−---
−title: Glass and Glazing
−category: Architectural / Openings
−toc_depth: 3
−description: >
− When to use: Architectural vision glass and glazing for storefronts, curtain walls, windows, exterior and interior doors, sidelights, transoms, borrowed lites, partitions, and other building glazing infill. Covers annealed, heat-strengthened, and fully tempered flat glass; laminated glass; coated (low-emissivity and solar-control) glass; insulating glass units (IGUs) including double and triple makeups; spandrel and ceramic-frit glass; safety glazing in hazardous locations per the International Building Code; glass strength and thickness determination under wind and snow load per ASTM E1300; thermal stress and edge-condition selection of annealed versus heat-strengthened versus fully tempered glass; nickel-sulfide heat-soak treatment for tempered glass; low-iron glass; warm-edge spacers and inert-gas fill; structural silicone and dry-gasket glazing methods; setting blocks, edge clearances, and glazing accessories; and field installation, testing, cleaning, and warranty of the glass and glazing materials.
− Not intended for: The aluminum, steel, or wood framing systems that receive the glass (see [[sync/aluminum-entrances-and-storefronts]] for storefront and entrance framing, [[sync/glazed-curtain-walls]] for curtain wall framing, and [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]] for door leaves, frames, and hardware); glass that is part of an operable window or door assembly rated as a complete fenestration product under the North American Fenestration Standard (the glazing requirements there are governed by the framing standard that delivers the rated product); glass block and structural glass unit masonry; mirrors furnished as part of toilet accessories (see [[sync/toilet-accessories]]); fire-rated and fire-protective glazing assemblies, which require listed assemblies and are governed by fire-resistance requirements beyond this standard; security, ballistic, blast-resistant, and detention glazing requiring project-specific engineered designs; structural point-supported glass fittings and glass fins; sloped overhead and skylight glazing where additional fallout and snow-load provisions apply; and overhead coiling doors and grilles (see [[sync/overhead-coiling-doors]]).
−---
−
−# Scope
−
−This standard governs the furnishing and installation of architectural glass and the materials and accessories used to glaze it into framing supplied under other standards. It applies to vision glass and related glazing in storefronts, curtain walls, windows, exterior and interior doors, sidelights, transoms, borrowed lites, interior glazed partitions, and similar building glazing infill. The standard establishes requirements for the glass products themselves (annealed, heat-strengthened, fully tempered, laminated, coated, and insulating glass units), for spandrel and decorative glass, for the glazing materials and accessories (sealants, gaskets, setting blocks, and tapes) that retain and seal the glass, and for the fabrication, installation, testing, cleaning, and warranty of the glazing work.
−
−Glass is simultaneously a structural element, an environmental separator, a safety component, and an architectural finish. A single lite must resist wind and snow load without breaking, survive thermal stress from differential heating, satisfy safety-glazing requirements where it occupies a hazardous location, deliver the energy performance the building's compliance documents require, and present an acceptable visual appearance free of distortion, haze, and edge defects. These requirements cross-couple: the heat treatment selected to resist thermal stress changes the glass type factor used in the load-resistance calculation; the coating selected to reduce solar heat gain changes the surface that must carry it within the insulating glass unit; the laminated interlayer chosen for safety or acoustics changes the unit weight and the glazing-pocket bite. The Contractor shall treat the glass as a coordinated system and shall reconcile structural, thermal, safety, and visual requirements against one another before any glass is ordered.
−
−The glass type for each opening, the dimensions of each lite, the performance values required at each orientation, and the locations requiring safety glazing shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the contract drawings and the glazing schedule]]. This standard establishes the minimum product, performance, fabrication, and installation requirements applicable to all of those conditions. Coordinate this work with [[sync/aluminum-entrances-and-storefronts]] and [[sync/glazed-curtain-walls]] for the framing systems and glazing-pocket geometry that receive the glass; with [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]] for glazed openings in hollow metal, aluminum, and wood doors; with [[sync/overhead-coiling-doors]] where vision lites occur in service openings; and with [[sync/building-thermal-insulation]] for the continuity of the building thermal envelope at the glazing perimeter.
−
−# Referenced Standards
−
−Glass products, fabrication, glazing materials, performance testing, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of the referenced standards. Where the contract documents or the adopted building code impose more stringent requirements than a referenced standard, the more stringent requirement shall govern. The Contractor shall resolve conflicts in writing with the Engineer of Record before proceeding.
−
−| Standard | Title |
−|----------|-------|
−| ASTM C1036 | Standard Specification for Flat Glass |
−| ASTM C1048 | Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass |
−| ASTM C1172 | Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass |
−| ASTM C1376 | Standard Specification for Pyrolytic and Vacuum Deposition Coatings on Flat Glass |
−| ASTM C1422 | Standard Specification for Chromogenic Glazing |
−| ASTM C1503 | Standard Specification for Silvered Flat Glass Mirror |
−| ASTM C1349 | Standard Specification for Architectural Flat Glass Clad Polycarbonate |
−| ASTM C1464 | Standard Specification for Bent Glass |
−| ASTM E1300 | Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings |
−| ASTM E2188 | Standard Test Method for Insulating Glass Unit Performance |
−| ASTM E2189 | Standard Test Method for Testing Resistance to Fogging in Insulating Glass Units |
−| ASTM E2190 | Standard Specification for Insulating Glass Unit Performance and Evaluation |
−| ASTM E546 | Standard Test Method for Frost/Dew Point of Sealed Insulating Glass Units |
−| ASTM E576 | Standard Test Method for Frost/Dew Point of Sealed Insulating Glass Units in the Vertical Position |
−| ASTM C1651 | Standard Test Method for Measurement of Roll Wave Optical Distortion in Heat-Treated Flat Glass |
−| ASTM C1036 / C1048 (frit) | Ceramic-enamel (frit) coatings on heat-treated glass for spandrel and decorative applications |
−| ASTM C920 | Standard Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants |
−| ASTM C1184 | Standard Specification for Structural Silicone Sealants |
−| ASTM C1281 | Standard Specification for Preformed Tapes Used in Glazing Applications |
−| ASTM C1401 | Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing |
−| ASTM C864 | Standard Specification for Dense Elastomeric Compression Seal Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and Spacers |
−| ASTM C509 | Standard Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gasket and Sealing Material |
−| ASTM E84 | Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |
−| ASTM E90 | Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements |
−| ASTM E413 | Classification for Rating Sound Insulation (STC) |
−| 16 CFR 1201 | U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials |
−| ANSI Z97.1 | American National Standard for Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings — Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test |
−| NFRC 100 | Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U-factors |
−| NFRC 200 | Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product Solar Heat Gain Coefficient and Visible Transmittance at Normal Incidence |
−| NFRC 300 | Test Method for Determining the Solar Optical Properties of Glazing Materials and Systems |
−| EN 14179 | Heat Soaked Thermally Toughened Soda Lime Silicate Safety Glass (heat-soak test protocol) |
−| IBC Chapter 24 | International Building Code — Glass and Glazing (including Section 2406, Safety Glazing) |
−| GANA / NGA Glazing Manual | National Glass Association (formerly Glass Association of North America) — Glazing Manual |
−| IGCC / IGMA | Insulating Glass Certification Council / Insulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance — IGU certification |
−
−# Submittals
−
−## Action Submittals
−
−The following submittals shall be submitted for review and returned before glass is fabricated or ordered. Glass, IGU, and glazing-accessory submittals shall be coordinated into a single review package, keyed to the glazing schedule, so that the glass makeup, heat treatment, coating surface, and safety-glazing designation for every lite are reconciled against the framing system that receives them.
−
−**Glazing Schedule:** A schedule identifying every glass type by designation, keyed to the contract drawings, listing for each type the glass makeup (monolithic, laminated, or IGU), the thickness and heat treatment of each ply, the coating type and surface number, the interlayer type and thickness for laminated lites, the spacer type and gas fill for IGUs, the safety-glazing designation where applicable, and the locations at which the type is used.
−
−**Glass Strength and Thickness Calculations:** Load-resistance calculations per ASTM E1300 for each glass type and the largest lite of that type, demonstrating that the selected glass type, heat treatment, and thickness resist the design wind and snow loads at a probability of breakage not exceeding 8 lites per 1,000 (Pb ≤ 0.008). For projects where the glass is a designated structural element or where local jurisdiction requires it, calculations shall be signed and sealed by a professional engineer licensed in the project jurisdiction.
−
−**Product Data:** Manufacturer's published data for each glass product, coating, interlayer, IGU sealant system, spacer, gas fill, and glazing accessory, including the optical and thermal properties (U-factor, SHGC, VT, and exterior and interior visible reflectance) of each coated and insulating glass configuration.
−
−**Insulating Glass Unit Certification:** Evidence that the IGU fabricator is certified under the Insulating Glass Certification Council (IGCC) or the Insulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance (IGMA) program and that the specific unit construction has passed durability evaluation per ASTM E2190 (using the test methods of ASTM E2188 and the fogging test of ASTM E2189).
−
−**Heat-Soak Test Documentation:** Where heat-soak treatment of fully tempered glass is required, the fabricator's heat-soak process certification confirming the soak temperature, dwell time, and protocol (EN 14179 or equivalent), and confirmation that the project glass was processed through the documented cycle.
−
−**Thermal Stress Analysis:** For glass exposed to partial shading, interior shading devices close to the glass, dark-colored or spandrel back-up, or other conditions producing differential heating, a thermal-stress analysis by the glass fabricator confirming the selected heat treatment resists the calculated edge and center stress without breakage.
−
−**Samples:** Samples of each glass type, minimum 12 in. by 12 in., showing color, tint, coating appearance, and (for laminated and spandrel glass) interlayer or frit appearance. For coated and tinted glass, samples shall be viewed in both transmitted and reflected light and against the actual or a representative background.
−
−**Field-Constructed Mock-Up Glass:** Where a project mock-up of the framing system is required, the glass furnished for the mock-up shall be of the project glass type, coating, and makeup so that color, reflectance, and visual quality are evaluated in the installed condition.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Action Submittals Required
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "Glazing schedule keyed to drawings"
− - "ASTM E1300 glass strength and thickness calculations"
− - "Product data with U-factor, SHGC, and VT for each configuration"
− - "IGU IGCC/IGMA certification and ASTM E2190 durability evidence"
− - "Heat-soak test documentation (where tempered heat-soak required)"
− - "Thermal stress analysis (where differential heating conditions exist)"
− - "Glass samples (12 in. by 12 in., transmitted and reflected light)"
− - "Mock-up glass of project type, coating, and makeup"
−default: "Glazing schedule keyed to drawings"
−```
−
−## Closeout Submittals
−
−At substantial completion the Contractor shall provide the following closeout submittals before final acceptance.
