+---
+title: Cast Stone
+category: Structural / Masonry
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: supply and installation of architectural cast stone trim units
+ (manufactured concrete simulating quarried stone) such as sills, copings,
+ lintels, banding, water tables, quoins, keystones, door and window surrounds,
+ base courses, and column caps and bases, on new and renovated commercial,
+ institutional, and residential buildings. Covers wet-cast and vibratory
+ dry-tamp production, mix design, physical performance, reinforcement, color
+ and texture, anchorage, mortar and setting, and field handling.
+ Not intended for: backup masonry walls behind or below the trim ([[sync/unit-masonry]],
+ [[sync/brick-masonry]]); general veneer anchors and ties ([[sync/masonry-anchorage-and-veneer]]);
+ through-wall flashing and weeps at copings and sills ([[sync/through-wall-flashing]]);
+ large-format precast cladding panels and PCI structural precast ([[sync/architectural-precast-concrete]]);
+ GFRC panel systems; natural quarried stone veneer; and repair of deteriorated
+ existing cast stone ([[sync/concrete-repair-and-restoration]]).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This Standard governs the manufacture, finishing, anchorage, and installation of architectural cast stone units used as decorative and functional masonry trim. {note}
+
+## Cast stone is a manufactured concrete masonry product engineered to simulate the appearance of natural quarried stone (limestone, sandstone, or granite) at lower cost and with greater dimensional repeatability. It is produced as discrete trim units rather than as a continuous wall material, and is set as masonry within or upon a backup wall built under a separate Standard. Typical units include window sills and subsills, parapet copings, lintels, banding and string courses, water tables, quoins, keystones, door and window surrounds, base courses, and column caps and bases. {note}
+
+## Units shall comply with ASTM C1364 for architectural cast stone, including its compressive strength, absorption, freeze-thaw, and drying-shrinkage requirements.
+
+## Units shall be produced by either the wet-cast or the vibratory dry-tamp (VDT) method as required by this Standard for the unit type.
+
+## This Standard applies to new construction and to renovation where new cast stone trim is installed.
+
+## The backup masonry wall into which cast stone units are set is excluded; it is governed by [[sync/unit-masonry]] for concrete masonry backup and [[sync/brick-masonry]] for clay-unit backup. {note}
+
+## Cast stone trim depends on a coordinated backup wall for seat heights, coursing alignment, and structural support, but the backup construction itself — its units, grouting, and reinforcement — is specified elsewhere. This Standard specifies only the interface dimensions and bearing the backup must provide. {note}
+
+## General masonry veneer anchors and ties are excluded; they are governed by [[sync/masonry-anchorage-and-veneer]]. Anchors, dowels, and straps are specified here only as they secure cast stone units. {note}
+
+## Through-wall flashing, drip edges in the flashing plane, and weep systems behind copings, sills, and shelf angles are excluded; they are governed by [[sync/through-wall-flashing]]. {note}
+
+## Large-format architectural precast cladding panels and PCI-governed structural precast members are excluded; they are governed by [[sync/architectural-precast-concrete]]. {note}
+
+## The boundary between cast stone and architectural precast is unit scale and governing standard, not appearance: both can imitate stone. Cast stone is small-unit trim produced under ASTM C1364 and Cast Stone Institute practice; architectural precast is large-format panel cladding produced under PCI MNL-117 and ACI 533. Mixing requirements from the two standards into one section is a common source of conflicting requirements and field RFIs, so the two are specified separately. {note}
+
+## Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) panel systems, natural quarried stone veneer, and repair of deteriorated existing cast stone are excluded; cast stone repair is governed by [[sync/concrete-repair-and-restoration]]. {note}
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Units, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ASTM C1364 | Architectural Cast Stone |
+| ASTM C1194 | Compressive Strength of Architectural Cast Stone |
+| ASTM C1195 | Absorption of Architectural Cast Stone |
+| ASTM C150/C150M | Portland Cement |
+| ASTM C595/C595M | Blended Hydraulic Cements |
+| ASTM C33/C33M | Concrete Aggregates |
+| ASTM C270 | Mortar for Unit Masonry |
+| ASTM C67/C67M | Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile (freeze-thaw cycling) |
+| ASTM A615/A615M | Deformed and Plain Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement |
+| ASTM A1064/A1064M | Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement for Concrete |
+| ASTM A153/A153M | Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware |
+| ASTM A276/A276M | Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes |
+| IBC Section 2103 | International Building Code — Masonry Construction Materials |
+| TMS 602 (ACI 530.1) | Specification for Masonry Structures |
+| CSI TB-37 | Cast Stone Institute Technical Bulletin — Job Site Handling and Installation |
+| CSI TB-42 | Cast Stone Institute Technical Bulletin — Mortars for Cast Stone Installation |
+
+## "CSI" in this Standard refers to the Cast Stone Institute, the trade body that publishes cast stone production and installation guidance, and not to any specification-format organization. {note}
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review and approval before fabrication:
+- Product data for each cast stone unit type, including mix design summary, casting method (wet-cast or VDT), and finish.
