+---
+title: Metal Ceiling Panels
+category: Architectural / Finishes
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: interior architectural ceilings and exterior soffit cladding built
+ from formed or pan-style metal panels (aluminum or steel) in commercial,
+ institutional, hospitality, retail, and transportation spaces — lay-in metal pan
+ tiles in suspended grid, linear/plank systems on concealed carriers,
+ concealed-fastener cassettes, and perforated panels with acoustic backers for
+ lobbies, concourses, terminals, transit stations, canopies, parking structures,
+ and high-humidity or food-processing environments where mineral-fiber tile is
+ unsuitable.
+ Not intended for: mineral-fiber and standard lay-in acoustical tile (see
+ sync/suspended-acoustical-ceilings); vertical exterior metal wall cladding and
+ insulated metal panels (sync/metal-wall-panels); fabric-wrapped and absorptive
+ wall panels (sync/acoustic-wall-panels); gypsum suspended ceilings, soffits, and
+ bulkheads (sync/gypsum-board-assemblies); air and water-resistive barriers
+ behind soffits (sync/air-barriers); perimeter and penetration sealants
+ (sync/joint-sealants); luminaires (sync/lighting-fixtures) and air devices
+ (sync/hvac-air-distribution-devices) set into ceiling openings; standing-seam and
+ structural metal roof panels; and stretched-fabric, wood-baffle, open-cell, and
+ other specialty decorative ceiling systems.
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers interior metal ceiling panels and exterior metal soffit panels: formed and pan-style aluminum or steel panels installed in suspended grid systems, on direct-attachment concealed carriers, or as clip-in cassettes.
+
+## Panel families addressed here are lay-in metal pan tiles, linear/plank systems, and modular concealed-fastener cassettes, in solid or perforated configurations with optional acoustic backing.
+
+## Both interior architectural ceilings and exterior soffit cladding exposed to weather or ambient exterior conditions are within scope, including the corrosion, finish, and wind-uplift requirements unique to the exterior application. {note}
+
+## The boundary with adjacent ceiling standards is panel material, not grid: metal pan and fiber tile share the same ASTM C635/C636 suspension hardware, so mineral-fiber and standard acoustical tile are specified under [[sync/suspended-acoustical-ceilings]], and only metal panels are specified here. {note}
+
+## The boundary with [[sync/metal-wall-panels]] is orientation: vertical exterior wall cladding is specified there, while horizontal and overhead ceiling and soffit panels are specified here. {note}
+
+## Fiber and mineral-fiber acoustical tile, fabric-wrapped absorptive panels ([[sync/acoustic-wall-panels]]), gypsum soffits and bulkheads ([[sync/gypsum-board-assemblies]]), standing-seam metal roofing, and stretched-fabric, wood-baffle, and open-cell specialty systems are excluded. {note}
+
+## The luminaires, diffusers, registers, and sprinkler heads set into ceiling openings are coordinated by this standard but specified under [[sync/lighting-fixtures]] and [[sync/hvac-air-distribution-devices]]; air and water-resistive barriers behind exterior soffits are specified under [[sync/air-barriers]]; and perimeter and control-joint sealants are specified under [[sync/joint-sealants]]. {note}
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Materials, fabrication, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| ASTM C635/C635M | Manufacture, Performance, and Testing of Metal Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-in Panel Ceilings |
+| ASTM C636/C636M | Installation of Metal Ceiling Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-in Panels |
+| ASTM E580/E580M | Installation of Ceiling Suspension Systems in Areas Subject to Earthquake Ground Motions |
+| ASTM E84 | Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials |
+| ASTM E1264 | Classification for Acoustical Ceiling Products |
+| ASTM C423 | Sound Absorption and Sound Absorption Coefficients by the Reverberation Room Method |
+| ASTM E1414/E1414M | Airborne Sound Attenuation Between Rooms Sharing a Common Ceiling Plenum |
+| ASTM A653/A653M | Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process |
+| ASTM A641 | Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Carbon Steel Wire |
+| ASCE/SEI 7 | Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures |
+| IBC | International Building Code (Chapters 8 and 14) |
+| AAMA 2605 | Superior Performing Organic Coatings on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels (70% PVDF) |
+| AAMA 2604 | High Performance Organic Coatings on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels (50% PVDF) |
+| AAMA 621 | High Performance Organic Coatings on Coil-Coated Architectural Hot-Dipped Galvanized and Zinc-Aluminum Coated Steel |
+| CISCA Seismic Recommendations | Seismic Recommendations for Direct-Hung Suspended Ceiling Assemblies |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review before fabrication:
+
+- Product data for each panel system, including substrate, alloy or coating designation, gauge or thickness, pan geometry, edge and lock detail, and finish system.