−
−- As-built glazing schedule reflecting any field changes to glass type or location
−- Cleaning and maintenance instructions for the glass, coatings, and glazing sealants, including the glass and coating manufacturers' approved cleaning products and the products that shall not be used
−- IGU warranty from the unit fabricator
−- Laminated glass warranty (interlayer delamination) where laminated glass is furnished
−- Coated glass warranty (coating defects and, for exterior coatings, durability) where applicable
−- Glazing sealant and structural silicone warranty where wet or structural glazing is used
−
−```datasheet
−label: Closeout Submittals Required
−type: checkbox
−options:
− - "As-built glazing schedule"
− - "Cleaning and maintenance instructions with approved cleaners"
− - "IGU warranty (minimum 10 years against seal failure)"
− - "Laminated glass warranty (interlayer delamination)"
− - "Coated glass warranty"
− - "Glazing sealant / structural silicone warranty"
−default: "As-built glazing schedule"
−```
−
−# Quality Assurance
−
−## Fabricator Qualifications
−
−The glass fabricator shall demonstrate not less than five years of continuous production of architectural glass of the types specified. The insulating glass unit fabricator shall be certified under the IGCC or IGMA durability certification program for the unit construction furnished, and shall maintain that certification for the duration of fabrication. The laminated glass fabricator shall be experienced in producing laminated architectural glass to ASTM C1172 for the interlayer type specified.
−
−## Glazier Qualifications
−
−The glazing contractor shall employ glaziers experienced in the glazing methods used on the project. Where structural silicone glazing is used, the glaziers shall be trained and approved by the structural silicone sealant manufacturer, and the sealant manufacturer shall review the structural joint design, confirm substrate compatibility and adhesion, and provide on-site instruction before structural glazing begins.
−
−## Single-Source Responsibility
−
−To the extent practical, all primary glass of a given type shall be obtained from a single primary glass manufacturer and a single fabricator so that color, coating, and visual characteristics are consistent across the project. Tinted, coated, and spandrel glass shall be from a single production run wherever a continuous expanse of glass is visible as a unified field, because lot-to-lot color variation in tints and coatings is visible side by side even when each lot independently meets specification.
−
−## Visual Quality and Distortion
−
−Glass shall meet the visual quality requirements of ASTM C1036 for the applicable quality designation. Heat-treated glass shall meet the roll-wave and bow/warp limits of ASTM C1048 and shall be evaluated for roll-wave optical distortion per ASTM C1651 where reflected-image quality is important to the design. Glass shall be free of visible defects (bubbles, inclusions, scratches, digs, and coating voids) when viewed under the conditions and at the distance prescribed by ASTM C1036.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Flat Glass Visual Quality Designation (ASTM C1036)
−type: select
−options:
− - "q3 — glazing select quality (typical architectural vision glazing)"
− - "q2 — mirror select quality (mirrors and high-scrutiny applications)"
− - "q1 — mirror glazing select (highest quality, special applications)"
−default: "q3 — glazing select quality (typical architectural vision glazing)"
−```
−
−# Performance Requirements
−
−## Glass Strength — Load Resistance per ASTM E1300
−
−Each lite shall resist the design wind load and, where applicable, the design snow load and self-weight, determined per ASTM E1300, at a probability of breakage not greater than 8 lites per 1,000 (Pb ≤ 0.008) for vertical glazing. ASTM E1300 establishes the load resistance of a lite from its type, thickness, area, support condition, and aspect ratio, applying a glass type factor (GTF) that scales the resistance of annealed glass to account for the higher strength of heat-strengthened (GTF ≈ 2) and fully tempered (GTF ≈ 4) glass. For an insulating glass unit, ASTM E1300 distributes the applied load between the two lites in proportion to their stiffness (the load-sharing factor) and the load resistance of the unit is governed by the weaker lite.
−
−The design wind pressure shall be derived from the project structural drawings and the building code wind determination for the project location, height, and exposure. Increasing glass thickness, selecting a higher heat treatment, or laminating two plies are the available means of increasing load resistance; the selection shall be coordinated with the thermal-stress, safety-glazing, and acoustic requirements so that a single makeup satisfies all governing criteria.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Glass Design Wind Load
−type: range
−unit: psf
−options:
− min: 15
− max: 100
− setpoints: [15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 30
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Probability of Breakage Limit (ASTM E1300)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "8 per 1,000 (Pb = 0.008) — standard vertical glazing"
− - "1 per 1,000 (Pb = 0.001) — overhead, sloped, or elevated-consequence glazing"
−default: "8 per 1,000 (Pb = 0.008) — standard vertical glazing"
−```
−
−## Thermal Stress Resistance
−
−Glass breaks from thermal stress when one part of a lite heats and expands while a cooler part (typically the shaded edge captured in the frame) restrains it, producing tensile stress at the edge. The risk increases with absorptive (tinted or coated) glass, partial shading from overhangs or adjacent structures, interior shades or blinds close to the glass, dark spandrel or insulation back-up behind the glass, and damaged or poor-quality glass edges that concentrate stress. Annealed glass tolerates the least thermal stress; heat-strengthened glass roughly doubles the tolerance and is the standard remedy; fully tempered glass tolerates the most but is not selected for thermal stress alone because of its other characteristics.
−
−Where the thermal-stress analysis indicates that annealed glass is inadequate, the glass shall be heat-strengthened (the preferred remedy) or fully tempered. The edges of heat-treated glass intended to resist thermal stress shall be clean-cut and free of vents, shells, and serious damage, because edge damage defeats the strength gain of heat treatment.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Thermal Stress Heat Treatment (Where Differential Heating Occurs)
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Annealed acceptable — verified by thermal stress analysis"
− - "Heat-strengthened — standard remedy for moderate thermal stress"
− - "Fully tempered — high thermal stress or also required for safety glazing"
−default: "Heat-strengthened — standard remedy for moderate thermal stress"
−```
−
−## Thermal Performance — U-Factor, SHGC, and Visible Transmittance
−
−The glass or insulating glass unit shall provide the center-of-glass and, where the unit is rated as part of a fenestration product, the whole-product U-factor, solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), and visible transmittance (VT) required by the project energy-compliance documentation, with optical and thermal properties determined per NFRC 300 and the product ratings certified per NFRC 100 (U-factor) and NFRC 200 (SHGC and VT).
−
−```datasheet
−label: Center-of-Glass U-Factor
−type: range
−unit: Btu/h·ft²·°F
−options:
− min: 0.20
− max: 0.55
− setpoints: [0.20, 0.24, 0.28, 0.29, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 0.29
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
−type: range
−unit: SHGC (unitless)
−options:
− min: 0.18
− max: 0.55
− setpoints: [0.18, 0.22, 0.25, 0.27, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.55]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 0.25
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Visible Light Transmittance (VT)
−type: range
−unit: VT (unitless)
−options:
− min: 0.30
− max: 0.80
− setpoints: [0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 0.60
−```
−
−A standard double-glazed IGU with a single low-emissivity coating, argon fill, and a warm-edge spacer typically achieves a center-of-glass U-factor near 0.24 to 0.29 Btu/h·ft²·°F; a triple-glazed unit with two low-e coatings reaches the 0.10 to 0.18 range. The SHGC and VT are governed by the coating: a high-solar-gain low-e coating delivers a high VT with a moderate-to-high SHGC for heating-dominated climates, while a solar-control (spectrally selective) low-e coating delivers a low SHGC while retaining a usable VT for cooling-dominated climates. The light-to-solar-gain ratio (VT divided by SHGC) describes how much daylight the glass admits per unit of solar heat; spectrally selective coatings push this ratio above 1.25 and are the common default for daylit commercial buildings. The Architect shall confirm that the U-factor, SHGC, and VT targets are simultaneously achievable with a single coating before the makeup is finalized.
−
−## Acoustic Performance
−
−Where the contract documents require acoustic performance, the glass makeup shall achieve the specified Sound Transmission Class (STC), tested per ASTM E90 and rated per ASTM E413. Acoustic performance is governed primarily by the glass makeup: asymmetric lite thicknesses (which break up coincidence dip resonance), a laminated lite with an acoustic interlayer, and a wider air space improve STC. Standard symmetric double glazing achieves roughly STC 32 to 35; asymmetric and laminated makeups reach STC 38 to 45.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Acoustic Rating Required (STC, per ASTM E90 / E413)
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Not required — no acoustic specification"
− - "STC 32–35 (standard double glazing, basic noise control)"
− - "STC 36–40 (asymmetric or laminated, moderate noise control)"
− - "STC 41–45 (acoustic laminated interlayer, transit-adjacent / healthcare)"
−default: "Not required — no acoustic specification"
−```
−
−## Safety Glazing — Hazardous Locations
−
−Glazing in the hazardous locations defined by IBC Section 2406.4 shall be safety glazing complying with the impact-test requirements of 16 CFR 1201 (the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission standard) for the applicable category, or, where the exception applies, ANSI Z97.1 for the applicable class. Hazardous locations include glazing in doors; glazing adjacent to doors within the defined arc and distance; glazing in fixed and operable panels meeting the area, edge-height, and walking-surface-proximity tests; glazing in guards and railings; glazing adjacent to stairways, landings, and ramps; and glazing enclosing or adjacent to wet areas such as showers, tubs, pools, and saunas. The locations requiring safety glazing shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the contract drawings and glazing schedule]] and confirmed against IBC 2406.4.
−
−16 CFR 1201 defines two impact categories by glazed area and impact energy: Category I, for small lites (less than 9 ft², or 1,296 in²), tested at 150 ft·lbf; and Category II, for large lites (9 ft² and greater) and all glazing in doors, tested at 400 ft·lbf. Glazing in doors and in storefront sidelights, and most large vision lites in hazardous locations, require Category II.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Safety Glazing Impact Category (16 CFR 1201)
−type: radio
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Category II (400 ft·lbf) — doors, large lites, sidelights, most hazardous locations"
− - "Category I (150 ft·lbf) — small lites less than 9 ft² not in doors"
− - "Not a safety glazing location"
−default: "Category II (400 ft·lbf) — doors, large lites, sidelights, most hazardous locations"
−```
−
−Safety glazing requirements are satisfied by fully tempered glass or by laminated glass that passes the applicable impact test. Where post-breakage retention matters — guards, glazing over occupied space, glazing where falling cullet would create a secondary hazard — laminated glass is preferred over monolithic tempered glass because the laminated lite holds together on the interlayer after breakage, whereas tempered glass disintegrates into a curtain of granular cullet that leaves the opening unprotected.
−
−### Identification of Safety Glazing
−
−Each lite of safety glazing shall bear a permanent label identifying the fabricator, the safety-glazing standard met (16 CFR 1201 category or ANSI Z97.1 class), and the glass type, per IBC Section 2406.3. The label shall be visible after glazing and shall not be removed until the building official has inspected the installation, except where the alternative certificate-of-compliance provisions of the code are used.
