the datasheet.
Transfer Pump Discharge Pressurerange
psi
5150
Derived — the static lift from the bulk tank suction to the day tank inlet or the loop regulator, the friction loss of the supply piping at the pump capacity with the fuel at its cold-weather viscosity, and the inlet pressure the served equipment requires at its connection (by default)
NOTE The pump is not sized to a number chosen here: it has to refill the day tank faster than the engine draws it down with a margin for a second set starting, or hold the loop pressure at every burner with all of them firing, and the pressure it needs is whatever the lift, the line, and the equipment inlet add up to; both follow from the flow diagram and the equipment submittals, so the fields point at that basis and the hydraulic calculation closes them. (7.4.3)
7.4.4 Where a pressurized loop serves several day tanks or burners, the pump capacity shall be not less than the sum of the fill rates or firing rates of every served item with the loop return flow the back-pressure regulator passes at the set pressure.

8 Day Tank Controls

8.1 Fill Control

8.1.1 Requirements in this article apply where the datasheet selects an arrangement that fills a day tank or a sub-base tank from remote storage.
8.1.2 Each day tank or sub-base tank filled from remote storage shall be filled by the method indicated in the datasheet.
Day-Tank Fill Control Methodradio
○ Transfer pumps started and stopped by the day-tank level switches
○ Pressurized loop with a normally closed fill valve at each day tank opened by its level switches
○ Gravity fill from the bulk tank through a normally closed fill valve opened by the day-tank level switches
NOTE Starting and stopping the pump on the day-tank level is the simplest logic, runs the pump for minutes a day, and suits one day tank on one pump set; a pressurized loop with a fill valve at each day tank serves several tanks from one pump set and fills any of them without regard to the others, at the cost of a pump that runs whenever the loop is pressurized and a solenoid valve at each tank whose failure open is an overfill; a gravity fill needs no pump and holds the day tank full from a bulk tank above it, at the cost of a fill valve that is the only thing between a full bulk tank and an overfilled day tank, so it is paired with a second valve or a high-high shutoff. Which method applies follows from the number of day tanks and the tank elevations, so the field carries no default. (8.1.3)
8.1.4 Each fill valve on a pressurized loop or a gravity fill shall be a normally closed solenoid valve listed for the fuel, shall close on loss of power, and shall be preceded by a strainer and followed by a manual shutoff valve at the day tank.
8.1.5 The day-tank fill shall stop on the high level and shall be prevented from restarting until the level has fallen to the pump-start level, so that the pump or the fill valve does not cycle on the level ripple at the high switch.

8.2 Overflow and High-Level Protection

8.2.1 Each day tank filled from remote storage shall be protected against overfill by the arrangement indicated in the datasheet, in addition to the stop on high level the preceding article requires.
Day-Tank Overflow Arrangementradio
○ Gravity overflow line from the day tank to the bulk tank
○ Overflow to a return pump that lifts it to the bulk tank
○ No overflow line, with a high-high level switch that stops the pump, closes the fill valve, and alarms
NOTE A gravity overflow line carries whatever the fill logic lets through back to the bulk tank without a device that can fail, and is the arrangement where the bulk tank is below the day tank, which includes every buried bulk tank; a return pump is what the overflow needs where the bulk tank is above or far from the day tank, and it adds a second pump, a level switch in a return sump, and a second thing to test; a high-high switch with no overflow line relies on the pump stop, the valve close, and the alarm, and is the arrangement NFPA 110 accepts where an overflow line is impractical, at the cost of a day tank whose only overfill protection is electrical. The arrangement follows from the relative elevations of the tanks, so the field carries no default. (8.2.2)
8.2.3 A gravity overflow line shall be not smaller than the fill line, shall run continuously downward to the bulk tank without a valve, and shall enter the bulk tank through a dedicated nozzle below the lowest operating fuel level.
NOTE A valve in an overflow line is a valve someone closes, and a closed overflow is an overfilled day tank on the next cycle; the line has no valve so that the question never arises. (8.2.4)
8.2.5 Every day tank shall be furnished with a high-high level switch, set above the fill stop level and below the overflow, that stops the transfer pump or closes the fill valve and sounds the alarm, whatever the overflow arrangement selected.
8.2.6 Each day tank shall be furnished with a rupture basin or a double-wall construction under Fuel Dispensing And Storage TanksFuel Storage TanksResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks, and the leak sensor in the basin or the interstice shall be wired to the day-tank controller under this standard to stop the fill and alarm.

