+---
+title: Metal Building Systems
+category: Structural / Steel & Metal Fabrications
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: Pre-engineered (factory-fabricated) metal building systems (PEMBs/MBS)
+ for single-story and low-rise non-residential construction procured as an integrated,
+ delegated-design package from one manufacturer - primary rigid frames (clear-span,
+ multi-span, lean-to, modular), secondary framing (purlins, girts, eave struts),
+ manufacturer-supplied wall and roof panels, skylights, ventilators, insulation,
+ integrated crane runway and mezzanine framing, and all connection hardware. Typical
+ applications include warehouses, distribution centers, light manufacturing, aviation
+ hangars, self-storage, and agricultural facilities.
+ Not intended for: Conventionally designed hot-rolled steel framing ([[sync/structural-steel-framing]]);
+ stand-alone cold-formed stud/track framing ([[sync/cold-formed-metal-framing]]);
+ steel deck used apart from an MBS package ([[sync/steel-deck]]); architectural metal
+ cladding on separately framed buildings ([[sync/metal-wall-panels]]); EOR-designed
+ bolted connections for conventional steel ([[sync/structural-steel-connections]]);
+ cast-in-place foundations, grade beams, and anchor embedment design
+ ([[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]] and [[sync/concrete-reinforcement]]); applied
+ fire-resistive coatings ([[sync/fireproofing]]); and overhead doors
+ ([[sync/overhead-coiling-doors]], [[sync/sectional-overhead-doors]]).
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This Section specifies the complete integrated metal building system (MBS), supplied by a single manufacturer, including primary rigid frames, secondary framing, manufacturer-supplied wall and roof panels, insulation, accessories, and the manufacturer's delegated engineering, shop drawings, and erection drawings.
+
+## A metal building system is a delegated-design product, not a conventional structure. {note}
+
+### The structural frame is engineered and sealed by the manufacturer's licensed Professional Engineer using inputs (loads, geometry, dimensions) furnished by the contract documents, then fabricated as a coordinated kit of plate-built primary members and cold-formed secondary members. The single defining characteristic of this Section is that one manufacturer carries the structural design responsibility for the building system. Where the project instead uses individually engineered wide-flange members detailed by the Engineer of Record, that work belongs to [[sync/structural-steel-framing]], not here. {note}
+
+## The MBS supply under this Section includes the following components when shown on the contract documents.
+
+- Primary rigid frames: clear-span, multi-span (interior columns), lean-to (single-slope), or modular configurations.
+- Secondary framing: cold-formed Z-purlins, Z- or C-girts, eave struts, and base angles.
+- Bracing: diagonal cable or rod bracing, flange braces, and portal/wind bents.
+- Roof panels: standing-seam (concealed fastener) or through-fastened (exposed fastener), with trim, flashing, and closures.
+- Wall panels: single-skin through-fastened, insulated metal panels (IMP), or a structural interface for owner-furnished cladding.
+- Insulation systems: faced batt blanket, double-layer, or engineered thermal-block assemblies.
+- Accessories supplied by the manufacturer: skylights, translucent panels, gravity and powered ventilators, gutters and downspouts, and trim.
+- Integrated framing: crane runway support brackets and beams, and mezzanine framing internal to the system, where shown.
+- Connection hardware: base plates, anchor bolts (designed and templated by the manufacturer), high-strength splice bolts, and secondary-member bolts.
+
+## Scope boundaries with adjacent trades shall be confirmed at the pre-construction coordination meeting and recorded in the project scope-of-supply matrix.