−
−## Bird-Friendly Glazing
−
−Where the contract documents require bird-friendly glazing (an increasingly common requirement under local ordinances and green-building credits), the glazing shall present a visual pattern that birds perceive as a barrier. Patterns qualify when applied per the established spacing convention: continuous lines or elements not more than 2 in. apart in the vertical direction and not more than 4 in. apart in the horizontal direction (the "2 by 4 rule"), with elements at least 1/8 in. wide. The most durable patterns are a ceramic frit or an etched/printed pattern on the first (exterior) surface, or a second-surface pattern with the low-e coating placed behind the pattern so the pattern remains visible from outside. Where a bird-deterrent pattern is required it shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the contract drawings]] for pattern, coverage, and surface.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Bird-Friendly Glazing Required
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Not required"
− - "First-surface frit or etched pattern (most effective, exterior durable)"
− - "Second-surface pattern with low-e behind pattern (durable, visible exterior)"
− - "Applied exterior film or marker pattern (where field-applied permitted)"
−default: "Not required"
−```
−
−# Glass Products
−
−## Flat Glass — Float Quality and Tint
−
−Primary flat glass shall be float glass conforming to ASTM C1036, of the type and class indicated. Clear glass is the default; low-iron glass shall be specified where the green tint and reduced transmittance of standard clear glass are objectionable (large clear expanses, glass with white or light interlayers, display and showcase glazing, and applications requiring the highest visible transmittance). Tinted (body-colored) glass reduces solar transmittance and visible transmittance and shall be coordinated with the coating selection, since tint and coating both affect SHGC and appearance.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Primary Glass Type
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Clear float glass (standard)"
− - "Low-iron float glass (high clarity, neutral color, highest VT)"
− - "Tinted float glass — gray"
− - "Tinted float glass — bronze"
− - "Tinted float glass — blue-green / green"
−default: "Clear float glass (standard)"
−```
−
−## Heat Treatment — Annealed, Heat-Strengthened, and Fully Tempered
−
−Heat-treated glass shall conform to ASTM C1048: Kind HS (heat-strengthened) or Kind FT (fully tempered). Annealed glass (untreated float glass) is used where neither safety glazing nor elevated strength is required. Heat-strengthened glass, with a surface compression of roughly 3,500 to 7,500 psi, is the standard choice for resisting thermal stress and for spandrel glass; it breaks into large fragments that tend to stay in the opening but is not a safety-glazing material. Fully tempered glass, with a surface compression of 10,000 psi or greater, is a safety-glazing material that breaks into small granular fragments; it is required in hazardous locations where laminated glass is not used.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Glass Heat Treatment (per Lite, per Location)
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Annealed — no safety glazing or elevated strength required"
− - "Heat-strengthened (ASTM C1048 Kind HS) — thermal stress, spandrel, larger lites"
− - "Fully tempered (ASTM C1048 Kind FT) — safety glazing locations, doors, sidelights"
−default: "Heat-strengthened (ASTM C1048 Kind HS) — thermal stress, spandrel, larger lites"
−```
−
−Heat-strengthened glass shall not be substituted where safety glazing is required, and fully tempered glass shall not be specified merely as a default "stronger" glass where it is not needed, because tempered glass is more prone to spontaneous breakage from nickel-sulfide inclusions and exhibits more roll-wave distortion than heat-strengthened glass.
−
−### Heat-Soak Treatment of Tempered Glass
−
−Fully tempered glass contains a small statistical population of nickel-sulfide (NiS) inclusions that can, over years in service, undergo a phase change accompanied by a slight volume increase; when an inclusion sits in the central tensile zone of the lite, the resulting local stress can cause spontaneous breakage with no external cause. Heat-soak treatment accelerates this phase change in the factory by holding the tempered glass at approximately 290 °C for a sustained dwell (per EN 14179 or an equivalent documented protocol), breaking susceptible lites before they ship and reducing the in-service spontaneous-breakage rate by roughly an order of magnitude. Heat-soak treatment shall be specified for fully tempered glass in overhead glazing, in glass guards and railings, in tall or inaccessible facades, and wherever spontaneous breakage would create a safety hazard or a high replacement cost.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Heat-Soak Treatment of Fully Tempered Glass
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Not required (interior, low-elevation, low-consequence tempered glass)"
− - "Required — EN 14179 protocol (overhead, guards, tall facades, high-consequence)"
−default: "Not required (interior, low-elevation, low-consequence tempered glass)"
−```
−
−## Laminated Glass
−
−Laminated glass shall conform to ASTM C1172, consisting of two or more plies of glass bonded by a continuous interlayer. Laminated glass provides post-breakage retention (the broken plies remain bonded to the interlayer), enhanced safety and security, acoustic improvement, and ultraviolet screening. The interlayer shall be selected for the governing requirement: polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is the standard general-purpose interlayer; an acoustic PVB (a softer damping layer) is selected where acoustic performance governs; and a stiff ionoplast interlayer is selected where post-breakage structural retention, edge stability, or higher load resistance governs (guards, overhead glazing, and high-load facades).
−
−```datasheet
−label: Laminated Glass Interlayer
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Standard PVB (general purpose safety and security)"
− - "Acoustic PVB (acoustic-rated, damping interlayer)"
− - "Ionoplast / structural interlayer (guards, overhead, high-load, edge stability)"
− - "Not laminated — monolithic lite"
−default: "Standard PVB (general purpose safety and security)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Laminated Interlayer Nominal Thickness
−type: range
−unit: mil
−options:
− min: 15
− max: 90
− setpoints: [15, 30, 45, 60, 90]
−default: 30
−```
−
−The plies of laminated glass may themselves be annealed, heat-strengthened, or fully tempered. Heat-strengthened plies are common because they retain large fragments bonded to the interlayer (preserving residual capacity), whereas tempered plies dice into small fragments that reduce the laminated unit's post-breakage stiffness. The ply heat treatment shall be selected with the structural and post-breakage requirements in mind.
−
−## Coated Glass — Low-Emissivity and Solar Control
−
−Coated glass shall conform to ASTM C1376. Low-emissivity (low-e) coatings reduce radiative heat transfer across the IGU air space, lowering the U-factor; spectrally selective low-e coatings additionally reject solar infrared, lowering the SHGC while retaining visible transmittance. Coatings are produced by two processes: pyrolytic ("hard-coat"), applied at the float line and durable enough for monolithic and exposed use; and magnetron-sputtered vacuum deposition ("soft-coat"), which offers higher performance and more neutral color but must be enclosed within a sealed IGU and, for most products, requires edge deletion at the unit perimeter.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Low-Emissivity Coating Type
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Sputtered (soft-coat) low-e — highest performance, sealed in IGU (typical)"
− - "Pyrolytic (hard-coat) low-e — durable, monolithic or surface 4 use"
− - "No low-e coating (clear or tinted only)"
−default: "Sputtered (soft-coat) low-e — highest performance, sealed in IGU (typical)"
−```
−
−### Low-Emissivity Coating Surface
−
−In an insulating glass unit the surfaces are numbered 1 through 4 from the exterior (surface 1 is the outboard exterior face; surface 2 is the outboard cavity face; surface 3 is the inboard cavity face; surface 4 is the interior room-side face). For cooling-dominated climates the solar-control low-e coating is placed on surface 2 so it rejects solar gain before it crosses the air space. For heating-dominated climates a high-solar-gain low-e on surface 3 admits and retains solar heat. A second low-e on surface 4 (an interior-face pyrolytic coating) can further reduce the U-factor in cold climates but shall be confirmed for cleanability and durability.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Low-Emissivity Coating Surface (Numbered from Exterior)
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Surface 2 (outboard cavity face) — solar control, cooling climates (typical)"
− - "Surface 3 (inboard cavity face) — high solar gain, heating climates"
− - "Surface 2 + surface 4 (dual low-e) — high performance, cold climates"
− - "Not applicable — no low-e coating"
−default: "Surface 2 (outboard cavity face) — solar control, cooling climates (typical)"
−```
−
−## Insulating Glass Units
−
−Insulating glass units shall be factory-fabricated dual-seal units certified under the IGCC or IGMA program and qualified for durability per ASTM E2190. The primary seal (polyisobutylene) controls moisture and gas permeation; the secondary seal (silicone, polyurethane, or polysulfide) provides the structural bond holding the unit together. Field fabrication of insulating glass units is prohibited; all units shall arrive sealed from the fabricator.
−
−```datasheet
−label: IGU Makeup
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Double-glazed (two lites, one air space) — 1 in. nominal (typical)"
− - "Triple-glazed (three lites, two air spaces) — high performance, cold climates"
−default: "Double-glazed (two lites, one air space) — 1 in. nominal (typical)"
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: IGU Air Space Thickness
−type: range
−unit: in
−options:
− min: 0.25
− max: 0.75
− setpoints: [0.25, 0.375, 0.50, 0.625, 0.75]
−drawing_ref: true
−default: 0.50
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: IGU Cavity Gas Fill
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Argon (typical, ~10% U-factor improvement, low cost premium)"
− - "Krypton (high performance, narrow air spaces and triple glazing)"
− - "Air (lowest cost, modest thermal performance)"
−default: "Argon (typical, ~10% U-factor improvement, low cost premium)"
−```
−
−Per ASTM E2190 the certified unit shall maintain a final frost/dew point of −40 °C or colder (measured per ASTM E546 or E576) after durability conditioning, exhibit no fog after the ASTM E2189 fogging test, and — for argon-filled units — retain an average argon concentration of at least 80 percent across the test specimens. The Architect shall confirm that argon retention and the warranted seal life are consistent with the project's exposure and elevation, since gas fill diffuses slowly over the unit's life.
−
−### IGU Edge Spacer
−
−The spacer separating the lites and carrying the desiccant shall be a warm-edge spacer (stainless steel, thermoplastic, or structural foam) rather than a conventional aluminum box spacer, except where a specific structural or appearance reason requires otherwise. Warm-edge spacers substantially reduce the conductive heat loss and the condensation risk at the glass edge and modestly improve the whole-unit U-factor.
−
−```datasheet
−label: IGU Edge Spacer
−type: radio
−options:
− - "Warm-edge (stainless, thermoplastic, or structural foam) — recommended"
− - "Aluminum box spacer (lowest cost, highest edge conductance, condensation risk)"
−default: "Warm-edge (stainless, thermoplastic, or structural foam) — recommended"
−```
−
−## Spandrel and Ceramic-Frit Glass
−
−Spandrel glass conceals the floor-edge, structure, and insulation between vision-glass areas. Spandrel glass shall be heat-strengthened (not annealed) because the opaque back-up and the absorbed solar energy create high thermal stress; fully tempered glass is generally not used for spandrel because heat-strengthened glass resists the thermal stress while breaking into larger, retained fragments. The opacifier shall be a ceramic frit (a fired-on ceramic enamel) on surface 2, or an opaque film or applied opacifier, as indicated. Ceramic frit shall be fused during the heat-treatment cycle so it is permanent and durable.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Spandrel Glass Opacifier
−type: select
−drawing_ref: true
−options:
− - "Ceramic frit (fired-on enamel) on surface 2 — durable, typical"
− - "Opaque applied film or coating on rear surface"
− - "Not applicable — no spandrel glass on project"
−default: "Ceramic frit (fired-on enamel) on surface 2 — durable, typical"
−```
−
−Color match between fritted spandrel glass and adjacent vision glass shall be evaluated on samples and on the mock-up under daylight, because the perceived color of spandrel glass differs from vision glass even when the same coating is used. Where a uniform appearance between vision and spandrel areas is required, the frit color and coating shall be selected together with the vision-glass coating.