8.3 Day-Tank Controller

8.3.1 Each day tank shall be served by a controller that performs the functions indicated in the datasheet.
Day-Tank Controller Functionscheckbox
☑ Pump start on low level and stop on high level, or fill valve open and close
☑ High-high level pump stop or valve close with alarm
☑ Low-level alarm
☑ Critical low-level alarm at the level the served equipment requires
☑ Rupture basin or interstitial leak alarm with fill stop
☑ Pump failure alarm on no level rise within the set time
☐ Overflow return pump control where a return pump is selected
☐ Fuel return pump or cooler interlock where the served equipment requires one
☑ Hand-off-automatic selection for each pump and valve
☑ Dry contact for each alarm and a common alarm contact to the served equipment controller
NOTE The functions selected by default are the ones a generator day tank needs to fill itself, to stop filling when something has gone wrong, and to tell the generator controller about it; the overflow return pump function applies only where that arrangement is selected, and the return pump or cooler interlock only where the generator manufacturer requires the return fuel to be cooled or lifted. (8.3.2)
8.3.3 The day-tank controller shall be furnished as indicated in the datasheet.
Day-Tank Controller Packagingradio
○ Controller furnished with the day tank as a packaged day-tank assembly with the level switches mounted
○ Controller furnished with the transfer pump set and the level switches shipped loose for mounting on the day tank
○ Controller furnished as a separate fuel-oil control panel serving every day tank and pump set
NOTE A packaged day tank arrives with its controller, its level switches, and often its own fill pump mounted and wired, so that the only field connections are the fuel lines and a feeder, and it is the product most generator manufacturers offer; a controller on the pump set keeps the pump starters and the level logic in one listed enclosure at the pump, with the switches shipped loose to be mounted on the day tank and wired back; a single fuel-oil control panel serving every day tank and pump set gives a plant with several sets one panel, one annunciation, and one sequence to commission, at the cost of control wiring from every tank to one place. Which packaging suits a project follows from the number of day tanks and the arrangement, so the field carries no default. (8.3.4)
8.3.5 The level switches, the fill valve, and the leak sensor of each day tank shall be furnished by the day-tank controller manufacturer and shall be mounted on the day tank furnished under Fuel Dispensing And Storage TanksFuel Storage TanksResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks through the nozzles that standard's nozzle schedule provides.
8.3.6 The day-tank controller shall provide the low fuel pre-alarm and the critical low-level contact at the levels GeneratorsEngine GeneratorsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/generators requires for the set it serves, wired to the generator controller as that standard directs.
8.3.7 The setpoint of every level switch shall be as indicated on the fuel system flow diagram, and the set levels shall be recorded on the functional test record.

9 Fuel Conditioning

9.1 Transfer Filtration

9.1.1 Fuel transferred from the bulk tank to a day tank or a loop shall pass through the filtration indicated in the datasheet, in addition to the suction strainer the pump set carries.
Transfer Filtrationradio
○ Suction strainer at the pump set without a transfer filter
○ Simplex filter and water separator on the pump set discharge
○ Duplex filter and water separator with a changeover valve on the pump set discharge
NOTE A suction strainer protects the pump and nothing downstream of it, and it is enough where the served equipment carries its own primary filter and water separator, as every generator set does under GeneratorsEngine GeneratorsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/generators; a simplex filter and separator on the discharge keeps water and sediment out of the day tank so that the engine's filters see clean fuel and last their interval, at the cost of a filter change that stops the transfer; a duplex filter with a changeover valve lets an element be changed with the pump running, which matters where the pump set serves a pressurized loop that cannot be stopped while the plant fires. Which level of filtration a project wants follows from what the served equipment carries and whether the transfer can be interrupted, so the field carries no default. (9.1.2)
9.1.3 The transfer filter shall have the particulate rating indicated in the datasheet.
Transfer Filter Ratingrange
µm
1235102530
NOTE A 25 or 30 micron element on the transfer is a coarse barrier that keeps tank sediment out of the day tank and lets the engine's own filters do the fine work; a 10 micron element is the rating the engine manufacturers typically name for a bulk transfer filter; a 2 to 5 micron element protects the day tank to the cleanliness a common-rail engine wants at its inlet and loads faster in a dirty tank. The rating follows the served equipment's requirement and the condition of the stored fuel, so the field carries no default. (9.1.4)
9.1.5 Each transfer filter shall be furnished with a differential pressure indicator and, where the datasheet selects a console, a differential pressure switch wired to it, and each water separator shall be furnished with a sight bowl or a water sensor and a drain valve piped to a container.

9.2 Fuel Polishing

9.2.1 Stored fuel shall be maintained by the polishing provision indicated in the datasheet.
Fuel Polishing Provisionradio
○ No polishing equipment
○ Quick-connect suction and return connections on the bulk tank for a service polishing unit
○ Permanently installed polishing skid run by a timed program
○ Permanently installed polishing skid in continuous recirculation
NOTE Diesel held for months absorbs water from the tank breathing, grows microbial colonies at the fuel-water interface, and oxidizes into gums that plug filters; a fuel that turns over in weeks, as a heating oil tank's does in winter, needs none of this; quick-connect fittings on the bulk tank let a fuel service contractor polish the tank from a truck-mounted unit on whatever interval the fuel sampling shows is needed, at the cost of a service contract; a permanently installed skid on a schedule circulates the whole tank through a water separator and fine filtration every few days or weeks and is the provision of a Level 1 generator plant that stores a long runtime, at the cost of the skid, its pad, and its feeder; continuous recirculation keeps the skid running whenever the tank holds fuel, which is the provision where the tank is large, the turnover is years, and the fuel sampling has shown a schedule does not hold the cleanliness target. No provision is distinctly the norm across the projects that have a fuel-oil system, so the field carries no default. (9.2.2)
9.2.3 Where a polishing skid is furnished, it shall circulate the usable contents of the bulk tank through its separator and filters within the turnover period indicated in the datasheet.
Polishing Turnover Periodrange
Not more than
days
12371430
9.2.4 The polishing skid shall have the flow rate indicated in the datasheet.
Polishing Skid Flow Raterange
gpm
1100
Derived — the nominal capacity of the bulk tank selected under the fuel storage tank standard and the polishing turnover period selected under this standard (by default)
NOTE A tank turned over in a day or two is polished faster than water and microbial growth can accumulate and is the practice where the fuel is the sole supply of a life-safety load, at the cost of a larger skid and more run hours; a turnover of a week or two is the schedule most skid manufacturers size to for a standby generator tank; a monthly turnover suits a tank the fuel sampling has shown stays clean. The flow is the tank volume divided by the period, so the flow field points at that basis. (9.2.5)
9.2.6 The polishing skid shall be furnished with the components indicated in the datasheet, on a common base with its own pump, controller, and isolation valves, drawing from the lowest point of the bulk tank and returning below the fuel surface at the far end of the tank.
Polishing Skid Componentscheckbox
☑ Coalescing water separator with an automatic or manual water drain
☑ Particulate filtration in two stages with differential pressure indication
☑ Water sensor in the separator sump wired to the skid controller
☑ Fuel sampling port on the skid suction and discharge
☐ Additive injection port for stabilizer and biocide dosing
☑ Programmable run timer in the skid controller
☑ Dry contacts for skid running, filter change, water alarm, and skid fault
9.2.7 The final filtration stage of the polishing skid shall have the particulate rating indicated in the datasheet.
Polishing Final Filtration Ratingrange
µm
123510
9.2.8 The polishing skid shall maintain the stored fuel at or cleaner than the particulate cleanliness target indicated in the datasheet, measured by the ISO 4406 three-number code on a sample drawn from the skid suction.
Stored Fuel Cleanliness Targetselect
ISO 4406 code 20/18/15
ISO 4406 code 18/16/13
ISO 4406 code 16/14/11
ISO 4406 code 14/12/9
NOTE The three numbers code the count of particles larger than 4, 6, and 14 microns, and each step of one is a halving of the count; 18/16/13 is the target the engine manufacturers publish for fuel in bulk storage feeding a modern diesel and is what a skid with a 3 to 5 micron final stage holds, which is why it is the default; 20/18/15 is the condition of fuel as delivered by a tank truck and is the target where the served equipment's own filtration is relied on; 16/14/11 and 14/12/9 are the targets a common-rail engine manufacturer may require at the engine inlet, and holding them in the bulk tank calls for a 1 to 2 micron final stage and a shorter turnover. (9.2.9)
9.2.10 Where the datasheet selects a polishing skid, the operation and maintenance data shall include the fuel sampling program under ASTM D6469 that sets the sampling interval, the tests for water, particulate, and microbial growth, and the results that call for additive dosing or a change of the polishing schedule.

