+---
+title: Power-Factor Correction Capacitors
+category: Electrical
+toc_depth: 3
+description: >
+ When to use: Fixed and automatic (switched) shunt capacitor banks for power-factor
+ correction on low-voltage (600 V and below) and medium-voltage (above 600 V through
+ 35 kV) distribution systems in industrial plants, water and wastewater treatment
+ facilities, data centers, hospitals, institutional campuses, and utility-customer
+ service entrances. Covers individual capacitor units, detuned banks with series
+ reactors, thyristor-switched banks, controllers, and integral protection/switching
+ devices, indoor or outdoor, including the harmonic assessment and detuning needed
+ where VFDs, rectifiers, or UPS share the bus.
+ Not intended for: transmission-system reactive compensation at 35 kV and above
+ (IEEE 1036 / utility specifications); capacitor correction wired directly at motor
+ terminals as part of a starter (see [[sync/motor-control-centers]]); power-quality
+ metering and recording (see [[sync/electrical-power-monitoring]]); main switchgear,
+ bus, and upstream overcurrent devices (see [[sync/low-voltage-switchgear]]);
+ active or single-order series-tuned harmonic-filter systems whose primary purpose
+ is harmonic mitigation rather than power-factor correction; and utility-owned
+ distribution capacitor banks on the line side of the service entrance.
+---
+
+# Scope {toc}
+
+## This standard covers fixed and automatic shunt capacitor banks furnished for power-factor correction on AC distribution systems rated 600 V and below (low voltage) and above 600 V through 35 kV (medium voltage). {note}
+
+## The equipment serves industrial manufacturing plants, water and wastewater treatment facilities, data centers, hospitals, large commercial and institutional buildings, and utility-interface upgrades driven by power-factor tariff penalties. It includes individual capacitor units, detuned bank assemblies (capacitor units in series with detuning reactors), thyristor-switched banks, capacitor controllers, and the overcurrent-protection and switching devices furnished as part of the integrated assembly, for both indoor and outdoor, bus-mounted and freestanding installations. {note}
+
+## The capacitor bank shall be furnished as a complete, coordinated assembly including capacitor units, switching devices, overcurrent protection, controls, discharge means, and enclosure.
+
+## Where the assembly is factory-built and listed, it shall be furnished as a single listed assembly under UL 508A rather than as field-assembled components.
+
+## A harmonic-impact assessment shall be performed before any capacitor bank is sized or installed on a bus that serves non-linear loads. {note}
+
+## Adding capacitance to a distribution system shifts the system's resonant frequency. When that frequency lands near a harmonic produced by VFDs, rectifiers, or UPS loads, the capacitor reactance and the upstream source inductance form a parallel resonant circuit that amplifies harmonic current and voltage. This is the single most common and most expensive failure mode for capacitor banks, so the assessment governs whether detuning reactors are required and is treated as a precondition, not an optional study. {note}
+
+## The capacitor bank shall not be energized until the harmonic-impact assessment is complete and any required detuning reactors are included in the design.
+
+## The following are outside the scope of this standard and are governed elsewhere. {note}
+- Reactive compensation on transmission systems and shunt banks at 35 kV and above (IEEE 1036 and utility-side specifications).
+- Capacitor correction wired directly at individual motor terminals as part of a starter assembly, addressed by [[sync/motor-control-centers]].
+- Power monitoring, metering, and power-quality recording instrumentation, addressed by [[sync/electrical-power-monitoring]].
+- Main switchgear, bus structures, and primary overcurrent devices upstream of the capacitor bank, addressed by [[sync/low-voltage-switchgear]].
+- Harmonic-filter systems whose primary purpose is harmonic mitigation (active filters, single-order series-tuned passive filters) rather than power-factor correction.
+- Utility-owned distribution capacitor banks on the line side of the service entrance.
+
+# Referenced Standards {toc}
+
+## Equipment, materials, and installation shall comply with the latest adopted edition of each of the following unless a specific edition is cited.
+
+## Where referenced standards conflict, the more stringent requirement shall govern unless the Engineer of Record directs otherwise in writing.