−
−# Glazing Materials and Accessories
−
−## Glazing Sealants
−
−Wet glazing sealants and perimeter glazing sealants shall be elastomeric sealants conforming to ASTM C920, of the type, grade, class, and use compatible with the glazing-pocket geometry and the glass coating. Structural silicone glazing sealants shall additionally conform to ASTM C1184. The sealant manufacturer shall confirm compatibility with the glass coating, the IGU secondary seal, the setting blocks and spacers, and the framing finish, because incompatible sealants can attack the IGU secondary seal and cause premature seal failure.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Glazing Sealant Type (Wet or Perimeter Glazing)
−type: select
−options:
− - "Silicone — ASTM C920 Type S, Grade NS, Class 50/100 (highest movement, IGU-compatible)"
− - "Polyurethane — ASTM C920 Type S, Grade NS, Class 35 (paintable, moderate movement)"
− - "Not applicable — dry-gasket glazing only"
−default: "Silicone — ASTM C920 Type S, Grade NS, Class 50/100 (highest movement, IGU-compatible)"
−```
−
−## Structural Silicone Glazing
−
−Where the glass is retained by structural silicone glazing (the silicone sealant transfers wind load from the glass to the framing without a continuous mechanical capture on one or more edges), the design shall comply with ASTM C1401 (structural sealant glazing guide) and the structural silicone shall conform to ASTM C1184. The structural bite (the contact dimension of the structural sealant on the glass and the metal) and the glue-line thickness shall be sized by engineering calculation for the design wind load and the dead-load weight of the glass, signed and sealed where required by the jurisdiction. Structural silicone shall be applied in a controlled (typically factory or shop) environment wherever possible, with adhesion and compatibility verified before production.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Structural Silicone Glazing Used
−type: radio
−options:
− - "No — glass is mechanically captured (dry gasket or wet glazed in a pocket)"
− - "Yes — two-sided structural silicone (two edges captured, two structural)"
− - "Yes — four-sided structural silicone (all edges structural)"
−default: "No — glass is mechanically captured (dry gasket or wet glazed in a pocket)"
−```
−
−## Setting Blocks, Spacers, and Gaskets
−
−Setting blocks shall be EPDM or silicone, 85 ± 5 Shore A durometer, conforming to ASTM C864, sized to support the full width of the glass edge (the full IGU thickness for insulating units) and long enough to keep the bearing stress within the glass manufacturer's limit. Edge blocks and spacers shall maintain the glass centered in the pocket and shall preserve the required edge, face, and bite clearances. Compression gaskets shall conform to ASTM C864 (dense) or ASTM C509 (cellular) as appropriate to the glazing-pocket design. Setting blocks and gaskets that contact an IGU secondary seal or a coated edge shall be confirmed compatible with those materials.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Setting Block Material and Durometer
−type: radio
−options:
− - "EPDM, 85 ± 5 Shore A (ASTM C864) — standard"
− - "Silicone, 85 ± 5 Shore A — where silicone sealant or coating compatibility requires"
−default: "EPDM, 85 ± 5 Shore A (ASTM C864) — standard"
−```
−
−## Glazing Gaskets and Tapes
−
−Dry-glazing gaskets shall be extruded EPDM, silicone, or thermoplastic, of the durometer and profile specified by the framing system, providing continuous compression against both glass faces. Preformed glazing tapes, where used, shall conform to ASTM C1281. Gaskets shall be installed in continuous lengths wherever possible; necessary splices shall be located at corners or at designated locations and shall be sealed.
−
−# Fabrication
−
−## Cutting, Edgework, and Fabrication Sequence
−
−All cutting, edge treatment, hole drilling, notching, and edge deletion of coatings shall be completed before heat treatment and before lamination or IGU assembly. Heat-treated and laminated glass and insulating glass units shall not be cut, drilled, or edge-worked in the field; field modification destroys the temper, breaks the laminate or seal, and voids the warranty. Edges of heat-treated glass shall be clean-cut and free of vents, shells, and damage that concentrate stress and defeat the strength benefit of heat treatment.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Exposed Glass Edge Treatment
−type: select
−options:
− - "Clean-cut (concealed edges within glazing pocket) — typical"
− - "Seamed / arrised (light edge dressing, semi-exposed edges)"
− - "Ground / flat-polished (fully exposed edges, butt joints, glass doors)"
−default: "Clean-cut (concealed edges within glazing pocket) — typical"
−```
−
−## Coating Edge Deletion
−
−Where a sputtered (soft-coat) low-e coating is used in an insulating glass unit and the coating is not durable at the unit perimeter, the coating shall be deleted (removed) at the edge so that the IGU secondary seal bonds to bare glass, ensuring a durable seal. Coating edge deletion shall be performed by the glass fabricator before unit assembly, to the coating manufacturer's required deletion width.
−
−# Installation
−
−## General Glazing Requirements
−
−Glazing shall comply with the GANA/NGA Glazing Manual, the framing manufacturer's published glazing instructions, and the glass and IGU fabricators' requirements. Glazing shall not begin until the framing is installed plumb, level, square, and weather-protected and the glazing pockets are clean and dry. Each lite shall be set on setting blocks, centered in the pocket with the required edge and face clearances and the required glazing bite, and sealed by the gasket or sealant system specified for that pocket.
−
−## Setting Blocks and Clearances
−
−Setting blocks shall be located at the quarter-points of the sill, unless the lite is large or has an unusual aspect ratio, in which case the glass fabricator's setting-block locations shall govern. Edge clearance, face clearance, and bite shall comply with the GANA/NGA Glazing Manual and the framing manufacturer's published instructions for the glass thickness and lite size. Inadequate edge clearance allows glass-to-metal contact and edge stress concentration; inadequate bite allows the glass to disengage under wind load.
−
−## Glazing Orientation and Coating Position
−
−Coated, laminated asymmetric, and tinted glass shall be installed with the correct face toward the exterior and the coating on the specified surface. The fabricator's orientation marking shall be verified at installation; a unit installed reversed delivers the wrong U-factor, SHGC, and appearance and shall be replaced, not reused. Insulating glass units shall be installed with the weep system (where the pocket is drained) clear and functioning so that incidental water in the pocket drains to the exterior and does not stand against the IGU edge seal.
−
−## Protection of the Edge Seal
−
−Insulating glass units shall be glazed so that the unit edge seal is not continuously immersed in standing water and is not exposed to incompatible sealants, solvents, or continuous high temperature. Standing water and incompatible materials are the leading causes of premature IGU seal failure. Glazing-pocket weeps shall not be blocked by sealant, gaskets, or setting blocks.
−
−# Testing
−
−## Field Quality Control
−
−The Architect or the Owner's testing agency may inspect installed glazing for correct glass type and orientation, setting-block placement, edge and bite clearance, gasket continuity, sealant tooling, and weep function. Glazing found with incorrect glass type, reversed orientation, inadequate clearance or bite, or a compromised edge seal shall be corrected or the affected lites replaced.
−
−## Water Penetration of Installed Glazing
−
−Where the framing standard or the contract documents require field water testing of the installed glazing (typically as part of the framing system test), the glazing shall be tested as part of that assembly. Glazing-related leakage (at gaskets, glazing sealant, or the weep path) identified during such testing shall be corrected and retested. This standard does not establish independent chamber tests for the glass; the glazing is verified as part of the framing system test under the applicable framing standard.
−
−## Insulating Glass Unit Verification
−
−The IGU fabricator's IGCC or IGMA certification and ASTM E2190 durability qualification serve as the basis for accepting the units; no field durability test is required. Units delivered with a broken seal, visible internal condensation or fog, or a damaged edge seal shall be rejected and replaced before glazing.
−
−# Cleaning and Protection
−
−## Construction Protection
−
−Glass shall be protected from damage by adjacent construction operations from delivery through substantial completion. Welding, cutting, and grinding shall not be performed near installed glass without sacrificial shields; weld spatter and grinding sparks fuse into the glass surface and create inclusions that cannot be removed without replacing the lite. Glass shall not be marked with adhesive labels, paint, or tape applied directly to a coated surface, and protective films shall be removed within the film manufacturer's exposure limit so they do not bond permanently.
−
−## Final Cleaning
−
−At substantial completion the glass shall be cleaned with a non-abrasive glass cleaner approved by the glass and coating manufacturers. Abrasive pads, scrapers, and razor blades shall not be used on coated glass surfaces, because they scratch and remove the coating. Acidic and alkaline construction-residue cleaners (masonry and concrete cleaners) shall not be allowed to contact the glass, coatings, or IGU edge seals.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Glass Cleaning Restrictions
−type: select
−options:
− - "Mild detergent or approved glass cleaner only — no abrasives, scrapers, or acids"
− - "Per glass and coating manufacturers' written cleaning procedures"
− - "Per [[drawing: cleaning specifications]]"
−default: "Per glass and coating manufacturers' written cleaning procedures"
−```
−
−# Warranty
−
−The insulating glass unit fabricator shall provide a written warranty against IGU seal failure — visible obstruction, fogging, or moisture between the lites and, where applicable, loss of gas fill below the warranted threshold — for a minimum of 10 years from substantial completion.
−
−The laminated glass fabricator shall provide a written warranty against interlayer defects (delamination, edge separation, and discoloration beyond published limits) for a minimum of 5 years from substantial completion.
−
−The coated glass fabricator shall provide a written warranty against coating defects (peeling, cracking, deterioration, and, for exposed coatings, durability failure) for a minimum of 5 years, and for exterior durable coatings for a minimum of 10 years, from substantial completion.
−
−Where structural silicone glazing or wet glazing is used, the sealant manufacturer shall provide a written warranty against adhesive and cohesive sealant failure for a minimum of 10 years for ASTM C920 Class 50 or 100 and ASTM C1184 structural silicone sealants.
−
−```datasheet
−label: Warranty Term — IGU Seal
−type: range
−unit: years
−options:
− min: 5
− max: 15
− setpoints: [5, 10, 15]
−default: 10
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Warranty Term — Laminated Glass (Interlayer)
−type: range
−unit: years
−options:
− min: 5
− max: 10
− setpoints: [5, 10]
−default: 5
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Warranty Term — Coated Glass
−type: range
−unit: years
−options:
− min: 5
− max: 10
− setpoints: [5, 10]
−default: 5
−```
−
−```datasheet
−label: Warranty Term — Glazing / Structural Silicone Sealant
−type: range
−unit: years
−options:
− min: 5
− max: 20
− setpoints: [5, 10, 20]
−default: 10
−```
−
−Warranties shall be written in the name of the Owner, shall be transferable for the warranty term, and shall not exclude lites replaced under the field quality-control corrections required by this standard. Blanket exclusions for spontaneous breakage of tempered glass shall not be accepted where heat-soak treatment was required and performed; the warranty shall cover spontaneous breakage of heat-soaked tempered glass attributable to nickel-sulfide inclusions for the warranted term.
+---
+title: Glass and Glazing
+category: Architectural / Openings
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: Architectural vision glass and glazing for storefronts, curtain walls, windows, exterior and interior doors, sidelights, transoms, borrowed lites, partitions, and other building glazing infill. Covers annealed, heat-strengthened, and fully tempered flat glass; laminated glass; coated (low-emissivity and solar-control) glass; insulating glass units (IGUs) including double and triple makeups; spandrel and ceramic-frit glass; safety glazing in hazardous locations per the International Building Code; glass strength and thickness determination under wind and snow load per ASTM E1300; thermal stress and edge-condition selection of annealed versus heat-strengthened versus fully tempered glass; nickel-sulfide heat-soak treatment for tempered glass; low-iron glass; warm-edge spacers and inert-gas fill; structural silicone and dry-gasket glazing methods; setting blocks, edge clearances, and glazing accessories; and field installation, testing, cleaning, and warranty of the glass and glazing materials.