+
+## Several adjacent scopes are deliberately excluded and are governed by their own Sections. {note}
+
+### Cast-in-place foundations, grade beams, piers, and the embedment design of anchor bolts are Engineer-of-Record scope under [[sync/cast-in-place-concrete]] and [[sync/concrete-reinforcement]]; this Section addresses only the bolt diameter, grade, pattern, templates, and reaction loads the manufacturer furnishes to the EOR. {note}
+### Overhead doors and their tracks are not in the base MBS package and are governed by [[sync/overhead-coiling-doors]] and [[sync/sectional-overhead-doors]]; the MBS scope is limited to framing the rough openings and providing jamb and header support. {note}
+### Applied fire-resistive coatings and spray fireproofing of primary members are governed by [[sync/fireproofing]]. {note}
+### Field-applied joint sealants and the continuous air barrier, where required beyond the panel manufacturer's standard closures, are governed by [[sync/joint-sealants]] and [[sync/air-barriers]]. {note}
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Materials, design, fabrication, and erection shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited or a more recent edition is adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| MBMA 2024 | Metal Building Systems Manual (aligned with 2024 IBC and ASCE 7-22) |
+| ANSI/AISC 360-22 | Specification for Structural Steel Buildings |
+| ANSI/AISC 341-22 | Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings |
+| ANSI/AISC 303-22 | Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges |
+| AISI S100-16 (w/ S100-16-E1) | North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members |
+| ASCE 7-22 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures |
+| IBC 2024 | International Building Code (Chapter 16 structural design; Chapter 17 special inspection) |
+| ACI 318-19 | Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (Chapter 17, Anchoring to Concrete) |
+| ASHRAE 90.1-2022 | Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings |
+| ASTM A36/A36M | Carbon Structural Steel |
+| ASTM A572/A572M | High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel (Grade 50/55) |
+| ASTM A1011/A1011M | Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, HSLA |
+| ASTM A653/A653M | Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) by the Hot-Dip Process |
+| ASTM A792/A792M | Steel Sheet, 55% Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated (Galvalume) |
+| ASTM F1554-20 | Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and 105-ksi Yield Strength |
+| ASTM A307 | Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and Threaded Rod, 60,000 psi Tensile Strength |
+| ASTM F3125/F3125M | High-Strength Structural Bolts and Assemblies (Grade A325/A490) |
+| AWS D1.1 | Structural Welding Code - Steel |
+| AWS D1.3 | Structural Welding Code - Sheet Steel |
+| AISC Design Guide 1 | Base Plate and Anchor Rod Design (Second Edition) |
+| UFGS | Metal Building Systems (federal model specification) |
+| SSPC-Paint 15 | Steel Joist Shop Primer / Metal Building Primer |
+
+# Design Criteria and Delegated Engineering {toc}
+
+## The Engineer of Record shall state all governing design loads and code parameters explicitly in the contract documents; the manufacturer shall not be permitted to assume code-minimum defaults for any unstated value.
+
+## Ambiguous design loads are the single most common source of redesign and field RFIs on metal buildings. {note}
+
+### When ground snow load, basic wind speed, exposure category, risk category, seismic design category, or collateral loads are left unstated, the manufacturer will adopt code-minimum defaults that frequently undersize the frame for actual project conditions. Every load parameter below is to be a positive value carried on the contract documents, not a value the manufacturer infers. {note}
+
+## The roof structure shall be designed for a minimum collateral dead load of 5 psf unless the mechanical, electrical, and fire-protection designers confirm a higher value in writing.