+
+| Standard | Title |
+|----------|-------|
+| IEEE Std 18 | IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors |
+| IEEE Std 1036 | IEEE Guide for the Application of Shunt Power Capacitors |
+| IEEE Std 519 | Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems |
+| ANSI/NEMA CP1 | Shunt Capacitors |
+| NEMA MG 1 | Motors and Generators (Section 14, Power-Factor Correction at Motor Terminals) |
+| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code (Article 460, Capacitors) |
+| NFPA 70 | National Electrical Code (Article 240, Overcurrent Protection) |
+| UL 508A | Industrial Control Panels |
+
+# Submittals {toc}
+
+## Action Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following action submittals for review before fabrication or release for manufacture:
+- Product data for capacitor units, switching devices, controllers, and detuning reactors, including ratings, dimensions, and weights.
+- Shop drawings showing the bank one-line diagram, kVAR per step, enclosure layout, conductor entry, and field-connection terminals.
+- The power-factor correction calculation, including the measured uncorrected power factor, the target corrected power factor, and the resulting total kVAR and step sizing.
+- The harmonic-impact assessment, including system frequency-scan results and the basis for requiring or omitting detuning reactors.
+- The short-circuit current rating (SCCR) of the factory-built assembly with documentation of the available fault current at the point of installation.
+- Nameplate data and the capacitor voltage rating with the calculation demonstrating the required voltage headroom.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Action submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Product data (capacitors, switching, controllers, reactors)
+ - Shop drawings (one-line, step kVAR, enclosure layout)
+ - Power-factor correction calculation
+ - Harmonic-impact assessment
+ - SCCR documentation vs. available fault current
+ - Capacitor voltage-rating / headroom calculation
+default: []
+```
+
+## Informational Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following informational submittals:
+- Certified factory test reports per IEEE Std 18 for the capacitor units.
+- Utility coordination correspondence confirming approval where the serving utility requires it for the bank size proposed.
+- Manufacturer installation, commissioning, and maintenance instructions.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Informational submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Certified factory test reports (IEEE 18)
+ - Utility coordination / approval correspondence
+ - Installation, commissioning, and maintenance instructions
+default: []
+```
+
+## Closeout Submittals {toc}
+
+### The Contractor shall submit the following closeout submittals before final acceptance:
+- Field acceptance test reports, including measured bank kVAR output and verified power-factor improvement at the service meter.
+- Controller setpoint record, including target power factor, deadband, and step-switching sequence.
+- As-built one-line and panel schedules reflecting the installed configuration.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Closeout submittals required
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Field acceptance test reports
+ - Controller setpoint record
+ - As-built one-line and panel schedules
+default: []
+```
+
+# Quality Assurance {toc}
+
+## Individual capacitor units shall comply with IEEE Std 18 and ANSI/NEMA CP1 for ratings, construction, and factory testing.
+
+## Factory-built automatic and thyristor-switched assemblies shall be listed under UL 508A as industrial control panels.
+
+## The manufacturer shall be regularly engaged in the production of power capacitors and capacitor banks of the type and rating specified. {note}
+
+## Capacitor banks are not interchangeable commodities; the dielectric system, discharge design, and detuning-reactor coordination determine field reliability. Requiring an established manufacturer of this specific equipment class screens out repackaged assemblies that have not been engineered for the harmonic and switching environment of the application. {note}
+
+## The available fault current used to establish the assembly SCCR shall be taken from the project short-circuit and arc-flash study, not from a generic assumption. {note}
+
+## An assembly whose SCCR is below the available fault current at its terminals is unlisted for that location and is an arc-flash hazard. Tying the SCCR back to the project study, rather than a catalog default, is what makes the listing valid at the actual point of installation. {note}
+
+# Environmental and Service Conditions {toc}
+
+## The enclosure type shall be selected for the installation environment. {note}
+
+## Capacitor banks are frequently placed in pump rooms, process areas, and outdoor yards where moisture, dust, and corrosives are present. A NEMA 1 assembly installed in a wet or corrosive location fails prematurely, so the enclosure rating is coordinated with the room and area conditions defined for the serving equipment in [[sync/low-voltage-switchgear]]. {note}
+
+### The enclosure shall be rated for the ambient and contaminant conditions of the installation location.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Enclosure type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - NEMA 1 (indoor, general purpose)
+ - NEMA 12 (indoor, dust-tight / industrial)
+ - NEMA 3R (outdoor, rain-tight)
+default: NEMA 1 (indoor, general purpose)
+```
+
+### The capacitor units and reactors shall be rated for continuous operation at the maximum ambient temperature of the installation without exceeding their nameplate temperature class.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Maximum ambient operating temperature
+type: range
+unit: °C
+min: 40
+max: 55
+step: 5
+default: 40
+```
+
+## The installation altitude shall be identified where it exceeds 1000 m, and equipment dielectric and thermal ratings shall be derated accordingly.