+ Not intended for: The aluminum, steel, or wood framing systems that receive the glass (see [[sync/aluminum-entrances-and-storefronts]] for storefront and entrance framing, [[sync/glazed-curtain-walls]] for curtain wall framing, and [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]] for door leaves, frames, and hardware); glass that is part of an operable window or door assembly rated as a complete fenestration product under the North American Fenestration Standard (the glazing requirements there are governed by the framing standard that delivers the rated product); glass block and structural glass unit masonry; mirrors furnished as part of toilet accessories (see [[sync/toilet-accessories]]); fire-rated and fire-protective glazing assemblies, which require listed assemblies and are governed by fire-resistance requirements beyond this standard; security, ballistic, blast-resistant, and detention glazing requiring project-specific engineered designs; structural point-supported glass fittings and glass fins; sloped overhead and skylight glazing where additional fallout and snow-load provisions apply; and overhead coiling doors and grilles (see [[sync/overhead-coiling-doors]]).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard governs the furnishing and installation of architectural glass and the materials and accessories used to glaze it into framing supplied under other standards. {note}
+
+## This standard applies to vision glass and related glazing in storefronts, curtain walls, windows, exterior and interior doors, sidelights, transoms, borrowed lites, interior glazed partitions, and similar building glazing infill.
+
+## This standard establishes requirements for the glass products themselves (annealed, heat-strengthened, fully tempered, laminated, coated, and insulating glass units), for spandrel and decorative glass, for the glazing materials and accessories (sealants, gaskets, setting blocks, and tapes) that retain and seal the glass, and for the fabrication, installation, testing, cleaning, and warranty of the glazing work.
+
+## Glass is simultaneously a structural element, an environmental separator, a safety component, and an architectural finish. {note}
+
+## A single lite must resist wind and snow load without breaking, survive thermal stress from differential heating, satisfy safety-glazing requirements where it occupies a hazardous location, deliver the energy performance the building's compliance documents require, and present an acceptable visual appearance free of distortion, haze, and edge defects. {note}
+
+## These requirements cross-couple: the heat treatment selected to resist thermal stress changes the glass type factor used in the load-resistance calculation; the coating selected to reduce solar heat gain changes the surface that must carry it within the insulating glass unit; the laminated interlayer chosen for safety or acoustics changes the unit weight and the glazing-pocket bite. {note}
+
+## The Contractor shall treat the glass as a coordinated system and shall reconcile structural, thermal, safety, and visual requirements against one another before any glass is ordered.
+
+## The glass type for each opening, the dimensions of each lite, the performance values required at each orientation, and the locations requiring safety glazing shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the contract drawings and the glazing schedule]].
+
+## This standard establishes the minimum product, performance, fabrication, and installation requirements applicable to all of those conditions.
+
+## Coordination with Adjacent Work {toc}
+
+### Coordinate this work with [[sync/aluminum-entrances-and-storefronts]] and [[sync/glazed-curtain-walls]] for the framing systems and glazing-pocket geometry that receive the glass.
+
+### Coordinate this work with [[sync/doors-frames-and-hardware]] for glazed openings in hollow metal, aluminum, and wood doors.
+
+### Coordinate this work with [[sync/overhead-coiling-doors]] where vision lites occur in service openings.
+
+### Coordinate this work with [[sync/building-thermal-insulation]] for the continuity of the building thermal envelope at the glazing perimeter.
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Glass products, fabrication, glazing materials, performance testing, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of the referenced standards.
+
+## Where the contract documents or the adopted building code impose more stringent requirements than a referenced standard, the more stringent requirement shall govern.
+
+## The Contractor shall resolve conflicts in writing with the Engineer of Record before proceeding.
+
+## Standards List {toc}
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ASTM C1036 | Standard Specification for Flat Glass |
+| ASTM C1048 | Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass |
+| ASTM C1172 | Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass |
+| ASTM C1376 | Standard Specification for Pyrolytic and Vacuum Deposition Coatings on Flat Glass |
+| ASTM C1422 | Standard Specification for Chromogenic Glazing |
+| ASTM C1503 | Standard Specification for Silvered Flat Glass Mirror |
+| ASTM C1349 | Standard Specification for Architectural Flat Glass Clad Polycarbonate |
+| ASTM C1464 | Standard Specification for Bent Glass |
+| ASTM E1300 | Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings |
+| ASTM E2188 | Standard Test Method for Insulating Glass Unit Performance |
+| ASTM E2189 | Standard Test Method for Testing Resistance to Fogging in Insulating Glass Units |
+| ASTM E2190 | Standard Specification for Insulating Glass Unit Performance and Evaluation |
+| ASTM E546 | Standard Test Method for Frost/Dew Point of Sealed Insulating Glass Units |
+| ASTM E576 | Standard Test Method for Frost/Dew Point of Sealed Insulating Glass Units in the Vertical Position |
+| ASTM C1651 | Standard Test Method for Measurement of Roll Wave Optical Distortion in Heat-Treated Flat Glass |
+| ASTM C1036 / C1048 (frit) | Ceramic-enamel (frit) coatings on heat-treated glass for spandrel and decorative applications |
+| ASTM C920 | Standard Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants |
+| ASTM C1184 | Standard Specification for Structural Silicone Sealants |
+| ASTM C1281 | Standard Specification for Preformed Tapes Used in Glazing Applications |
+| ASTM C1401 | Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing |
+| ASTM C864 | Standard Specification for Dense Elastomeric Compression Seal Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and Spacers |
+| ASTM C509 | Standard Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gasket and Sealing Material |
+| ASTM E84 | Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |
+| ASTM E90 | Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements |
+| ASTM E413 | Classification for Rating Sound Insulation (STC) |
+| 16 CFR 1201 | U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials |
+| ANSI Z97.1 | American National Standard for Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings — Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test |
+| NFRC 100 | Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U-factors |
+| NFRC 200 | Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product Solar Heat Gain Coefficient and Visible Transmittance at Normal Incidence |
+| NFRC 300 | Test Method for Determining the Solar Optical Properties of Glazing Materials and Systems |
+| EN 14179 | Heat Soaked Thermally Toughened Soda Lime Silicate Safety Glass (heat-soak test protocol) |
+| IBC Chapter 24 | International Building Code — Glass and Glazing (including Section 2406, Safety Glazing) |
+| GANA / NGA Glazing Manual | National Glass Association (formerly Glass Association of North America) — Glazing Manual |
+| IGCC / IGMA | Insulating Glass Certification Council / Insulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance — IGU certification |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The following submittals shall be submitted for review and returned before glass is fabricated or ordered.
+
+### Glass, IGU, and glazing-accessory submittals shall be coordinated into a single review package, keyed to the glazing schedule, so that the glass makeup, heat treatment, coating surface, and safety-glazing designation for every lite are reconciled against the framing system that receives them.
+
+### A glazing schedule shall be submitted identifying every glass type by designation, keyed to the contract drawings, listing for each type the glass makeup (monolithic, laminated, or IGU), the thickness and heat treatment of each ply, the coating type and surface number, the interlayer type and thickness for laminated lites, the spacer type and gas fill for IGUs, the safety-glazing designation where applicable, and the locations at which the type is used.
+
+### Glass strength and thickness calculations shall be submitted, providing load-resistance calculations per ASTM E1300 for each glass type and the largest lite of that type, demonstrating that the selected glass type, heat treatment, and thickness resist the design wind and snow loads at a probability of breakage not exceeding 8 lites per 1,000 (Pb ≤ 0.008).
+
+### For projects where the glass is a designated structural element or where local jurisdiction requires it, the glass strength and thickness calculations shall be signed and sealed by a professional engineer licensed in the project jurisdiction.
+
+### Product data shall be submitted, providing the manufacturer's published data for each glass product, coating, interlayer, IGU sealant system, spacer, gas fill, and glazing accessory, including the optical and thermal properties (U-factor, SHGC, VT, and exterior and interior visible reflectance) of each coated and insulating glass configuration.
+
+### Insulating glass unit certification shall be submitted, providing evidence that the IGU fabricator is certified under the Insulating Glass Certification Council (IGCC) or the Insulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance (IGMA) program and that the specific unit construction has passed durability evaluation per ASTM E2190 (using the test methods of ASTM E2188 and the fogging test of ASTM E2189).
+
+### Where heat-soak treatment of fully tempered glass is required, heat-soak test documentation shall be submitted, providing the fabricator's heat-soak process certification confirming the soak temperature, dwell time, and protocol (EN 14179 or equivalent), and confirmation that the project glass was processed through the documented cycle.
+
+### For glass exposed to partial shading, interior shading devices close to the glass, dark-colored or spandrel back-up, or other conditions producing differential heating, a thermal-stress analysis by the glass fabricator shall be submitted confirming the selected heat treatment resists the calculated edge and center stress without breakage.
+
+### Samples of each glass type, minimum 12 in. by 12 in., shall be submitted showing color, tint, coating appearance, and (for laminated and spandrel glass) interlayer or frit appearance.
+
+### For coated and tinted glass, samples shall be viewed in both transmitted and reflected light and against the actual or a representative background.
+
+### Where a project mock-up of the framing system is required, the glass furnished for the mock-up shall be of the project glass type, coating, and makeup so that color, reflectance, and visual quality are evaluated in the installed condition.
+
+### Action Submittals Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "Glazing schedule keyed to drawings"
+ - "ASTM E1300 glass strength and thickness calculations"
+ - "Product data with U-factor, SHGC, and VT for each configuration"
+ - "IGU IGCC/IGMA certification and ASTM E2190 durability evidence"
+ - "Heat-soak test documentation (where tempered heat-soak required)"
+ - "Thermal stress analysis (where differential heating conditions exist)"
+ - "Glass samples (12 in. by 12 in., transmitted and reflected light)"
+ - "Mock-up glass of project type, coating, and makeup"
+default: "Glazing schedule keyed to drawings"
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### At substantial completion the Contractor shall provide the following closeout submittals before final acceptance:
+
+- As-built glazing schedule reflecting any field changes to glass type or location
+- Cleaning and maintenance instructions for the glass, coatings, and glazing sealants, including the glass and coating manufacturers' approved cleaning products and the products that shall not be used
+- IGU warranty from the unit fabricator
+- Laminated glass warranty (interlayer delamination) where laminated glass is furnished
+- Coated glass warranty (coating defects and, for exterior coatings, durability) where applicable
+- Glazing sealant and structural silicone warranty where wet or structural glazing is used
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals Required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - "As-built glazing schedule"
+ - "Cleaning and maintenance instructions with approved cleaners"
+ - "IGU warranty (minimum 10 years against seal failure)"
+ - "Laminated glass warranty (interlayer delamination)"
+ - "Coated glass warranty"
+ - "Glazing sealant / structural silicone warranty"
+default: "As-built glazing schedule"
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Fabricator Qualifications {toc}
+
+### The glass fabricator shall demonstrate not less than five years of continuous production of architectural glass of the types specified.
+
+### The insulating glass unit fabricator shall be certified under the IGCC or IGMA durability certification program for the unit construction furnished, and shall maintain that certification for the duration of fabrication.
+
+### The laminated glass fabricator shall be experienced in producing laminated architectural glass to ASTM C1172 for the interlayer type specified.
+
+## Glazier Qualifications {toc}
+
+### The glazing contractor shall employ glaziers experienced in the glazing methods used on the project.
+
+### Where structural silicone glazing is used, the glaziers shall be trained and approved by the structural silicone sealant manufacturer, and the sealant manufacturer shall review the structural joint design, confirm substrate compatibility and adhesion, and provide on-site instruction before structural glazing begins.
