Structural

Standards

• Applied Fireproofing

  Spray-applied fire-resistive materials (SFRM) and intumescent fire-resistive materials (IFRM) applied to structural steel, structural concrete, and composite steel deck to achieve hourly fire-resistance ratings required by the International Building Code. Covers cementitious SFRM and mineral-fiber SFRM applied to concealed structural framing, and intumescent mastic and thin-film intumescent coatings applied to exposed-to-view structural steel where architectural finish is required. Addresses surface preparation, primer compatibility, application thickness based on W/D and A/P ratios, density, bond and cohesion/adhesion, in-place verification per AWCI Technical Manual 12-A, ICC-ES AC23 acceptance criteria, and inspection of installed work prior to concealment by ceilings, walls, and finishes.

• Cast-in-Place Concrete

  Structural cast-in-place concrete for buildings and structures — constituent materials, mixture proportioning and qualification, exposure-class durability requirements, ready-mixed production and delivery, placement and consolidation, hot- and cold-weather concreting, field testing, and evaluation and acceptance of the hardened concrete. Applies to footings, foundations, grade beams, mat foundations, below-grade walls, slabs on grade, elevated slabs and decks, columns, beams, and structural walls on commercial, institutional, and industrial projects.

• Metal Stairs and Railings

  Shop-fabricated metal stairs and railing systems for commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings — egress and convenience stairs built as steel pan stairs with concrete fill, steel plate (formed plate) stairs, and bar-grating-tread stairs, including their stringers, treads, risers, landings, and supporting framing, together with the handrails and guards (guardrails) of steel, aluminum, or stainless pipe, tube, and picket. Covers structural design for the IBC stair uniform live load and concentrated load, deflection and vibration serviceability, tread and riser dimensions and slip-resistant nosings to the IBC means-of-egress provisions, the IBC structural loads on handrails and guards (concentrated, uniform, and infill), shop and field welding to AWS D1.1, bolted and anchored connections, hot-dip galvanizing and shop priming, and field finishing.

• Miscellaneous Metals

  Utility steel items shop-fabricated for a building or plant that are not part of the primary frame on the structural drawings and carry no architectural finish requirement: fixed vertical ladders with their ladder safety systems or personal fall arrest anchorage, ship's ladders and alternating tread devices, loose steel lintels and masonry shelf angles shown outside the structural drawings, slab and curb edge angles and nosings, loose embedded steel furnished for casting into concrete by others (embed plates, weld plates, seat angles, and anchor channels serving the items of this standard and architectural metal fabrications), the angle frames of utility trench and pit covers, loose equipment supports, stands, and rooftop dunnage not furnished with the equipment, and unrated steel pipe guard posts and column and door-jamb guards that protect building elements and equipment from impact. Covers the material grade for each product form, fasteners and anchors, the shop corrosion protection policy for interior and for exterior and masonry-embedded items, the OSHA and ANSI/ASSP A14.3 fall protection decision for fixed ladders, ship's ladder geometry, lintel bearing and shelf angle segmentation, embed anchorage, trench frame material and section, dunnage clearance and design responsibility, guard post size, fill, cap, and anchorage, exposed weld treatment, installation, delivery, and warranty, in commercial, institutional, industrial, water and wastewater, and multi-family buildings.

• Post-Tensioned Concrete

  Cast-in-place post-tensioned (PT) concrete for buildings and parking structures, where prestressing steel is tensioned after the concrete has cured and the force is anchored against the hardened member. Covers both dominant systems: unbonded single-strand tendons (greased-and-sheathed seven-wire strand, the standard system for elevated building floors and parking decks) and bonded multistrand tendons (strand bundled in ducts that are grouted after stressing, used for transfer girders, longer spans, and heavier post-tensioned beams). Addresses prestressing strand, anchorages and couplers and their qualification, sheathing and corrosion protection including encapsulated and electrically-isolated tendons for parking and aggressive exposure, tendon profile and placing tolerances, concrete strength at stressing, stressing operations and sequence, elongation measurement and acceptance, wedge seating, tendon cutting and pocket treatment, grouting of bonded tendons, and field quality control and records. Applicable to commercial, institutional, residential, and parking buildings.

