+---
+title: Fire-Rated Glazing and Framing
+category: Architectural / Openings
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: vision glass set into fire-resistance-rated walls and partitions as a listed
+ opening protective -- fire-protective glazing (20-90 min, resists flame and hot gases) and
+ fire-resistive glazing (45-120 min, also limits radiant heat) with their complete tested
+ steel, aluminum, or composite framing systems. Covers fire-rated windows, sidelights,
+ transoms, full-height rated glass walls, and the glazed infill within fire-rated door leaves
+ in fire barriers, fire partitions, fire walls, corridor walls, and exit enclosures.
+ Not intended for: non-rated architectural vision glass (use sync/glazing); non-rated
+ storefront and entrance framing (use sync/aluminum-entrances-and-storefronts); door leaves,
+ hollow-metal frames, and door hardware (use sync/doors-frames-and-hardware); perimeter
+ firestop joints at the wall interface (use sync/firestopping); rated glass walls built as a
+ curtain wall product (use sync/glazed-curtain-walls); ballistic, blast, detention, and
+ security glazing without a UL fire listing; glass block and masonry-unit assemblies; and
+ overhead coiling fire shutters and rolling fire doors.
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers fire-rated glazing assemblies used as opening protectives in fire-resistance-rated walls and partitions, including the glass and its complete tested-and-listed framing system. {note}
+
+## The platform of products in scope is broad: any place a building code requires a rated opening protective and the design wants vision glass within it. The defining characteristic of every product in this standard is that it carries a fire-resistance or fire-protection rating established by a listed test, and that the glass and frame are listed together as one assembly. A piece of fire-rated glass alone is not a rated opening protective; the listing always belongs to the glass-plus-frame-plus-installation system as a whole. {note}
+
+## Applicable assembly types {note}
+
+## This standard governs the following product forms, each set into a fire-resistance-rated wall or partition: {note}
+
+- Fire-rated windows -- a glazed opening framed within a rated wall.
+- Fire-rated sidelights and transoms -- glazed lites framed adjacent to or above a door opening in a rated partition.
+- Fire-rated glass walls -- floor-to-ceiling or column-to-column transparent rated barriers.
+- Fire-rated glazed partitions -- storefront-style rated framing infilled with rated glass.
+- The glazed infill (vision lite) within a fire-rated door leaf, where the glazing must carry a door-assembly listing.
+
+## Occupancies served {note}
+
+## Fire-rated glazing is required across healthcare, education, commercial office, multi-family residential, institutional, and industrial occupancies wherever the International Building Code mandates a rated opening protective with vision glass -- most commonly at corridor walls, stairway and exit enclosures, fire barriers separating occupancies or hazards, and fire partitions between dwelling or sleeping units. {note}
+
+## The W-rated versus OH-rated distinction governs every selection decision in this standard. {note}
+
+## Two fundamentally different product classes share the loose label "fire-rated glass," and confusing them is the single most consequential error in this discipline: {note}
+
+- **Fire-protective glazing (OH-rated)** is tested to NFPA 257 / UL 9 (the fire-window test). It resists the passage of flame and hot gases for its rated period but does NOT limit the transmission of radiant heat. It carries an OH designation and is subject to IBC area and light-size limits.
+- **Fire-resistive glazing (W-rated)** is tested to ASTM E119 / UL 263 (the full wall-assembly test). It limits both flame passage AND radiant heat transmission, making it the transparent equivalent of the rated wall. It carries a W designation and has no IBC per-lite size limit.
+
+## Where the code calls for a fire-resistance-rated assembly -- fire barriers and fire walls -- only W-rated glazing qualifies, regardless of the hourly number on an OH label. {note}
+
+## Excluded from this standard {note}
+
+## The following are deliberately out of scope and are governed elsewhere: {note}
+
+- Non-rated architectural vision glass, insulating glass units, and coated glass -- see [[sync/glazing]].
+- Non-rated storefront and entrance framing -- see [[sync/aluminum-entrances-and-storefronts]].
+- Door leaves, hollow-metal frames, and door hardware, even where the door carries a fire rating -- see [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]]. This standard governs only the glazed infill and its rated surround.
+- Perimeter firestop joints between the rated frame and the surrounding wall -- see [[sync/firestopping]].