+
+## Single-Source Responsibility {toc}
+
+### To the extent practical, all primary glass of a given type shall be obtained from a single primary glass manufacturer and a single fabricator so that color, coating, and visual characteristics are consistent across the project.
+
+### Tinted, coated, and spandrel glass shall be from a single production run wherever a continuous expanse of glass is visible as a unified field.
+
+### Lot-to-lot color variation in tints and coatings is visible side by side even when each lot independently meets specification. {note}
+
+## Visual Quality and Distortion {toc}
+
+### Glass shall meet the visual quality requirements of ASTM C1036 for the applicable quality designation.
+
+### Heat-treated glass shall meet the roll-wave and bow/warp limits of ASTM C1048 and shall be evaluated for roll-wave optical distortion per ASTM C1651 where reflected-image quality is important to the design.
+
+### Glass shall be free of visible defects (bubbles, inclusions, scratches, digs, and coating voids) when viewed under the conditions and at the distance prescribed by ASTM C1036.
+
+### Flat Glass Visual Quality Designation {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Flat Glass Visual Quality Designation (ASTM C1036)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "q3 — glazing select quality (typical architectural vision glazing)"
+ - "q2 — mirror select quality (mirrors and high-scrutiny applications)"
+ - "q1 — mirror glazing select (highest quality, special applications)"
+default: "q3 — glazing select quality (typical architectural vision glazing)"
+```
+
+# Performance Requirements {toc}
+
+## Glass Strength — Load Resistance per ASTM E1300 {toc}
+
+### Each lite shall resist the design wind load and, where applicable, the design snow load and self-weight, determined per ASTM E1300, at a probability of breakage not greater than 8 lites per 1,000 (Pb ≤ 0.008) for vertical glazing.
+
+### ASTM E1300 establishes the load resistance of a lite from its type, thickness, area, support condition, and aspect ratio, applying a glass type factor (GTF) that scales the resistance of annealed glass to account for the higher strength of heat-strengthened (GTF ≈ 2) and fully tempered (GTF ≈ 4) glass. {note}
+
+### For an insulating glass unit, ASTM E1300 distributes the applied load between the two lites in proportion to their stiffness (the load-sharing factor) and the load resistance of the unit is governed by the weaker lite. {note}
+
+### The design wind pressure shall be derived from the project structural drawings and the building code wind determination for the project location, height, and exposure.
+
+### Increasing glass thickness, selecting a higher heat treatment, or laminating two plies are the available means of increasing load resistance; the selection shall be coordinated with the thermal-stress, safety-glazing, and acoustic requirements so that a single makeup satisfies all governing criteria.
+
+### Glass Strength Datasheets {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Glass Design Wind Load
+type: range
+unit: psf
+options:
+ min: 15
+ max: 100
+ setpoints: [15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 30
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Probability of Breakage Limit (ASTM E1300)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "8 per 1,000 (Pb = 0.008) — standard vertical glazing"
+ - "1 per 1,000 (Pb = 0.001) — overhead, sloped, or elevated-consequence glazing"
+default: "8 per 1,000 (Pb = 0.008) — standard vertical glazing"
+```
+
+## Thermal Stress Resistance {toc}
+
+### Glass breaks from thermal stress when one part of a lite heats and expands while a cooler part (typically the shaded edge captured in the frame) restrains it, producing tensile stress at the edge. {note}
+
+### The risk increases with absorptive (tinted or coated) glass, partial shading from overhangs or adjacent structures, interior shades or blinds close to the glass, dark spandrel or insulation back-up behind the glass, and damaged or poor-quality glass edges that concentrate stress. {note}
+
+### Annealed glass tolerates the least thermal stress; heat-strengthened glass roughly doubles the tolerance and is the standard remedy; fully tempered glass tolerates the most but is not selected for thermal stress alone because of its other characteristics. {note}
+
+### Where the thermal-stress analysis indicates that annealed glass is inadequate, the glass shall be heat-strengthened (the preferred remedy) or fully tempered.
+
+### The edges of heat-treated glass intended to resist thermal stress shall be clean-cut and free of vents, shells, and serious damage, because edge damage defeats the strength gain of heat treatment.
+
+### Thermal Stress Heat Treatment {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Thermal Stress Heat Treatment (Where Differential Heating Occurs)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Annealed acceptable — verified by thermal stress analysis"
+ - "Heat-strengthened — standard remedy for moderate thermal stress"
+ - "Fully tempered — high thermal stress or also required for safety glazing"
+default: "Heat-strengthened — standard remedy for moderate thermal stress"
+```
+
+## Thermal Performance — U-Factor, SHGC, and Visible Transmittance {toc}
+
+### The glass or insulating glass unit shall provide the center-of-glass and, where the unit is rated as part of a fenestration product, the whole-product U-factor, solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), and visible transmittance (VT) required by the project energy-compliance documentation, with optical and thermal properties determined per NFRC 300 and the product ratings certified per NFRC 100 (U-factor) and NFRC 200 (SHGC and VT).
+
+### Thermal Performance Datasheets {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Center-of-Glass U-Factor
+type: range
+unit: Btu/h·ft²·°F
+options:
+ min: 0.20
+ max: 0.55
+ setpoints: [0.20, 0.24, 0.28, 0.29, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 0.29
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
+type: range
+unit: SHGC (unitless)
+options:
+ min: 0.18
+ max: 0.55
+ setpoints: [0.18, 0.22, 0.25, 0.27, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.55]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 0.25
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Visible Light Transmittance (VT)
+type: range
+unit: VT (unitless)
+options:
+ min: 0.30
+ max: 0.80
+ setpoints: [0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 0.60
+```
+
+### A standard double-glazed IGU with a single low-emissivity coating, argon fill, and a warm-edge spacer typically achieves a center-of-glass U-factor near 0.24 to 0.29 Btu/h·ft²·°F; a triple-glazed unit with two low-e coatings reaches the 0.10 to 0.18 range. {note}
+
+### The SHGC and VT are governed by the coating: a high-solar-gain low-e coating delivers a high VT with a moderate-to-high SHGC for heating-dominated climates, while a solar-control (spectrally selective) low-e coating delivers a low SHGC while retaining a usable VT for cooling-dominated climates. {note}
+
+### The light-to-solar-gain ratio (VT divided by SHGC) describes how much daylight the glass admits per unit of solar heat; spectrally selective coatings push this ratio above 1.25 and are the common default for daylit commercial buildings. {note}
+
+### The Architect shall confirm that the U-factor, SHGC, and VT targets are simultaneously achievable with a single coating before the makeup is finalized.
+
+## Acoustic Performance {toc}
+
+### Where the contract documents require acoustic performance, the glass makeup shall achieve the specified Sound Transmission Class (STC), tested per ASTM E90 and rated per ASTM E413.
+
+### Acoustic performance is governed primarily by the glass makeup: asymmetric lite thicknesses (which break up coincidence dip resonance), a laminated lite with an acoustic interlayer, and a wider air space improve STC. {note}
+
+### Standard symmetric double glazing achieves roughly STC 32 to 35; asymmetric and laminated makeups reach STC 38 to 45. {note}
+
+### Acoustic Rating Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Acoustic Rating Required (STC, per ASTM E90 / E413)
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Not required — no acoustic specification"
+ - "STC 32–35 (standard double glazing, basic noise control)"
+ - "STC 36–40 (asymmetric or laminated, moderate noise control)"
+ - "STC 41–45 (acoustic laminated interlayer, transit-adjacent / healthcare)"
+default: "Not required — no acoustic specification"
+```
+
+## Safety Glazing — Hazardous Locations {toc}
+
+### Glazing in the hazardous locations defined by IBC Section 2406.4 shall be safety glazing complying with the impact-test requirements of 16 CFR 1201 (the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission standard) for the applicable category, or, where the exception applies, ANSI Z97.1 for the applicable class.
+
+### Hazardous locations include glazing in doors; glazing adjacent to doors within the defined arc and distance; glazing in fixed and operable panels meeting the area, edge-height, and walking-surface-proximity tests; glazing in guards and railings; glazing adjacent to stairways, landings, and ramps; and glazing enclosing or adjacent to wet areas such as showers, tubs, pools, and saunas. {note}
+
+### The locations requiring safety glazing shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the contract drawings and glazing schedule]] and confirmed against IBC 2406.4.
+
+### 16 CFR 1201 defines two impact categories by glazed area and impact energy: Category I, for small lites (less than 9 ft², or 1,296 in²), tested at 150 ft·lbf; and Category II, for large lites (9 ft² and greater) and all glazing in doors, tested at 400 ft·lbf. {note}
+
+### Glazing in doors and in storefront sidelights, and most large vision lites in hazardous locations, require Category II.
+
+### Safety Glazing Impact Category Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Safety Glazing Impact Category (16 CFR 1201)
+type: radio
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Category II (400 ft·lbf) — doors, large lites, sidelights, most hazardous locations"
+ - "Category I (150 ft·lbf) — small lites less than 9 ft² not in doors"
+ - "Not a safety glazing location"
+default: "Category II (400 ft·lbf) — doors, large lites, sidelights, most hazardous locations"
+```
+
+### Safety glazing requirements are satisfied by fully tempered glass or by laminated glass that passes the applicable impact test.
+
+### Where post-breakage retention matters — guards, glazing over occupied space, glazing where falling cullet would create a secondary hazard — laminated glass is preferred over monolithic tempered glass because the laminated lite holds together on the interlayer after breakage, whereas tempered glass disintegrates into a curtain of granular cullet that leaves the opening unprotected.
+
+### Identification of Safety Glazing {toc}
+
+#### Each lite of safety glazing shall bear a permanent label identifying the fabricator, the safety-glazing standard met (16 CFR 1201 category or ANSI Z97.1 class), and the glass type, per IBC Section 2406.3.
+
+#### The label shall be visible after glazing and shall not be removed until the building official has inspected the installation, except where the alternative certificate-of-compliance provisions of the code are used.
+
+## Bird-Friendly Glazing {toc}
+
+### Where the contract documents require bird-friendly glazing (an increasingly common requirement under local ordinances and green-building credits), the glazing shall present a visual pattern that birds perceive as a barrier.
+
+### Patterns qualify when applied per the established spacing convention: continuous lines or elements not more than 2 in. apart in the vertical direction and not more than 4 in. apart in the horizontal direction (the "2 by 4 rule"), with elements at least 1/8 in. wide.
+
+### The most durable patterns are a ceramic frit or an etched/printed pattern on the first (exterior) surface, or a second-surface pattern with the low-e coating placed behind the pattern so the pattern remains visible from outside. {note}
+
+### Where a bird-deterrent pattern is required it shall be [[drawing: as indicated on the contract drawings]] for pattern, coverage, and surface.
+
+### Bird-Friendly Glazing Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Bird-Friendly Glazing Required
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Not required"
+ - "First-surface frit or etched pattern (most effective, exterior durable)"
+ - "Second-surface pattern with low-e behind pattern (durable, visible exterior)"
+ - "Applied exterior film or marker pattern (where field-applied permitted)"
+default: "Not required"
+```
+
+# Glass Products {toc}
+
+## Flat Glass — Float Quality and Tint {toc}
+
+### Primary flat glass shall be float glass conforming to ASTM C1036, of the type and class indicated.