10 Piping

10.1 Piping Material

10.1.1 Supply, return, overflow, fill, and vent piping shall be of the material indicated in the datasheet, with the pressure boundary designed under ASME B31.3 and the installation under NFPA 30 Chapter 27, NFPA 31, NFPA 37, and the fuel oil chapter of the adopted mechanical code.
Carrier Piping Materialselect
Carbon steel pipe to ASTM A53 Grade B or ASTM A106 Grade B, Schedule 40
Carbon steel pipe to ASTM A53 Grade B or ASTM A106 Grade B, Schedule 80
Stainless steel pipe to ASTM A312 Type 304L or 316L, Schedule 10S or 40S
Copper tube to ASTM B88 Type K or L for burner supply within the sizes NFPA 31 permits
Flexible nonmetallic double-wall piping listed to UL 971 for buried runs
NOTE Schedule 40 carbon steel is the pipe NFPA 30 and the mechanical code are written around, holds up in a fire long enough for the valves to be closed, is welded or threaded by any mechanical contractor, and is the material of nearly every aboveground fuel-oil line, which is why it is the default; Schedule 80 is chosen where the pipe is threaded in a size and a service the Engineer wants more wall under the threads, or where the line is exposed to damage; stainless steel resists the corrosion of a coastal or chemical atmosphere outside the pipe and the water that collects inside a fuel line, at a higher price and a welder qualified for it; copper tube is permitted by NFPA 31 for the oil supply to a burner in the sizes that standard limits it to and is the material of the small heating oil installation, where it is run in one piece with no joints to leak, and some Authorities Having Jurisdiction do not accept it for an engine fuel line; flexible nonmetallic double-wall piping is the product of the fueling industry for a buried run, is pulled in one length between sumps with no buried joints, and needs no coating or cathodic protection, which is why it is the material of most new buried fuel lines. (10.1.2)
10.1.3 Cast iron, aluminum, brass, bronze, and other low-melting-point materials shall not be used for pipe, fittings, or valve bodies in fuel-oil piping where NFPA 30 prohibits them for the location, and a valve of those materials shall be used only where the datasheet selects a valve type that permits it and the location is one NFPA 30 allows it in.
10.1.4 Fittings for steel pipe shall be wrought steel to ASTM A234 and ASME B16.9 for butt welding, forged steel to ASTM A105 and ASME B16.11 for socket welding and for threading in Schedule 80 pipe, malleable iron to ASME B16.3 for threaded Schedule 40 pipe where NFPA 30 permits it, and flanges forged steel to ASTM A105 and ASME B16.5.
10.1.5 Pipe sizes shall be as indicated on the fuel system flow diagram, and no supply or suction line shall be smaller than the connection it serves.

10.2 Pipe Joints

10.2.1 Steel piping 2 in. and smaller shall be joined as indicated in the datasheet.
Steel Pipe Joints, 2 in. and Smallerradio
● Threaded
○ Socket-welded
10.2.2 Steel piping larger than 2 in. shall be joined as indicated in the datasheet.
Steel Pipe Joints, Larger than 2 in.radio
● Butt-welded
○ Threaded
○ Grooved mechanical couplings with gaskets listed for the fuel
NOTE Threaded joints in small pipe are made with hand tools by any pipefitter, are permitted by every code for fuel oil, and are the joint of nearly every small fuel line, which is why the small-pipe field defaults to threaded; socket welding gives a joint with no thread to weep where the line is exposed to vibration or where the Owner wants a welded system throughout; above 2 in. a butt-welded joint is stronger than the pipe, needs no thread sealant, and is the joint most Engineers require for a large fuel line, which is why that field defaults to welded; threading large pipe is permitted but leaves a thin wall at the thread root and a joint that works loose under vibration; grooved couplings go together quickly without a welder and are accepted by some Authorities Having Jurisdiction for fuel oil where the gasket is listed for it, and rejected by others, so the acceptance is confirmed before the coupling is specified. (10.2.3)
10.2.4 Threaded joints shall be made with a thread sealant rated for the fuel, and no joint shall be made with a tape or compound the fuel dissolves.
10.2.5 Welded joints shall be made by the procedures and welders qualified under this standard, and every weld on buried piping or on piping that will be concealed shall be visually inspected before it is covered.
10.2.6 Flanged joints shall be used at the pump set, at the served equipment where the connection is flanged, and where a component has to be removed for service, with gaskets rated for the fuel and for the fire exposure the location brings.
10.2.7 Unions shall be used only where the piping is accessible and shall not be used in buried or concealed piping.