+- Rated glass walls built as a curtain wall product -- see [[sync/glazed-curtain-walls]].
+- Ballistic, blast-resistant, security, and detention glazing without a UL fire listing.
+- Glass block and glass masonry-unit assemblies.
+- Overhead coiling fire shutters and rolling fire doors.
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Materials, assemblies, testing, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited or the Authority Having Jurisdiction has adopted a different edition.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+## The required fire rating, glazing classification, and marking designations shall be taken from the building code edition adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction for the project.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| IBC Section 716 | International Building Code -- Opening Protectives |
+| IBC Table 716.1(2) | Marking and Classification of Fire-Rated Glazing in Fire-Resistance-Rated Walls and Partitions |
+| NFPA 80 | Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives |
+| NFPA 257 | Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies |
+| NFPA 252 | Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies |
+| UL 9 | Fire Tests of Window Assemblies |
+| UL 10B | Fire Tests of Door Assemblies (neutral pressure) |
+| UL 10C | Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door Assemblies |
+| ASTM E119 | Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials |
+| UL 263 | Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials |
+| ANSI Z97.1 | Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings -- Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test |
+| 16 CFR Part 1201 | Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (CPSC) |
+
+## The marking designations referenced throughout this standard derive from IBC Section 716.1.2.2 and Table 716.1(2). {note}
+
+## Fire-rated glazing assemblies are marked with a sequence of letter designations that the specifier must understand to schedule the product correctly: {note}
+
+- **W** -- meets the wall fire-resistance rating tested to ASTM E119 / UL 263 (limits radiant heat).
+- **OH** -- meets the fire-protection (fire-window) rating tested to NFPA 257 / UL 9, including the hose stream test.
+- **D** -- meets the fire-door-assembly fire-protection rating.
+- **H** -- meets the hose stream test.
+- **T** -- meets the 450 deg F temperature-rise criterion at 30 minutes for door applications.
+
+## A marking is followed by the rating in minutes, for example `W-60` or `OH-45`. The full designation drives both the procurement and the code-compliance review. {note}
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review before fabrication:
+
+- Product data for each fire-rated glazing product and each framing system, including the classification (W or OH), the rated period, and the maximum tested light size.
+- Shop drawings showing each opening, the assigned fire rating and marking designation, glass and frame sizes, anchorage, and the perimeter joint condition.
+- A glazing schedule keyed to the drawings listing, for each opening: the wall fire-resistance rating, the required glazing classification and marking, and any required safety-glazing and temperature-rise designations.
+- Listings or classification reports for each complete assembly (glass plus frame plus installation method) from a nationally recognized testing laboratory.
+- Samples of each glass product and frame finish where requested by the Architect.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Product data (glazing and framing)
+ - Shop drawings with ratings and anchorage
+ - Glazing schedule keyed to drawings
+ - Listed assembly classification reports
+ - Glass and frame finish samples
+default:
+ - Product data (glazing and framing)
+ - Shop drawings with ratings and anchorage
+ - Glazing schedule keyed to drawings
+ - Listed assembly classification reports
+```
+
+### Each listed assembly classification report submitted shall confirm that the specific glass product, framing system, and installation method were tested together as one assembly.
+
+### The glazing schedule submitted shall identify, for every rated opening, both the fire designation and any required safety-glazing certification.
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+
+- Manufacturer's installation instructions for each listed assembly, including approved glazing tape, setting blocks, and glazing compounds.
+- Evidence of safety-glazing compliance (ANSI Z97.1 and 16 CFR Part 1201) for products in hazardous locations.
+- Designation of the party responsible for the perimeter firestop joint between the rated frame and the surrounding wall.
+- Qualification data for the installer.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Manufacturer installation instructions
+ - Safety-glazing compliance evidence
+ - Perimeter firestop responsibility designation
+ - Installer qualification data
+default:
+ - Manufacturer installation instructions
+ - Safety-glazing compliance evidence
+ - Perimeter firestop responsibility designation
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals:
+
+- A label inspection report confirming that each installed assembly retains a legible, permanent fire-rating label.
+- Operation and maintenance data, including cleaning agents compatible with the glazing surface and any applied film.