+
+# System and Application Parameters {toc}
+
+## System Voltage Class {toc}
+
+### The capacitor bank voltage class and nominal system voltage shall be established before any other selection. {note}
+
+### Low-voltage banks (208 to 600 V) and medium-voltage banks (2.4 to 35 kV) differ fundamentally in construction, protection, and discharge timing. The voltage class drives the protection scheme, the discharge requirement, and whether unbalance and neutral-current relaying applies, so it is selected first. {note}
+
+### The bank shall be rated for the nominal system voltage at the point of connection.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Bank voltage class
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Low voltage (208 to 600 V)
+ - Medium voltage (2.4 to 35 kV)
+default: Low voltage (208 to 600 V)
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Nominal system voltage
+type: select
+unit: V
+options:
+ - "240"
+ - "480"
+ - "600"
+ - "2400"
+ - "4160"
+ - "7200"
+ - "12470"
+ - "13800"
+default: "480"
+```
+
+## Correction Strategy {toc}
+
+### The correction location shall be selected from a load survey of the bus to be corrected. {note}
+
+### Centralized bus correction is the most economical for facilities with diverse loads and is the default. Group correction follows the load when a cluster of motors or feeders has a distinct duty cycle, and individual motor-terminal correction is reserved for steady, continuously running motors. The choice changes the controller location and the protection it coordinates with. {note}
+
+### The total kVAR and number of steps shall be derived from the measured uncorrected power factor and the target corrected power factor.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Correction location
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Centralized bus correction
+ - Group (feeder / load-cluster) correction
+ - Individual motor-terminal correction
+default: Centralized bus correction
+```
+
+### Individual motor-terminal capacitors shall not exceed the no-load reactive requirement of the motor as limited by NEMA MG 1 Section 14. {note}
+
+### A capacitor larger than the motor's no-load magnetizing reactive demand causes self-excitation: when the motor is disconnected while still rotating, the capacitor drives it as a self-excited generator and produces dangerous overvoltage. The MG 1 Section 14 limit is the boundary that prevents this, which is why motor-terminal correction is sized to the motor, not to a round kVAR target. {note}
+
+### The target corrected power factor shall be selected to satisfy the serving utility's tariff without driving the system into a leading condition.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Target corrected power factor (lagging)
+type: range
+min: 0.90
+max: 0.99
+step: 0.01
+default: 0.95
+```
+
+### The bank shall not over-correct the system into a leading power factor at any load condition. {note}
+
+### Over-sizing produces voltage rise, nuisance protective-relay operation, motor overspeed on disconnection, and, on many tariffs, a leading-power-factor penalty that mirrors the lagging penalty the bank was meant to avoid. Targeting 0.95 to 0.97 lagging rather than unity leaves margin against the lightest-load condition where over-correction is worst. {note}
+
+## Bank Type and Switching {toc}
+
+### The bank type shall be selected from the variability of the load and the transient sensitivity of the served equipment. {note}
+
+### A fixed bank suits a constant reactive load and is the simplest and least costly. An automatic, step-controlled bank follows a varying load by switching contactor stages. A thyristor-switched bank switches at the voltage zero crossing for transient-free, millisecond response and is reserved for loads that cannot tolerate switching transients. The load profile and the sensitivity of nearby equipment, not preference, drive this selection. {note}
+
+### Electromechanical contactor-switched banks shall not be applied where the served equipment is sensitive to switching transients.