+
+### Clear glass is the default; low-iron glass shall be specified where the green tint and reduced transmittance of standard clear glass are objectionable (large clear expanses, glass with white or light interlayers, display and showcase glazing, and applications requiring the highest visible transmittance).
+
+### Tinted (body-colored) glass reduces solar transmittance and visible transmittance and shall be coordinated with the coating selection, since tint and coating both affect SHGC and appearance.
+
+### Primary Glass Type Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Primary Glass Type
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Clear float glass (standard)"
+ - "Low-iron float glass (high clarity, neutral color, highest VT)"
+ - "Tinted float glass — gray"
+ - "Tinted float glass — bronze"
+ - "Tinted float glass — blue-green / green"
+default: "Clear float glass (standard)"
+```
+
+## Heat Treatment — Annealed, Heat-Strengthened, and Fully Tempered {toc}
+
+### Heat-treated glass shall conform to ASTM C1048: Kind HS (heat-strengthened) or Kind FT (fully tempered).
+
+### Annealed glass (untreated float glass) is used where neither safety glazing nor elevated strength is required.
+
+### Heat-strengthened glass, with a surface compression of roughly 3,500 to 7,500 psi, is the standard choice for resisting thermal stress and for spandrel glass; it breaks into large fragments that tend to stay in the opening but is not a safety-glazing material. {note}
+
+### Fully tempered glass, with a surface compression of 10,000 psi or greater, is a safety-glazing material that breaks into small granular fragments; it is required in hazardous locations where laminated glass is not used.
+
+### Glass Heat Treatment Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Glass Heat Treatment (per Lite, per Location)
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Annealed — no safety glazing or elevated strength required"
+ - "Heat-strengthened (ASTM C1048 Kind HS) — thermal stress, spandrel, larger lites"
+ - "Fully tempered (ASTM C1048 Kind FT) — safety glazing locations, doors, sidelights"
+default: "Heat-strengthened (ASTM C1048 Kind HS) — thermal stress, spandrel, larger lites"
+```
+
+### Heat-strengthened glass shall not be substituted where safety glazing is required.
+
+### Fully tempered glass shall not be specified merely as a default "stronger" glass where it is not needed, because tempered glass is more prone to spontaneous breakage from nickel-sulfide inclusions and exhibits more roll-wave distortion than heat-strengthened glass.
+
+### Heat-Soak Treatment of Tempered Glass {toc}
+
+#### Fully tempered glass contains a small statistical population of nickel-sulfide (NiS) inclusions that can, over years in service, undergo a phase change accompanied by a slight volume increase; when an inclusion sits in the central tensile zone of the lite, the resulting local stress can cause spontaneous breakage with no external cause. {note}
+
+#### Heat-soak treatment accelerates this phase change in the factory by holding the tempered glass at approximately 290 °C for a sustained dwell (per EN 14179 or an equivalent documented protocol), breaking susceptible lites before they ship and reducing the in-service spontaneous-breakage rate by roughly an order of magnitude. {note}
+
+#### Heat-soak treatment shall be specified for fully tempered glass in overhead glazing, in glass guards and railings, in tall or inaccessible facades, and wherever spontaneous breakage would create a safety hazard or a high replacement cost.
+
+#### Heat-Soak Treatment Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Heat-Soak Treatment of Fully Tempered Glass
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Not required (interior, low-elevation, low-consequence tempered glass)"
+ - "Required — EN 14179 protocol (overhead, guards, tall facades, high-consequence)"
+default: "Not required (interior, low-elevation, low-consequence tempered glass)"
+```
+
+## Laminated Glass {toc}
+
+### Laminated glass shall conform to ASTM C1172, consisting of two or more plies of glass bonded by a continuous interlayer.
+
+### Laminated glass provides post-breakage retention (the broken plies remain bonded to the interlayer), enhanced safety and security, acoustic improvement, and ultraviolet screening. {note}
+
+### The interlayer shall be selected for the governing requirement: polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is the standard general-purpose interlayer; an acoustic PVB (a softer damping layer) is selected where acoustic performance governs; and a stiff ionoplast interlayer is selected where post-breakage structural retention, edge stability, or higher load resistance governs (guards, overhead glazing, and high-load facades).
+
+### Laminated Glass Datasheets {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Laminated Glass Interlayer
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Standard PVB (general purpose safety and security)"
+ - "Acoustic PVB (acoustic-rated, damping interlayer)"
+ - "Ionoplast / structural interlayer (guards, overhead, high-load, edge stability)"
+ - "Not laminated — monolithic lite"
+default: "Standard PVB (general purpose safety and security)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Laminated Interlayer Nominal Thickness
+type: range
+unit: mil
+options:
+ min: 15
+ max: 90
+ setpoints: [15, 30, 45, 60, 90]
+default: 30
+```
+
+### The plies of laminated glass may themselves be annealed, heat-strengthened, or fully tempered.
+
+### Heat-strengthened plies are common because they retain large fragments bonded to the interlayer (preserving residual capacity), whereas tempered plies dice into small fragments that reduce the laminated unit's post-breakage stiffness. {note}
+
+### The ply heat treatment shall be selected with the structural and post-breakage requirements in mind.
+
+## Coated Glass — Low-Emissivity and Solar Control {toc}
+
+### Coated glass shall conform to ASTM C1376.
+
+### Low-emissivity (low-e) coatings reduce radiative heat transfer across the IGU air space, lowering the U-factor; spectrally selective low-e coatings additionally reject solar infrared, lowering the SHGC while retaining visible transmittance. {note}
+
+### Coatings are produced by two processes: pyrolytic ("hard-coat"), applied at the float line and durable enough for monolithic and exposed use; and magnetron-sputtered vacuum deposition ("soft-coat"), which offers higher performance and more neutral color but must be enclosed within a sealed IGU and, for most products, requires edge deletion at the unit perimeter. {note}
+
+### Low-Emissivity Coating Type Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Low-Emissivity Coating Type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Sputtered (soft-coat) low-e — highest performance, sealed in IGU (typical)"
+ - "Pyrolytic (hard-coat) low-e — durable, monolithic or surface 4 use"
+ - "No low-e coating (clear or tinted only)"
+default: "Sputtered (soft-coat) low-e — highest performance, sealed in IGU (typical)"
+```
+
+### Low-Emissivity Coating Surface {toc}
+
+#### In an insulating glass unit the surfaces are numbered 1 through 4 from the exterior (surface 1 is the outboard exterior face; surface 2 is the outboard cavity face; surface 3 is the inboard cavity face; surface 4 is the interior room-side face). {note}
+
+#### For cooling-dominated climates the solar-control low-e coating is placed on surface 2 so it rejects solar gain before it crosses the air space.
+
+#### For heating-dominated climates a high-solar-gain low-e on surface 3 admits and retains solar heat.
+
+#### A second low-e on surface 4 (an interior-face pyrolytic coating) can further reduce the U-factor in cold climates but shall be confirmed for cleanability and durability.
+
+#### Low-Emissivity Coating Surface Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Low-Emissivity Coating Surface (Numbered from Exterior)
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Surface 2 (outboard cavity face) — solar control, cooling climates (typical)"
+ - "Surface 3 (inboard cavity face) — high solar gain, heating climates"
+ - "Surface 2 + surface 4 (dual low-e) — high performance, cold climates"
+ - "Not applicable — no low-e coating"
+default: "Surface 2 (outboard cavity face) — solar control, cooling climates (typical)"
+```
+
+## Insulating Glass Units {toc}
+
+### Insulating glass units shall be factory-fabricated dual-seal units certified under the IGCC or IGMA program and qualified for durability per ASTM E2190.
+
+### The primary seal (polyisobutylene) controls moisture and gas permeation; the secondary seal (silicone, polyurethane, or polysulfide) provides the structural bond holding the unit together. {note}
+
+### Field fabrication of insulating glass units is prohibited; all units shall arrive sealed from the fabricator.
+
+### IGU Makeup Datasheets {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: IGU Makeup
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Double-glazed (two lites, one air space) — 1 in. nominal (typical)"
+ - "Triple-glazed (three lites, two air spaces) — high performance, cold climates"
+default: "Double-glazed (two lites, one air space) — 1 in. nominal (typical)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: IGU Air Space Thickness
+type: range
+unit: in
+options:
+ min: 0.25
+ max: 0.75
+ setpoints: [0.25, 0.375, 0.50, 0.625, 0.75]
+drawing_ref: true
+default: 0.50
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: IGU Cavity Gas Fill
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Argon (typical, ~10% U-factor improvement, low cost premium)"
+ - "Krypton (high performance, narrow air spaces and triple glazing)"
+ - "Air (lowest cost, modest thermal performance)"
+default: "Argon (typical, ~10% U-factor improvement, low cost premium)"
+```
+
+### Per ASTM E2190 the certified unit shall maintain a final frost/dew point of −40 °C or colder (measured per ASTM E546 or E576) after durability conditioning, exhibit no fog after the ASTM E2189 fogging test, and — for argon-filled units — retain an average argon concentration of at least 80 percent across the test specimens.
+
+### The Architect shall confirm that argon retention and the warranted seal life are consistent with the project's exposure and elevation, since gas fill diffuses slowly over the unit's life.
+
+### IGU Edge Spacer {toc}
+
+#### The spacer separating the lites and carrying the desiccant shall be a warm-edge spacer (stainless steel, thermoplastic, or structural foam) rather than a conventional aluminum box spacer, except where a specific structural or appearance reason requires otherwise.
+
+#### Warm-edge spacers substantially reduce the conductive heat loss and the condensation risk at the glass edge and modestly improve the whole-unit U-factor. {note}
+
+#### IGU Edge Spacer Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: IGU Edge Spacer
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Warm-edge (stainless, thermoplastic, or structural foam) — recommended"
+ - "Aluminum box spacer (lowest cost, highest edge conductance, condensation risk)"
+default: "Warm-edge (stainless, thermoplastic, or structural foam) — recommended"
+```
+
+## Spandrel and Ceramic-Frit Glass {toc}
+
+### Spandrel glass conceals the floor-edge, structure, and insulation between vision-glass areas. {note}
+
+### Spandrel glass shall be heat-strengthened (not annealed) because the opaque back-up and the absorbed solar energy create high thermal stress; fully tempered glass is generally not used for spandrel because heat-strengthened glass resists the thermal stress while breaking into larger, retained fragments.
+
+### The opacifier shall be a ceramic frit (a fired-on ceramic enamel) on surface 2, or an opaque film or applied opacifier, as indicated.
+
+### Ceramic frit shall be fused during the heat-treatment cycle so it is permanent and durable.
+
+### Spandrel Glass Opacifier Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spandrel Glass Opacifier
+type: select
+drawing_ref: true
+options:
+ - "Ceramic frit (fired-on enamel) on surface 2 — durable, typical"
+ - "Opaque applied film or coating on rear surface"
+ - "Not applicable — no spandrel glass on project"
+default: "Ceramic frit (fired-on enamel) on surface 2 — durable, typical"
+```
+
+### Color match between fritted spandrel glass and adjacent vision glass shall be evaluated on samples and on the mock-up under daylight, because the perceived color of spandrel glass differs from vision glass even when the same coating is used.
+
+### Where a uniform appearance between vision and spandrel areas is required, the frit color and coating shall be selected together with the vision-glass coating.