+- Shop drawings showing each unit's dimensions, profiles, joint locations, anchor and dowel locations, reinforcement, and unit weights, keyed to the elevations.
+- Color-and-texture samples of each unit finish for the Architect's approval and retention as the project color standard.
+- Manufacturer's mix design with cement type, aggregate source, pigment type and dosage, and air content.
+- Anchor, dowel, and tie schedule identifying material, grade, size, and finish for each condition.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Product data (unit types, casting method, finish)
+ - Shop drawings (dimensions, joints, anchors, reinforcement, weights)
+ - Color-and-texture samples
+ - Mix design summary
+ - Anchor, dowel, and tie schedule
+default:
+ - Product data (unit types, casting method, finish)
+ - Shop drawings (dimensions, joints, anchors, reinforcement, weights)
+ - Color-and-texture samples
+ - Mix design summary
+ - Anchor, dowel, and tie schedule
+```
+
+### Shop drawings shall locate every coordinable item against the contract drawings; unit setting locations and coursing references are indicated [[drawing: cast stone elevations]].
+
+### Color-and-texture samples shall be retained by the Architect as the contractual standard against which delivered units are judged. {note}
+
+### Cast stone color and texture vary measurably between batches and between plants because they depend on pigment dosage, aggregate source, and finishing technique. Without an approved physical sample, the Owner has no enforceable color standard and disputes over delivered color cannot be resolved on a contractual basis. {note}
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+- Test reports from an independent laboratory showing compliance with ASTM C1364 for compressive strength, absorption, and freeze-thaw durability.
+- Manufacturer's certification that the producing plant operates a documented quality-control program, and evidence of Cast Stone Institute plant certification where required.
+- Manufacturer's job-site handling and installation instructions, including maximum unit weights and lifting points.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Independent test reports (C1364 strength, absorption, freeze-thaw)
+ - Plant quality-control certification
+ - Cast Stone Institute plant certification
+ - Handling and installation instructions
+default:
+ - Independent test reports (C1364 strength, absorption, freeze-thaw)
+ - Plant quality-control certification
+ - Handling and installation instructions
+```
+
+### Independent third-party test reports shall be submitted; manufacturer self-certification to ASTM C1364 alone shall not be accepted as proof of compliance. {note}
+
+### ASTM C1364 sets the performance limits but contains no mandatory third-party compliance mechanism. A specification that names the standard without also requiring independent test reports or plant certification leaves the door open to substandard product, because the producer is the only party attesting to compliance. Requiring independent reports closes that gap. {note}
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals:
+- Cleaning and maintenance instructions for installed cast stone, including approved and prohibited cleaning agents.
+- Records of the approved color-and-texture sample and the mix design as built.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Cleaning and maintenance instructions
+ - As-built color sample and mix design records
+default:
+ - Cleaning and maintenance instructions
+ - As-built color sample and mix design records
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## The manufacturer shall be an established cast stone producer with a documented quality-control program covering mix proportioning, casting, curing, finishing, and dimensional inspection.