+
+### Thyristor-switched banks shall be used where the served equipment is sensitive to switching transients.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Bank type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Fixed (unswitched)
+ - Automatic, electromechanical-switched (step-controlled)
+ - Thyristor-switched (transient-free)
+default: Automatic, electromechanical-switched (step-controlled)
+```
+
+### The switching device shall be selected to match the bank type and the duty of capacitive switching.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Switching device
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Vacuum contactor (capacitor-rated)
+ - Air contactor (capacitor-rated)
+ - Thyristor switch (transient-free)
+default: Vacuum contactor (capacitor-rated)
+```
+
+### For automatic banks, the step size shall be coordinated with the load profile to prevent hunting. {note}
+
+### A step that is large relative to the smallest variable load causes the controller to switch a stage in and out repeatedly (hunting), which rapidly destroys contactors and capacitors. As a working rule the smallest step is kept below one-third of the smallest variable load, so the step size is matched to the load, not to a convenient round number. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Automatic bank step size
+type: range
+unit: kVAR
+min: 25
+max: 100
+step: 25
+default: 50
+```
+
+```datasheet
+label: Number of switched steps
+type: range
+min: 2
+max: 12
+step: 1
+default: 6
+```
+
+## Total Bank Rating {toc}
+
+### The total bank kVAR shall be that required to raise the surveyed power factor to the target value at the bus served.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Total bank rating
+type: range
+unit: kVAR
+min: 10
+max: 1200
+step: 10
+default: 300
+```
+
+# Harmonic Detuning {toc}
+
+## Detuning reactors shall be required wherever the harmonic-impact assessment shows the bus is at risk of resonance or harmonic amplification. {note}
+
+## For any facility with meaningful VFD, rectifier, or UPS load, detuned banks are essentially standard practice. The default position of this standard is that a harmonic survey is performed and detuning is provided unless the survey demonstrates that the current total harmonic distortion is below the IEEE Std 519 screening threshold. Placing a series reactor ahead of the capacitor lowers the bank's resonant frequency below the lowest significant harmonic so the bank cannot form a parallel resonance with the source. {note}
+
+### Detuning reactors shall be provided where the total harmonic current distortion at the point of common coupling exceeds 5% per IEEE Std 519, or where significant VFD, rectifier, or UPS loads are present on the bus.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Detuning required
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Yes - detuned bank with series reactors
+ - No - harmonic survey shows THD-I below 5%
+default: Yes - detuned bank with series reactors
+```
+
+### The detuning reactor impedance shall be selected to tune the bank below the lowest significant harmonic present on the system. {note}
+
+### A 5 to 7% reactor tunes the bank to about 189 Hz, below the 5th harmonic at 300 Hz on a 60 Hz system, and is the common choice where 5th-and-higher harmonics dominate (the VFD case). A 14% reactor tunes to about 160 Hz, below the 3rd harmonic, and is used in high-distortion environments where triplen harmonics are significant. The tuning frequency is chosen from the harmonic spectrum found in the survey, not assumed. {note}
+
+```datasheet
+label: Detuning reactor impedance
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 5.67% (tuned ~189 Hz, below 5th harmonic)
+ - 7% (tuned ~178 Hz, below 5th harmonic)
+ - 14% (tuned ~160 Hz, below 3rd harmonic)
+default: 5.67% (tuned ~189 Hz, below 5th harmonic)
+```
+
+### Where a detuning reactor is present, the capacitor voltage rating shall account for the fundamental voltage rise across the reactor. {note}
+
+### A series reactor raises the fundamental voltage impressed on the capacitor above the system voltage, typically by a factor of about 1.06 to 1.10 depending on the reactor impedance. Specifying the capacitor at only the system voltage in a detuned bank guarantees overvoltage failure, so the capacitor rating in a detuned bank is uprated to cover the reactor's voltage drop. {note}
+
+# Capacitor Unit Ratings {toc}
+
+## The capacitor voltage rating shall provide continuous-operation headroom above the system nominal voltage. {note}
+
+## IEEE Std 18 permits continuous operation at 110% of rated voltage and requires the unit to withstand that level indefinitely. A capacitor rated exactly at the system voltage has no headroom for normal voltage rise and tap variation; for a 480 V system the unit is specified at 525 V or 600 V so that ordinary system voltage swings stay within the capacitor's continuous rating. {note}
+
+### Capacitor units shall be rated at or above 110% of the system nominal voltage for continuous operation per IEEE Std 18.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Capacitor unit voltage rating (480 V system)
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 525 V
+ - 600 V
+default: 600 V
+```
+
+### Capacitor units shall deliver between 100% and 115% of nameplate kVAR at rated voltage and frequency per IEEE Std 18.
+
+### Capacitor units shall be capable of continuous operation at 135% of nominal rms current per IEEE Std 18.