+- Shop drawings showing the reflected ceiling plan, panel and grid module coordination, carrier and hanger layout, perimeter and transition details, and the location of every penetration, fixture, and access opening.
+- Samples of each panel finish and color, minimum 12 in. square, including perforation pattern and acoustic backer where applicable.
+- For exterior soffits, wind-uplift design calculations sealed by the Engineer of Record and the panel/clip tested uplift capacity.
+- For fire-resistance-rated assemblies, the UL Design Number with the listed panel, grid, and hanger combination identified.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Product data (substrate, gauge, geometry, finish)
+ - Shop drawings (RCP, grid/carrier layout, penetrations)
+ - Finish and color samples (12 in. square)
+ - Wind-uplift calculations (exterior soffit)
+ - UL Design Number (rated assemblies)
+default:
+ - Product data (substrate, gauge, geometry, finish)
+ - Shop drawings (RCP, grid/carrier layout, penetrations)
+ - Finish and color samples (12 in. square)
+```
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+
+- Test reports for ASTM E84 surface-burning class, and for ASTM C423 NRC and ASTM E1414 CAC where acoustic performance is specified.
+- Manufacturer's finish test reports demonstrating compliance with the specified AAMA finish standard.
+- Seismic design documentation for the suspension system corresponding to the project Seismic Design Category.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - ASTM E84 surface-burning test report
+ - Acoustic test reports (NRC / CAC)
+ - Finish compliance test reports (AAMA)
+ - Seismic design documentation
+default:
+ - ASTM E84 surface-burning test report
+ - Finish compliance test reports (AAMA)
+ - Seismic design documentation
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals:
+
+- Operation and maintenance data, including cleaning procedures and approved cleaning agents for the finish.
+- Written warranties for panels, finish, and installation.
+- A record of panel and finish identification (substrate, gauge, color, perforation) sufficient to reorder matching attic-stock or replacement units.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout Submittals
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - O&M and cleaning data
+ - Warranties (panel, finish, installation)
+ - Panel/finish identification record
+default:
+ - O&M and cleaning data
+ - Warranties (panel, finish, installation)
+ - Panel/finish identification record
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## The panel manufacturer shall be a single source responsible for panels, suspension or carrier system, and trim, so that one party warrants the assembly and component compatibility is not left to field improvisation. {note}
+
+## Panels and the suspension/carrier system shall be the products of a single manufacturer or of manufacturers recommended in writing by the panel manufacturer as compatible.
+
+## The installer shall have completed at least three projects of comparable scope, system type, and panel area within the preceding five years.
+
+## A mock-up resolves appearance, alignment, and reveal-and-shadow-line questions before full production, and on exterior soffits it also validates the attachment and uplift detail. {note}
+
+### The Contractor shall construct a field mock-up of each panel system, minimum 100 ft² (9.3 m²), including a typical perimeter condition, an inside or outside corner, and one integrated fixture or air-device opening.
+
+### The accepted mock-up shall establish the standard of workmanship for the work and may remain as part of the finished installation if undisturbed and undamaged.
+
+## Mock-Up Configuration
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mock-up requirement
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Required - field mock-up per panel system
+ - Required - panel and finish sample only
+ - Not required
+default: Required - field mock-up per panel system
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Mock-up minimum area
+type: range
+unit: ft²
+min: 64
+max: 200
+step: 4
+default: 100
+```
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## The service environment governs substrate and finish selection more than any other factor: an interior lobby and an unconditioned coastal soffit demand different metals and coatings, and getting this wrong is the most common and most expensive failure in metal ceiling work. {note}
+
+## Specifying an interior-grade finish (low-build polyester or interior powder coat) on an exterior soffit produces UV fade and corrosion within two to three years; any exterior or semi-exterior panel shall therefore carry a 70% PVDF (AAMA 2605) finish. {note}
+
+### Exterior and semi-exterior soffit panels shall be finished to AAMA 2605 (70% PVDF) minimum.