+
+## A Cast Stone Institute certified plant should be specified where third-party verification of production practice is required by the Owner.
+
+## A field sample panel of representative units, set with the specified mortar and joint treatment, should be erected and approved before bulk installation proceeds.
+
+## The approved color-and-texture sample shall govern acceptance; units differing visibly in color, texture, or finish from the approved sample shall be rejected.
+
+## Plant certification and independent testing are the two complementary quality controls for cast stone, and a robust specification uses both. {note}
+
+## Plant certification attests to the production process — that the plant has the equipment, procedures, and quality records to make compliant units consistently. Independent testing attests to the product — that representative units actually meet the strength, absorption, and freeze-thaw limits. Each addresses a failure mode the other does not, so both are specified rather than treating one as a substitute for the other. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Plant certification requirement
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Cast Stone Institute certified plant required
+ - Documented quality-control program required, certification not mandatory
+default: Documented quality-control program required, certification not mandatory
+```
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## Units exposed to freeze-thaw cycling, de-icing salts, or marine environments shall be specified with air entrainment, absorption limits, and anchor materials appropriate to that exposure.
+
+## Exposure conditions drive several mix and hardware decisions at once, and selecting the wrong exposure class is a durability error that surfaces only after years in service. {note}
+
+## A unit specified for a benign interior or sheltered exposure may use grey cement, standard absorption limits, and galvanized anchors. The same unit on a parapet coping in a freeze-thaw climate, or near de-icing salt or salt spray, needs entrained air, a tighter absorption limit, and stainless anchors. Because the visible unit looks identical in both cases, the exposure class must be stated explicitly so the producer proportions the mix and selects hardware correctly. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exposure class
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Interior or sheltered exterior (no freeze-thaw)
+ - Exterior, freeze-thaw exposure
+ - Severe exterior, freeze-thaw with de-icing salts
+ - Marine or coastal (chloride exposure)
+default: Exterior, freeze-thaw exposure
+```
+
+### Units in freeze-thaw exposure shall be air-entrained to 4 to 8 percent.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Air content (wet-cast, freeze-thaw exposed)
+type: range
+unit: "%"
+min: 4
+max: 8
+step: 0.5
+default: 6
+```
+
+### Units in freeze-thaw exposure shall exhibit not more than 5.0 percent mass loss after 300 freeze-thaw cycles.
+
+# Materials and Mix Design {toc}
+
+## Cement shall be Portland cement complying with ASTM C150 (Type I or Type III) or blended hydraulic cement complying with ASTM C595, white or grey as required to achieve the approved color.
+
+## Aggregates shall comply with ASTM C33 and shall be selected for color and gradation to match the approved sample.
+
+## Pigments shall be inorganic mineral-oxide pigments and shall not exceed 10 percent of the cement weight.
+
+## Mineral-oxide pigments are specified because they are colorfast and integral to the unit, holding color through weathering and abrasion. {note}
+
+## Inorganic mineral-oxide pigments are dispersed throughout the mix and are stable under ultraviolet exposure, so color does not fade or wash off and a chipped face still shows the body color. Surface-applied coloring, by contrast, weathers off and exposes a different color beneath, and is not an acceptable means of meeting the approved-sample requirement. Capping pigment dosage prevents the strength and shrinkage penalties that high pigment loading causes. {note}
+
+## Casting Method {toc}
+
+### Wet-cast units shall be produced where reinforcement cages, complex geometry, or fine profile detail are required.
+
+### Vibratory dry-tamp (VDT) units may be produced for simpler unreinforced units where a uniform fine-grained texture is acceptable.