+- An executed warranty.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Label inspection report
+ - Operation and maintenance data
+ - Executed warranty
+default:
+ - Label inspection report
+ - Operation and maintenance data
+ - Executed warranty
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Each fire-rated glazing assembly shall be a complete assembly listed and labeled by a nationally recognized testing laboratory for the required rating and application.
+
+## The glass, the framing system, and the installation method shall together constitute the listed assembly; substitution of any component outside the listing is prohibited. {note}
+
+## The listing is indivisible. A W-rated glass product set into a frame that was not part of the same test is not a W-rated assembly, and the Authority Having Jurisdiction will reject it. This is why a glazing schedule must call out a complete assembly, not merely a glass product. {note}
+
+### A listed fire-rated glass product shall not be installed in a framing system that is not part of the same tested-and-listed assembly.
+
+### A standard hollow-metal frame shall not be substituted for a listed fire-rated framing system where the listing requires the tested frame.
+
+### The fire-rating label on each lite and each frame shall be permanent and shall remain legible after installation.
+
+## The installer shall be trained and approved by the manufacturer of the listed assembly being installed.
+
+## Mock-ups {note}
+
+## For large fire-rated glass-wall installations, a project-specific mock-up of a representative bay verifies frame alignment, glazing-tape continuity, and the perimeter joint condition before production fabrication, and resolves the common field conflict between the listed frame and the adjacent non-rated finishes. {note}
+
+### Where the Contract Documents require a mock-up, the Contractor shall construct a full-size mock-up of a representative rated assembly, including the perimeter joint, for the Architect's review before fabrication.
+
+# Classification and Rating Requirements {toc}
+
+## The glazing classification (fire-protective versus fire-resistive) shall be selected to match the wall type per IBC Table 716.1(2). {note}
+
+## The hourly rating alone does not determine which product is acceptable. The wall type determines whether radiant-heat limitation (W-rating) is required. Selecting the wrong class is the most common and most expensive error in this discipline, because an OH product that "matches" the hourly number is still non-compliant in a fire barrier. {note}
+
+### Fire-resistive (W-rated) glazing shall be provided in fire barriers and fire walls, and wherever the Contract Documents require an assembly rated to ASTM E119 / UL 263.
+
+### Fire-protective (OH-rated) glazing shall not be substituted for required fire-resistive (W-rated) glazing regardless of the hourly rating shown on the label.
+
+### Each rated opening shall be provided with glazing whose marking designation and rated period equal or exceed those required by IBC Table 716.1(2) for the wall containing the opening.
+
+## Glazing classification {note}
+
+## The glazing classification is the primary product decision. It is set by the wall type, not by the specifier's preference, and it determines whether the product limits radiant heat. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Glazing classification
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Fire-protective (OH-rated, NFPA 257 / UL 9)
+ - Fire-resistive (W-rated, ASTM E119 / UL 263)
+default: Fire-protective (OH-rated, NFPA 257 / UL 9)
+```
+
+## Required fire-protection rating {note}
+
+## The rated period is determined by IBC Table 716.1(2) from the fire-resistance rating of the wall containing the opening. The 45-minute rating is the most common value for corridor and fire-partition windows, which is why it is the default; the project's specific wall ratings govern. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Required fire-protection rating
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 20 min
+ - 45 min
+ - 60 min
+ - 90 min
+ - 120 min
+unit: min
+default: 45 min
+```
+
+## Marking designation {note}
+
+## The marking designation is the code-compliance handle for the assembly. It must appear on the glazing schedule so that the installer, the inspector, and the Authority Having Jurisdiction read the same requirement. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Required marking designation
+type: select
+options:
+ - OH-20
+ - OH-45
+ - OH-60
+ - OH-90
+ - W-45
+ - W-60
+ - W-90
+ - W-120
+default: OH-45
+```
+
+## Hose stream requirement {note}
+
+## The hose stream test, applied immediately after the fire exposure, verifies that the heated assembly does not collapse under the thermal shock and impact of a fire-hose stream. Under NFPA 257, 20-minute assemblies are exempt from the hose stream test; 45-minute and higher assemblies must pass it. This requirement eliminates many traditional wire-glass products from 45-minute and higher applications. {note}
+
+### Each assembly rated 45 minutes or higher shall have passed the hose stream test in accordance with the applicable test standard.