+
+## Collateral loads added after frame purchase are expensive to accommodate. {note}
+
+### Suspended mechanical equipment, sprinkler mains, interior ceilings and liner panels, and process loads are routinely added after the frame is purchased and fabricated. Carrying an explicit collateral allowance from the outset avoids a frame redesign and the associated schedule and cost impact. {note}
+
+## The following design parameters shall be incorporated into the manufacturer's structural design.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Governing building code
+type: select
+options:
+ - 2024 IBC (ASCE 7-22, MBMA 2024)
+ - 2021 IBC (ASCE 7-16, MBMA 2018)
+ - 2018 IBC (ASCE 7-16, MBMA 2018)
+default: 2024 IBC (ASCE 7-22, MBMA 2024)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Risk category
+type: select
+options:
+ - "I"
+ - "II"
+ - "III"
+ - "IV"
+default: "II"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof live load
+type: range
+unit: psf
+min: 20
+max: 40
+step: 5
+default: 20
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Ground snow load (Pg)
+type: range
+unit: psf
+min: 0
+max: 100
+step: 5
+default: 20
+drawing_ref: "structural design criteria"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Basic wind speed (Vult)
+type: range
+unit: mph
+min: 90
+max: 200
+step: 5
+default: 115
+drawing_ref: "structural design criteria"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wind exposure category
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "B"
+ - "C"
+ - "D"
+default: "C"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Seismic design category
+type: select
+options:
+ - "A"
+ - "B"
+ - "C"
+ - "D"
+ - "E"
+ - "F"
+default: "D"
+drawing_ref: "structural design criteria"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Collateral dead load
+type: range
+unit: psf
+min: 3
+max: 15
+step: 1
+default: 5
+```
+
+## The manufacturer's structural design shall be performed under the direct supervision of a Professional Engineer licensed in the jurisdiction of the project, and all structural calculations and drawings shall bear that engineer's seal.
+
+## The division of design responsibility shall be documented before fabrication begins. {note}
+
+### The manufacturer's engineer is responsible for the design of the building system: primary frames, secondary members, bracing, panels, and their connections to one another. The Engineer of Record reviews the manufacturer's submittals for conformance with the contract documents - loads, geometry, and the interface with EOR-designed elements such as foundations - but is not responsible for the manufacturer's internal member design. This division shall be stated in the contract so that no party assumes the EOR has independently re-engineered the frame. {note}
+
+## Anchor bolt design responsibility shall be split as follows: the manufacturer designs bolt diameter, grade, and pattern and furnishes setting templates; the Engineer of Record designs embedment depth and concrete breakout per ACI 318-19 Chapter 17.
+
+## The anchor bolt responsibility split is a frequent gap in coordination. {note}
+
+### The manufacturer sizes the bolts to its computed reactions and provides a setting template, but the embedment into the foundation - the part that resists pullout and concrete breakout - is Engineer-of-Record scope under ACI 318-19 Chapter 17. The contract shall name the party responsible for each half of this design. {note}
+
+## The manufacturer's anchor bolt setting template and certified column reaction report shall be issued to the foundation contractor before concrete placement.
+
+## Anchor bolt setting templates and the certified column reaction report shall be issued to the foundation contractor not less than four weeks before the scheduled foundation pour.
+
+# Frame Configuration {toc}
+
+## The primary frame configuration shall be selected to satisfy the required unobstructed interior span, eave height, and bay module shown on the contract documents.
+
+## Frame type follows directly from the interior clear-span requirement. {note}
+
+### A clear-span rigid frame carries the roof with no interior columns and is selected when the full building width must be column-free; spans to roughly 300 ft are available. A multi-span frame introduces interior columns on a 20 ft to 30 ft module and is more economical when the interior need not be fully open. A lean-to is a single-slope frame that bears against an existing wall or taller structure. A modular system repeats a standard bay so the building can be lengthened in fixed increments. The tapered-column, tapered-rafter rigid frame - in which the web plate deepens toward the points of highest moment - is the most common and most economical form for warehouse and industrial work. {note}
+
+## The selected frame configuration and principal dimensions shall be as follows.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Primary frame type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Clear-span rigid frame
+ - Multi-span rigid frame (interior columns)
+ - Lean-to (single-slope)
+ - Modular expandable
+default: Clear-span rigid frame
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Building width (out-to-out of steel)
+type: range
+unit: ft
+min: 30
+max: 300
+step: 5
+default: 100
+drawing_ref: "building plan"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Bay spacing (typical)
+type: range
+unit: ft
+min: 20
+max: 30
+step: 1
+default: 25
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Eave height
+type: range
+unit: ft
+min: 10
+max: 40
+step: 1
+default: 24
+drawing_ref: "building elevations"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof slope
+type: select
+options:
+ - "0.5:12"
+ - "1:12"
+ - "2:12"
+ - "3:12"
+ - "4:12"
+default: "1:12"
+```
+
+## A roof slope flatter than 1:12 shall be used only with a standing-seam panel system rated by its manufacturer for that slope and only with the panel manufacturer's written approval.