+
+### In coastal, marine, or parking-structure environments, panels shall use an aluminum substrate or hot-dip galvanized G90 steel with an AAMA 621 finish; bare or standard galvanized steel shall not be used in these environments.
+
+### Interior panels in high-humidity, wash-down, or food-processing spaces shall use aluminum or stainless steel substrate and a non-absorptive finish suitable for repeated cleaning.
+
+## Service Environment
+
+```datasheet
+label: Service environment
+type: select
+options:
+ - Interior conditioned (lobby, concourse, retail)
+ - Interior high-humidity / wash-down / food service
+ - Exterior soffit - sheltered (canopy, covered walk)
+ - Exterior soffit - exposed (weather, coastal, parking)
+default: Interior conditioned (lobby, concourse, retail)
+```
+
+## Thermal Movement
+
+### Long continuous runs of linear aluminum plank shall accommodate thermal movement; aluminum expands approximately 0.013 in. per foot per 100 °F temperature change, so uninterrupted runs of carrier and plank shall not exceed the manufacturer's maximum run length without an expansion or movement joint. {note}
+
+### Continuous linear plank runs exceeding 30 ft (9 m), or the manufacturer's published maximum where shorter, shall incorporate an expansion joint in the carrier and panel system.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Expansion joint required in continuous run
+type: radio
+options:
+ - "Yes - runs exceed 30 ft (9 m)"
+ - "No - all runs under 30 ft (9 m)"
+default: "No - all runs under 30 ft (9 m)"
+```
+
+# Panel Substrate and Form {toc}
+
+## Substrate Selection
+
+## Aluminum is the default interior substrate because it will not rust, takes anodize and fluoropolymer finishes well, and is light enough for large modular cassettes; steel is chosen for exterior soffits and high-strength applications; stainless steel is reserved for food-service, marine, and the most aggressive wash-down environments. {note}
+
+### The panel substrate shall be as scheduled and shall be consistent within each continuous ceiling or soffit plane.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel substrate
+type: select
+options:
+ - Aluminum alloy (interior, most common)
+ - Galvanized steel (ASTM A653)
+ - Galvalume / zinc-aluminum coated steel (exterior soffit)
+ - Stainless steel (food service / marine)
+default: Aluminum alloy (interior, most common)
+```
+
+## Panel Form
+
+## Lay-in pan tiles drop into a standard grid module and trade flexibility for the simplest installation; linear and plank systems give a directional, monolithic look on concealed carriers but cannot be field-cut around obstructions the way tile can; concealed-fastener cassettes give a flush, gridless plane at the highest fabrication and coordination cost. {note}
+
+### The panel form shall be as scheduled and shall match the module and carrier layout shown on the reflected ceiling plan.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel form
+type: select
+options:
+ - Lay-in metal pan tile (drops into exposed grid)
+ - Linear / plank (concealed or exposed carrier)
+ - Concealed-fastener cassette (clip-in, gridless)
+ - Custom formed / radius panel
+default: Lay-in metal pan tile (drops into exposed grid)
+```
+
+## Module and Plank Width
+
+## Mixing the panel module with the grid module — for example 24 in. × 24 in. tiles ordered for a 24 in. × 48 in. grid — forces a cross-tee pattern change that must be resolved on the reflected ceiling plan before panels are ordered, not discovered in the field. {note}
+
+### Lay-in panel module and grid module shall match and shall be coordinated on the reflected ceiling plan before fabrication.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Lay-in module size
+type: select
+options:
+ - 24 in. × 24 in. (610 × 610 mm)
+ - 24 in. × 48 in. (610 × 1219 mm)
+ - 600 × 600 mm
+ - 600 × 1200 mm
+default: 24 in. × 24 in. (610 × 610 mm)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Linear plank width
+type: select
+options:
+ - 4 in. (100 mm)
+ - 6 in. (150 mm)
+ - 8 in. (200 mm)