+
+## The capacitor dielectric technology shall be selected for the application. {note}
+
+## Metallized polypropylene film is self-healing and is the default for low-voltage banks. All-film and oil-impregnated film-foil constructions offer higher current density and are typically applied at medium voltage or in high-duty switching environments. The dielectric choice trades self-healing behavior against current-handling capacity. {note}
+
+### The capacitor dielectric shall be a film construction suitable for the duty and voltage class specified.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Capacitor dielectric technology
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Metallized polypropylene film (self-healing)
+ - All-film
+ - Oil-impregnated film-foil
+default: Metallized polypropylene film (self-healing)
+```
+
+# Protection and Discharge {toc}
+
+## Overcurrent protection shall be provided for the capacitor circuit and coordinated with the upstream system per NEC Article 460 and Article 240. {note}
+
+## NEC 460.8 sizes the circuit conductors at 135% of the rated capacitor current, and 460.9 requires the overcurrent device to be set as low as practicable while still allowing the capacitor's energizing inrush. The protection both protects the conductors and clears a faulted unit before it cascades, so it is coordinated with the upstream device rather than set in isolation. {note}
+
+### Circuit conductors serving the capacitor shall be sized at not less than 135% of the rated capacitor current per NEC 460.8.
+
+### Overcurrent protection shall be rated as low as practicable consistent with the capacitor inrush current per NEC 460.9.
+
+### A disconnecting means shall be provided for the capacitor per NEC 460.8.
+
+## A discharge means shall be provided to reduce the residual voltage to a safe level after disconnection. {note}
+
+## A disconnected capacitor stores a lethal charge. NEC 460.6 requires the residual terminal voltage to fall to 50 V or less within 1 minute for low-voltage equipment and within 5 minutes for equipment above 600 V. Discharge resistors are factory-installed and their resistance value is verified against the required discharge time, because an undersized or open discharge resistor leaves the bank energized after isolation. {note}
+
+### A discharge means shall reduce the capacitor terminal voltage to 50 V or less within 1 minute for low-voltage banks and within 5 minutes for banks above 600 V, per NEC 460.6.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Discharge time to 50 V
+type: radio
+options:
+ - 1 minute (low voltage, 600 V and below)
+ - 5 minutes (medium voltage, above 600 V)
+default: 1 minute (low voltage, 600 V and below)
+```
+
+### Discharge resistor values shall be factory-verified to achieve the required discharge time at the specified voltage rating.
+
+## Capacitor cases and the assembly enclosure shall be grounded per NEC 460.12.
+
+## For medium-voltage banks, unbalance protection shall be provided to detect the loss of individual capacitor elements. {note}
+
+## Medium-voltage protection differs from low-voltage practice. IEEE Std 1036 addresses fuse coordination, unbalance relaying, and neutral-current protection in detail, because the failure of internal elements in a MV bank shifts the neutral and overstresses the remaining units. Unbalance or neutral-current relaying detects this degradation before a cascading failure, and it has no low-voltage equivalent. {note}
+
+### Medium-voltage banks shall include unbalance or neutral-current protection coordinated per IEEE Std 1036.
+
+# Controls {toc}
+
+## The capacitor controller type shall be selected for the switching basis required by the application. {note}
+
+## A power-factor-sensing (kVAR-based) controller is the default for automatic correction because it switches steps directly on the measured reactive demand. Voltage-based control is used where the objective is voltage support, and time-based control suits a predictable daily load cycle. The controller type sets what the bank responds to. {note}
+
+### Automatic banks shall include a controller that switches steps to maintain the target power factor within the configured deadband.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Controller type
+type: radio
+options:
+ - Power-factor-sensing (kVAR-based)
+ - Voltage-based
+ - Time-based
+default: Power-factor-sensing (kVAR-based)
+```
+
+### The controller deadband shall be set to prevent step-hunting around the target power factor.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Controller deadband (power factor)
+type: range
+min: 0.01
+max: 0.05
+step: 0.01
+default: 0.02
+```
+
+## The controller current-sensing input shall be taken from a point that measures total load, not the load side of the capacitor bank. {note}
+
+## A current transformer placed on the load side of the bank cannot see the reactive demand the bank is correcting, so the controller either hunts or fails to bring the power factor up. The sensing point and the metering point referenced by [[sync/electrical-power-monitoring]] must be the same node, which is why the controller CT location is specified explicitly rather than left to the installer. {note}
+
+### The controller current transformer shall be installed on the total-load circuit upstream of the capacitor connection.