+
+### A 20-minute assembly provided without a hose stream test shall be marked to indicate the hose stream exemption where required by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
+
+## Temperature-rise rating for door applications {note}
+
+## For certain rated door openings in corridors and exit enclosures, the IBC requires that the temperature rise on the unexposed face not exceed a defined limit at 30 minutes, protecting occupants who may contact the assembly while egressing. Where a temperature-rise door is required, the glazed lite within the leaf must also carry the temperature-rise (T) designation; a fire-rated lite that does not meet the temperature-rise criterion cannot be used in a temperature-rise door. {note}
+
+### Where the Contract Documents require a temperature-rise-rated door, the glazed lite within the door leaf shall carry the T designation in addition to the fire rating.
+
+### A glazed lite that does not meet the applicable temperature-rise limit shall not be installed in a temperature-rise-rated door assembly.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum temperature rise at 30 minutes (door applications)
+type: select
+options:
+ - Not required
+ - 250 deg F max rise
+ - 450 deg F max rise
+unit: deg F
+default: Not required
+```
+
+# Glazing Products {toc}
+
+## Each glazing product shall be selected from a type whose listed assembly satisfies the required classification, rating, and marking for its opening. {note}
+
+## Four product families dominate the listed-assembly market, each with a distinct combination of classification, rating range, and physical form. The selection follows from the classification decision above and from the required light size. {note}
+
+## Wire glass {note}
+
+## Wire glass is a legacy fire-protective product limited under the current IBC to 20-minute applications, with individual lights limited to 1,296 square inches. It cannot be used at 45 minutes or higher because it does not pass the hose stream test at those ratings. Many older specifications still carry wire-glass language for higher ratings; that language generates an RFI when the installer cannot find a compliant product. {note}
+
+### Wire glass shall be provided only in 20-minute fire-protective applications.
+
+### Wire glass shall not be specified for assemblies rated 45 minutes or higher.
+
+## Ceramic glass (fire-protective) {note}
+
+## Specialty fire-rated ceramic glazing is a clear, hose-stream-tested, fire-protective (OH-rated) product available in single lites from 45 to 90 minutes. It is the standard choice for fire-protective vision panels above 20 minutes where radiant-heat limitation is not required, and is available in clear and low-iron forms. {note}
+
+### Ceramic fire-protective glazing shall be provided where an OH-rated lite of 45 minutes or higher is required and radiant-heat limitation is not required by the wall type.
+
+## Laminated fire-resistive glazing {note}
+
+## Fire-resistive (W-rated) glazing uses intumescent interlayers or multi-laminate constructions that turn opaque and absorb heat under fire exposure, limiting both flame passage and radiant heat. It is rated 45 to 120 minutes, has no IBC per-lite size limit, and is the only product class permitted in fire barriers and fire walls. It is available as monolithic laminates and as insulating glass units for thermal performance. {note}
+
+### Fire-resistive (W-rated) glazing shall be provided wherever the wall type requires radiant-heat limitation or a large glazed area exceeding the per-lite limits of fire-protective glazing.
+
+## Glass product type {note}
+
+## The glass product type follows from the classification and rating already selected. Laminated fire-resistive glazing is the default because it is the broadest-application, no-size-limit product and is increasingly the design default in occupied buildings. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Glass product type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Wire glass (20 min only)
+ - Ceramic glass (fire-protective)
+ - Laminated fire-resistive (monolithic)
+ - Laminated fire-resistive insulating glass unit
+default: Laminated fire-resistive (monolithic)
+```
+
+## Maximum light size and glazed area {note}
+
+## Fire-protective (OH-rated) glazing carries a maximum individual light size of 1,296 square inches with no dimension exceeding 54 inches under NFPA 80, absent a larger tested assembly, and is subject to IBC aggregate-area limits per wall type. Fire-resistive (W-rated) glazing removes the per-lite size limit, but the IBC still imposes maximum aggregate glazed-area limits on fire partitions and corridor walls based on wall length; the W-rating does not remove all area restrictions. {note}
+
+### Fire-protective (OH-rated) lights shall not exceed 1,296 square inches, with no dimension exceeding 54 inches, unless a larger size is covered by the listed assembly.