10.3 Buried Piping

10.3.1 Buried fuel-oil piping shall be of the construction indicated in the datasheet.
Buried Piping Constructionradio
● Double-wall piping with the interstice drained to monitored containment sumps
○ Single-wall piping
○ Single-wall piping within a containment conduit or a lined trench
NOTE Double-wall buried piping puts a second wall around the fuel, drains the interstice to a sump at each end where a sensor sees a leak before the soil does, and is required by 40 CFR Part 280 for new piping on a regulated underground tank and by most state programs for any new buried fuel line, which is why it is the default; single-wall buried piping is permitted by NFPA 30 where no program regulates it and is the construction of an older heating oil installation, at the cost of a leak that is found by the fuel bill; single-wall pipe in a containment conduit or trench is the retrofit arrangement where an existing conduit exists or where the run passes under a structure that cannot be excavated for a sump. (10.3.2)
10.3.3 Double-wall buried piping shall drain its interstice to a containment sump listed to UL 2447 at each tank, at each dispensing or transition point, and at each low point, with a leak sensor in each sump wired under this standard, and the interstice shall be continuous between sumps without a buried joint.
10.3.4 Buried steel piping shall be coated with a factory-applied coating holiday-tested before backfill, wrapped at every field joint, and cathodically protected under NACE SP0169 with a test station at grade, or shall be replaced by the nonmetallic piping the datasheet permits.
10.3.5 Buried piping shall be bedded on and surrounded by the material the piping manufacturer specifies and PEI RP100 describes, to the cover NFPA 30 requires, with a detectable warning tape above the pipe, and shall not pass under a building, a tank, or a foundation unless sleeved and accessible at each end.
10.3.6 Where buried piping rises to grade, the transition to aboveground steel shall be made inside a containment sump or through a transition fitting listed for the piping system, with the aboveground steel isolated electrically from the buried steel by a dielectric fitting where the buried pipe is cathodically protected.

10.4 Aboveground Piping Containment

10.4.1 Aboveground fuel-oil piping shall be of the containment indicated in the datasheet.
Aboveground Piping Containmentradio
● Single-wall piping
○ Double-wall piping with the interstice monitored
NOTE Single-wall steel pipe in a mechanical room or along a wall is in sight, its leak lands on a floor where it is seen, and it is the construction of nearly every aboveground fuel line, which is why it is the default; double-wall aboveground piping is specified where the line crosses an occupied space, a data hall, or a corridor the Owner cannot have fuel in, or where an Authority Having Jurisdiction requires it for a run above a floor without a drain, at the cost of a welded jacket and a sensor at each low point. (10.4.2)
10.4.3 Aboveground piping shall be run exposed or in accessible chases, shall not be concealed in a wall or above a ceiling without an access panel at every joint and valve, and shall not pass through a duct, a plenum, an electrical room, an elevator shaft, or a stair enclosure.
10.4.4 Piping shall slope to drain toward the tank where NFPA 31 requires a sloped line, shall have no trapped low point in a suction line, and shall be supported under Hangers And SupportsHangers and Supports for Mechanical Piping and EquipmentResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/hangers-and-supports so that no load is carried on a tank nozzle, a pump flange, or an equipment connection.

10.5 Valves and Safety Devices

10.5.1 Shutoff valves in fuel-oil piping shall be of the type indicated in the datasheet.
Shutoff Valve Typeselect
Steel-body ball valve, fire-safe to API Std 607
Steel-body ball valve without a fire-safe rating
Steel-body plug valve
Steel-body gate or globe valve
Bronze-body ball valve where NFPA 31 permits it on a heating oil line
NOTE A steel ball valve with a fire-safe seat closes with a quarter turn, is tight in both directions, and keeps sealing after its soft seat has burned away, which is what a valve in a fuel line exposed to a fire has to do, and it is the valve nearly every fuel-oil specification names, which is why it is the default; a steel ball valve without the fire test costs less and suits a valve in a location the fire exposure does not reach; a plug valve suits a line where the fuel carries sediment that would score a ball; a gate or globe valve is the valve of an older installation and is slower to close; a bronze ball valve is permitted by NFPA 31 on a small heating oil line in the sizes and locations that standard allows and is not permitted by NFPA 30 where the valve is exposed to fire. (10.5.2)
10.5.3 A shutoff valve shall be installed at each tank nozzle that carries fuel, on each side of each pump, filter, and polishing skid, at each branch, and on the supply and the return at each served equipment item, and every valve at a tank outlet below the fuel level shall be a normally closed valve with a fire-safe rating.
10.5.5 A section of fuel piping that can be isolated between two closed valves and is exposed to the sun or to a heat source shall be furnished with a thermal relief valve discharging to the tank or to the return.
NOTE Fuel trapped between two closed valves in a black pipe in the sun expands against a wall that does not, and the gasket or the valve seat is what gives; the relief valve gives the expansion somewhere to go. (10.5.6)
10.5.7 The system shall be furnished with the emergency fuel shutoff indicated in the datasheet.
Emergency Fuel Shutoffradio
○ Transfer pump stop pushbutton at each exit of the room containing the pump set or the served equipment
○ Transfer pump stop and a normally closed solenoid valve on the supply, both operated from a pushbutton at each exit and from the fire alarm system
○ Manual shutoff valves without a remote emergency shutoff
NOTE A pump stop at the room exit lets a person leaving a fire or a spill stop the one thing feeding it without going back in, and it is what the mechanical code requires of a fuel-oil pump that is not in sight of the equipment it feeds; a stop paired with a normally closed solenoid valve also closes the line from a gravity or a pressurized supply the pump stop alone does not reach, and a fire alarm interface closes it when no one is there, at the cost of a valve that fails closed on a loss of power and strands a Level 1 generator unless the valve is fed from the emergency source and bypassed under alarm as NFPA 110 directs; manual valves alone are the arrangement of a small heating oil installation where the valve at the tank and the valve at the burner are the shutoffs the code asks for. Which the project needs follows from the adopted code and the equipment served, so the field carries no default. (10.5.8)
10.5.9 Where the system serves a Level 1 emergency power system, no emergency shutoff shall interrupt the fuel supply to the set on a fire alarm signal or on a loss of normal power, and any solenoid valve in the supply shall be supplied from the emergency source and shall be arranged so that its closure is a deliberate act at the pushbutton.