+
+## End-wall type shall be specified at the time of purchase to preserve any planned future expansion.
+
+## Future expansion must be designed in, not added later. {note}
+
+### Bay spacing and column lines established at purchase are very difficult to change afterward. Where future expansion bays are anticipated, an expandable (rigid-frame) end wall is specified at purchase instead of a flush (post-and-beam) end wall; converting a flush end wall to an expandable frame later requires replacing the entire end frame. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Endwall framing
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Bearing-frame endwall (expandable)
+ - Post-and-beam endwall (non-expandable)
+default: Post-and-beam endwall (non-expandable)
+```
+
+# Materials {toc}
+
+## Primary frame web and flange plates shall be ASTM A572 Grade 50 (Fy = 50 ksi) minimum, except that miscellaneous plates, base plates, and stiffeners may be ASTM A36.
+
+## Primary frame steel grade reflects industry practice. {note}
+
+### Built-up primary members are fabricated from plate, and ASTM A572 Grade 50 is the industry-standard base metal for webs and flanges because it balances strength against weldability and cost. Grade 55 is used where a manufacturer's standard line calls for it. ASTM A36 remains acceptable for secondary plate items where the higher yield is not needed. {note}
+
+## Cold-formed secondary members - purlins, girts, and eave struts - shall be ASTM A1011 Grade 55 (Fy = 55 ksi) minimum and shall be galvanized to ASTM A653 G90 coating minimum.
+
+## Secondary members are galvanized because they are thin and concealed. {note}
+
+### Purlins and girts are light-gauge cold-formed sections that cannot tolerate the section loss that uncoated steel would suffer in a condensing roof or wall cavity, and they are largely inaccessible for re-coating once the panels are on. A G90 hot-dip galvanized coating is the minimum first line of corrosion defense for these members. {note}
+
+## Roof and wall panels shall be 55% aluminum-zinc alloy-coated (Galvalume) steel sheet conforming to ASTM A792, AZ50 coating designation minimum.
+
+## The panel substrate, gauge, and finish shall be as follows.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof panel substrate
+type: select
+options:
+ - Galvalume AZ50 (ASTM A792)
+ - Galvalume AZ55 (ASTM A792)
+ - Galvanized G90 (ASTM A653)
+default: Galvalume AZ50 (ASTM A792)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof panel gauge
+type: select
+options:
+ - 22 ga
+ - 24 ga
+ - 26 ga
+default: 24 ga
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exterior panel finish system
+type: radio
+options:
+ - PVDF fluoropolymer coating, 70% resin minimum
+ - Silicone-modified polyester (SMP)
+ - Bare Galvalume (unpainted)
+default: PVDF fluoropolymer coating, 70% resin minimum
+```
+
+## The exterior finish coat warranty period drives the resin selection. {note}
+
+### A 70% PVDF fluoropolymer coating supports a film-integrity and color-retention warranty on the order of 30 to 40 years and is the default where appearance and longevity matter. A silicone-modified polyester coating costs less but carries a shorter warranty and chalks and fades sooner; it is reserved for economy applications. Bare Galvalume is used on concealed or utilitarian surfaces where no painted finish is required. {note}
+
+## Anchor bolts shall be ASTM F1554 Grade 36 (Fy = 36 ksi) by default, and ASTM F1554 Grade 55 where uplift or shear reactions require the higher grade.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Anchor bolt grade
+type: radio
+options:
+ - ASTM F1554 Grade 36
+ - ASTM F1554 Grade 55
+ - ASTM F1554 Grade 105
+default: ASTM F1554 Grade 36
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Anchor bolt diameter (typical column)
+type: range
+unit: in
+min: 0.75
+max: 1.5
+step: 0.125
+default: 0.75
+```
+
+## Secondary-member bolts (purlin-to-frame, girt-to-column) shall be ASTM A307 minimum.