+
+# Glazing Materials and Accessories {toc}
+
+## Glazing Sealants {toc}
+
+### Wet glazing sealants and perimeter glazing sealants shall be elastomeric sealants conforming to ASTM C920, of the type, grade, class, and use compatible with the glazing-pocket geometry and the glass coating.
+
+### Structural silicone glazing sealants shall additionally conform to ASTM C1184.
+
+### The sealant manufacturer shall confirm compatibility with the glass coating, the IGU secondary seal, the setting blocks and spacers, and the framing finish, because incompatible sealants can attack the IGU secondary seal and cause premature seal failure.
+
+### Glazing Sealant Type Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Glazing Sealant Type (Wet or Perimeter Glazing)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Silicone — ASTM C920 Type S, Grade NS, Class 50/100 (highest movement, IGU-compatible)"
+ - "Polyurethane — ASTM C920 Type S, Grade NS, Class 35 (paintable, moderate movement)"
+ - "Not applicable — dry-gasket glazing only"
+default: "Silicone — ASTM C920 Type S, Grade NS, Class 50/100 (highest movement, IGU-compatible)"
+```
+
+## Structural Silicone Glazing {toc}
+
+### Where the glass is retained by structural silicone glazing (the silicone sealant transfers wind load from the glass to the framing without a continuous mechanical capture on one or more edges), the design shall comply with ASTM C1401 (structural sealant glazing guide) and the structural silicone shall conform to ASTM C1184.
+
+### The structural bite (the contact dimension of the structural sealant on the glass and the metal) and the glue-line thickness shall be sized by engineering calculation for the design wind load and the dead-load weight of the glass, signed and sealed where required by the jurisdiction.
+
+### Structural silicone shall be applied in a controlled (typically factory or shop) environment wherever possible, with adhesion and compatibility verified before production.
+
+### Structural Silicone Glazing Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Structural Silicone Glazing Used
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "No — glass is mechanically captured (dry gasket or wet glazed in a pocket)"
+ - "Yes — two-sided structural silicone (two edges captured, two structural)"
+ - "Yes — four-sided structural silicone (all edges structural)"
+default: "No — glass is mechanically captured (dry gasket or wet glazed in a pocket)"
+```
+
+## Setting Blocks, Spacers, and Gaskets {toc}
+
+### Setting blocks shall be EPDM or silicone, 85 ± 5 Shore A durometer, conforming to ASTM C864, sized to support the full width of the glass edge (the full IGU thickness for insulating units) and long enough to keep the bearing stress within the glass manufacturer's limit.
+
+### Edge blocks and spacers shall maintain the glass centered in the pocket and shall preserve the required edge, face, and bite clearances.
+
+### Compression gaskets shall conform to ASTM C864 (dense) or ASTM C509 (cellular) as appropriate to the glazing-pocket design.
+
+### Setting blocks and gaskets that contact an IGU secondary seal or a coated edge shall be confirmed compatible with those materials.
+
+### Setting Block Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Setting Block Material and Durometer
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "EPDM, 85 ± 5 Shore A (ASTM C864) — standard"
+ - "Silicone, 85 ± 5 Shore A — where silicone sealant or coating compatibility requires"
+default: "EPDM, 85 ± 5 Shore A (ASTM C864) — standard"
+```
+
+## Glazing Gaskets and Tapes {toc}
+
+### Dry-glazing gaskets shall be extruded EPDM, silicone, or thermoplastic, of the durometer and profile specified by the framing system, providing continuous compression against both glass faces.
+
+### Preformed glazing tapes, where used, shall conform to ASTM C1281.
+
+### Gaskets shall be installed in continuous lengths wherever possible; necessary splices shall be located at corners or at designated locations and shall be sealed.
+
+# Fabrication {toc}
+
+## Cutting, Edgework, and Fabrication Sequence {toc}
+
+### All cutting, edge treatment, hole drilling, notching, and edge deletion of coatings shall be completed before heat treatment and before lamination or IGU assembly.
+
+### Heat-treated and laminated glass and insulating glass units shall not be cut, drilled, or edge-worked in the field; field modification destroys the temper, breaks the laminate or seal, and voids the warranty.
+
+### Edges of heat-treated glass shall be clean-cut and free of vents, shells, and damage that concentrate stress and defeat the strength benefit of heat treatment.
+
+### Exposed Glass Edge Treatment Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exposed Glass Edge Treatment
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Clean-cut (concealed edges within glazing pocket) — typical"
+ - "Seamed / arrised (light edge dressing, semi-exposed edges)"
+ - "Ground / flat-polished (fully exposed edges, butt joints, glass doors)"
+default: "Clean-cut (concealed edges within glazing pocket) — typical"
+```
+
+## Coating Edge Deletion {toc}
+
+### Where a sputtered (soft-coat) low-e coating is used in an insulating glass unit and the coating is not durable at the unit perimeter, the coating shall be deleted (removed) at the edge so that the IGU secondary seal bonds to bare glass, ensuring a durable seal.
+
+### Coating edge deletion shall be performed by the glass fabricator before unit assembly, to the coating manufacturer's required deletion width.
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## General Glazing Requirements {toc}
+
+### Glazing shall comply with the GANA/NGA Glazing Manual, the framing manufacturer's published glazing instructions, and the glass and IGU fabricators' requirements.
+
+### Glazing shall not begin until the framing is installed plumb, level, square, and weather-protected and the glazing pockets are clean and dry.
+
+### Each lite shall be set on setting blocks, centered in the pocket with the required edge and face clearances and the required glazing bite, and sealed by the gasket or sealant system specified for that pocket.
+
+## Setting Blocks and Clearances {toc}
+
+### Setting blocks shall be located at the quarter-points of the sill, unless the lite is large or has an unusual aspect ratio, in which case the glass fabricator's setting-block locations shall govern.
+
+### Edge clearance, face clearance, and bite shall comply with the GANA/NGA Glazing Manual and the framing manufacturer's published instructions for the glass thickness and lite size.
+
+### Inadequate edge clearance allows glass-to-metal contact and edge stress concentration; inadequate bite allows the glass to disengage under wind load. {note}
+
+## Glazing Orientation and Coating Position {toc}
+
+### Coated, laminated asymmetric, and tinted glass shall be installed with the correct face toward the exterior and the coating on the specified surface.
+
+### The fabricator's orientation marking shall be verified at installation; a unit installed reversed delivers the wrong U-factor, SHGC, and appearance and shall be replaced, not reused.
+
+### Insulating glass units shall be installed with the weep system (where the pocket is drained) clear and functioning so that incidental water in the pocket drains to the exterior and does not stand against the IGU edge seal.
+
+## Protection of the Edge Seal {toc}
+
+### Insulating glass units shall be glazed so that the unit edge seal is not continuously immersed in standing water and is not exposed to incompatible sealants, solvents, or continuous high temperature.
+
+### Standing water and incompatible materials are the leading causes of premature IGU seal failure. {note}
+
+### Glazing-pocket weeps shall not be blocked by sealant, gaskets, or setting blocks.
+
+# Testing {toc}
+
+## Field Quality Control {toc}
+
+### The Architect or the Owner's testing agency may inspect installed glazing for correct glass type and orientation, setting-block placement, edge and bite clearance, gasket continuity, sealant tooling, and weep function.
+
+### Glazing found with incorrect glass type, reversed orientation, inadequate clearance or bite, or a compromised edge seal shall be corrected or the affected lites replaced.
+
+## Water Penetration of Installed Glazing {toc}
+
+### Where the framing standard or the contract documents require field water testing of the installed glazing (typically as part of the framing system test), the glazing shall be tested as part of that assembly.
+
+### Glazing-related leakage (at gaskets, glazing sealant, or the weep path) identified during such testing shall be corrected and retested.
+
+### This standard does not establish independent chamber tests for the glass; the glazing is verified as part of the framing system test under the applicable framing standard. {note}
+
+## Insulating Glass Unit Verification {toc}
+
+### The IGU fabricator's IGCC or IGMA certification and ASTM E2190 durability qualification serve as the basis for accepting the units; no field durability test is required. {note}
+
+### Units delivered with a broken seal, visible internal condensation or fog, or a damaged edge seal shall be rejected and replaced before glazing.
+
+# Cleaning and Protection {toc}
+
+## Construction Protection {toc}
+
+### Glass shall be protected from damage by adjacent construction operations from delivery through substantial completion.
+
+### Welding, cutting, and grinding shall not be performed near installed glass without sacrificial shields; weld spatter and grinding sparks fuse into the glass surface and create inclusions that cannot be removed without replacing the lite.
+
+### Glass shall not be marked with adhesive labels, paint, or tape applied directly to a coated surface, and protective films shall be removed within the film manufacturer's exposure limit so they do not bond permanently.
+
+## Final Cleaning {toc}
+
+### At substantial completion the glass shall be cleaned with a non-abrasive glass cleaner approved by the glass and coating manufacturers.
+
+### Abrasive pads, scrapers, and razor blades shall not be used on coated glass surfaces, because they scratch and remove the coating.
+
+### Acidic and alkaline construction-residue cleaners (masonry and concrete cleaners) shall not be allowed to contact the glass, coatings, or IGU edge seals.
+
+### Glass Cleaning Restrictions Datasheet {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Glass Cleaning Restrictions
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Mild detergent or approved glass cleaner only — no abrasives, scrapers, or acids"
+ - "Per glass and coating manufacturers' written cleaning procedures"
+ - "Per [[drawing: cleaning specifications]]"
+default: "Per glass and coating manufacturers' written cleaning procedures"
+```
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The insulating glass unit fabricator shall provide a written warranty against IGU seal failure — visible obstruction, fogging, or moisture between the lites and, where applicable, loss of gas fill below the warranted threshold — for a minimum of 10 years from substantial completion.
+
+## The laminated glass fabricator shall provide a written warranty against interlayer defects (delamination, edge separation, and discoloration beyond published limits) for a minimum of 5 years from substantial completion.
+
+## The coated glass fabricator shall provide a written warranty against coating defects (peeling, cracking, deterioration, and, for exposed coatings, durability failure) for a minimum of 5 years, and for exterior durable coatings for a minimum of 10 years, from substantial completion.
+
+## Where structural silicone glazing or wet glazing is used, the sealant manufacturer shall provide a written warranty against adhesive and cohesive sealant failure for a minimum of 10 years for ASTM C920 Class 50 or 100 and ASTM C1184 structural silicone sealants.
+
+## Warranty Term Datasheets {toc}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Warranty Term — IGU Seal
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 5
+ max: 15
+ setpoints: [5, 10, 15]
+default: 10
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Warranty Term — Laminated Glass (Interlayer)
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 5
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [5, 10]
+default: 5
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Warranty Term — Coated Glass
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 5
+ max: 10
+ setpoints: [5, 10]
+default: 5
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Warranty Term — Glazing / Structural Silicone Sealant
+type: range
+unit: years
+options:
+ min: 5
+ max: 20
+ setpoints: [5, 10, 20]
+default: 10
+```
+
+## Warranties shall be written in the name of the Owner, shall be transferable for the warranty term, and shall not exclude lites replaced under the field quality-control corrections required by this standard.
+
+## Blanket exclusions for spontaneous breakage of tempered glass shall not be accepted where heat-soak treatment was required and performed; the warranty shall cover spontaneous breakage of heat-soaked tempered glass attributable to nickel-sulfide inclusions for the warranted term.