10.6 Vent and Fill Piping

10.6.1 Vent piping from each tank shall be steel of the size the tank's vent sizing under Fuel Dispensing And Storage TanksFuel Storage TanksResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks requires and not smaller than the vent opening on the tank, shall rise continuously from the tank to the termination without a trap or a valve, and shall terminate outdoors at the location indicated on the contract drawings, at the height above grade and the distance from building openings, air intakes, and sources of ignition that NFPA 30 and NFPA 31 require.
10.6.2 Each vent termination shall carry the vent device selected for the tank under Fuel Dispensing And Storage TanksFuel Storage TanksResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks, relocated from the tank opening to the termination, and the emergency vent of an aboveground tank shall not be piped away from the tank.
10.6.3 Day tank vents shall be arranged as indicated in the datasheet.
Day-Tank Vent Arrangementradio
● Each day tank vented individually to its own outdoor termination
○ Day-tank vents manifolded to a common outdoor termination sized for the sum of the vents
NOTE An individual vent gives each day tank a path to atmosphere that no other tank's fill or overflow can pressurize, and a single day tank has nothing to manifold with, which is why it is the default; a manifold serves a room of several day tanks with one wall penetration and one termination, at the cost of a header sized for every tank filling at once and a route that keeps one tank's overflow from entering another's vent. (10.6.4)
10.6.5 Where the tank standard selects a remote fill station, the fill piping from the station to the tank shall be steel, not smaller than the fill connection, sloped continuously toward the tank without a trapped low point, furnished with a check valve at the station that holds the fuel in the line from draining back into the spill container, and the overfill alarm indicator at the station shall be wired to the tank's high-level contact under this standard.
NOTE A fill line that holds fuel after the hose is disconnected drains it into the spill container at the station, and a line that traps fuel freezes the water that settles in the trap; the slope and the check valve are what keep the station dry. (10.6.6)

11 Leak Detection and Monitoring

11.1 Piping Leak Detection

11.1.1 The interstice of double-wall piping shall be monitored by the method indicated in the datasheet.
Piping Interstitial Monitoringselect
Liquid sensor in each containment sump the interstice drains to
Sensor cable along the length of the interstice
Pressure-monitored interstice with a loss-of-pressure alarm
Vacuum-monitored interstice with a loss-of-vacuum alarm
NOTE A sensor in the sump at each end of a run sees the fuel or the water the interstice drains to it, costs one sensor per sump, and is the method 40 CFR Part 280 is written around and nearly every buried double-wall system uses, which is why it is the default; a sensor cable runs the length of the interstice and locates the leak along the run, at a higher price and a cable that has to be pulled with the pipe; pressure and vacuum monitoring hold the interstice at a set condition and alarm on its loss, which proves both walls continuously rather than waiting for liquid, at the cost of a source and a gauge and a jacket that has to be sealed to hold it, and is the method of a welded aboveground double-wall line with no sump to drain to. (11.1.2)
11.1.3 Each leak sensor shall be removable from grade or from the floor for test and replacement without entering the sump or draining the line, and shall be wired to the day-tank controller, the pump set controller, or the console as the point list indicates, to alarm and, where the sensor is in a sump at a pump discharge, to stop the pump.
11.1.4 The floor of a room containing a pump set, a day tank, or a polishing skid shall be furnished with a liquid sensor at the low point or in the floor drain trap, wired as the preceding clause requires, where the room has no curb or containment that holds the fuel the day tank can release.