+
+## Primary frame splice and end-plate moment connections shall use high-strength bolts conforming to ASTM F3125 Grade A325; Grade A490 shall be used only where the design specifically requires it.
+
+# Roof and Wall Systems {toc}
+
+## The roof panel system type shall be selected for the project's slope, thermal-movement, and warranty requirements.
+
+## Standing-seam and through-fastened systems trade economy against performance. {note}
+
+### A standing-seam roof conceals its fasteners in a raised seam and rides on clips that let the panel expand and contract with temperature; this floating attachment is what permits long panel runs, low slopes, and a weathertightness warranty. A through-fastened (exposed fastener) roof drives screws straight through the panel into the purlin - cheaper and faster, but every fastener is a penetration and a point of thermal stress and potential leakage, so it is reserved for utilitarian buildings and steeper slopes. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof panel attachment system
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Standing-seam (concealed fastener), floating clip
+ - Standing-seam (concealed fastener), fixed clip
+ - Through-fastened (exposed fastener)
+default: Standing-seam (concealed fastener), floating clip
+```
+
+## The wall system shall be one of the manufacturer's standard configurations as scheduled.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wall system
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Single-skin through-fastened panel
+ - Single-skin with interior liner panel
+ - Insulated metal panel (IMP), foam core
+ - Structural interface for owner-furnished cladding
+default: Single-skin through-fastened panel
+```
+
+## Where an insulated metal panel system is supplied, the panel core, thickness, and joint type shall be coordinated with the required wall assembly R-value and fire rating.
+
+## Concealed-fastener wall panels shall be provided where the architectural design requires a flush, fastener-free exterior appearance.
+
+## Manufacturer panel modules shall be coordinated with all door, window, and louver rough openings before architectural elevations are finalized.
+
+## Panel modules and openings rarely align by accident. {note}
+
+### Metal building panels come in fixed modular widths (commonly 12 in, 36 in, or 40 in), and door, window, and louver openings that ignore that module force cut panels, off-module trim, and unsightly reveals at the jambs. Aligning opening locations to the panel module during design avoids field improvisation and preserves the intended elevation. {note}
+
+# Thermal Insulation {toc}
+
+## The roof and wall assemblies shall achieve the effective (assembly) R-values required by ASHRAE 90.1-2022 for the project's climate zone, not merely the nominal R-value of the insulation material.
+
+## Effective R-value, not nominal batt R-value, is what the energy code grades. {note}
+
+### A simple faced batt draped over purlins or girts is compressed and short-circuited at every secondary member, so the assembly R-value is far below the batt's nominal rating - a nominal R-19 blanket can deliver an effective value in the low teens once the thermal bridging through the steel is counted. ASHRAE 90.1-2022 binds the assembly to an effective value (roughly R-30 effective for roofs and R-13 effective for walls across Climate Zones 3 to 8), so a thermal-block or engineered-spacer system that breaks the metal-to-metal bridge is required to comply. The submittal shall demonstrate the effective R-value, not just the material rating. {note}
+
+## The insulation system shall be as scheduled, and the submittal shall include an effective R-value calculation for each assembly.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof insulation system
+type: select
+options:
+ - Single-layer faced batt over purlins
+ - Double-layer faced batt (banded)
+ - Faced batt with thermal-block/spacer system
+ - Long-tab/sag-resisting banded system with thermal block
+default: Faced batt with thermal-block/spacer system
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof assembly effective R-value (minimum)
+type: range
+unit: "h·ft²·°F/Btu"
+min: 13
+max: 49
+step: 1
+default: 30
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wall insulation system
+type: select
+options:
+ - Single-layer faced batt between girts
+ - Faced batt with thermal-block/spacer system
+ - Insulated metal panel (integral core)
+default: Faced batt with thermal-block/spacer system
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Wall assembly effective R-value (minimum)
+type: range
+unit: "h·ft²·°F/Btu"
+min: 13
+max: 30
+step: 1
+default: 13
+```
+
+## A continuous vapor retarder facing shall be provided on the warm-in-winter side of the insulation in accordance with the project's climate zone and the building's interior humidity classification.