+ - 12 in. (300 mm)
+default: 6 in. (150 mm)
+```
+
+## Panel Gauge and Thickness
+
+## Gauge follows substrate and application: thin aluminum is adequate for short-span interior lay-in tiles, but linear planks, large cassettes, and exterior soffits need heavier material to stay flat under their own span and under wind. {note}
+
+### Panel gauge or thickness shall be not less than the scheduled value and shall be the manufacturer's standard for the selected form, span, and application.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Interior aluminum panel thickness
+type: select
+options:
+ - 0.024 in. (0.6 mm) - standard lay-in tile
+ - 0.032 in. (0.8 mm)
+ - 0.040 in. (1.0 mm) - linear plank / cassette
+default: 0.024 in. (0.6 mm) - standard lay-in tile
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exterior soffit panel gauge / thickness
+type: select
+options:
+ - Aluminum 0.040 in. (1.0 mm)
+ - Aluminum 0.050 in. (1.3 mm)
+ - Aluminum 0.063 in. (1.6 mm)
+ - Steel 24 gauge
+ - Steel 22 gauge
+default: Steel 24 gauge
+```
+
+# Perforation and Acoustic Performance {toc}
+
+## A solid metal panel reflects nearly all sound (NRC at or near zero); acoustic absorption comes only from perforating the panel and placing an absorptive backer behind it, so perforation pattern, open area, and backing are a single coordinated decision. {note}
+
+## Perforation alone, over an open plenum, contributes almost nothing to NRC; the backing pad is what makes a perforated panel absorptive, and omitting it from the specification while expecting acoustic performance is a common and costly error. {note}
+
+### Where acoustic absorption is specified, perforated panels shall be furnished with the manufacturer's acoustic backing pad; perforation without a backing pad shall not be represented as meeting an NRC requirement.
+
+### Acoustic backing pads shall be encapsulated or faced where panels are removable so that fibers are not shed into occupied space during access.
+
+## Perforation Pattern
+
+```datasheet
+label: Perforation
+type: select
+options:
+ - Solid (non-perforated, NRC 0.00-0.05)
+ - Micro-perforated (≤10% open area)
+ - Round-perforated (15-25% open area)
+ - Slot-perforated
+default: Solid (non-perforated, NRC 0.00-0.05)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Open area
+type: range
+unit: "%"
+min: 0
+max: 30
+step: 1
+default: 0
+```
+
+## Acoustic Backing
+
+```datasheet
+label: Acoustic backing pad
+type: select
+options:
+ - None (solid panel)
+ - Polyester batt (encapsulated)
+ - Fiberglass batt (faced)
+ - Mineral fiber batt (high absorption)
+default: None (solid panel)
+```
+
+## Acoustic Performance Targets
+
+## The achievable NRC tracks the perforation-and-backing assembly directly: solid panels give essentially no absorption, lightly perforated panels with a light backer reach the low range, and heavily perforated panels over a mineral-fiber batt reach the high range. {note}
+
+### Where a Noise Reduction Coefficient is specified, the perforated panel and backing assembly shall be tested per ASTM C423 and shall meet or exceed the scheduled NRC.
+
+```datasheet
+label: NRC (Noise Reduction Coefficient)
+type: range
+min: 0.0
+max: 0.9
+step: 0.05
+default: 0.0
+```
+
+### Where plenum sound isolation between rooms sharing a ceiling is required, the assembly shall be tested per ASTM E1414 and shall meet or exceed the scheduled Ceiling Attenuation Class.
+
+```datasheet
+label: CAC (Ceiling Attenuation Class)
+type: range
+min: 0
+max: 40
+step: 5
+default: 0
+```
+
+# Fire Performance {toc}
+
+## Most commercial interior finishes must meet ASTM E84 Class A under IBC Chapter 8; the metal panel itself is non-combustible, but any organic backing pad or finish film must be included in the tested assembly so the whole ceiling carries the class, not just the bare pan. {note}
+
+### Panels and their backing and finish shall be tested as installed per ASTM E84 and shall achieve a Flame Spread Index ≤25 and a Smoke Developed Index ≤450 (Class A) unless the building code permits a lower class for the occupancy.