+
+### The aggregate glazed area in each rated wall shall not exceed the maximum permitted by IBC Table 716.1(2) for that wall type, including for fire-resistive (W-rated) glazing where an area limit applies.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum individual light area (fire-protective)
+type: range
+min: 100
+max: 1296
+step: 1
+unit: in²
+default: 1296
+```
+
+## Vision-lite dimensions and opening locations {note}
+
+## The size of each vision lite and the location of each rated opening are coordination items fixed on the drawings rather than universal field selections. {note}
+
+### The size and location of each vision lite shall be as shown [[drawing: elevation lite schedule]].
+
+### The location and extent of each fire-rated glass wall shall be as shown [[drawing: rated-wall plan]].
+
+# Framing Systems {toc}
+
+## The framing system shall be the system listed as part of the complete tested assembly for the required classification and rating. {note}
+
+## The frame is not a separate trade decision from the glass. Steel, specialty thermally-broken steel, and listed aluminum framing systems each carry their own assembly listings, and the frame profile, anchorage, and glazing method are part of what was tested. The choice of framing material is usually driven by the aesthetic match to adjacent non-rated framing and by the rating required. {note}
+
+### Steel framing (hollow-metal or specialty profiles) shall be provided where the listed assembly requires steel framing for the rating.
+
+### Listed fire-rated aluminum framing shall be provided only where an assembly listed to the required classification and rating uses that aluminum system.
+
+### Non-listed framing shall not be used with any listed fire-rated glass product.
+
+## Framing material {note}
+
+## Steel framing remains the most widely listed option across the full rating range, which is why it is the default. Listed thermally-broken aluminum framing is selected where the design wants a storefront aesthetic at the rated opening and a listed aluminum assembly exists for the required rating. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Framing material
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Steel (hollow-metal)
+ - Steel (specialty thermally-broken profile)
+ - Aluminum (thermally-broken, listed)
+default: Steel (hollow-metal)
+```
+
+## Framing finish {note}
+
+## The frame finish is an architectural selection coordinated with adjacent doors and storefronts. It does not affect the listing provided the finish system is one accepted by the assembly listing. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Steel framing finish
+type: select
+options:
+ - Factory primed (field painted)
+ - Factory finished (powder coat)
+ - Stainless steel
+default: Factory primed (field painted)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Aluminum framing finish
+type: select
+options:
+ - Clear anodized (AAMA 611)
+ - Color anodized (AAMA 611)
+ - Polyester powder coat (AAMA 2603)
+ - High-performance fluoropolymer (AAMA 2605)
+default: High-performance fluoropolymer (AAMA 2605)
+```
+
+## Profile and sightline {note}
+
+## The visible frame width (sightline) is selected to coordinate with adjacent non-rated framing. The value below covers common listed steel and aluminum profiles; the specific listed profile governs. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Frame face width (sightline)
+type: range
+min: 1
+max: 3
+step: 0.125
+unit: in
+default: 2
+```
+
+## Glazing infill method {note}
+
+## The glazing method -- the tapes, setting blocks, glazing stops, and any intumescent glazing materials -- is part of the listed assembly. Substituting a glazing compound or tape outside the listing voids the assembly just as substituting the glass or frame does. {note}
+
+### Glazing tapes, setting blocks, glazing stops, and intumescent glazing materials shall be those specified by the listed assembly.
+
+### Glazing materials not accepted by the listed assembly shall not be substituted.
+
+# Glazed Door Lites {toc}
+
+## Glazing within a fire-rated door leaf shall carry a door-assembly listing, not a window-assembly listing. {note}
+
+## A vision lite set into a fire door leaf is tested as part of a door assembly under UL 10B, UL 10C, or NFPA 252, not as a window under UL 9. The glazing product, the lite frame (door light kit), and the door leaf must all be part of the same door-assembly listing. This standard governs only the glazed infill and its lite frame; the door leaf, hollow-metal frame, and hardware are governed by [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]]. {note}
+
+### Glazing within a fire-rated door leaf shall be listed as part of a fire-door assembly tested to UL 10B, UL 10C, or NFPA 252.
+
+### The vision-lite frame (light kit) within a fire-rated door shall be the kit listed for use with the door assembly and the glazing product.
+
+### Glazing tested only as a window assembly shall not be installed in a fire-rated door leaf.