11.2 Monitoring Console

11.2.1 The system shall be monitored by the console indicated in the datasheet.
Fuel-Oil System Monitoring Consoleradio
○ Dedicated fuel-oil system console reading the tank sensors, the pump set, the day-tank controllers, and the polishing skid
○ Console furnished with the bulk tank under the fuel storage tank standard, with the pump set and day-tank controllers wired to it
○ No system console, with each controller's dry contacts wired to the plant monitoring system
NOTE A dedicated console gives a plant with several tanks, a pump set, and several day tanks one display, one alarm log, and one interface to the building automation system, and is the console a Level 1 plant with a long runtime buys; the console that comes with a bulk tank reads that tank's leak and level probes and the inventory record the state program wants, and it can take the pump and day-tank contacts as additional inputs where the plant is one tank and one set; a plant without a console sends every controller's contacts to the building automation system or the generator annunciator and watches them there. Which arrangement a plant has follows from the number of tanks and controllers and from the tank console selection made under Fuel Dispensing And Storage TanksFuel Storage TanksResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/fuel-dispensing-and-storage-tanks, so the field carries no default. (11.2.2)
11.2.3 Where a console is furnished, it shall display the level of each tank, the state of each pump and valve, the state of each leak sensor, and every alarm, shall alarm audibly and visually at the console until acknowledged there, shall retain an alarm and event log, and shall provide a dry contact for each alarm and a common alarm contact.
11.2.4 The console and the controllers shall report to the destinations indicated in the datasheet.
Remote Annunciation Destinationscheckbox
☐ Building automation system
☐ Generator remote annunciator or generator controller
☐ Plant SCADA or process monitoring system
☐ Owner's facility monitoring service by dial-out or network
☐ Fire alarm system supervisory point
NOTE The generator controller is the destination NFPA 110 cares about for a low fuel or a fuel system fault, the building automation system is where a facility operator sees the fuel level with everything else, a plant SCADA is the destination of an industrial site, and a fire alarm supervisory point is where some Authorities Having Jurisdiction want the leak alarm of a fuel system to land; the destinations follow from what the project has, so the field carries no default. (11.2.5)
11.2.6 The console shall communicate with the building automation system or the plant monitoring system by the interface indicated in the datasheet.
Console Communication Interfaceradio
○ BACnet/IP
○ BACnet MS/TP
○ Modbus TCP or Modbus RTU
○ Dry contacts only
NOTE A BACnet interface puts every tank level, pump state, and alarm on the building automation network as points the operator's graphics already know how to show, over the building's Ethernet for BACnet/IP or over a twisted pair for MS/TP; Modbus is the interface of a plant SCADA or a data center monitoring system; dry contacts carry each alarm as one wire pair and are what a plant with no network at the fuel system uses. The interface follows the system the points go to under Building Automation SystemBuilding Automation SystemResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/building-automation-system, so the field carries no default. (11.2.7)

12 Electrical Requirements

12.1 Power Supply

12.1.1 Where the system serves an emergency or standby power system, the transfer pump set, the day-tank controllers, the fill valves, the heaters the fuel supply depends on, and the console shall be supplied from the load side of the transfer switch serving that system, so that the fuel supply runs on the alternate source when the normal source has failed.
NOTE A transfer pump on normal power stops when the utility fails, and the generator it feeds runs until the day tank is empty; NFPA 110 requires the fuel transfer of a Level 1 system to be supplied by the system it serves for that reason, and the day-tank controller and the fill valve are in the same circuit because a pump with no controller is as dead as no pump. (12.1.2)
12.1.3 Where the system serves only oil-burning equipment outside an emergency power system, the pump set, the controllers, and the console shall be supplied from the circuits indicated on the electrical plans.
12.1.4 Each pump motor shall be furnished with the overload protection and the disconnecting means the National Electrical Code requires, with the disconnect within sight of the pump set, and the feeders, branch circuits, and disconnects shall be furnished under Conductors And CablesConductors and CablesResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/conductors-and-cables, Raceways And ConduitRaceways and ConduitResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/raceways-and-conduit, and Enclosed Switches And DisconnectsEnclosed Switches and DisconnectsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/enclosed-switches-and-disconnects.

12.2 Enclosure Rating

12.2.1 The pump set controller, the day-tank controller, the polishing skid controller, the console, and every junction box and sensor housing furnished under this standard shall carry at least the enclosure rating indicated in the datasheet, rated under NEMA 250 or UL 50E.
Minimum Enclosure Ratingselect
NEMA Type 1
NEMA Type 3R
NEMA Type 4
NEMA Type 4X
NEMA Type 12
NEMA Type 7
NOTE Type 1 is the general-purpose enclosure for a controller in a dry generator room or boiler room; Type 12 excludes the dust and the dripping oil of a mechanical room without washdown; Type 3R sheds rain and sleet and lets condensation drain for a pump set at an outdoor tank; Type 4 excludes hose-directed water for a pump set on a truck apron that is washed down; Type 4X adds corrosion resistance for salt air and chemical fumes; Type 7 is the explosion-proof construction for a device in a Class I, Division 1 location. A pump set sits indoors at the engine on one project and outdoors at the tank on the next, and the day-tank controller follows the set it serves into a room or a weatherproof enclosure, so no rating is distinctly the norm and the field carries no default; the clauses that follow raise the rating for the locations that need more, whatever the datasheet selects. (12.2.2)
12.2.3 Enclosures mounted outdoors shall be rated NEMA Type 3R, Type 4, or Type 4X.
12.2.4 Enclosures mounted where they are subject to washdown or hose-directed water shall be rated NEMA Type 4 or Type 4X.
12.2.5 Enclosures mounted where they are exposed to salt air, corrosive fumes, or washdown chemicals shall be rated NEMA Type 4X.
12.2.6 Enclosures in a Class I, Division 1 location where an explosion-proof enclosure is the means of protection shall be rated NEMA Type 7 in addition to the rating required for the environment.