+
+### Substituting a panel or backing not included in a listed fire-resistance-rated floor-ceiling or roof-ceiling assembly voids the UL listing even where the substitute appears identical. {note}
+
+### Only the exact panel, grid, and hanger combination named in the UL Design Number shall be installed in a rated assembly.
+
+### Where the ceiling forms part of a fire-resistance-rated assembly, the installed panel, grid, and hanger shall match a UL-listed Design Number, and that Design Number shall be identified on the shop drawings.
+
+## Fire Classification
+
+```datasheet
+label: Surface-burning class (ASTM E84)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Class A (FSI ≤25, SDI ≤450)
+ - Class B (FSI ≤75, SDI ≤450)
+default: Class A (FSI ≤25, SDI ≤450)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Fire-resistance-rated assembly
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Non-rated ceiling plane
+ - UL-listed rated floor-ceiling / roof-ceiling assembly
+default: Non-rated ceiling plane
+```
+
+# Finish System {toc}
+
+## The finish is the visible product and, on exteriors, the primary corrosion defense; the finish family is chosen against durability, exposure, and appearance — fluoropolymer for the longest exterior weathering warranty, powder coat for economical interior work, and anodize for a hard, integral-color metallic surface. {note}
+
+### The factory finish shall be applied to the substrate before fabrication or as a coil-coated stock.
+
+### The factory finish shall be uniform and free of runs, blisters, and color variation.
+
+### The factory finish shall comply with the scheduled finish standard.
+
+### Field touch-up of factory finishes shall be limited to minor, concealed locations using the manufacturer's matching touch-up material; field painting of exposed panel faces shall not be substituted for the specified factory finish.
+
+## Finish Selection
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel finish system
+type: select
+options:
+ - PVDF 70% fluoropolymer (AAMA 2605) - exterior / high durability
+ - PVDF 50% fluoropolymer (AAMA 2604) - interior
+ - Polyester powder coat - interior
+ - Anodize Class I (0.7 mil / 18 µm)
+ - Anodize Class II (0.4 mil / 10 µm)
+default: PVDF 50% fluoropolymer (AAMA 2604) - interior
+```
+
+## Color and Special Finishes
+
+## Standard white, off-white, and silver are off-the-shelf, but custom colors, metallics, and wood-grain film laminates carry minimum order quantities (typically 500 to 1,000 ft²) and lead times of 8 to 14 weeks that must be acknowledged in the schedule, not discovered at procurement. {note}
+
+### Custom-color and special-finish panels shall be ordered against the manufacturer's minimum order quantity and lead time, which the Contractor shall confirm before committing the construction schedule.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Color / special finish
+type: select
+options:
+ - Standard white / off-white (stock)
+ - Standard silver / metallic (stock)
+ - Custom color (MOQ + lead time apply)
+ - Wood-grain film laminate
+default: Standard white / off-white (stock)
+```
+
+# Suspension and Attachment {toc}
+
+## Lay-in metal pans ride on the same ASTM C635 grid family as acoustical tile; the grid is classified by structural duty, and heavier or longer aluminum panels need a heavier-duty grid than a standard fiber tile would. {note}
+
+### The suspension grid shall conform to ASTM C635 and shall be of the duty classification matching the panel dead load, not lighter than intermediate duty for standard metal panels and not lighter than heavy duty for thick or long aluminum planks.
+
+### Grid and carrier installation shall conform to ASTM C636.
+
+## Standard 15/16 in. exposed tee, narrow 9/16 in. exposed tee, and concealed systems are not interchangeable; some lay-in metal panels are dual-compatible with both 15/16 in. and 9/16 in. grids, but that compatibility shall be confirmed in writing rather than assumed. {note}
+
+### The suspension or carrier system shall be as scheduled and shall be confirmed compatible with the selected panel before ordering.