+
+### The casting method is not a free interchange, and specifying a reinforced unit without specifying wet-cast is a common error that forces a non-compliant substitution. {note}
+
+### The vibratory dry-tamp process compacts a near-zero-slump mix and cannot encase a reinforcing cage, so it is limited to unreinforced units. Wet-cast uses a flowable mix that surrounds reinforcement and fills intricate forms. When a lintel or long cantilever coping that must be reinforced is specified without naming the casting method, the producer either cannot comply or quietly substitutes an unreinforced VDT unit in a structural location. Reinforced units therefore must be specified as wet-cast. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Casting method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Wet-cast
+ - Vibratory dry-tamp (VDT)
+ - Wet-cast for reinforced units, VDT permitted for unreinforced trim
+default: Wet-cast for reinforced units, VDT permitted for unreinforced trim
+```
+
+## Unit Construction {toc}
+
+### Homogeneous units shall have a uniform mix throughout the unit cross-section.
+
+### Facing-and-backup units shall have a face mix of the approved color and texture bonded monolithically to a backup mix, cast wet against wet so the two layers cure as one unit.
+
+### Facing-and-backup construction lets the color aggregate be concentrated where it shows, which can lower cost on larger units without changing the visible result. {note}
+
+### In homogeneous units the entire cross-section uses the color mix, which is simple and is the usual choice for small trim. In facing-and-backup units the costly color and aggregate are placed only in the exposed face layer while a plain backup mix forms the body, cast at the same time so the layers bond monolithically. The two approaches produce the same visible face; the choice is an economic one that the unit size and quantity drive. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Unit construction
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Homogeneous
+ - Facing-and-backup (two-layer)
+default: Homogeneous
+```
+
+## Cement color selection
+```datasheet
+label: Cement color
+type: radio
+options:
+ - White Portland
+ - Grey Portland
+ - Blended (white or grey with supplementary cementitious material)
+default: Grey Portland
+```
+
+## Aggregate selection
+```datasheet
+label: Aggregate type
+type: select
+options:
+ - Crushed limestone
+ - Granite
+ - Quartz
+ - Natural gravel
+default: Crushed limestone
+```
+
+## Aggregate color shall match the approved color-and-texture sample, and the specified aggregate shall be confirmed as available from the selected manufacturer before it is made a requirement. {note}
+
+## Some aggregate colors are region-specific and are not stocked by every cast stone plant. Specifying an aggregate the chosen producer cannot readily source forces a long-lead special order or a re-sampling cycle. Confirming availability against the actual producer's stock before finalizing the requirement avoids that delay. {note}
+
+# Physical Performance {toc}
+
+## Units shall attain a minimum compressive strength of 6,500 psi at 28 days when tested per ASTM C1194.
+
+## Reinforced lintels and units in high-traffic or high-load locations should be specified at a higher compressive strength where the structural demand warrants it.
+
+## The 6,500 psi minimum is the ASTM C1364 baseline and is sufficient for the great majority of trim units; higher strength is reserved for genuine structural demand. {note}
+
+## The C1364 minimum already exceeds typical masonry trim service loads, so specifying it satisfies most units without over-specification. A higher class (8,000 to 10,000 psi) is appropriate for reinforced lintels carrying real spans, for stair treads, or for units in high-traffic locations, where the added strength is doing work. Routinely raising the strength on every unit adds cost and tightens the mix unnecessarily. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Minimum compressive strength at 28 days
+type: range
+unit: psi
+min: 6500
+max: 10000
+step: 500
+default: 6500
+```
+
+## Units shall exhibit cold-water absorption not exceeding 6 percent and boiling-water absorption not exceeding 10 percent when tested per ASTM C1195.
+
+## A tighter cold-water absorption limit of 4 percent should be specified only for severe marine or de-icing-salt exposure.
+
+## Absorption is the single best field indicator of cast stone durability, because a denser, less absorptive unit resists freeze-thaw and salt damage. {note}
+
+## Water that a unit absorbs is water available to freeze, expand, and spall the face, and to carry chlorides into the body. The 6 percent cold-water limit is the standard durability threshold and is correct for ordinary freeze-thaw exposure. Dropping to 4 percent meaningfully improves resistance in the harshest marine and de-icing-salt service, but it is harder to achieve and should not be imposed where the milder exposure does not need it. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum cold-water absorption
+type: range
+unit: "%"
+min: 4
+max: 6
+step: 0.5
+default: 6
+```
+
+## Linear drying shrinkage shall not exceed 0.065 percent.