+
+# Testing {toc}
+
+## Factory Testing {toc}
+
+### Capacitor units shall be factory-tested per IEEE Std 18, including capacitance measurement within ±5% of nameplate, dielectric withstand, dissipation-factor measurement, and discharge verification.
+
+### The dissipation factor (tan delta) of film capacitor units shall not exceed 0.001 at factory test.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Factory tests witnessed or certified
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Capacitance measurement (within ±5%)
+ - Dielectric withstand (AC or DC hipot)
+ - Dissipation factor (tan delta ≤ 0.001)
+ - Discharge test
+default:
+ - Capacitance measurement (within ±5%)
+ - Dielectric withstand (AC or DC hipot)
+ - Dissipation factor (tan delta ≤ 0.001)
+ - Discharge test
+```
+
+## Field Acceptance Testing {toc}
+
+### The installed bank kVAR output shall be measured at rated voltage and frequency and shall fall within the IEEE Std 18 tolerance band.
+
+### The operating current of each step shall be verified against nameplate within ±10%.
+
+### The power-factor improvement shall be verified at the service meter against the design target.
+
+### Field acceptance testing shall be coordinated with the overall electrical acceptance testing program for the project. {note}
+
+### Capacitor field tests share instruments, an energized bus, and a sequence with the broader commissioning effort. Folding them into the project acceptance-testing plan, rather than running them as a standalone activity, keeps the switching sequence and lockout coordinated with the rest of the distribution equipment. {note}
+
+# Installation {toc}
+
+## The capacitor bank shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and NEC Article 460.
+
+## The location, mounting arrangement, and routing of the capacitor bank shall be as shown on the drawings. [[drawing: capacitor bank location and feeder routing]]
+
+## Utility coordination shall be completed before the bank is energized where the serving utility requires prior approval. {note}
+
+## Many utilities require advance approval for capacitor banks above a size threshold (often around 100 kVAR on low-voltage systems) because the added capacitance raises voltage on their distribution system. Confirming the interconnection requirement early, rather than at energization, avoids a held commissioning and a possible forced removal. {note}
+
+### Where the serving utility requires approval for the proposed bank size, written utility approval shall be obtained before energization.
+
+## The bank shall not be energized until the discharge means is confirmed functional and the residual-voltage discharge time has been verified.
+
+## Conductor entry, terminations, and clearances shall maintain the working space and arc-flash boundaries established by the project electrical study. {note}
+
+## A capacitor bank is part of an energized assembly with the same shock and arc-flash exposure as the switchgear that feeds it. Preserving the working-space clearances and labeling from the project study at the bank, as coordinated with [[sync/low-voltage-switchgear]] and [[sync/medium-voltage-cables]], keeps the installed equipment within the boundaries the study assumed. {note}
+
+# Delivery, Storage, and Handling {toc}
+
+## Capacitor units and reactors shall be delivered in the manufacturer's packaging with ratings and handling instructions intact.
+
+## Equipment shall be stored indoors in a clean, dry location protected from moisture, dust, and physical damage until installation.
+
+## Capacitor units shall be handled and stored so that the discharge means remains connected.
+
+## Any capacitor unit suspected of holding a charge shall be discharged before handling.
+
+# Warranty {toc}
+
+## The manufacturer shall warrant the capacitor units, reactors, switching devices, and controls against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of not less than the specified term from the date of substantial completion.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Warranty period
+type: range
+unit: months
+min: 12
+max: 60
+step: 12
+default: 24
+```
+
+# Spare Parts {toc}
+
+## The Contractor shall furnish spare capacitor units, control fuses, and switching-device replacement parts as required to support first-year maintenance.
+
+```datasheet
+label: Spare parts furnished
+type: checkbox
+options:
+ - Spare capacitor unit(s), one per bank
+ - Control and capacitor fuses (10% of installed, minimum one set)
+ - Spare switching contactor / thyristor module
+ - Spare controller
+default:
+ - Spare capacitor unit(s), one per bank
+ - Control and capacitor fuses (10% of installed, minimum one set)
+```