+
+## Suspension System
+
+```datasheet
+label: Suspension / carrier system
+type: select
+options:
+ - 15/16 in. exposed tee grid
+ - 9/16 in. narrow exposed tee grid
+ - Concealed spline / monolithic
+ - Direct-hung Z-clip / spring-clip carrier (linear plank)
+default: 15/16 in. exposed tee grid
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Grid duty classification (ASTM C635)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Intermediate duty (≤1.0 psf)
+ - Heavy duty (≤4.0 psf)
+ - Extra-heavy duty
+default: Intermediate duty (≤1.0 psf)
+```
+
+## Hangers
+
+### Hanger wire shall be galvanized steel not lighter than 12 gauge conforming to ASTM A641, installed with a minimum 4:1 safety factor.
+
+### Hangers shall be spaced not more than 4 ft (1.2 m) on center along main runners or carriers unless the manufacturer's tested layout permits wider spacing.
+
+### Suspension system deflection shall not exceed L/360 under the uniform live load at the ceiling height served.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Hanger wire
+type: select
+options:
+ - 12 gauge galvanized (ASTM A641)
+ - 10 gauge galvanized
+ - 8 gauge galvanized
+default: 12 gauge galvanized (ASTM A641)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum hanger spacing
+type: range
+unit: ft
+min: 2
+max: 4
+step: 0.5
+default: 4
+```
+
+# Seismic Restraint {toc}
+
+## Seismic requirements scale with the Seismic Design Category: ordinary categories need no special restraint, the middle category needs perimeter and compression-post detailing, and the high categories require a fully qualified, restrained ceiling assembly per ASTM E580. {note}
+
+## The single most common seismic RFI on metal ceilings is a specified ceiling with no restraint details drawn — perimeter closures, compression posts, and splay wires must appear on the drawings, not be left to the installer. {note}
+
+### Suspension systems in Seismic Design Category C shall include wall-angle splays and compression posts at not more than 12 ft (3.7 m) on center per ASTM E580.
+
+### Suspension systems in Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F shall be a fully seismic-qualified ceiling assembly per ASTM E580, including perimeter closures, horizontal restraint wires on a 4 ft (1.2 m) grid, and compression posts.
+
+### Seismic restraint details, including perimeter closure, compression posts, and splay or restraint wires, shall be shown on the reflected ceiling plan and details.
+
+## Seismic Design Category
+
+```datasheet
+label: Seismic Design Category (ASTM E580)
+type: select
+options:
+ - SDC A/B (no special restraint)
+ - SDC C (splays + compression posts at 12 ft)
+ - SDC D/E/F (fully restrained qualified assembly)
+default: SDC A/B (no special restraint)
+```
+
+# Exterior Soffit Requirements {toc}
+
+## Exterior soffits are a structural cladding problem, not just an appearance one: panels and clips must resist component-and-cladding wind uplift calculated by the Engineer of Record per ASCE 7, and overhangs see higher pressures than the field of a wall. {note}
+
+### Exterior soffit panels, clips, and carriers shall be designed and certified to the component-and-cladding wind uplift pressure determined by the Engineer of Record per ASCE/SEI 7, and in no case less than the code-minimum overhang pressure.
+
+### Exterior soffit attachment shall be a tested clip-and-carrier system with a published uplift capacity meeting or exceeding the design pressure; field-improvised attachment shall not be used.
+
+## Soffit ventilation is a deliberate choice: an open-joint or perforated soffit lets the cavity behind it breathe and dry, while a sealed soffit relies on the panel plane and the barrier behind it; the two are detailed differently and shall not be substituted for one another in the field. {note}
+
+### The soffit ventilation strategy (ventilated open-joint/perforated or sealed) shall be as scheduled, and the corresponding perimeter, drainage, and air-barrier details shall be coordinated with [[sync/air-barriers]].
+
+## Wind and Ventilation
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exterior soffit ventilation
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Ventilated (open-joint or perforated)
+ - Sealed
+default: Ventilated (open-joint or perforated)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Design wind uplift pressure (C&C)
+type: range
+unit: psf
+min: 15
+max: 60
+step: 5
+default: 30
+drawing_ref: true
+```
+
+# Integration and Coordination {toc}
+
+## Linear plank and cassette systems have fixed carrier spacing and cannot be trimmed around ductwork in the field the way loose acoustical tile can; every penetration, fixture, and access opening must be located on the reflected ceiling plan before fabrication or the result is costly re-fabrication and field RFIs. {note}
+
+### The reflected ceiling plan shall locate every light fixture, air device, sprinkler head, speaker, access opening, and structural penetration, and panel and carrier layout shall be fabricated to suit, before panels are ordered.