+
+# Cranes and Special Loads {toc}
+
+## Where a bridge crane, monorail, or hoist is shown, the supporting runway framing shall be designed and integrated by the MBS manufacturer for the specified crane service class, capacity, and bridge span.
+
+## Crane support is integral to the frame, not an afterthought. {note}
+
+### A crane imparts vertical, lateral, and longitudinal loads and a fatigue cycle that the primary frame must be designed for from the start. The crane service classification (CMAA Class A through F), the lifted capacity, the bridge span, and the rail elevation must all be stated so the manufacturer can size the runway beam, the column brackets, and the frame for the combined and repeated loading. {note}
+
+## The following crane parameters shall be furnished to the manufacturer where a crane is provided.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Crane service classification (CMAA)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "Class A (standby/infrequent)"
+ - "Class B (light)"
+ - "Class C (moderate)"
+ - "Class D (heavy)"
+ - "Class E (severe)"
+ - "Class F (continuous severe)"
+default: "Class C (moderate)"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Crane capacity
+type: range
+unit: ton
+min: 1
+max: 50
+step: 1
+default: 5
+drawing_ref: "crane plan"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Runway support type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Integrated runway beam on column bracket
+ - Independent runway columns (crane-supported separately)
+default: Integrated runway beam on column bracket
+```
+
+## Mezzanine framing internal to the building shall be designed by the manufacturer for the specified live load only where it is shown as part of the MBS scope; otherwise mezzanine framing is conventional structural steel under [[sync/structural-steel-framing]].
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mezzanine in MBS scope
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "No mezzanine"
+ - "Yes - designed by MBS manufacturer"
+ - "By others (separate structural steel)"
+default: "No mezzanine"
+```
+
+# Finishes and Corrosion Protection {toc}
+
+## Primary frame members shall receive the shop primer system scheduled below, applied over surfaces prepared in accordance with the primer manufacturer's required surface preparation.
+
+## The default shop primer is a holding primer, not a finish. {note}
+
+### A standard one-coat metal-building shop primer (SSPC-Paint 15 over an SSPC-SP3 power-tool-cleaned surface) protects the steel during shipping and erection but is not a long-term or architectural finish; interior frames in dry, heated buildings normally need nothing more. A more durable epoxy or hot-dip galvanized system is specified where the frame is exposed to weather, high humidity, corrosive process atmospheres, or will be left architecturally exposed. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Primary frame coating system
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Standard shop primer (SSPC-Paint 15)
+ - Epoxy primer (enhanced corrosion service)
+ - Hot-dip galvanized (ASTM A123)
+default: Standard shop primer (SSPC-Paint 15)
+```
+
+## Where a corrosive or high-humidity service environment is identified, the coating system, the secondary-member coating, and the panel substrate shall be upgraded as a coordinated set rather than individually.
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review before fabrication, each bearing the seal of the manufacturer's licensed Professional Engineer where it conveys structural design.
+
+- Structural design calculations, sealed, demonstrating the design loads were applied as stated in the contract documents.
+- Anchor bolt setting plan and templates, with the certified column reaction report (vertical, horizontal, and uplift reactions at each column base).
+- Erection (framing) drawings showing frame lines, member marks, bracing, and connection details.
+- Panel layout drawings with trim, flashing, closures, and fastener schedules.
+- Roof and wall panel finish color and coating warranty samples.
+- Insulation system data with effective R-value calculation for each assembly.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Sealed structural design calculations
+ - Anchor bolt plan, templates, and reaction report
+ - Erection/framing drawings
+ - Panel layout and trim drawings
+ - Finish color and coating samples
+ - Insulation data with effective R-value calculation
+default:
+ - Sealed structural design calculations
+ - Anchor bolt plan, templates, and reaction report
+ - Erection/framing drawings
+ - Panel layout and trim drawings
+ - Insulation data with effective R-value calculation
+```
+
+## The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals.