+
+## Positive-pressure testing of door assemblies {note}
+
+## NFPA 80 and many state codes require fire-door assemblies to be tested under positive pressure to UL 10C or NFPA 252, which more realistically represents fire behavior than the neutral-pressure UL 10B test. Specifying only a UL 10B-listed assembly in a jurisdiction that mandates positive-pressure testing produces a non-compliant installation, so the required test method must be confirmed with the Authority Having Jurisdiction. {note}
+
+### Where the Authority Having Jurisdiction requires positive-pressure testing, the door-assembly glazing shall be listed to UL 10C or NFPA 252.
+
+### A door-assembly glazing listed only to UL 10B shall not be used where positive-pressure testing is required.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Door-assembly fire test method
+type: radio
+options:
+ - UL 10C / NFPA 252 (positive pressure)
+ - UL 10B (neutral pressure)
+default: UL 10C / NFPA 252 (positive pressure)
+```
+
+# Safety Glazing {toc}
+
+## Fire-rated glazing in a hazardous location shall simultaneously meet the applicable safety-glazing standard and carry both the fire-rating and safety-glazing labels. {note}
+
+## Hazardous locations under IBC Section 2406 -- within 24 inches of a door, low sidelights, and floor-level panels -- require impact-rated safety glazing. Not all fire-rated products are also impact-safety rated, so the glazing schedule must call out both labels (for example, `OH-60 + ANSI Z97.1 Class A`); otherwise the installer will not know that both certifications are required, and a fire-only product may be installed where safety glazing is mandatory. {note}
+
+### Fire-rated glazing in a hazardous location shall comply with ANSI Z97.1 and 16 CFR Part 1201.
+
+### Fire-rated glazing in a hazardous location shall carry both a fire-rating label and a safety-glazing certification label.
+
+### The glazing schedule shall state both the fire designation and the required safety-glazing certification for each lite in a hazardous location.
+
+## Safety-glazing certification {note}
+
+## The safety-glazing certification class is selected by the hazardous-location condition. Class A (the higher impact category) is the conservative default for fire-rated glazing in hazardous locations because many fire-rated products are tested to it. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Safety-glazing certification (hazardous locations)
+type: select
+options:
+ - Not in a hazardous location
+ - ANSI Z97.1 Class A / 16 CFR 1201 Cat. II
+ - ANSI Z97.1 Class B / 16 CFR 1201 Cat. I
+default: ANSI Z97.1 Class A / 16 CFR 1201 Cat. II
+```
+
+# Thermal Performance {toc}
+
+## Where energy-code compliance is required at an exterior rated opening, an insulating-glass fire-rated assembly shall be provided. {note}
+
+## Single-lite ceramic and monolithic fire-resistive glazing have very poor thermal performance, with U-factors commonly between 0.8 and 1.2. At exterior openings subject to energy-code envelope requirements, a fire-rated insulating glass unit (W-rated or OH-rated, thermally-broken) is required to meet the U-factor target. These specialty IGU assemblies have long lead times that must be reflected in the project schedule. {note}
+
+### Fire-rated glazing at an exterior opening subject to energy-code envelope requirements shall be provided as a thermally-broken insulating glass unit meeting the required U-factor.
+
+### The thermal performance of an exterior fire-rated assembly shall be verified for the complete assembly, including the framing thermal break, not the glass alone.
+
+## Assembly U-factor {note}
+
+## The U-factor requirement applies only at exterior rated openings. The default reflects a typical fire-rated insulating glass unit; the project energy model governs the required value. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum assembly U-factor (exterior openings)
+type: range
+min: 0.25
+max: 1.20
+step: 0.01
+unit: Btu/h·ft²·°F
+default: 0.45
+```
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Each assembly shall be installed in strict accordance with the installation instructions of its listed assembly. {note}
+
+## The installation method is part of the tested assembly. The anchorage spacing, the glazing-bite dimension, the setting-block placement, and the clearances are all defined by the listing; deviating from them voids the rating just as substituting the glass would. {note}
+
+### Each assembly shall be installed plumb, level, and true to line, within the tolerances of the listed assembly.
+
+### Anchorage type, size, and spacing shall be as required by the listed assembly and shall not be reduced in the field.
+
+### The glazing-bite and edge clearances shall be maintained as required by the listed assembly.