• Precast Concrete

  Plant-fabricated precast and prestressed (pretensioned) concrete for buildings, including structural precast — columns, beams, spandrels, double-tees, hollow-core plank, solid and insulated wall panels, stair and landing units — and architectural precast cladding panels with specified exposed finishes. Covers concrete and release-strength requirements, pretensioned and conventionally reinforced production, connection hardware and embedded plates, architectural finishes (form liner, exposed aggregate, acid-etch, sandblast), PCI plant certification and quality control, product and erection tolerances, bearing pads, grouting, joint sealant coordination, erection, and patching. Applicable to commercial, institutional, industrial, parking, and multi-family buildings.

• Steel Deck

  Cold-formed steel floor and roof deck furnished and installed under the Steel Deck Institute standards: composite floor deck acting with the concrete slab above it, non-composite form deck serving as a permanent form, roof deck carrying the roofing assembly, and acoustical roof deck. Covers the division of design responsibility for the deck and its diaphragm, manufacturer and installer qualification, sheet steel and metallic coating selection, the basis for profile, depth, gauge, and section properties, diaphragm design basis, attachment to supports by arc spot welds, arc seam welds, powder-actuated fasteners, and screws, side-lap fastening, the deck's role in a composite slab including shoring, concrete placement loads, and the sequence for shear studs welded through the deck, roof deck uplift attachment and FM Approval, openings and their reinforcement, pour stops, closures, and sump pans, placement and OSHA decking requirements, field cutting and coating repair, field inspection under the SDI quality standard, delivery and storage, and the warranty for the deck work.

• Steel Joists

  Open-web steel joists and joist girders furnished by Steel Joist Institute member manufacturers under ANSI/SJI 100 and erected under ANSI/SJI 200. Covers K-series and KCS joists, LH-series and DLH-series long-span joists, G-series joist girders, and CJ-series composite joists. Addresses the delegated-design relationship between the Engineer of Record and the joist manufacturer, joist and erector qualification, chord and web steel selection, deflection and floor-vibration criteria, camber policy, bearing seat depth and end anchorage, bridging type and attachment, headers at framed openings, chord extensions, erection stability and erection bridging under OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart R, erection tolerances, shop coating selection, field touch-up, and field inspection of joist work.

• Structural Steel Connections

  The bolted and welded connections that join hot-rolled structural steel framing members into a load-carrying structure: simple shear connections, fully restrained and partially restrained moment connections, vertical and horizontal bracing connections and their gusset plates, column splices, and the steel side of column base plate connections. Covers the assignment of connection design responsibility under AISC 303, the joint condition (snug-tight, pretensioned, or slip-critical) for each connection class, high-strength bolt assemblies under ASTM F3125 and their finish, the RCSC pretensioning methods and pre-installation verification, faying surface slip class and treatment, bolt hole types, the backing, weld tab, and access hole configurations at connection groove welds, load sharing between bolts and welds, the connection provisions AISC 341 imposes on the seismic force-resisting system, bolting inspection, and the handling of fastener assemblies.

• Structural Steel Framing

  The hot-rolled structural steel frame of a building or structure designed by the Engineer of Record under ANSI/AISC 360: wide-flange beams, girders, and columns, hollow structural sections and pipe used as columns, braces, and beams, channels, angles, tees, plates, and bars, built-up members, crane runway beams, and the headed shear stud connectors, stiffeners, column base plates, and stabilizer plates furnished with them. Covers the material grade for each shape family, the material provisions the seismic force-resisting system imposes on members, fabricator and erector qualification, shop and erection drawings, cutting, hole forming, straightening, cambering, and member marking, architecturally exposed structural steel categories, the shop coating system and its boundary with applied fireproofing and field finishes, erection planning, temporary bracing, column base setting, erection tolerances and the post-erection survey, field touch-up, delivery and storage, and the warranty for the structural steel.

• Unit Masonry

  The assembled unit masonry wall. Load-bearing walls, shear walls, non-load-bearing partitions, composite and multi-wythe walls, the masonry backup wythe of a cavity wall, and pilasters and piers, built from concrete masonry units alone or from concrete masonry units combined with clay brick. Covers the assembly design values (specified masonry compressive strength, the unit and grout strengths that follow from it, and the mortar type for each wall class), grouting extent and the cells that receive it, bar reinforcement and joint reinforcement, corrosion protection of embedded metal, wythe ties and intersecting-wall connections, bond beams and lintels, bond pattern, bedding, and joint profile, control and expansion joints in the assembly, the prescriptive seismic detailing the seismic design category invokes, bracing of walls under construction, tolerances tightened for exposed work, and the strength verification and special inspection program.

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