+
+- Manufacturer qualification statement and authorization for the proposed erector.
+- Welding procedure specifications and welder qualification records for shop welds.
+- Mill certificates for primary plate, secondary coil, and high-strength bolts.
+- Special inspection coordination documents identifying connections subject to IBC Chapter 17 inspection.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Manufacturer and erector qualifications
+ - Welding procedures and welder qualifications
+ - Mill certificates (plate, coil, bolts)
+ - Special inspection coordination
+default:
+ - Manufacturer and erector qualifications
+ - Welding procedures and welder qualifications
+ - Mill certificates (plate, coil, bolts)
+ - Special inspection coordination
+```
+
+## The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals before final acceptance.
+
+- Manufacturer's structural and panel/finish warranties, executed.
+- Weathertightness warranty for standing-seam roof systems, where specified.
+- As-erected drawings recording any field-approved modifications.
+- Operation and maintenance instructions for panel finishes, sealants, and ventilators.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Executed structural and finish warranties
+ - Weathertightness warranty (standing-seam roof)
+ - As-erected drawings
+ - O&M instructions
+default:
+ - Executed structural and finish warranties
+ - As-erected drawings
+ - O&M instructions
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## The manufacturer shall be a member of, or shall certify compliance with, the Metal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA) and shall accredit its plant under the IAS AC472 metal building inspection program.
+
+## Plant accreditation substitutes for re-inspecting the factory. {note}
+
+### The IAS AC472 accreditation program audits a metal-building plant's engineering, materials control, and fabrication quality on an ongoing basis, which is why building officials accept AC472-accredited fabrication without a project-specific shop inspection regime. Requiring it gives the owner a verified baseline of fabrication quality. {note}
+
+## Erection shall be performed only by an erector authorized in writing by the manufacturer for the supplied building system.
+
+## Erection by an unapproved crew puts the warranty at risk. {note}
+
+### Most manufacturers condition their structural and weathertightness warranties on erection by an authorized erector following the manufacturer's instructions, and will disclaim liability where an unapproved crew assembles the building. Naming the approval requirement in the contract protects both the warranty and the fit-up of a kit that depends on precise assembly. {note}
+
+## Special inspection of high-strength bolted connections and of shop and field welding shall be provided in accordance with IBC Chapter 17 and the Statement of Special Inspections, as required by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
+
+## Shop welding of primary members shall conform to AWS D1.1, and welding of cold-formed sheet members shall conform to AWS D1.3.
+
+# Fabrication and Erection Tolerances {toc}
+
+## Fabrication and erection tolerances shall conform to the MBMA Metal Building Systems Manual, Chapter IV, and to AISC 303 where AISC 303 is more stringent for primary members.
+
+## Column plumb shall not deviate more than 1/8 in per 10 ft of height, and the total out-of-plumb shall not exceed 3/8 in.
+
+## Anchor bolt group setting tolerances are tighter than ordinary concrete tolerances and shall be enforced during foundation construction.
+
+## Anchor bolt setting tolerance is where the foundation and the frame must agree. {note}
+
+### Anchor bolt groups must be set within roughly ±1/8 in of the manufacturer's template - much tighter than the general tolerances a concrete contractor works to - because the base plate holes are punched to that template. When the bolts are set loose to ordinary concrete tolerance, the frame will not fit up, and the field cutting, reaming, or re-drilling needed to force it can void the structural warranty. The setting tolerance shall be called out to the foundation contractor and verified by survey before the frame ships. {note}
+
+## Member deflection limits shall be as scheduled and shall be verified by the manufacturer's design.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Secondary roof member live-load deflection limit
+type: select
+options:
+ - "L/180"
+ - "L/240"
+ - "L/360"
+default: "L/240"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Eave horizontal drift limit (wind, metal panel wall)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "L/60"
+ - "L/100"
+ - "L/120"
+default: "L/60"
+```
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## The building shall be erected in accordance with the manufacturer's erection drawings and written erection instructions, and temporary bracing shall remain in place until all permanent bracing is installed.