12.3 Hazardous Locations

12.3.1 The hazardous-location classification at the pump set, at each sump, at each vent termination, and at each fill station shall be as indicated on the electrical area classification drawings, and every motor, solenoid, sensor, and controller furnished under this standard shall be listed for the class, division, and group at its location.
NOTE A pump moving a Class II liquid below its flash point does not by itself classify the room it is in under NFPA 30, but the sump of a buried line, the vent termination, and a pump handling a heated oil sit in locations the code tables classify, and the area classification drawing is where that determination is recorded, so the devices are listed to it rather than to an assumption about the fuel. (12.3.2)
12.3.3 Leak sensors in a sump and level switches in a tank or a day tank shall be intrinsically safe or of a construction listed for the location, and intrinsically safe sensors shall be connected through the barrier the controller or the sensor manufacturer specifies.
12.3.4 Metal piping shall be electrically continuous across every flexible connector and dielectric fitting by a bonding jumper, and shall be bonded to the grounding electrode system under Grounding And BondingGrounding and Bonding for Electrical SystemsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/grounding-and-bonding.

13 Testing

13.1 Pressure Testing

13.1.1 Before any piping is concealed, buried, insulated, or connected to a tank or to served equipment, the Contractor shall pressure test every section of supply, return, overflow, and fill piping with the medium indicated in the datasheet, at the test pressure and for the duration indicated in the datasheet, and shall record the result.
Pressure Test Mediumradio
● Air or nitrogen
○ Water
○ Fuel oil at the operating pressure of the section
NOTE An air or nitrogen test at the low pressure a fuel line is tested to leaves nothing in the pipe that the fuel will carry to a filter, finds a pinhole with soap solution at every joint, and is the test NFPA 30 and the mechanical code describe for a fuel-oil line, which is why it is the default; a water test puts no stored energy in the pipe and is what some Authorities Having Jurisdiction require of a large welded line, at the cost of water that has to be blown and dried out of a fuel system afterward; a test with the fuel itself at the operating pressure is the final proof after the system is filled and is the only test a section that cannot be isolated from a tank can be given. (13.1.2)
13.1.3 Each section shall be tested at the pressure indicated in the datasheet.
Pressure Test Pressurerange
psi
5200
Derived — 1.5 times the maximum operating pressure of the section tested, and not less than the minimum pressure NFPA 30 and the adopted mechanical code require at the highest point of the section for the test medium (by default)
13.1.4 Each section shall hold the test pressure without a drop on the gauge for the duration indicated in the datasheet.
Pressure Test Durationrange
Not less than
hours
0.512424
NOTE A half-hour test is the minimum the mechanical code accepts for a fuel-oil line and is long enough to soap every joint of a short run; a one- or two-hour test holds a longer line while every joint is checked and lets a slow leak show on the gauge; a four-hour or overnight test is what an Authority Having Jurisdiction or an Owner requires of a buried line or a line through an occupied building before it is covered. The duration follows the code adopted and the line, so the field carries no default. (13.1.5)
13.1.6 Test pressure shall not exceed the rating of any component in the section, and a pump, a filter, a solenoid valve, or a flexible connector whose rating is below the test pressure shall be isolated or removed before the test.
13.1.7 A section that fails a pressure test shall be repaired and retested at the Contractor's expense, and a failed threaded joint shall be remade rather than tightened under pressure.

13.2 Interstitial and Buried Piping Testing

13.2.1 The interstice of double-wall piping shall be tested by the method and at the pressure or vacuum the piping manufacturer specifies, after the carrier pipe has passed its test and before the piping is covered, and the result for each run between sumps shall be recorded.
13.2.2 Buried piping shall be tested before backfill and again after backfill and before the line is placed in service, and the second test shall be witnessed by the Owner's representative or by the state program inspector where the program requires it.
13.2.3 Each containment sump shall be tested for tightness by the method 40 CFR Part 280 or the state program requires before the sump is backfilled and before the piping is placed in service.

13.3 Functional Testing

13.3.1 After the system is filled with fuel and before the served equipment is started on it, the Contractor shall demonstrate every function of the pump set controller, the day-tank controller, the fill valves, the overflow, the heaters, the polishing skid, the leak sensors, the emergency shutoff, and the console by operating or simulating each condition at its sensor, and shall record each function and the alarm received at each destination the datasheet selects.
13.3.2 The day-tank fill cycle shall be demonstrated from the low level to the high level with the pump running on each pump of a duplex set, the high-high stop shall be demonstrated by raising the switch, the pump failure alarm by starting a pump against a closed valve, and the automatic alternation by two consecutive cycles.
13.3.3 Where the system serves an engine-generator, the fuel supply shall be demonstrated during the installation acceptance test under GeneratorsEngine GeneratorsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/generators by running the set at its rated output for the duration of that test on fuel drawn through the system, with the day-tank refill keeping pace with the consumption.
13.3.4 Where the system serves a burner, the supply pressure and the return pressure at the burner connections shall be measured at high fire and at low fire and recorded, and shall fall within the range the burner manufacturer stated under BoilersBoilersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/boilers.
13.3.5 The functional tests and the generator acceptance run shall be witnessed by the Owner's representative, who shall be notified in writing not less than five working days before each test.

13.4 Flushing and Startup

13.4.1 Before the piping is connected to the served equipment, the Contractor shall flush every supply, return, and overflow line with the fuel the system will carry, circulated through a temporary filter or returned through a temporary line to the tank, until the strainer basket at the pump set shows no debris after a full circulation of the line's volume, and shall clean every strainer and replace every filter element at the end of the flush.
13.4.2 Water shall not be used to flush fuel-oil piping, and piping that has been water-tested shall be blown dry with air or nitrogen before it is flushed with fuel.
NOTE Mill scale, weld spatter, thread chips, and the water of a hydrostatic test are what plug the first filter the engine sees, and the engine's filter is the one that stops the engine; the flush moves them to a strainer that can be cleaned before the engine is on the line. (13.4.3)
13.4.4 The pump set, the day-tank controller, and the polishing skid shall be started and their settings recorded by the manufacturer's technician, with the pump relief valve setting, the level switch setpoints, the alternation schedule, the heater setpoint, and the polishing schedule recorded on the startup report.