+
+### Openings for light fixtures and air devices shall be factory-formed or shop-cut where the panel system does not permit clean field cutting; the work of [[sync/lighting-fixtures]] and [[sync/hvac-air-distribution-devices]] shall be coordinated to the panel module.
+
+### Access panels and removable units shall be provided where concealed valves, dampers, and junction boxes require service access.
+
+### Locations of access panels and removable units shall be shown on the drawings.
+
+### Fire-rated penetrations through a rated ceiling assembly shall be firestopped under [[sync/firestopping]] without compromising the listed assembly.
+
+## Access and Penetrations
+
+```datasheet
+label: Removable access provision
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Removable panels over serviceable equipment
+ - Hinged / lay-in access panels at concealed valves
+ - Tool-required security access in public areas
+default:
+ - Removable panels over serviceable equipment
+ - Hinged / lay-in access panels at concealed valves
+```
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## Installation shall conform to ASTM C636 for suspension systems and to ASTM E580 for seismic restraint, and to the panel manufacturer's written instructions for the specific panel and carrier system.
+
+## A clean, square, level field is what makes a metal ceiling read as precise; unlike fiber tile, metal pans and linear planks show every misalignment, bow, and uneven reveal, so layout and leveling tolerances are tighter. {note}
+
+### The finished ceiling plane shall be level within 1/8 in. in 10 ft (3 mm in 3 m) and shall not bow or sag visibly under raking light.
+
+### Reveals, joints, and shadow lines between panels shall be uniform in width and aligned across the field.
+
+### Module layout shall be balanced so that perimeter cut panels are as equal and as large as practical.
+
+### Panels shall be handled with clean gloves and protective interleaving retained until installation; finished faces shall not be walked on, stacked face-to-face without protection, or marked with permanent media.
+
+### Cut edges of steel panels shall be sealed or treated to prevent edge corrosion, and exposed cut edges of finished panels shall be deburred and concealed by trim where practical.
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Panels shall be delivered in the manufacturer's protective packaging with finish-protective film or interleaving intact and shall be inspected for transit damage on receipt.
+
+## Panels shall be stored flat, off the ground, in a dry, ventilated, weather-protected location, and shall not be stored in conditions of standing water, condensation, or direct exposure that would stain or corrode the finish before installation.
+
+## Finish-protective film shall be removed promptly after installation and shall not be left exposed to sunlight, which can bake adhesive residue onto the finish. {note}
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## Warranty terms separate the substrate, the finish, and the installation because they fail differently and on different timescales — finish weathering on a PVDF coating is warranted for far longer than the installation workmanship. {note}
+
+## The manufacturer shall warrant the panels and suspension system against defects in materials and manufacture for not less than the scheduled panel warranty period.
+
+## The finish manufacturer shall warrant exterior fluoropolymer finishes against fade, chalk, and film failure for not less than the scheduled finish warranty period, consistent with the AAMA finish standard specified.
+
+## The installer shall warrant the installation against defects in workmanship, including misalignment, sag, and fastener failure, for not less than two years from Substantial Completion.
+
+## Warranty Terms
+
+```datasheet
+label: Panel and system warranty
+type: select
+options:
+ - 5 years
+ - 10 years
+ - 15 years
+default: 10 years
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Exterior finish (PVDF) warranty
+type: select
+options:
+ - 10 years
+ - 20 years
+ - 30 years
+default: 20 years
+```
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## Attic stock lets an owner replace a damaged or removed panel years later without a custom-color minimum order or a finish-match risk; the most useful stock is full panels in the installed finish, plus a small quantity of grid or carrier components. {note}
+
+## The Contractor shall deliver to the Owner spare panels of each type, finish, and color installed, in the scheduled quantity, packaged and labeled for identification.
+
+## The Contractor shall deliver spare suspension or carrier components and trim sufficient to replace and re-support the spare panels.
+
+## Spare Quantities
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare panels (attic stock)
+type: range
+unit: "% of installed area"
+min: 1
+max: 5
+step: 1
+default: 2
+```