+
+## Temporary bracing is the erector's responsibility and the most common cause of erection collapse. {note}
+
+### A metal building frame is stable only once its permanent diagonal bracing, flange braces, and panels are in place; partway through erection it depends entirely on temporary guying and bracing. Removing temporary bracing before the permanent system is complete is a leading cause of erection-stage collapse, so the temporary bracing remains until the manufacturer's permanent lateral system is installed and connected. {note}
+
+## High-strength bolted connections shall be installed and tightened to the pretension or snug-tight condition specified on the manufacturer's connection details, and pretensioned joints shall be verified by the method indicated.
+
+## Standing-seam roof panels shall be installed with the clip type and fastener pattern shown, and expansion provisions shall not be restrained by trim, curbs, or penetrations.
+
+## Restraining a floating roof defeats its purpose. {note}
+
+### A floating standing-seam roof is engineered to move; pinning it down at a curb, a pipe penetration, or an over-tight trim screw concentrates the thermal movement at the nearest unrestrained point and tears the seam or the clip there. Penetrations and trim shall accommodate the panel's designed movement rather than fix the panel in place. {note}
+
+## Field cutting, drilling, or welding of primary frame members shall not be performed without the manufacturer's prior written approval.
+
+## Touch-up primer matching the shop coating shall be applied to all field welds, abrasions, and cut edges of primed or galvanized members.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Panels, secondary members, and accessories shall be delivered bundled and protected, and shall be stored off the ground, sloped to drain, and protected from standing water and wet-stack staining.
+
+## Bundled metal panels are vulnerable to water staining and erection damage. {note}
+
+### Galvalume and painted panels bundled tight at the factory will stain and corrode from the inside out if water wicks between them and cannot dry - the well-known wet-stack or water staining failure. Panels are stored sloped, blocked clear of the ground, and ventilated, and are not allowed to sit in standing water on site. Handling lifts panels rather than dragging them, to protect the finish and the cut edges. {note}
+
+## Primary and secondary framing shall be unloaded and stored to prevent permanent deflection, twisting, or contact with the ground.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The manufacturer shall warrant the building system against defects in materials and fabrication for the period scheduled below.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Structural/system warranty period
+type: select
+options:
+ - "1 year"
+ - "2 years"
+ - "5 years"
+default: "1 year"
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel finish warranty (PVDF systems)
+type: select
+options:
+ - "20 years"
+ - "25 years"
+ - "30 years"
+ - "40 years"
+default: "30 years"
+```
+
+## Where a standing-seam roof is provided, a manufacturer's weathertightness warranty shall be furnished for the period and type scheduled.
+
+## Weathertightness warranties differ sharply in what they actually cover. {note}
+
+### A material-only weathertightness warranty covers the panel material but leaves leak repair labor to the owner, while a single-source (no-dollar-limit) warranty covers diagnosis, materials, and labor up to the building's value and is typically conditioned on the manufacturer's own inspection of the completed roof. The warranty type shall be specified so the coverage matches the owner's expectation rather than being discovered after the first leak. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Roof weathertightness warranty
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "None"
+ - "Material-only weathertightness"
+ - "Single-source/no-dollar-limit (NDL)"
+default: "Material-only weathertightness"
+```
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## The manufacturer shall furnish spare exterior fasteners, closures, and touch-up finish in the quantities scheduled, matched to the supplied panel system and finish color.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare exterior fasteners
+type: range
+unit: "%"
+min: 1
+max: 5
+step: 1
+default: 2
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Touch-up paint (matched to finish)
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Aerosol touch-up, exterior color
+ - Brush-grade touch-up, exterior color
+ - Galvanizing repair compound
+default:
+ - Brush-grade touch-up, exterior color
+ - Galvanizing repair compound
+```