14 Installation

14.1 Equipment Setting

14.1.1 The pump set and the polishing skid shall be set on a concrete pad constructed under Concrete PadsConcrete Equipment PadsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/concrete-pads, level within the manufacturer's tolerance, anchored for the seismic demand established under this standard, and placed with the clearances the manufacturer requires for strainer and element service on the service side.
14.1.2 The pump set shall be set as close to the bulk tank as the location indicated on the mechanical plans allows and at an elevation that keeps the suction lift within the rating stated in the pump set submittal.
14.1.3 A day tank shall be set at the elevation and distance from the served equipment that GeneratorsEngine GeneratorsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/generators or BoilersBoilersResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/boilers requires for the equipment's lift pump or fuel unit, and at a location that NFPA 37 or NFPA 31 permits for its capacity.

14.2 Pipe Routing

14.2.1 Piping shall be routed as indicated on the mechanical plans, and where a route is not indicated, shall be run parallel to building lines, grouped with other piping, clear of the service clearances of every equipment item, and not through a cooling air discharge, over an exhaust, or where it can be struck from the service side of a set, as GeneratorsEngine GeneratorsResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/generators requires.
14.2.2 Fuel piping shall not be run through an electrical room, a transformer vault, an elevator machine room, a stair, an exit passageway, a duct, or a plenum, and shall pass through a fire-rated assembly only in a sleeve firestopped under FirestoppingFirestoppingResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/firestopping.
14.2.3 Supply and return lines to the served equipment shall each be a continuous run with no cross-connection, so that the return of one engine or burner cannot feed the supply of another.
14.2.4 Piping at the tank shall connect to the nozzles the tank's nozzle schedule provides, with a union or flange at each nozzle, without placing load on the shell, and the caps and plugs the tank standard requires on the nozzles shall be removed only when the connection is made.

14.3 Identification and Protection

14.3.1 Piping shall be labeled, valves tagged, and the pump set, the day-tank controller, and the console identified under Mechanical IdentificationMechanical IdentificationResolves to the current adopted revision.sync/mechanical-identification, with the fuel named on every label.
14.3.2 A valve chart listing every valve by tag, service, normal position, and location shall be mounted at the pump set and at the console, and the normally closed valves at the tank outlets shall be tagged as such.
14.3.3 Exposed aboveground piping within reach of vehicles shall be protected by bollards or barriers furnished under the site work, and piping along a wall below 6 ft above the floor in a room where carts or equipment move shall be guarded.
14.3.4 Piping that has been installed and tested shall be capped at every open end until the next connection is made, and no fuel shall be introduced into any section until that section has passed its pressure test and its flush.

15 Delivery, Storage, and Handling

15.1 Pipe shall be delivered with the ends capped, stored off the ground on racks that do not damage the coating of a coated pipe, and nonmetallic buried piping shall be stored on the reel it ships on, out of sunlight where the manufacturer requires it, and not kinked, dragged, or bent tighter than its minimum radius.
15.2 The pump set, the polishing skid, and the controllers shall be delivered on their shipping bases with every connection capped and every enclosure closed, lifted at the manufacturer's lifting points, and stored indoors or under cover with the enclosures sealed until they are set.
15.3 Filter elements, seals, gaskets, and flexible connectors shall be stored in their original packaging in a dry location at the temperature the manufacturer specifies, and an element or seal whose packaging has been opened before installation shall be replaced.

16 Warranty

16.1 The Contractor shall warrant the fuel-oil system, including the pump set, the controllers, the polishing skid, the heaters, the valves, the piping, the leak detection, and the console, against defects in materials and workmanship, including leakage at any joint, for the period indicated in the datasheet, measured from the date of substantial completion.
System Warranty Periodrange
Not less than
years
125
NOTE One year is the warranty on which nearly every fuel-oil installation is bid, and it is what the pump set and controller manufacturers back as standard, which is why it is the default; a two- or five-year term is bought from the pump set manufacturer or carried by the Contractor where the Owner's practice requires it, at a price that reflects the service calls the manufacturer expects over the term. (16.2)
16.3 The warranty shall cover the repair or replacement of the defective component, its removal and reinstallation, the recovery of released fuel and the restoration of the surface where a buried line has leaked, and the retesting of the repaired section.
16.4 Where a component is repaired or replaced under warranty, the repaired or replaced component shall carry a new warranty of the same term from the date of the repair, or the remainder of the original term, whichever ends later.
16.5 The manufacturers' warranties on nonmetallic buried piping, on the pump set, and on the polishing skid shall be assigned to the Owner and delivered with the closeout submittals, with the installation conditions each warranty requires.

17 Spare Parts

17.1 The Contractor shall deliver the spare parts indicated in the datasheet at substantial completion.
Spare Parts Delivered at Substantial Completioncheckbox
☑ Transfer filter and water separator elements for one change of every filter
☑ Polishing skid filter and separator elements for one change of every stage
☑ Suction strainer basket of each size installed
☑ Level switch or float of each type installed
☑ Leak sensor of each type installed
☐ Fill valve solenoid coil and rebuild kit of each size installed
☑ Fuses and pilot lamps of each type in the controllers and console
☐ Flexible connector of each size at the served equipment
17.2 Spare parts shall match the installed parts in model and material, shall be delivered in the manufacturer's packaging with the part number marked on the outside, and shall be turned over against a written inventory signed by the Owner's representative.

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