+
+# Reinforcement {toc}
+
+## Reinforcing bars shall comply with ASTM A615 and welded wire reinforcement shall comply with ASTM A1064.
+
+## Reinforcement shall be positioned with cover sufficient to protect against corrosion, and corrosion-resistant or galvanized reinforcement shall be used where cover is limited or exposure is severe.
+
+## Unreinforced units shall be limited to spans not exceeding 4 feet; units spanning more than 4 feet shall be wet-cast and reinforced.
+
+## Lintels, long sills, and cantilever copings shall be wet-cast and reinforced regardless of nominal span.
+
+## Span and cantilever, not unit length alone, decide whether a unit must be reinforced. {note}
+
+## A short unit set in continuous bearing carries little bending and can be unreinforced. A unit that spans an opening, projects as a cantilever, or runs long between supports develops tensile stress on its underside that plain cast stone cannot reliably carry, so it must be wet-cast around a reinforcing cage. The 4 foot unreinforced limit is the conventional dividing line, with lintels and cantilevers always reinforced because their geometry guarantees bending. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Reinforcement
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Unreinforced (trim units within span limit)
+ - Fiber-reinforced
+ - Bar or welded-wire reinforced (wet-cast)
+default: Unreinforced (trim units within span limit)
+```
+
+# Finish {toc}
+
+## The unit finish shall match the approved color-and-texture sample.
+
+## Finish is selected to imitate the target natural stone, and each finish exposes the aggregate differently. {note}
+
+## An as-cast smooth finish reads as a fine, sealed stone face. Acid-etching lightly opens the surface for a honed limestone look. Sandblasting, in light, medium, or heavy degrees, removes progressively more cement paste to expose aggregate and deepen texture. Tooled finishes cut linear or bush-hammered patterns. The choice is governed by the natural stone being matched and must be represented in the approved sample so delivered units can be judged against it. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Finish
+type: select
+options:
+ - As-cast smooth
+ - Acid-etched
+ - Sandblasted (light)
+ - Sandblasted (medium)
+ - Sandblasted (heavy)
+ - Tooled
+default: As-cast smooth
+```
+
+# Unit Geometry and Drainage {toc}
+
+## Sill and coping units exposed to weather shall be cast with a positive wash slope of not less than 15 degrees (approximately 1:4) to shed water.
+
+## Sill, coping, and projecting units shall be cast with a continuous drip edge on the underside of the projection.
+
+## Positive wash and a drip edge are the two geometric defenses that keep water off the wall, and omitting either lets water enter at the joints. {note}
+
+## A flat-topped sill or coping ponds water, which then migrates through head joints into the wall below. A wash slope sheds that water to the face. A drip edge — a groove or kerf on the underside of the projection — breaks the surface tension that would otherwise carry runoff back along the soffit to the wall. Both features are cast into the unit and cost nothing to include, but are easily left off a profile and are then impossible to add in the field. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Coping profile
+type: select
+options:
+ - Single-slope
+ - Saddle (double-slope)
+ - Flat-top with drip edges
+default: Single-slope
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Coping width
+type: select
+unit: in
+options:
+ - "8"
+ - "10"
+ - "12"
+ - "14"
+ - "16"
+default: "12"
+```
+
+## Minimum unit thickness for exterior copings and projecting sills shall be 3-1/2 inches; non-structural decorative panels shall be not less than 2 inches thick.
+
+## Maximum unit weight for unassisted field handling shall be coordinated with the installer; units exceeding the agreed limit shall be set with crane or mechanical lift assistance.