+
+### Damaged, chipped, or cracked glass shall not be installed and shall be replaced.
+
+## The perimeter joint between the listed framing system and the surrounding rated wall shall be closed with a tested firestop joint system. {note}
+
+## The joint between a listed fire-rated frame and the rated wall around it is a rated joint in its own right and must be closed with a tested firestop joint system, typically listed under UL 2079. This work is frequently orphaned between the glazing contractor and the firestopping contractor; the specification must assign responsibility. Detailed firestop joint requirements are governed by [[sync/firestopping]]. {note}
+
+### The perimeter joint between the rated frame and the surrounding rated wall shall be sealed with a tested and listed firestop joint system providing a fire-resistance rating not less than that of the wall.
+
+### The party responsible for the perimeter firestop joint shall be designated in the Contract Documents and confirmed before installation.
+
+## Coordination with adjacent assemblies {note}
+
+## Fire-rated glazing meets several adjacent trades whose work defines its opening and its rating continuity. {note}
+
+### The rated opening shall be coordinated with the surrounding wall assembly so that the wall framing and substrate match the conditions of the listed assembly -- see [[sync/gypsum-board-assemblies]].
+
+### Glazed lites within fire-rated door leaves shall be coordinated with the door and frame work so that the door-assembly listing is maintained -- see [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]].
+
+### Fire-rated glass walls constructed as a curtain-wall product shall be coordinated with the curtain-wall framing so that the rated assembly listing is maintained -- see [[sync/glazed-curtain-walls]].
+
+# Field Testing and Inspection {toc}
+
+## Each installed assembly shall be inspected to confirm that it matches its listed assembly and retains a legible fire-rating label. {note}
+
+## Because the rating depends on the as-installed condition, a field inspection verifies that no substitution occurred during construction, that the perimeter firestop joint is complete, and that every label remains legible. {note}
+
+### Each installed assembly shall be inspected to confirm the glass product, framing system, and installation method match the listed assembly.
+
+### Each installed assembly shall be inspected to confirm a permanent, legible fire-rating label is present on the glazing and the frame.
+
+### The perimeter firestop joint at each rated opening shall be inspected for completeness before concealment.
+
+### Deficiencies identified during inspection shall be corrected and re-inspected before acceptance.
+
+# Cleaning and Protection {toc}
+
+## Installed fire-rated glazing shall be protected and cleaned without damaging the rated assembly. {note}
+
+## Some fire-rated products have surface films or coatings that can be damaged by abrasive cleaners or sharp tools. Cleaning must use only agents and methods compatible with the specific product so the rating and clarity are preserved. {note}
+
+### Installed glazing shall be protected from construction damage until Substantial Completion.
+
+### Glazing shall be cleaned using only cleaning agents and methods compatible with the glazing surface and any applied film.
+
+### Abrasive cleaners, scrapers, and razor blades shall not be used on fire-rated glazing surfaces with applied films or coatings.
+
+### Labels required to remain on the assembly shall not be removed during cleaning.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall provide manufacturer warranties for the glazing and framing. {note}
+
+## The warranty period for fire-rated glazing and framing reflects standard architectural glazing practice; insulating glass units carry a separate seal warranty against fogging. {note}
+
+### The manufacturer shall warrant the fire-rated glazing against defects in materials and workmanship for the warranty period.
+
+### The manufacturer shall warrant fire-rated insulating glass units against seal failure and fogging for the insulating-glass-unit warranty period.
+
+### The framing-finish warranty shall cover the framing finish against defects for the finish warranty period.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Glazing and framing warranty period
+type: select
+options:
+ - 1 year
+ - 2 years
+ - 5 years
+unit: years
+default: 1 year
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Insulating glass unit seal warranty period
+type: select
+options:
+ - 5 years
+ - 10 years
+unit: years
+default: 10 years
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Framing finish warranty period
+type: select
+options:
+ - 5 years
+ - 10 years
+ - 20 years
+unit: years
+default: 20 years
+```
+
+### --- {note}
+
+### _This SynC standard was independently authored from public consensus standards, building codes, and professional knowledge. It is licensed CC BY-SA. It contains no proprietary guide-specification prose and uses no CSI MasterFormat numbering as organizational structure._ {note}