+
+## Unit weight must be a stated requirement, not an afterthought, because it governs both safety and placement quality. {note}
+
+## A long coping or reinforced lintel can readily exceed what two workers can safely set by hand, commonly in the range of 150 to 300 pounds. If the specification is silent on weight, oversized units arrive without lifting provisions, leading to dropped units, injuries, and pieces forced into place out of alignment. Stating a maximum unit weight for hand setting, and requiring mechanical lift above it, makes the handling method an explicit part of the design. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum unit weight for unassisted hand setting
+type: range
+unit: lb
+min: 150
+max: 300
+step: 25
+default: 200
+```
+
+# Anchorage {toc}
+
+## Anchors, dowels, ties, and straps shall be Type 304 stainless steel as the default, hot-dip galvanized per ASTM A153 where permitted by exposure, or Type 316 stainless steel for marine and coastal exposure.
+
+## Galvanized anchors shall not be used in marine, coastal, or de-icing-salt exposure.
+
+## Anchor material is a long-life durability decision, and using galvanized hardware in a salt environment causes staining and spalling within the building's service life. {note}
+
+## Hot-dip galvanizing protects embedded steel adequately in ordinary exposure, but in marine air or where de-icing salts are present the zinc coating is consumed and the steel corrodes, expanding and cracking the surrounding cast stone and bleeding rust stains down the face within roughly 10 to 15 years. Stainless steel, Type 304 generally and Type 316 in chloride-laden environments, avoids this and is the default precisely because anchor replacement after installation is effectively impossible. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Anchor and dowel material
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Type 304 stainless steel
+ - Hot-dip galvanized (ASTM A153)
+ - Type 316 stainless steel (marine/coastal)
+default: Type 304 stainless steel
+```
+
+## Copings and projecting units shall be secured with stainless steel dowels of 3/8 inch or 1/2 inch diameter set into the supporting masonry.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Dowel diameter
+type: radio
+unit: in
+options:
+ - "3/8"
+ - "1/2"
+default: "1/2"
+```
+
+## Anchor and dowel locations, types, and embedment shall be shown on the shop drawings for each unit condition.
+
+# Mortar, Setting, and Joints {toc}
+
+## Setting mortar shall comply with ASTM C270, Type N for above-grade setting beds and joints.
+
+## Type S mortar may be used for below-grade or high-load bearing applications where the additional strength is required.
+
+## Type N is the correct default for cast stone, and a blanket Type S requirement is a durability mistake. {note}
+
+## Type S mortar is stronger and less permeable than Type N, and in many cast stone mixes it is also harder than the units it sets. A mortar harder than the stone concentrates movement and freeze-thaw stress at the unit face instead of relieving it in the softer joint, causing the cast stone — not the mortar — to spall. Type N is softer and more forgiving and is correct for the great majority of above-grade work; Type S is reserved for the specific below-grade and high-load cases that genuinely need it. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Setting mortar type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Type N (above-grade setting beds and joints)
+ - Type S (below-grade or high-load)
+default: Type N (above-grade setting beds and joints)
+```
+
+## Mortar joints shall be 3/8 inch wide for masonry-coursed installations, or 1/4 inch where a tight joint is architecturally required.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mortar joint width
+type: radio
+unit: in
+options:
+ - "3/8"
+ - "1/4"
+default: "3/8"
+```
+
+## Joint Treatment {toc}
+
+### Joints required to remain open for drainage shall not be filled with mortar or sealant, and shall be identified on the drawings.
+
+### Sealant joints shall be used at relief and expansion locations and at junctions with dissimilar materials.
+
+### Identifying which joints stay open for drainage is as important as specifying the sealant, because a sealed weep path traps water in the wall. {note}
+
+### Behind copings and above flashing, certain head joints are deliberately left open to let water that reaches the flashing plane drain out. If the specification calls for sealant at all joints without exempting these drainage joints, the installer seals the weeps, water collects in the backup wall, and the failure shows up as efflorescence and freeze-thaw damage well away from its cause. The drawings must distinguish drainage joints from sealed joints; coordination with the weep system is governed by [[sync/through-wall-flashing]]. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Joint treatment at relief and movement locations
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Sealant joint
+ - Mortar joint
+default: Sealant joint
+```
+
+## Movement Joints {toc}
+
+### Continuous runs of cast stone trim shall be interrupted by movement joints at intervals not exceeding 20 feet.
+
+### Movement joints shall align with the building's expansion and control joints where they occur in the same plane.
+
+### Cast stone moves with temperature and moisture, and a long uninterrupted run with no movement joint cracks at the weakest point. {note}
+
+### Like all cementitious materials, cast stone expands and contracts with temperature and moisture change. A run of trim longer than about 20 feet with no relief accumulates enough movement to crack, and the crack appears at a mortar joint or straight through a unit at whatever point is weakest, not where it can be controlled. Designed movement joints at regular intervals give that movement a planned location to occur. {note}
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Units shall be set in accordance with the approved shop drawings and the manufacturer's job-site handling and installation instructions.
+
+## Units shall be dampened immediately before setting so they do not draw water out of the setting mortar.
+
+## Mortar shall be kept damp for not less than 7 days after setting to allow proper cure.
+
+## Face of units shall be set within 1/4 inch of plumb measured over any 10 foot length, in accordance with TMS 602 masonry construction tolerances.
+
+## Cast stone coursing heights, sill heights, and lintel seat heights shall be coordinated with the backup masonry module before fabrication.
+
+## Coursing coordination must happen on paper before units are cast, because a mismatch discovered in the field is expensive to correct. {note}
+
+## Cast stone sill heights, lintel seats, and band course elevations have to land on the backup wall's coursing module — the CMU or brick course heights set under [[sync/unit-masonry]] or [[sync/brick-masonry]]. If the trim is dimensioned independently and the modules do not align, the mismatch is found only when units arrive and will not seat at the coursing, forcing field shimming, cut units, or remanufacture. Reconciling the trim dimensions with the backup module during shop drawing review prevents this. {note}
+
+## Units shall be cleaned with the manufacturer's approved methods only; acids and aggressive cleaners that etch or discolor the face shall not be used.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Units shall be delivered with non-staining separators between stacked pieces and shall be protected from chipping and soiling during transport.
+
+## Units shall be stored off the ground on level dunnage and protected from rain saturation, ground splash, and construction traffic.
+
+## Units shall be lifted at the points and by the methods identified in the manufacturer's handling instructions, using slings and padding that do not mark the finished face.
+
+## Cast stone is most vulnerable to damage before it is set, when its finished faces are exposed and its arrises are unsupported. {note}
+
+## A unit that is flawless leaving the plant is easily chipped, stained, or cracked by careless stacking, ground contact, or point lifting on the job site. Because the finished face cannot be repaired invisibly and a cracked unit must be replaced on a long lead, handling and storage discipline directly protect the schedule and the appearance. The manufacturer's lifting points exist because units are engineered to be picked a certain way; ignoring them risks cracking long or reinforced pieces. {note}
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The manufacturer shall warrant that cast stone units comply with ASTM C1364 and are free of defects in materials and manufacture for the warranty period.
+
+## The installer shall warrant that installation is free of defects in workmanship for the warranty period.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Warranty period
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 1 year
+ - 2 years
+ - 5 years
+default: 1 year
+```
+
+# Spare Units {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall deliver attic-stock spare units of selected profiles, from the same production run as the installed work, for future replacement.
+
+## Spare units should be furnished for the most exposed and most likely-to-be-damaged profiles, such as copings, sills, and base course units. {note}
+
+## Cast stone color and texture cannot be matched exactly in a later production run because aggregate lots, pigment dosage, and finishing crews change over time. Holding spares from the original run gives the Owner color-correct replacements for the units most likely to be struck or weathered. Coordination, quality, and submittal procedures common to this and other trades are governed by [[sync/submittal-and-quality-procedures]]. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare unit profiles to stock
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Copings
+ - Sills
+ - Lintels
+ - Banding / string course
+ - Quoins
+ - Base course
+default:
+ - Copings
+ - Sills
+```